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1
Igusa, Kiyoshi, 1949- editor of compilation, Martsinkovsky, A. (Alex), editor of compilation i Todorov, G. (Gordana), editor of compilation, red. Expository lectures on representation theory: Maurice Auslander Distinguished Lectures and International Conference, April 25-30, 2012, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Quissett Campus, Falmouth, MA. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
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Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds ... Comprising Original Anecdotes, of Many Distinguished Persons, His Contemporaries: And a Brief Analysis of His Discourses. to Which Are Added, Varieties on Art. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
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Pruss, Alexander R. Discrete Time and Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810339.003.0008.
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There is a strong intuitive argument that if causal finitism is true, then space and time are discrete. Discreteness, especially of time, is discussed, and varieties are distinguished. The implication fromcausal finitism to discretenesswould be problematic for causal finitism asmany physical theories involve continuous space and time.However, the argument from causal finitism to discreteness is challenged, and it is argued that while causal finitism does provide intuitive support for the discreteness thesis, it does not require it. Interpretations of physics, and specifically of QuantumMechanics, are offered on which time is continuous but nonetheless causation is discrete in a way that coheres with causal finitism.
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Halliday, Daniel. Libertarianisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803355.003.0007.
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This chapter considers various arguments both for and against taxing inherited wealth, each of these being associated with some or other type of libertarian outlook. Libertarianism in the Lockean guises (‘left’ and ‘right’ varieties) is distinguished from its classical liberal alternative, which downplays the Lockean emphasis on private property rights in favour of a more defeasible case for small government and low taxation. These different perspectives generate a variety of quite different arguments about inheritance, some more persuasive than others. Some attention is paid to the common claim that inheritance taxes ‘punish’ virtue and generosity. It is then argued that a Rignano scheme may be particularly attractive in light of certain left-libertarian commitments and as a way of accommodating a classical liberal concern about perpetual savings.
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Fitzsimmons, RW, RH Martin, GL Roberts i CW Wrigley. Australian Cereal Identification. CSIRO Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105454.
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As cereal grain markets become more quality conscious, there is a continuing need to identify and distinguish between varieties. This handbook supplements the books listed below with descriptions of sixteen recent wheats, two triticales, one barley and nine oat varieties. The original handbooks give full explanations of the characteristics used to describe the varieties of the respective cereals.
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Wright, Sarah. Virtue Responsibilism. Redaktor Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.50.
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This chapter begins by marking the distinction between reliabilism and responsibilism in virtue epistemology. It then charts the development of virtue responsibilism through a number of authors, noting the subtle distinctions in their views. Varieties of virtue responsibilism are distinguished first, by their characterization of the intellectual virtues, and second, by the role (if any) they assign to the intellectual virtues in defining knowledge. A number of arguments against defining knowledge with reference to the intellectual virtues are surveyed. Situationism is then presented as a general objection to the very existence of either moral or intellectual virtues. It is argued that the empirical studies taken to support situationism do not demonstrate the lack of virtuous character traits when those traits are properly understood. Finally, there is a survey of the host of directions in which current approaches to virtue responsibilism are developing.
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DeRose, Keith. Two Substantively Moorean Responses and the Project of Refuting Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.003.0003.
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In this chapter, substantive Mooreanism, according to which one does know that one is not a brain in a vat, is explained, and two main varieties of it are distinguished. Contextualist Mooreanism, (a) on which it is only claimed that one knows that one is not a brain in a vat according to ordinary standards for knowledge, and (b) on which one seeks to defeat bold skepticism (according to which one doesn’t know simple, seemingly obvious truths about the external world, even by ordinary standards for knowledge), is contrasted with Putnam-style responses, on which one seeks to refute the skeptic, utilizing semantic externalism. Problems with the Putnam-style attempt to refute skepticism are identified, and then, more radically, it is argued that in important ways, such a refutation of skepticism would not have provided an adequate response to skepticism even if it could have been accomplished.
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Bernstein, Judy B. An effect of residual T-to-C movement in varieties of English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0007.
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This chapter examines verb-second (V2) cross-linguistically in closely related varieties of English: Older Scots, displaying general V2; present-day Appalachian English and African American English, displaying residual V2. Discontinuous subjects (analysed as instances of transitive expletives) and negative auxiliary inversion are shown to involve verb-movement to Focus in the two present-day varieties of English, unlike the general V2 found across Germanic languages, which involves TopicP. The area of overlap among V2 phenomena in the varieties of English studied is FocusP, which encodes the V2 associated with wh-elements in all three varieties (Older Scots distinguishes between Topic, for regular V2 and transitive expletives, and Focus, for wh-elements). It is suggested that perhaps the loss of generalized V2 is tied to a shift in the inventory of triggering features. In some varieties of English, such as Appalachian English and African American English, Topic triggers may have given way to Focus triggers.
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Simpson, James. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199375967.003.0011.
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Medieval literature abounds in stories about animals, of which there are two main, easily distinguished, varieties: animal fables and beast epic.1 Animal fables claim Aesop as their source. They are small narratives in which animals act and speak, with even smaller morals tacked on at the end of the little stories. They involve many animals (e.g., mice, lambs, cocks, foxes, birds, wolves, lions, and frogs). Such stories were used to teach schoolboys both Latin and some commonsense morality into the bargain (e.g., do not overeat; do not overreach; save up for the hard times; justice can be rough and ready, so keep clear of the predators). Beast epic, by contrast, is a group of interconnected narratives, set in the court of the lion; its single (anti-)hero is Reynard the Fox. Beast epic presents narratives of dark but vital humor that repeat the same narrative with many variations: its rhetorically brilliant fox, Reynard, outwits all comers by manipulating their bottomless greed. No matter how tight the corner into which Reynard has been backed, we know he will escape. He escapes through brilliant narrative control and intimate, intuitive knowledge of his enemies’ weaknesses. He exposes the arrogance of the greedy but even more damagingly the hypocrisy of the “civilized” order. We learn a fundamental truth from these stories: both animals and humans are predatory and self-interested ...
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Colpan, Asli M., i Takashi Hikino. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0001.
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While business groups are a dominant and critical business organization in contemporary emerging economies and have lately attracted much attention in academic circles and business presses, interestingly their counterparts in developed economies have not been systematically examined. This chapter serves as an introduction to this volume that examines the origins, evolution, and resilience of business groups in the developed economies of Western Europe, North America and Oceania. First, it describes the major aims of the volume and argues why it focuses on business groups in developed economies. Second, it examines the categorical classifications of various types of business groups, as conceptual clarification is necessary to distinguish different varieties of this organizational model at the outset of the volume. Third, the chapter explores the varieties of diversified business groups and their comparable organizational models under the category of “multi-unit enterprises.” It concludes by giving an outline of the entire volume.
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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice,. Redaktorzy Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page i Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.31.
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The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach became widely known through the collective volume by Peter Hall and David Soskice that investigates the cross-national institutional variations of advanced economies. They distinguish two ideal types of capitalism: the Liberal Market Economy (LME) model following neoclassical economics and the Coordinated Market Economy (CME) with a consensus-enhancing institutional infrastructure between firms as well as employers and unions. This chapter introduces the approach, summarizes the main contributions along key institutional spheres, and discusses applications of its comparative typology. Furthermore, it criticizes the initially rather static and apolitical approach which led to subsequent revisions and extensions. The recent financial and economic crisis has deepened the controversy over the fate of coordinated market economies subject to institutional changes resulting from intensified global economic pressures and transnational diffusion of liberalization.
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Gibson, W. Hamilton. Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms and How to Distinguish Themr: A Selection of Thirty Native Food Varieties, Easily Recognizable by Their Marked ... for the Identification of Poisonous Species. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Gibson, W. Hamilton. Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms and How to Distinguish Themr: A Selection of Thirty Native Food Varieties, Easily Recognizable by Their Marked ... for the Identification of Poisonous Species. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Nye, David E. Seven Sublimes. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13830.001.0001.
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A reconception of the sublime to include experiences of disaster, war, outer space, virtual reality, and the Anthropocene. We experience the sublime—overwhelming amazement and exhilaration—in at least seven different forms. Gazing from the top of a mountain at a majestic vista is not the same thing as looking at a city from the observation deck of a skyscraper; looking at images constructed from Hubble Space Telescope data is not the same as living through a powerful earthquake. The varieties of sublime experience have increased during the last two centuries, and we need an expanded terminology to distinguish between them. In this book, David Nye delineates seven forms of the sublime: natural, technological, disastrous, martial, intangible, digital, and environmental, which express seven different relationships to space, time, and identity. These forms of the sublime can be experienced at historic sites, ruins, cities, and national parks, or on the computer screen. We find them in beautiful landscapes and gigantic dams, in battle and on battlefields, in images of black holes and microscopic particles. The older forms are tangible, when we are physically present and our senses are fully engaged; increasingly, others are intangible, mediated through technology. Nye examines each of the seven sublimes, framed by philosophy but focused on historical examples.
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Taylor, Kenneth A. Meaning Diminished. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803447.001.0001.
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This book examines the dialectical role of semantic analysis within metaphysical inquiry. It argues that semantic analysis ought to be modest in its metaphysical pretensions in the sense that linguistic and conceptual analysis should not be expected to yield deep insight into either what exists or the nature of what exists. The argument turns on distinctions among narrowly linguistic semantics in the generative tradition and two varieties of broadly philosophical semantics which correspond to broad approaches to semantically infused metaphysical inquiry. In particular it distinguishes ideational semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of ideas, on the one hand, from referential semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of reference, on the other. It is argued that foundational assumptions of the generative framework are insufficient on their own to support the drawing of metaphysically immodest conclusions from the narrowly semantic premises. But it is shown that if we are determined to bridge the gap between narrowly semantic premise and metaphysical conclusion, we must augment our semantics with additional metasemantic premises. Such additional premises may come either from ideationalist or referentialist metasemantics. A number of arguments for preferring referential metasemantics over ideational metasemantics are offered. It is argued pursuing referentialist metasemantics as opposed to ideationalist metasemantics yields a semantics that is metaphysically modest. Finally it is argued that metaphysically modest should regarded as a feature rather than a bug of a semantic theory, one that serves to bring semantics into closer alignment with the special sciences generally.
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Broadbent, Alex. Philosophy of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612139.001.0001.
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Philosophy of Medicine seeks to answer two questions: (1) what is medicine? and (2) what should we think of it? The first question is motivated by the observation that medicine has existed and continues to exist in many different forms in different times and places. There is no activity or belief that is common to all medical traditions in all times and places. What, if anything, makes us count these activities as varieties of the same thing—namely, medicine? The book distinguishes the goal and business of medicine, arguing that the goal is cure, while the business of medicine cannot be, because medical traditions have been too hit-and-miss at achieving cure. The core medical competence is identified as engaging with the project of understanding the nature and causes of disease. A model of health is also required to say what medicine is, since health is part of its subject matter, and a novel theory of health as a secondary property is offered. In the second part of the book, the proper epistemic attitude to medicine is considered. Contrary to much contemporary work, the book argues against positions setting very rigid constraints on what counts as admissible evidence in forming beliefs either about whole traditions or about specific interventions. Thus both Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Nihilism are rejected. Instead a view called Medical Cosmopolitanism is developed from Appiah’s corresponding work in ethics. The view is applied to alternative and non-Mainstream traditions, as well as to the project of decolonizing medicine.
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Ramakrishna, Kumar. Extremist Islam. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197610961.001.0001.
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This book seeks to understand why, despite almost two decades of strong law enforcement and security force pressure since the October 2002 Bali terror attacks, terrorist networks in Southeast Asia motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam remain resilient and dangerous. Arguing that focusing on the physical threat posed by terrorism has failed to address the totality of the problem, the book—through detailed case studies of four Southeast Asian extremists—encourages a shift away from the threat groups themselves, to a focus on the wider ideological ecosystems of closely interlocking persons, places, and platforms that sustain such groups and their acolytes. Challenging controversial notions that Islam per se is a “religion of violence,” the book argues that the theological-ideological amalgam of what has been called “Salafabism” is the more useful lens for recognizing closed-minded extremist currents in Islam. It argues that supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists do not actually counter, but complement and potentially sustain, violent hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadis—because both constituencies share a common extremist ideological DNA. That said, the book carefully distinguishes between relatively open-minded Salafabist radicals—whom governments and civil societies can co-opt and embrace—and the system-subverting, closed-minded Salafabist extremists of the aforementioned soft and hard varieties, who should rightly attract policy concern. The book concludes by outlining a comprehensive strategy for promoting theologically sound yet culturally authentic alternative narratives to Salafabist extremism—thereby defending the complex, richly textured tapestry of the moderate Islam Nusantara of Southeast Asia.