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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Disposal-Town wastes"
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Sangtam, Nohochem. "Solid Waste Audit and Characterization Study at Tuensang Town Nagaland". Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, nr 06 (19.06.2023): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i06.002.
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Today scenario improper waste management causes serious pollution and health risk, which is the main concerning environmental management in developing countries. In most cities, the use of open dumps is common for the disposal of wastes, resulting in soil and water resource contamination. The study carried from March to May 2023.A Total of 30 households were studied for data collection (210 samples) from three types of family, low income, medium income and high income family using the random sample, out of 15 wards,8 wards were used for the sample selection. The study shows that the majority of the residents are very much concerned about the poor condition of the environment due to the inappropriate and improper SWM in Tuensang town. The residents are not much satisfied with the service of the town council in regard with SWM dumping in the hearts of Tuensang. There is no scientific engineered solid waste disposal site in the Tuensang town and the results can be a starting point in planning for such. This paper give the total waste generation in the household level, weekly and yearly per capita per day and and also give the types of solid waste generation in the town. Based on the findings of the study, researcher proposes that district and town needs to provide proper solid waste segregation awareness to the general citizen to every household. It may also encouraged citizens not to dispose of their household wastes randomly.
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Mshelia, Alfred D. "Assessment Of Hair Barbing Salon Waste Management Practices In Bama Township Of Borno State, Nigeria". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, nr 5 (31.05.2015): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.367.
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The study assessed hair barbing salon Waste Management Practices in Bama. A set of questionnaire was administered to barbing salon proprietors to obtain their current barbing salon waste management styles, viz a viz the types of waste generated and methods of waste disposal. Data obtained were analyzed descriptively and reveals hair as the dominant waste generated in barbing salon operations. The hair wastes are swept and packed using coconut brooms and plastic hand shovel and stored in paper cartons. They are hence disposed on weekly or monthly basis or whenever cartons are filled up at refuse disposal points along streets within the neigbourhood, outskirt of the town, a large trench left behind by Cubits Civil Engineering Construction Company and the Yedseram river valley or at best burnt or buried. The adoption of these disposal techniques is more or less the same technique used in the disposal of all forms of refuse in the study area where wastes are disposed with impunity. In the same vein, there is a significant level of awareness of the impact of salon waste management practices on the environment/society by perpetrators. The study recommended steps for better barbing salon waste management to include salon waste reuse and recycling by researching into how barbing salon wastes can be a resource.
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A. Adam, Belal Abdallah, Ahmed Abd el-gader i IsameldeinAwdalla Abdelrhman. "HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO FINAL DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN ZALINGY TOWN - CENTRAL DARFUR STATE – SUDAN 2015". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, nr 11 (30.11.2016): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i11.2016.2424.
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Developing countries face serious environmental challenges concerning solid waste management due to rapid urban development. Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in dumpsites located within urban areas has proved to be a problem to nearby residents in most developing cities of the world, Open dumps have environmental safeguards; they can pose major public health threats and environmental effects in urban cities The Research aimed to determine the environmental and health impacts of solid waste disposal at Zalingy Town. After determined of sample size then (130 persons) were selected randomly by using a questionnaire tool which designed according to objectives of this study, then obtained data were analyzed by using SPSS & Excel programmes, the main results of this study are: 93% of study population do not know dangerous of solids wastes and its impact on their health, The study showed that 56% of study population dispose from their solid wastes by open burning and 30% of them dispose by throw it directly in near environment and weakness of law and legislations that judge solid waste . then the study recommended by the following : establish effective solid waste management programme and support it with regulations and laws, increase environmental education about solid waste in study area, modern method should be used for solid wastes disposal such as landfill.
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Li, Ying, Shao Hua Xv i Jing Zhou. "Precaution Policy and Investigation on Pollution Status of Rural Domestic Waste in Beijing". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maj 2011): 3854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3854.
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By investigating 18 villages of a town in Beijing, some pollution problems are shown as follows: collection and management system of waste is incomplete and the villagers know little about environment protection; garbage cans, many of which are damaged and lost, are far more to meet the disposal demand of increasing solid wastes; insufficient collecting vehicles run inefficiently, and simple landfill is the only disposal way. In the end, related countermeasures are put forward basing on analysis of region status.
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Gitobu, Kenneth muriungi, Maryjoy Kaimuri, Erastus Mwangi i Caroline Karani. "Methods of pharmaceutical waste management disposal practiced in sanitation value chain by community pharmacies and households in Nkubu town". African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences 1, nr 2 (23.12.2022): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.58506/ajstss.v1i2.13.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Pharmaceutical Waste Management (PWM) has emerged as a challenging issue, with both health and environmental negative impacts. The study assessed the common methods of pharmaceutical waste management disposal in Nkubu town among community pharmacies and households in the sanitation service chain. Problemstatement: Increasing disease incidence and prevalence necessitate healthcare practitioners to prescribe and dispense different medications. According to World Health Organization (WHO2010), more than half of all medications are inappropriately prescribed and sold, which causes unnecessary storage in community pharmacies (CPs) and households creating environmental threats that jeopardize efficiency of sanitation service chain. Methods: The study area was Nkubu town, where data was collected by use of structured questionnaires. size was 19 community pharmacies and 380 households. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results are presented in tables. Results: The study showed that 23.9% (n=91) of the households use pit latrines while 73.5% (n=14) of the community pharmacies use burning as the common methods of pharmaceutical waste disposal. Conclusion: The common method of pharmaceutical waste disposal being practiced in community pharmacies was burning while for households was emptying in the pit latrine. Disposal of unwanted pharmaceutical products through unsafe methods along the sanitation chain was prevalent among the respondents. Recommendation: There is need to create public awareness and establish educational programs regarding management and handling of unwanted pharmaceutical wastes among community pharmacies and households in Nkubu town. Key words: community pharmacies, household, pharmaceutical waste, pharmaceutical waste management , Sanitation, sanitation value chain.
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Obodovskyi, Ivan, i Viacheslav Morozov. "THE PROJECT OF FURNACE FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTES DISPOSAL". Problems of Friction and Wear, nr 1(98) (1.03.2023): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/0370-2197.1(98).17364.
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The article describes the real existing project of the furnace performed on the facilities of the Secret-Service metal works company located in the Kyiv Region. It was ordered by a local waste disposal company that imports RDF and accepts garbage from the vicinity and produces RDF by itself as well. The purpose of this article is to show the opportunities of application of the quite simply designed furnace for the purposes of wastes disposal either on enterprises or within a range of an average town. The current project was implemented in reality, allowing getting rid of industrial and household garbage within the ecologic laws of the Ukraine, including the disposal of plastics, rubber, packages, etc. The proposed example of successful pyrolysis technology application in the furnace can be a good basis for further research dedicated to the creation of more advanced furnaces’ types and also to the creation of the additional afterburner furnace.
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Zeiss, Chris. "Hazardous material loading to municipal landfills in resource-based communities". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, nr 3 (1.06.1993): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-059.
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Landfills in rural, resource-based communities are receiving unknown quantities of potentially hazardous materials, including household hazardous wastes (HHHW) and industrial, commercial, and institutional (ICI) wastes in self-hauled and collection vehicle loads. Rural generation and disposal rates are expected to be higher than in urban areas.The research program was conducted in a resource-based community consisting of a town of about 5500 residents and the surrounding rural area with an equal number of residents in Alberta. The research objective was to determine the weight fraction of hazardous materials in the refuse through physical sampling of the waste stream at the community landfill. Over a 1-year period (1991), large collection vehicle loads and self-hauled private and ICI loads from the town and the rural area were sampled during 1 week in each season using a two-staged systematic random sampling design to measure the average weight fraction and variation by season and by type of load. The results show the annual average weight fraction of hazardous materials to be 6.7% with a 95% confidence interval of 4.0% to 9.4%. Seasonal differences are apparent, but are not significant. Self-hauled ICI and rural wastes tend to contain higher percentages of potentially hazardous materials, but the variation is also higher so the values are not significantly different from those from the town. The detected materials consist mainly of oily wastes (debris, oil containers, and vehicle oil filters), other automotive products, and paints. As a result, the hazardous material content of rural community refuse appears to be substantially higher than the 0.3% to 1.0% reported for HHHW in urban refuse streams. While the rural composition suggests that vehicle and home maintenance contribute some of the difference, this study also shows that ICI wastes and self-hauled loads contribute noticeable quantities of potentially hazardous materials. The results suggest that it is essential for rural communities to consider waste management alternatives for potentially hazardous materials because rural waste streams contain significantly higher percentages and because rural landfills are often not designed to as high a standard as large urban facilities. Key words: household hazardous waste, ICI waste, waste stream analysis, rural landfills, refuse waste stream.
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David, A. O., A. O. David, O. O. Odagbodo, O. T. Opafola, G. M. Amusan, A. A. Badejo i O. S. Olaniyan. "Assessment of solid waste management in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Technology 42, nr 2 (11.08.2023): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v42i2.18.
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The rapid rate of population growth and urbanization has impacted the management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and is increasingly becoming a major concern in many cities in developing countries. Insufficient area coverage for wastes collection, processing system, and unsuitable disposal all appear to be the causal factors. This paper discussed the current situation of solid waste management in Ota municipality as well as the challenges and associated problems. Structured questionnaires, interviews and on-site observations were used for data generation, and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results indicated that 28.6% of the respondents incinerate their wastes, while 27.6% of the respondents dispose theirs to public waste bins. About 11.4% deposit their wastes by the road side, while 6.4% dump their wastes in drainages and water bodies. Most respondents incinerate their wastes which would impact negatively on the ozone layer. Results also indicated that 54.3% of the respondents have their wastes disposed regularly, while 66% do not sort their wastes which make them difficult to manage. The city's single dump site was visited in order to have a better understanding of the existing solid waste management measures in place. Other illegal waste dumps in the town were also visited. In order to address the difficulties of solid waste management in the municipality, it is recommended that the state government engage additional Private Service Provider (PSP) operatives to assist with waste collection and transportation, provide suitable facilities, machinery, and equipment, and launch a public awareness campaign
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Saleh, A., i A. Ahmed. "Solid Waste Management Practice and Challenges in Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, nr 2 (październik 2019): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0139.
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This paper presents an overview of the current solid waste management practices in Gashua town and provides a brief discussion on future challenges. Gashua town the headquarters of Bade Local Government Area since 1949. Since then the population has mainly due to the influx of people and its strategic location along the axial route to significant towns in the state. Wastes are generated mainly from residential, commercial and institutional land uses. Waste collection sites are strategically situated as identified by the agency and designated as high waste generating points, metal waste bins and constructed waste bunkers. The contents of these bins are finally disposed of at a location 6kilometres away from the generating points. Spatial data on waste distribution was collected using a global positioning system (GPS). The data was manipulated and processed using a Geographic information system (GIS) to produce the waste distribution map. Findings revealed that the existing solid waste management system is inefficient as the present practice relies on monthly collection and disposal of waste using an open dumpsite.
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Uddin, Mohammad Nasir, Mohammad Rashedul Islam i Khadiza Yesmin. "Knowledge on Hospital Waste Management among Senior Staff Nurses Working in a Selected Medical College Hospital of Bangladesh". Journal of Waste Management 2014 (17.08.2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/573069.
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Background. Healthcare wastes include all types of wastes generated by healthcare establishments. Waste disposal problem is growing with an ever-increasing number of hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic laboratories in Bangladesh and also in Faridpur town. Aim and Objective. The outcomes of this study will contribute to increase proper waste management practice among nurses in Bangladesh. Methods. A descriptive type of cross sectional study design was used to assess the level of knowledge regarding hospital waste management among senior staff nurses working in Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. All respondents (n=125) were selected by random sampling. Results. In the answer of knowledge about general waste only 4% (n=5) gave all correct answers. In the answer of knowledge about infectious waste 63.2% (n=79) gave one correct answer, of knowledge about pharmaceutical waste only 8% (n=10) gave all correct answers, and of knowledge about biomedical waste only 7.2% (n=9) gave all correct answers. In the answer of knowledge about color coded bins collecting waste 53.6% (n=67) cannot give any correct answer and only 46.4% (n=58) gave all correct answers and of knowledge about the safe disposal of hospital waste 16% (n=8) could not give any correct answer. However, against all questions were 5 options. Conclusion. Knowledge about hospital waste and its management is very poor among senior staff nurses. As a recommendation to improve this situation continuous training should be made compulsory for healthcare personnel specially staff nurses working in Bangladesh.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Disposal-Town wastes"
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Sattar, Mohamed Shaheen. "An environmental impact perspective of the management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous pharmaceutical compounds generated as medical waste at selected hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2012.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.Pharmaceuticals have been formulated to influence physiological systems in humans, animals, and microbes but have never been considered as potential environmental pollutants by healthcare professionals. The human body is not a barrier to chemicals, but is permeable to it. Thus after performing their in-vivo functions, pharmaceutical compound introduced into the body, exit mainly via urine and faeces. Sewage therefore contains highly complex mixtures of chemicals in various degrees of biological potency. Sewage treatment works including those in South Africa, on the other hand, are known to be inefficient in removing drugs from sewage and consequently either the unmetabolised pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites emerge in the environment as pollutants via several trajectories. In the environment, the excreted metabolites may even undergo regeneration to the original parent molecule under bacterial influence, resulting in "trans-vivo-pharmaceutical-pollution-cycles". Although all incinerators are known to generate toxins such dioxins and furans from the drugs they incinerate, all the medicines disposed by the hospitals under research, were incinerated, as the preferred option of disposal. The incineration process employed was found to be environmentally unsafe. Expired and unused medicines which the general public discard as municipal solid waste become landfilled. Because many landfill sites are not appropriately engineered, the unwanted drugs landfilled therein, leach into the surrounding ground water, which is the influent source of water treatment plants. Water treatment plants, including those in South Africa, are also inefficient in eliminating pharmaceutical compounds, releasing them in sub-therapeutic concentrations into potable tap water as pollutants, the full effects of which are yet to be determined.
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Sattar, Shaheen. "An environmental impact perspective of the management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous compounds generated as medical waste at selected hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/802.
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Thesis (MTech(Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.Pharmaceuticals have been formulated to influence physiological systems in humans, animals, and microbes but have never been considered as potential environmental pollutants by healthcare professionals. The human body is not a barrier to chemicals, but is permeable to it. Thus after performing their in-vivo functions, pharmaceutical compound introduced into the body, exit mainly via urine and faeces. Sewage therefore contains highly complex mixtures of chemicals in various degrees of biological potency. Sewage treatment works including those in South Africa, on the other hand, are known to be inefficient in removing drugs from sewage and consequently either the unmetabolised pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites emerge in the environment as pollutants via several trajectories. In the environment, the excreted metabolites may even undergo regeneration to the original parent molecule under bacterial influence, resulting in “trans-vivo-pharmaceutical-pol ution-cycles”. Although all incinerators are known to generate toxins such dioxins and furans from the drugs they incinerate, all the medicines disposed by the hospitals under research, were incinerated, as the preferred option of disposal. The incineration process employed was found to be environmentally unsafe. Expired and unused medicines which the general public discard as municipal solid waste become landfilled. Because many landfill sites are not appropriately engineered, the unwanted drugs landfilled therein, leach into the surrounding ground water, which is the influent source of water treatment plants. Water treatment plants, including those in South Africa, are also inefficient in eliminating pharmaceutical compounds, releasing them in sub-therapeutic concentrations into potable tap water as pollutants, the full effects of which are yet to be determined.
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De, Lange Ruan. "The effectiveness of implementing eco initiatives to recycle water and food waste in selected Cape Town hotels". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1607.
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Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management
in the Faculty of Business
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012The objective of the research study was to investigate how effective an eco initiative to recycle water and food waste would be when implemented in selected Cape Town hotels. Earthworm farms are able to convert organic food waste into usable compost as an alternative to landfills. Harvesting rainwater as a direct method for the reuse of waste water makes it possible to store captured rainwater for future use. This serves as an alternative source of surface water. The study further investigated whether implementing these initiatives would be successful as a future endeavour. Environmental movements were the instigators of the high demand for recycling initiatives. These movements aimed to address the deteriorating quality of water supplies, as well as growth in landfills. In South Africa, a decrease in the availability and quality of surface water has been coupled with an annual increase of 3.7 % in the demand for water. Landfills furthermore release toxic smoke when burned. Within the Hospitality Industry, travelers are increasingly seeking out environmentally friendly hotels as part of their corporate travel policy. This has occurred as a result of the increased focus on environmental initiatives by the International community. The researcher therefore aimed to provide practical examples of how existing theory regarding these initiatives is applicable to operations within hotels. The research methodology was determined through analysing the research strategy, the design and the research instruments. The research strategy was based on gathering facts relevant to the theory of the study. A descriptive approach was therefore adopted as the “-what-” question that was asked when measuring data to answer the research questions. The research design utilised a multi-strategy approach whereby both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. This resulted in questionnaires, interviews and case studies forming part of the research instruments. The researcher found it effective to corroborate the findings from both quantitative and qualitative data: that is, the findings from the questionnaires were enhanced by the findings from the interviews. The case studies were conducted to provide a practical context to the theory. Recommendations have been made according to technological and social developments. Ultimately, this study illustrates the success of eco initiatives aimed at recycling water and food waste produced by selected hotels in Cape Town and a reduction in the waste generated by the hotels.
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Nkala, Zandile Carol. "An analysis of waste minimisation initiatives in the City of Cape Town, South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71793.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mounting pressure on waste management has forced the City of Cape Town (CCT) to progressively move towards achieving an integrated waste management system (IWMS). This system presents a holistic approach of dealing with waste issues. The waste management hierarchy indicates that the ‘cradle-to-cradle’ approach of waste management is more ideal as compared to the traditional ‘cradle-to-grave’ approaches of waste management, example landfilling. However the challenges that have transpired in the rollout of waste minimisation initiatives highlight the need to continuously improve the system. This thesis investigates the municipal solid waste (MSW) minimisation programmes initiated by the CCT Solid Waste Management Department. A systems approach that combined both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was employed in the analysis. A material flow analysis (MFA) model was used to trace the flow of waste through the waste management system. The benefit of applying the MFA approach for waste management problems has been highlighted in literature in terms of identifying potential recycling, and other, waste-treatment technologies, and predicting the outcomes of waste treatment and disposal initiatives. The main objective of this study was to apply an adapted MFA method in order to determine the progress of the existing waste minimisation programmes and to also determine the opportunities to utilise biodegradable and other recyclable components of the waste streams; thereby improving the IWMS of the CCT. The MFA provided a conceptual understanding of the flow of waste materials in the CCT. The mass assessment of waste minimisation facilities, such as the Bellville compost plant and Athlone material recovery facility and refuse transfer station, unveiled that there is still a large amount of biodegradable and recyclable municipal solid waste that ends up in landfills regardless of the waste minimisation facilities available. However, it is still immature at this stage to conclude the success of the Think Twice campaign, since this is a fairly new initiative that relies on the response rate of the public. There are challenges associated with the recyclable waste recovery rates such as public awareness, proper advertising, operational problems that still need to be addressed. The MFA results also showed the final sinks of the different waste types that are sent through the different waste minimisation facilities run by the CCT. The current institutional arrangements and legislative environment have been greatly improved but there are still a number of challenges that need to be addressed. The largest, overall challenge is devising a practical plan of ‘closing the loop’ in order to develop a circular economy. The concept of ‘cradle-to-cradle’ seems to be premised on extended producer responsibility and other stringent control mechanisms, which are currently believed, will yield negative consequences in the South African context. A lot more work needs to be done to achieve a genuinely integrated and sustainable solid waste management system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Stad Kaapstad streef na ‘n geïntegreerde afval beheer sisteem (GABS) as gevolg van toenemende druk op die bestuur van afval. Hierdie stelsel bied 'n holistiese benadering tot die hantering van afval-probleme. Die afvalbestuur-klassifikasie wys dat die “wieg-tot-wieg” benadering meer ideaal is as die tradisionele “wieg-tot-graf” benaderings van afvalbestuur, byvoorbeeld die bestaande sorteringsterreine. Die uitdagings wat voor-gekom het in die bekendstelling van afvalbeperkingsinisiatiewe het getoon dat daar ‘n voortdurende behoefte is om die stelsel te verbeter. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die munisipale vaste-afvalbeperkingsprogamme wat deur die Stad Kaapstad se Departement Vaste-Afvalbestuur geïnisieer is. Beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om die analises uit te voer. ‘n Materiaal vloei-analise model (MVM) is gebruik om die vloei van afval deur die afvalbestuur-sisteem te volg. Die voordeel van die toepassing van die MVM-model word uitgelig in die literatuur in terme van identifisering van potensiële herwinning en ander afvalbehandelings-metodes en die voorspelling van die uitkomste van afval-behandeling en wegdoen-inisiatiewe. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om ‘n aangepaste MVM-metode toe te pas om die vordering van die bestaande afvalbeperkings programme vas te stel asook om die gebruik van bioafbreekbare en ander herwinbare komponente van die afvalstrome beter te kan benut en daardeur ‘n verbetering van die GABS van die Stad Kaapstad teweeg te bring. Die MVM het goeie insig gebied in die vloei van afvalmateriaal in die Stad Kaapstad. Die massa-waardebepaling van afvalverminderings-fasiliteite, soos die Belville kompos-aanleg en die Athlone materiaalherwinningsfasiliteit asook die afval-oordragstasie, het onthul dat daar nog groot hoeveelhede biodegradeerbare munisipale vaste-afval in die stortingsterreine beland ten spyte van die afvalbeperkings-fasiliteite wat beskikbaar is. Dit is egter nog te vroeg om ‘n gevolgtrekking oor die sukses van die “Think Twice” veldtog te maak aangesien dit 'n redelike nuwe inisiatief is wat op die terugvoer van die publiek staatmaak. Daar is uitdagings wat verband hou met die herwinbare afvalhersteltempo’s soos byvoorbeeld: openbare bewustheid, goeie advertering asook operasionele probleme wat nog aangespreek moet word. Die MVM resultate het ook ‘n daling in die verskillende afval-tipes wat deur die verskillende afvalbeperkingsfasiliteite van die Stad Kaapstad gestuur word, getoon. Die huidige institusionele reëlings en wetgewende omgewing het baie verbeter, maar daar is nog 'n aantal skuiwergate wat aangespreek moet word. Die grootste algehele uitdaging tans is die ontwerp van ‘n praktiese plan om die skuiwergate te oorkom en om ‘n kringloop in die ekonomie te ontwikkel. Die "wieg-totwieg" benadering berus op uitgebreide produsente verantwoordelikheid en ander streng beheermaatreëls wat waarskynlik negatiewe gevolge in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks gaan oplewer. Daar is egter nog baie werk wat gedoen moet word om ‘n geïntegreerde en volhoubare stelsel vir die bestuur van vaste-afval daar te stel.
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"An assessment of waste management practices in South Africa : a case study of Mariannhill landfill site, eThekwini Municipality". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/294.
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A number of environmental, social and economic problems are associated with waste disposal in landfill operations. The potential hazards associated with landfill operations are numerous and include fatal accidents, infrastructure damage, pollution of the local environment, harmful air emissions, to simple nuisance problems – such as dust, odour, vermin, and noise pollution. Further challenges include the availability of land and lack of municipal or other financing in the face of rising operation costs. Landfilling is, however, seen by many as an environmentally responsible and cost-effective solution to waste disposal. It is acknowledged however to lead to waste of resources by burying valuable materials that could have been reutilized. Careful engineering can resolve this shortcoming, yet the associated challenges and costs can become prohibitive. The regulatory environment also affects the prospects for adopting this approach to landfill site management in different contexts. The Mariannhill landfill site in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, provides an opportunity to investigate both the range of challenges which these type of sites encounter, and the solutions which have been developed as a response. The central questions which this research seeks to answer are whether the practices adopted by the Mariannhill landfill site are replicable in other solid waste landfills around eThekwini and whether it can be viewed as an example of best practice in landfill site management more generally. The research finds that the main barrier to easy replication of systems followed at Mariannhill in other landfill sites is the difficulty in replicating the specific structures and character of management. Another key determining factor found is the prevailing attitudes to recycling and the environment in general in the society. Consumers choices are seen to be critical to the prospects for recycling of solid waste, including the size, degradability and recyclable potential of products purchased. In considering the potential for replication of the Mariannhill model as an example of best practice, it becomes clear that the technical aspects of operations at Mariannhill are the most easily replicable, yet other and equally important determinants of success are not easily replicable. These include the existing regulatory environment and prevailing societal attitudes towards recycling.Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.
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Stotko, Oliver. "An economic comparison of the waste management schemes employed in Cape Town and Johannesburg". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1578.
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The disposal of waste into landfill sites is currently the most commonly employed method of dealing with waste in South Africa as well as internationally. However the global trend towards operating waste management systems in a more sustainable way has lead to the need to reverse this situation towards a waste management system that predominantly makes use of waste minimization schemes to deal with waste and relies minimally on waste disposal. The focus of this research was to determine which waste minimization schemes would be most effective in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems (MSWMS) of Cape Town and Johannesburg with regard to achieving this reversal in an economically sustainable manner. The method used to achieve this objective was threefold, firstly requiring the development of a waste flow diagram for each respective city, followed by the development of a waste stream model based on the specific flow diagram and finally the extension of this material model into an economic model. The models were developed in Microsoft Excel and work on the premise that each particular stream (separate collected waste, transfer station waste, etc) of the MSWMS concerned has a particular associated cost (defined as cost per ton of waste processed). The model operates on the principle that under several pre-determined constraints the Excel Solver function calculates the optimal flow rates of the various waste streams which give the minimum overall MSWMS cost for future years. The developed model has shown that the recovery of waste reduces the overall MSWMS costs until a threshold value (at which point under the proposed system all economically recoverable waste has been exhausted). Different waste minimization schemes were found to be appropriate for each respective city. However, the use of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) to recover recyclables has been shown to be a viable waste recovery scheme for both Cape Town and Johannesburg. Cape Town is in the process of implementing the development of MRFs in conjunction with existing transfer stations, while it is envisaged that MRFs will be developed on all of Johannesburg's Municipal landfill sites in the future. Significant changes to the MSWMS of both cities are required for their respective landfilling waste streams to be substantially reduced in accordance with the Polokwane Declaration. Decreasing the landfilled waste stream is not only required by legislation, but the developed model has shown that the recovery of waste also reduces the overall MSWMS costs.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.
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Obermeyer, Chloe. "At low tide : an absence of water, and abundance of plastic". Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27663.
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This project deals with the concepts of care, contentedness and self-reflection in light of the ecological plights that face our planet and the way that my artistic practice reflects this. It achieves this by focusing on marine forms of plastic pollution along Cape Town’s coastline as well as on the water resources during Cape Town’s water crisis that started in 2017. To unite these areas of interest, the conceptual platform and the visual associations of “a low tide” were used to navigate material and
practical considerations of my chosen alternative photographic media and how they can best address such interests.Art and Music
M.V.A.
Książki na temat "Disposal-Town wastes"
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Associates, Hyland Facility. Mined land use plan report for Hyland Ash Monofill waste disposal facility, Herdman Road, Town of Angelica, Allegany County, New York. [Belmont, N.Y: The Associates], 1990.
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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Special Committee to Investigate Hazardous Waste Disposal at Military Institutions. Public hearing before Special Committee to Investigate Hazardous Waste Disposal at Military Institutions on environmental and public health dangers which may be posed by the discharging of hazardous wastes at the military installations at Fort Monmouth, the Raritan Arsenal, and the Earle Naval Weapons Station: October 24, 1985, Middletown Township Town Hall, Middletown, New Jersey. [Trenton]: The Committee, 1985.
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Conference, UK Nuclear Free Local Authorities. Management of radioactive wastes: Issues for local authorities : proceedings of the UK Nuclear Free Local Authorities Annual Conference 1997, held at Town House, Kirkcaldy, Fife, on 23 October 1997. London: Thomas Telford, 1998.
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Looking for Peyton Place. London: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
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New York (State). Dept. of Environmental Conservation. In the matter of a public hearing on the promulgation of 6NYCRR, Subpart 383-6: Financial assurance requirements for low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities : transcript of proceedings at a hearing held in the above-entitled matter on the 5th day of December, 1990, at the William K. Sanford Colonie Town Library, 629 Albany-Shaker Road, Loudonville, New York, commencing at 2:07 p.m. [Albany]: State of New York, Dept. of Environmental Conservation, 1990.
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Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. Reasons for decision and decision with respect to a motion by the Town of Flamborough Steetley Quarry Products Inc. - application for approval to amend provisional certificate of approval for a waste disposal site in the Town of Flamborough: In the matter of subsection 32 (2) of the Environmental Protection Act (R.S.O. 1980, Chapter 141) as amended... : dated at Toronto this 26th day of July, 1990. S.l: s.n, 1990.
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Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. Reasons for decision and decision: In the matter of an application by the Town of Meaford and the Township of St. Vincent to establish a waste disposal site at West Half of Lot 16, Concession 9 in the Township of St. Vincent : dated at Toronto this 13th day of December, 1990. S.l: s.n, 1990.
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Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. Decision on motions brought before the Joint Board on June 1, 1992 in the matter of a proposal by Reclamation Systems Inc. (RSI), to establish, operate and close a solid waste disposal site in the Acton Quarry, owned by United Aggregates Limited and located on lands described as Part of Lot 23, Concession 3, and Parts of Lots 23 and 24, Concession 4, Town of Halton Hills, in the Regional Municipality of Halton, before Mary G. Munro, S. Wilson Lee, James G. Robb, dated at Toronto this 16th day of September, 1992. Toronto, Ont: Environmental Assessment Board, 1992.
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Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. Reasons for decision and decision: In the matter of an application by the Corporation of the Town of Kenora for a Provisional Certificate of Approval NO. A7068504, to permit the interim expansion, operation, and closure of the existing Tri-Municipal Landfill Site located on Parcel P-357 in the unincorporated Township of Haycock in the District of Kenora, for the disposal of domestic non-hazardous, solid, commercial and industrial waste of the Towns of Kenora, Keewatin and Jaffray and Melick for a period of up to five years. Dated at Toronto this 8th day of November, 1991. Toronto, Ont: Environmental Assessment Board, 1991.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Disposal-Town wastes"
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Jothimani, Muralitharan, Radhakrishnan Duraisamy, Ephrem Getahun i Abel Abebe. "Identification of Suitable Solid Waste Disposal Sites for the Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia, Using Geospatial Technology and AHP Method". W Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development (ICITCSD – 2021), 291–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93936-6_23.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Historical Perspectives: What Can We Learn?" W The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0006.
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More than any other single event, the seemingly endless wandering of the garbage barge Mobro 4000 symbolizes the frustrating situation we find ourselves in. The barge, laden with refuse from the town of Islip on Long Island, New York, set sail on March 22,1987, and roamed for 55 days from port to port down the Atlantic seaboard, along the coast of Central America, and into the Caribbean in search of a place that would accept its smelly load. None would. Eventually, after having traveled more than 9,600 kilometers, the barge returned to New York, where the waste was finally incinerated and the ashes placed in a landfill. A garbage crisis is at hand. The situation has not improved since the Mobro incident. As a society we are generating far too much waste, especially in North America. At the same time, places to dispose of it are becoming limited. The public and politicians have recognized the inherent dangers of existing landfills and are refusing to build new ones—or, as in the case of the Mobro, they are refusing to accept any more waste than is necessary. How did we get into such a mess? The first recorded regulations to control municipal waste were implemented during the Minoan civilization, which flourished in Crete from 3000 to 1000 B.C. Solid wastes from the capital, Knossos, were placed in large pits and covered with layers of earth at intervals (Wilson, 1977). This basic method of landfilling has remained relatively unchanged right up to the present day. In Athens, by 500 B.C. it was required that garbage be disposed of at least 1.5 kilometers from the city walls. Each household was responsible for collecting its own garbage and taking it to the disposal site. The first garbage collection service was established during the period of the Roman Empire. Householders tossed their refuse into the streets, and then it was shoveled onto horse-drawn carts and transported to an open pit, often located within the community. The bodies of dead animals (and sometimes people) were buried in pits outside the towns to spare inhabitants their odor.
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İsmail Tosun, Yıldırım. "Hazardous Waste Granule Composting by Cycled Retort Using Microwave Radiated Asphalt/Asphaltite Coal Slime Mixing". W Hazardous Waste Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101676.
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The hazardous sludge metal content of Mazıdağı metal leaching and electrowinning plants causes a great threat to ecology. The high-level metal and salt contaminants occurred in the copper leaching waste tailing ponds. The seepage liquors leak through the permeable bottom of ponds, such as acidic seepages. While urbanization needs freshwater; freshwater demand in the region increases because of global warming and drought. The estimated contamination values are avoided designing the controlling contamination level systems and meeting the disposal compost demand. In this approach, the demand for land covering and compost disposal has been designed as pellet or granule units determined independently of the specific needs of fertilizer products, agricultural remediation, and human needs. The amounts of sludge and wet hazardous toxic waste sludge’s of Mazıdağı Phosphate Plants of Eti Bakır in Mardin change the ecosystem. The hazardous sludge of plant tailings is needed planned paste disposal or controlled regional dumping, pool effluents barrier on regarding seepage control demand of the freshwater lake of town region. The planned work is disposal tests for waste sludge composting as pasting. Additionally, this method protects ecology and improves waste sludge disposal by neutralizing it at a small scale. Even the toxicity will be easily monitored. Heavy metal contamination hazard maps will be prepared and an agricultural warning system will be established for agricultural irrigation.
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"Pareto Chart and Fishbone Diagram to Minimize Recyclable Waste Disposal in a Town". W Six Sigma Case Studies with Minitab, 202–11. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16371-15.
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Kwame Teye, Albert, i Isaac Kow Tetteh. "Heavy Metal Pollution Resulting from Informal E-Waste Recycling in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana". W Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112397.
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This study investigated concentrations and spatial distributions of four heavy metals: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), and Lead (Pb) in the soil and drainage systems resulting from informal e-waste recycling at Ashaiman, a town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Twenty-four soil samples were randomly taken from two open burning sites, and three water samples from a drainage that flows through the scrapyard were digested using standard wet digestion methods. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to analyze three replicates per sampling location for the heavy metals. The results revealed that the soil and drainage samples were polluted, with the metallic levels exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana limits. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), and contamination factor (CF) further confirmed the contamination of the scrapyard by the heavy metals. Spatial distribution maps showed elevated levels of the heavy metals at portions designated for open burning and disposal of e-waste materials. The research corroborates studies on pollution of the environment by informal e-waste activities and underscores the urgent need for policy implementation and law enforcement to halt further pollution.
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Goldstein, Inge F., i Martin Goldstein. "Introduction: What We Hope To Do". W How Much Risk? Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139945.003.0006.
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The movie Erin Brockovitch, starring Julia Roberts, opened in the spring of 2000 to excellent reviews and immediate popular success. Advertised as being “based on a true story,” it describes how an uneducated but feisty young woman discovers a cluster of diseases in a small California town, including uterine and breast cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, brain cancer, colon cancer, asthma, heart disease, and disorders of the immune system, which she attributes to contamination of the town’s drinking water with chromium, a toxic metal, due to negligent waste disposal practices of a large corporation. She then initiates a class-action lawsuit on behalf of the victims, which is settled for $333 million, the largest sum yet won in such a suit. The true story on which the case was based involved the Pacific Gas and Electric Corporation, which really did settle the lawsuit by paying out $333 million. Whether the willingness of the corporation to settle for this amount proves that the chromium did cause all the diseases claimed is an interesting question, which this book may shed some light on, but not directly answer. The movie is one of a number of recent films reflecting a widespread fear that the environment is being polluted by hazardous chemicals and harmful radiation that cause cancer and other diseases, and a need to identify and seek restitution from whoever is responsible. People living in the advanced industrialized countries of the world suffer from mixed feelings about their high standard of living. They are fully aware of its advantages, both for health and for the quality of life generally: greater freedom from infectious diseases, better medical care, longer life span, a higher standard of living, more choice in work and play. But there is a sense of disadvantages as well: concerns about a loss of community and of cultural diversity, about an obsession with material possessions, about pollution and destruction of the environment. In this book we will open only one of these Pandora’s boxes: the problem of environmental pollution and human health.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Disposal-Town wastes"
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Brown, Peter, i David McCauley. "Port Hope Area Initiative". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4675.
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The Port Hope Area Initiative involves a process that will lead to the cleanup of low-level radioactive wastes in two communities in Southern Ontario and the construction of three new long-term waste management facilities in those communities. The history of the Initiative provides important insights into local participation and the successes and failures of siting efforts. The wastes resulted from the operations of an industrial process in Port Hope that began in the 1930s. Initially, wastes (contaminated with radium, uranium, and arsenic) from radium processing were deposited in a relatively uncontrolled manner at various locations within the town. By the 1940s, uranium processing wastes were deposited at nearby purpose-built radioactive waste management facilities. The problem of contamination was first recognized in 1974 and the worst cases quickly cleaned up. However, large volumes of contamination remained in the community. There were three successive efforts to develop an approach to deal with the area’s contamination. In the early to mid 1980s, a standard approach was employed; i.e. indentifying the most technically appropriate local site for a disposal facility, proceeding to evaluate that site, and communicating the benefits of the chosen approach to the local community. That approach was resoundingly rejected by local citizens and government representatives. The second effort, an innovative and consultative voluntary siting effort carried out during the late-1980s and early to mid-1990s involved the solicitation of other municipalities to volunteer to host a facility for the disposal of the Port Hope areas wastes. That effort resulted in the identification of a single volunteer community. However, negotiations between the federal government and the municipality were unable to reach an acceptable agreement establishing the conditions for the community to host the waste management facility. The third effort, a community-driven approach, was undertaken in the late-1990s and resulted in an agreement in 2001 between the Government of Canada and the local communities that sets in motion a process for the cleanup of the local wastes and long-term management in new local waste management facilities. This paper provides insights into the history of the problem, the efforts of the federal government over the last two decades to deal with the issue, how local participation and decision-making processes affected the successes of the various siting approaches, and lessons learned that might be of interest to others who must deal with environmental remediation situations that involve siting long-term management facilities.
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Anderson, Keith D. "Decommissioning of the Hematite Former Fuel Cycle Facility Using a Decision Flow Logic Based Work Control Process". W ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96345.
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The remediation and decommissioning of the Hematite Former Fuel Cycle Facility (FFCF), the Hematite Facility, is currently being carried out by Westinghouse Electric Company LLC under the Hematite Decommissioning Project (HDP). The Hematite Facility is located near the town of Hematite, Missouri, USA. The Hematite Facility consists of 228 acres of land with primary operations historically being conducted within the central portion of the property that is roughly 10 acres including Burial Pits and the Site Pond area. Decommissioning and remediation activities are being performed with the eventual objective of the release of the property. Primary contaminants include the legacy disposal and contamination of natural and enriched uranium from the nuclear fuel cycle, as well as chemicals used during the facility operations. Two major regulatory bodies, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), provide critical roles in the approval and oversight of the current regulatory path to remediation, decommissioning and eventual release. Further, remediation and decommissioning activities are performed under the implementing policies, plans, and procedures under the Hematite Decommissioning Plan (DP) and the Record of Decision (ROD). Remediation and decommissioning tasks at the Hematite Former Fuel Cycle Facility, referred to as the Hematite Facility, are performed against a disciplined decision logic flow that applies accumulated technical and monitoring data to determine each step of the excavation, exhumation, and removal of wastes from the Burial Pits and the remaining Areas of Concern (AOC). Decision flow logic is based upon the nuclear criticality safety controls and threshold conditions, relative level of radioactive and chemical contamination, security protocol, and final waste stream disposition. The end result is to remediate the residual radioactive and chemical contamination to approved dose-based and risk-based cleanup criteria as negotiated with U.S. Federal and State Regulators. The purpose of the paper is to provide a summary of the successful implementation of the decision flow logic to the remediation and decommissioning tasks performed to date.
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones i John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region". W 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Fantozzi, Francesco, Francesco Di Maria i Umberto Desideri. "Integrated Micro-Turbine and Rotary-Kiln Pyrolysis System as a Waste to Energy Solution for a Small Town in Central Italy: Cost Positioning and Global Warming Assessment". W ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30652.
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Solid waste, and bio-residuals in general, are usually disposed of or alternatively converted into energy by means of medium to big scale power plants. For isolated communities, usually in protected natural areas, this turns into high energy and waste management costs because of their intrinsic distance from landfills and power plants. Considering also the electric dependency from the grid, small towns are commonly showing low sustainability. This paper focuses on both problems by evaluating the economic feasibility and the global warming contribution of an innovative micro scale waste to energy system based on a microturbine fuelled by waste pyrolysis gas. The plant reaches high efficiency, considering the scale, because of its high regenerative rate and is tailored to the waste disposal needs of Giano Dell’Umbria a small town in central Italy. The economic analysis was carried out, with the Net Present Value method, to determine the expected capital cost of the plant considering that the innovative technology utilized does not allow a reliable cost evaluation. The global warming contribution was calculated considering CO2 and CH4 avoided emission from landfilling and the better CO2 emission rate of such a technology with respect to the status quo. Results obtained show an acceptable cost positioning for the plant that makes it an interesting solution for distributed waste to energy systems. Executive projecting and construction of the proposed technology was funded and a pilot plant will be built and tested in 2002, in a laboratory facility of the University of Perugia.
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Labor, Bea, i Staffan Lindskog. "On Evaluation of Assessments of Accruals of Future Dismantling Costs". W ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96100.
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A major prerequisite in order for civilian commercial nuclear energy production to qualify as sustainable energy production is that systems for the management of the nuclear waste legacy are in operation. These waste types are present in a range from very low short lived waste (VLLW) to long lived high level waste (HLW) (including the used nuclear fuel). The second prerequisite is that financial responsibilities or other constraints must not be passed on to coming generations. The first condition for qualification corresponds to the Polluters Pays Principle (PPP) which demands that the responsibility for the waste management rests solely with the polluter. The second qualification corresponds to the principle of fairness between generations and thus concerns the appropriate distribution of responsibilities between the generations. It is important to note that these two conditions must be met simultaneously, and that compliance with both is a necessary prerequisite in order for commercial use of nuclear power to qualify as a semi-sustainable energy source. Financial and technical planning for dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear installations cannot be regarded as successful unless it rests upon a distinctive way to describe and explain the well-founded values of different groups of stakeholders. This cumbersome task can be underpinned by transparent and easy to grasp models for calculation and estimation of future environmental liabilities. It essential that a systematic classification is done of all types of costs and that an effort is done to evaluate the precision level in the cost estimates. In this paper, a systematic and transparent way to develop a parametric approach that rest upon basic accounting standards is combined with data about younger stakeholder’s values towards decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear installation. The former entity rests upon theoretical and practical methods from business administration, whilst the latter is based on current survey data retrieved from 667 personal interviews in one town in Poland and one town in Slovakia with a near 100 % response rate. The main conclusions from this field study may be summarised as follows: • Sustainable energy sources are prioritised. • Around one quarter of the respondents regards nuclear power as a future semi-sustainable commercial energy production mode subject to that the waste is managed in a sustainable, environmental friendly and safe way. • The values are to a significant degree positioned on health, safety and environmental (HSE) attributes. • The polluter pays principle is honoured. • There are doubts regarding the compliance with these principles due to risks for delays in the implementation phase of repositories for disposal of the nuclear residues. • 1/5th of the respondents expressed an openness to reprocessing (which is linked to the concept of “new nuclear power”).
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Geddes, Brian, Chris Wenzel, Michael Owen, Mark Gardiner i Julie Brown. "Remediation of Canada’s Historic Haul Route for Radium and Uranium Ores: The Northern Transportation Route". W ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59303.
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Established in the 1930s, the Northern Transportation Route (NTR) served to transport pitchblende ore 2,200 km from the Port Radium Mine in Canada’s Northwest Territories to Fort McMurray in Alberta. From there, the ore was shipped 3,000 km by rail to the Town of Port Hope, Ontario, where it was refined for its radium content and used for medical purposes. Later, transport and refinement focussed on uranium. The corridor of lakes, rivers, portages and roads that made up the NTR included a number of transfer points, where ore was unloaded and transferred to other barges or trucks. Ore was occasionally spilled during these transfer operations and, in some cases, subsequently distributed over larger areas as properties were re-developed or modified. In addition, relatively small volumes of ore were sometimes transported by air to the south. Since 1991, the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWMO), working with communities and its consulting contractors, has conducted surveys to identify and characterize spill sites along the NTR where soils exhibit elevated concentrations of uranium, radium and/or arsenic. In addition to significant areas of impact in Fort McMurray, contamination along the NTR was centred in the Sahtu region near Great Bear Lake and along the southern part of the Slave River. Early radiological investigations found contaminated buildings and soil and occasionally discrete pieces of pitchblende ore at many transfer points and storage areas along the NTR. Where possible, survey work was undertaken in conjunction with property redevelopment activity requiring the relocation of impacted soils (e.g., at Tulita, Fort Smith, Hay River, and Fort McMurray). When feasible to consolidate contaminated material locally, it was placed into Long Term Management Facilities developed to manage and monitor the materials over extended timelines. Radiological activity generated by these engineered facilities are generally below thresholds established by Canadian regulators, meaning they are straightforward to maintain, with minor environmental and community impacts. Securing community acceptance for these facilities is critical, and represents the predominant development component of plans for managing ore-impacted soils. In those circumstances where local consolidation is not achievable, materials have been relocated to disposal facilities outside of the region. The LLRWMO is continuing a program of public consultation, technical evaluation and environmental assessment to develop management plans for the remaining ore-impacted sites on the NTR. This paper will highlight current activities and approaches applied for the responsible management of uranium and radium mining legacies.