Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Disposal incomes

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Disposal incomes”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 30 listopada 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Disposal incomes"

van der Werf, Paul, Kristian Larsen, Jamie A. Seabrook i Jason Gilliland. "How Neighbourhood Food Environments and a Pay-as-You-Throw (PAYT) Waste Program Impact Household Food Waste Disposal in the City of Toronto". Sustainability 12, nr 17 (28.08.2020): 7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177016.

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Household food waste has negative, and largely unnecessary, environmental, social and economic impacts. A better understanding of current household food waste disposal is needed to help develop and implement effective interventions to reduce food wasting. A four-season waste characterization study was undertaken with 200 single-family households across eight neighbourhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The City of Toronto provides residents with a pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) waste program that includes a choice of four garbage cart sizes (Small [S], Medium [M], Large [L], Extra Large [XL]), with increasing annual user fees ($18.00–$411.00 CAD), as well as a green cart (organic waste) and blue cart (recycling). On average, each household disposed 4.22 kg/week of total food waste, 69.90% of which was disposed in the green cart, and disposal increased significantly (p = 0.03) by garbage cart size to L but not XL garbage carts. Of this total, 61.78% consisted of avoidable food waste, annually valued at $630.00–$847.00 CAD/household. Toronto’s PAYT waste program has been effective at diverting food waste into the green cart but not at reducing its generation. Higher median incomes were positively correlated, while higher neighbourhood dwelling and population density were negatively correlated, with total and avoidable food waste disposal. Regression analyses explained 40–67% of the variance in total avoidable food waste disposal. Higher supermarket density and distance to healthier food outlets were associated with more, while dwelling density was related to less, total and avoidable food waste disposal. Distance to fast food restaurants and less healthy food outlet density were both negatively associated with avoidable food waste disposal in the garbage and green cart, respectively. Avoidable food waste reduction interventions could include increasing garbage cart fees, weight-based PAYT, or messaging to households on the monetary value of avoidable food waste, and working with food retailers to improve how households shop for their food.

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Fazilov, Farkhod. "THE GENESIS OF MONEY LAUNDERING". Jurisprudence 1, nr 1 (12.03.2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.1./qpks7411.

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This article analyzes the general concept of legalization of incomes received from criminal activities. The author drew attention to the fact that the legalization of income derived from criminal activity represents a serious threat to national interests since it is a necessary condition for the creation and functioning of organized crime in various spheres of social life. Legalization of revenue received from criminal activities is a criminal and socially dangerous act constituting transfer, conversion, or exchange of property, which has been obtained as a result of criminal activities, as well as non-disclosure or concealment of original nature, source, location, way of disposal, movement, genuine rights concerning the property or ownership thereof in the instance if such property has been obtained as a result of criminal activities.

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Ashenmiller, B. "Cash Recycling, Waste Disposal Costs, and the Incomes of the Working Poor: Evidence from California". Land Economics 85, nr 3 (24.06.2009): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.85.3.539.

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Ghazali, Ihwan, i Novita Sakundarini. "E-Waste Recycling and Why It Is Important". Bincang Sains dan Teknologi 3, nr 01 (13.02.2024): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/bst.v3i01.502.

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The exponential growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has become a pressing concern. This alarming trend is expected to persist. The study identifies falling prices as a primary driver behind the surge in e-waste, making electronic devices more affordable and accessible globally. Developing countries, particularly in Asia, bear a significant share of this burden, as a burgeoning middle class with disposable incomes contributes to increased purchases and frequent replacements of electronic goods. Asia alone accounts for more than 40 percent of the global e-waste generated. The critical need for urgent and coordinated global efforts to address the escalating challenge of e-waste. It highlights the environmental hazards posed by improper disposal and the socio-economic impact on developing regions. As electronic consumption continues to rise, effective strategies must be implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of e-waste, emphasizing sustainable practices, responsible manufacturing, and international collaboration.

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Freu, Christel. "Labour status and economic stratification in the Roman world: the hierarchy of wages in Egypt". Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759415002445.

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The hierarchy of workers’ incomes and wages in the Roman world has long drawn the attention of scholars. The series of workers’ wages we have at our disposal comes mostly from Roman and Byzantine Egypt: account books, labour contracts, and orders or receipts of payment on papyri and ostraca. Since the 1930s, lists of wages and prices have been compiled, firstly, to study the purchasing power of the working population and, secondly, to classify the trades according to the workers’ qualifications and to the location of employment.

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Ntaganira, E., NK Taremwa, E. Majiwa, F. Niyitanga i P. Uwimana. "Impact of contract farming on the income of smallholder dairy farmers from Nyagatare district in the Eastern Province of Rwanda". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, nr 5 (31.05.2023): 23465–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.120.22745.

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The demand for dairy milk and its products is projected to increase significantly in the developing countries by the year 2030. Globally, close to 6 billion people consume milk and other dairy products due to rising earnings, population expansion, urbanization, and dietary changes. The projected increase in demand for dairy milk and its products thus requires enhanced productivity by the dairy farmers. However, dairy farming is relatively capital intensive which requires dairy farmers to have disposal income to run the venture. Contract farming is gradually being embraced in Rwanda as a viable option to help farmers increase dairy productivity. The impact of contract farming on dairy farmers’ incomes is however not well documented in the Rwandan context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of contract farming on smallholder dairy farmers’ income in Rwanda among smallholders’ dairy farmers in Nyagatare District. Following the stratification and purposive sampling of two sectors, random sampling of two villages from each of those sectors allowed for the systematic and purposive sampling of representative households and farmers. Data from 214 smallholder dairy farmers were collected using structured interviews and document reviews. The multivariate logistic analysis and propensity score matching was used for data analysis in Stata Version 15. The findings showed that smallholder dairy farmers adopting contract farming earned on average 135,000 RWF (135$) more than their non-adopter counterparts. Further, contract farming was found to have a significant positive impact on income among smallholder dairy farmers in Nyagatare district. However, the impact of contract farming on farmer incomes could be further augmented by increasing the heads of cattle owned per farmer, to at least more than 30. Government intervention is one way to achieve this. The government, in collaboration with businesses like Heifer International, can give heifers to small-scale dairy farmers. Key words: Contract farming, Income, Smallholder dairy farmers, Impact, Rwanda

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Fitria, Nada, Jakiatin Nisa i Syairul Bahar. "Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah Cipeucang Bagi Pemulung Sekitar". Sosio-Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal 11, nr 1 (15.07.2024): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v11i1.38611.

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Cipeucang landfill has become a place where waste collects which has a direct impact on local scavengers. The proximity of the scavenger community's residential location in Serpong Subdistrict to the landfill site means that the scavenger community is vulnerable to coming into contact with waste. This research aims to determine the socio-economic impact of the Cipeucang waste final disposal site (TPA) on local scavengers. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach. with this type of phenomenological research. The object of this research is society. scavengers who are around the Cipeucang TPA and who are the subjects are the scavenger community of RT 06 RW 04 who live and are in direct contact with the TPA. The data collection technique used in this research was observation interviews. and documentation. The results of the analysis show that there are positive and negative impacts on the scavenger community around the Cipeucang landfill. Among them is the positive impact of the large number of local scavenger communities whose main income is from scavenger work with very varied incomes, where the income earned by the The negative impact is that the residences occupied by scavengers are still inadequate because the residences they occupy in terms of the physical condition of the building are still considered vulnerable to potential danger, apart from that, in terms of education among the scavenger community, it is still relatively low, because many of them are the children of scavengers. who dropped out of school again because of financial constraints.

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Zhu, Kongming. "Consumer Characteristics and Behavior in the Era of Covid Epidemic". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 5, nr 1 (27.04.2023): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/5/20220086.

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A pandemic brings change to health and quality of life, it may also adversely impact financial and food security. These changes also alter how humans react to the situation, sometimes in a very contrasting way from their normal behaviors. Consumer behavior is not general human behavior, it is rather a very specific behavior directed toward the search, purchase, sale, or disposal of goods or services. In times of crisis, consumer behavior can go through a three-step cycle of reacting, coping, and long-term adaptation. The pandemic can also impact food consumption in the face of shrinking income, closure of food service, and managing the household as a unit of consumption in the face of any uncertain shortages. The pandemic has impacted consumer behavior by impacting the shopping habits of people. During the pandemic, impulsive buying was caused by the emotion of fear. These studies used the theory of fear appeal to explain the three important concepts of perceived efficacy, threat, and fear. This theory suggests that fear generates an emotional reaction from customers. Covid-19 has brought extreme challenges for governments, businesses, and societies across the world. These challenges have affected psychological, social, and economic changes. Unemployment without an alternate employment option available during the pandemic has impacted household finances severely. Along with its financial impact it has also caused stress and changed consumer behavior. With the uncertainty that existed and shrinking incomes, the way consumers buy, shop, and consume items changed.

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Cannie, Shailla. "A Systemic Review of an Untold Story: The Financial Abuse". Global Academic Journal of Medical Sciences 4, nr 2 (13.03.2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.005.

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Introduction: When most people think of domestic violence, the first thing that comes to mind is most likely verbal abuse as well as physical assault or assaulting a spouse or partner. Nevertheless, according to research, financial abuse occurs just as frequently in toxic relationships as other forms of violence. Unfortunately, the frequency of poverty among women is higher than the general population (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2005). Women constitute 70% of the world's 1.5 billion impoverished, according to the World Bank (Chen, 2005). As a result, economic violence is a form of prejudice that is particularly harmful to women. Method: A systematic search was conducted with PRISMA guidelines. The search was completed by examining peer reviewed literature databases using PubMed, Research gate, Medline and identified potential studies for inclusion. Results: All participants in the mentioned studies have suffered from varying degrees of financial abuse and even people who have incomes access to their own income at their disposal. The women accounts included four kinds of economic abuse apperceived in current literature: such as Preventing the acquisition of economic resources, Preventing the use of resources, Reluctant to contribute, Exploiting women's resources and/or engendering economic costs; and two unique abuse, Exploiting women’s customary marriage gifts including Jahez/dahej, meher, wari and Jeopardising women's long-term finances, for example, through transnational investment. Conclusion: Comparing financial abuse to other forms of abuse, the researchers found that its size has grown. Aside from that, it has been discovered that the victims' behaviour continues to be affected even after rehabilitation.

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Ratnasari, Emma Dwi, Indah Susilowati i Nugroho Sumarjiyanto Benedictus Maria. "Analysis of the Vulnerability of Farmers' Livelihoods as a Impact of Shifting Slow Variables and Fast Variables: Livelihood Vulnerability Index and Photovoice Approaches". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 17, nr 8 (8.08.2023): e03648. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n8-007.

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Purpose: This study aims to study the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifts in slow and fast variables. Method: In this study, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach and the Photovoice method were used to comprehensively describe and analyze the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index LVI method will provide a deeper understanding of the level of vulnerability of farmers to these changes. In addition, the Photovoice method is used to obtain a visual perspective from the farmers themselves. Results and conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the vulnerability of farming households in coastal areas is in two aspects. First, through the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), it can be seen that land conversion has resulted in a decrease in the productivity of the agricultural sector, farmer incomes, and loss of livelihoods for vulnerable local farmers. The sensitivity of farmers is also evident through their high dependence on the agricultural sector and their reluctance to leave their homes. Second, using the Photovoice method, the sources of vulnerability faced by farm households are illustrated, such as water and soil contamination by shrimp pond waste and decreased productivity and income due to careless disposal of waste. Research implication: The vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods is also affected by limited capital and lack of compliance with agricultural governance regulations, increasing the vulnerability of farmers in the coastal areas of Kebumen. Originality/value: Livelihood vulnerability is an important concept in understanding the extent to which farmers are vulnerable to social, economic and ecological changes.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Disposal incomes"

Gripsiou, Argyro. "La polarisation socio-économique interne des quartiers urbains des grandes métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne française". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0157.

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Espace privilégié de manifestation des inégalités sociales, la ville est souvent partagée en quartiers très différents du point de vue des ressources socio-économiques de leurs habitants. Cette division de l’espace urbain selon ces ressources est parfois décrite comme une forme de ségrégation sociale de la ville. Cette ségrégation socio-spatiale est fréquemment décrite dans la littérature des sciences sociales à travers la mesure des différences entre les quartiers. Sans ignorer cette réalité urbaine, cette thèse s’intéresse aux espaces infra-communaux (ici appréhendés par les IRIS) au sein desquels on observe de fortes différences de revenu entre les habitants. Ce phénomène ici décrit comme une polarisation socio-économique interne de ces IRIS est mesuré à l’aide de 2 indices (les indices de richesse et de pauvreté) construits à partir des déciles de revenus disponibles par unité de consommation. Dans un premier temps, on identifie ainsi, dans les 14 métropoles de province françaises, les IRIS les plus concernés par cette polarisation socio-économique interne. Une analyse en composantes principales, à l’échelle des IRIS concernant les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et de l’habitat, permet de constater une polarisation socio-économique interne. Ensuite, cette recherche se concentre sur les trois métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne françaises — Montpellier, Marseille et Nice — dont la diversité permet de mieux d'examiner les spécifiés locales de la polarisation socio-économique interne. On tente également de comprendre les tendances récentes de ces quartiers « polarisés » en matière de distribution des revenus et de formuler des hypothèses quant à l’origine de la forte polarisation socio-économique interne de ces quartiers (prémices d’une gentrification, gentrification en cours ou inachevée ; paupérisation ; cohabitation durable)
As a privileged space for the manifestation of social inequalities, the city is often divided into neighborhoods that vary significantly in terms of the socio-economic resources of their inhabitants. This division of urban space based on these resources is sometimes described as a form of social segregation within the city. This socio-spatial segregation is frequently described in social science literature through the measurement of differences between neighborhoods. Without denying this urban reality, this thesis focuses on i sub-municipal divisions (here understood as IRIS units) where significant income disparities among residents are observed. This phenomenon, described here as the internal socio-economic polarization of these IRIS units, is measured using two indexes (indexes of wealth and poverty) constructed from available income deciles per consumption unit. Initially, we identify the IRIS units most affected by this internal socio-economic polarization in 14 French provincial metropolitan areas. A principal component analysis at the IRIS level allows for dentifying the housing and population characteristics associated with the internal socio-economic polarization of the IRIS units. Subsequently, this research concentrates on the three metropolitan areas of the French Mediterranean coast — Montpellier, Marseille, and Nice — whose diversity allows for a better examination of the local specificities of internal socio-economic polarization. We also attempt to understand the recent trends in these "polarized" neighborhoods in terms of income distribution and formulate hypotheses regarding the origins of the strong internal socio-economic polarization in these neighborhoods (early stages of gentrification, ongoing or incomplete gentrification; pauperization; sustainable cohabitation)

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Lahoud, Joe, i Davor Bosnic. "The Effect of Education on Disposable Income Distribution". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-17601.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight & Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.

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Grundsten, Ronja. "Immigration and Income Inequality in Sweden". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44064.

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Income inequality has been on the rise in many industrialised countries since around the 1980’s. In Sweden the increase of income inequality has been particularly large. This in spite of Sweden’s extensive redistribution system and public policy that prioritize equality among its population. This paper investigates a potential factor for the rise in inequality that is yet fairly unexplored, namely immigration. As inequality has increased in Sweden, so has also immigration. Sweden experienced large refugee inflows after the 1970’s, the largest flow consisting of circa 100 000 Yugoslavs during the Bosnian war. This study provides indications on what way immigration shapes the income distribution and lays the ground for prospective studies. Results show that the inflow of new migrants during the early 1990’s in Sweden raises income inequality and it is almost entirely due to increased dispersion in the lower tail of the income distribution.

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Nshimirimana, Jules. "Attitudes and behaviour of low-income households towards the management of domestic solid waste in Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Solid waste management in South Africa has been focussing on the technical issues of waste disposal with little attention paid to the social and economic aspects of households. It is important to find out the impact of the attitude and perception of households on solid waste management, especially in low-income areas to be able to deal with the deplorabe domestic solid waste management in such areas. The quantity of solid waste generated in low-income areas is often assumed to be less than the solid waste generated in high-income neighbourhoods. In most of the townships of low-income households in Cape Town, the residents live next to mountains of solid waste which is not the case in middle and high income areas. This clearly has a negative effect on the environment and human health. Tafelsig is one of the low-income Cape Flats townships where the open spaces and green areas are dumping areas. The small yard that people own is often unclean. The aim of the study was to examine how households residing in the low-income neighbourhood (Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain) view domestic solid waste and its management. The study explored the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of these households towards the production and management of sold waste. Issues relating to the degradation of their environment and to solid waste mismanagement were also examined.

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Ung, Kevin, i Isabela Olsson. "The effects of immigration on income distribution: The Swedish case". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85845.

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The purpose of this essay is to study what impact immigration has on the Swedish income distribution for the period 1992-2005. This essay uses a two-folded approach to study the income distribution, first, an income inequality measure will be investigated in order to find if the inequality increases or decreases by the increased immigration. Secondly, we estimate a quantile regression for the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles for the period 1992, 1995, 2000 and2005, together with an OLS regression in order to find the income gap between the immigrants and natives, which is analysed for males and females separately. The study found that the inflow of immigrants increased income inequality in the lower tail of the income distribution. Immigrants at the upper tail of the income distribution are doing relatively better than the immigrants in the lower tail of the income distribution. Conclusively, independently of gender, the income gap between immigrants and natives is almost three times as large in the lower tail of the income distribution relative to the upper tail of the income distribution.

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Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez. "Community participation in solid waste management in high-density low-income areas: the case of C-Section in Duncan Village". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/261.

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Solid waste management in high density low-income areas is a problem that manifests itself in ubiquitous illegal dumpsites and unhealthy living environmental conditions. Community participation in solid waste management in Duncan Village, C-Section has been found to be part of the solution to this problem. This study investigates community participation in SWM at household level, community waste project level and at informal salvaging/scavenging level. The integration of community participation into existing Buffalo City Municipality waste management plans and the nature of the relationship between the different interest groups are investigated. This study employs qualitative research methods where interviews and participatory observations are used to investigate key objectives. The nature of the relationships between councillors, C-Section residents and the Buffalo City Municipality Departments are tenuous and fraught with conflicts. These conflicts emerge due to the lack of communication as well as due to the non-integration of the community interest groups‟ views and activities into solid waste management in C-Section. The study suggests that this lack of communication should be addressed and that integrated participation of all stakeholders must be encouraged for effective solid waste management in a high density low-income community.

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Nkansah, Andrews. "Management of faecal sludge in the urban areas of low-income countries : a case of Tamale, Ghana". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5561.

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Effective management of the excreta or faecal sludge (FS) emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms from the on-plot latrines in urban areas of many low-income countries is critical for the sustainability of urban sanitation. However the literature mentions the lack of an effective management system for urban FS emptying, transport and disposal in the low-income countries. The current management of FS has been fragmented and improper with attendant poor health and environmental pollution problems. In particular, no substantive information was found relating to how far the excreta or sludge removed from the latrines is transported to the disposal points. Also information on household financial needs and their perceptions regarding emptying and transport services was lacking. No study had been done regarding the effects of disposal distance and accessibility on the cost of emptying and transport; neither has work been done on FS reuse implications for emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms. Based on these issues, the research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to triangulate and ensure the reliability and validity of the findings and analysis. From the analysis of the findings, the thesis concludes on these key issues: i) Emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms of the excreta and FS as well as the costs of these depend on the type of latrines, latrine use and the technology available for emptying and transport. ii) Owing to the nature of latrines and the emptying methods used the disposal of the FS was indiscriminate and much was found closer to its source of generation. iii) FS was in high demand for reuse but lacked appropriate marketing strategy that could match supply with the demand. iv) The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach was found to be limited in content and capacity to effectively address the urban excreta and FS emptying, transport and disposal without the active and full involvement of the municipal and local authorities with clear roles and regulations that address the key processes, linkages, and capacity development issues. Thus, the HCES approach needs periodic review and modifications to take care of the new developments and peculiarities of each urban setting. The study also recommends the need to look at streamlining technologies and developing capacity to address cross-cutting issues in urban sanitation. It further recommends the need for households, the sanitation authorities and practitioners to understand the links between latrine technology in terms of type, size, use and location vis-à-vis the required emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms in the urban areas of the low-income countries.

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Volkaitė, Justina, i Gintarė Žebrauskytė. "Lietuvos namų ūkių disponuojamų pajamų analizė ir perspektyvos". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_001618-09221.

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Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui tenkančios vidutinės mėnesio disponuojamos pajamos ir numatomos šių pajamų perspektyvos. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama pajamų sąvoka, jų gavimo šaltiniai ir klasifikacija. Išskiriamos dvi pagrindinės disponuojamų pajamų funkcijos (vartojimas ir taupymas) ir jų pokyčius sąlygojantys veiksniai. Empirinėje darbo dalyje išanalizuota Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui per mėnesį tenkančių disponuojamų pajamų dinamika ir struktūra. Norint nustatyti veiksnius, lėmusius tokias disponuojamų pajamų kitimo tendencijas, atlikta priklausomybės tarp disponuojamų pajamų ir jų pokyčius galėjusių sąlygoti pagrindinių makroekonominių rodiklių analizė. Nustačius veiksnius, lemiančius Lietuvos namų ūkio nario vidutines mėnesio disponuojamas pajamas, ir atsižvelgus į jų pokyčius, atliktas disponuojamų pajamų perspektyvų numatymas kintančioje Lietuvos ekonominėje situacijoje.
In this bachelor‘s paper are analyzed average monthly disposable income per inhabitant of Lithuania‘s households and estimated perspecitives of this income. In the theoretical part of this bachelor‘s paper is analyzed the concept of income, the sources of income and classification. There are also presented two main functions of disposable income (consumption and saving) and factors influencing the changes of disposable income. In the empirical part of this work paper is analyzed dynamics and structure of Lithuania‘s households average monthly disposable income per inhabitant. To determine the factors that led to such disposable income changes, there is conducted the dependence between household disposable income per inhabitant and economic factors such as the gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate and average anually infliation rate. There is performed forecasting of the Lithuanian household member‘s average monthly disposable income, after the factors, which led to the disposable income changes, were determined and basing on their changes.

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Мотишена, В. В. "Статистичне дослідження макроекономічних показників України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12544.

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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти статистичного вивчення основних макроекономічних показників України, методи їх розрахунку та аналізу. Проаналізовано динаміку, процес формування та структуру валового внутрішнього продукту, валового національного доходу та валового національного наявного доходу, вплив зміни структурних елементів на загальний обсяг валового внутрішнього продукту, розраховано інтегральні показники структурних зрушень, а також проведено дослідження галузевої структури, узагальнено зарубіжний досвід у цій сфері. Запропоновано основні напрями покращення ситуації, яка склалася в країні при формуванні валового внутрішнього продукту: підсилення інтегруючих функцій органів державної статистики в загальному процесі інформаційного відображення суспільних явищ в країні; вдосконалення пропорційності розвитку окремих елементів ВВП;, покращення галузевої структури ВВП задля зростання дохідної частини бюджету.
The theoretical aspects of statistical study of the main macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine, methods of their calculation and analysis are considered in the work. The dynamics, process of formation and structure of gross domestic product, gross national income and gross national disposable income, the impact of changes in structural elements on the total gross domestic product, integrated indicators of structural changes, as well as a study of industry structure, generalized foreign experience in this area . The main directions of improving the situation in the country during the formation of gross domestic product are proposed: strengthening the integrative functions of state statistics bodies in the general process of information reflection of social phenomena in the country; improving the proportionality of the development of certain elements of GDP ;, improving the sectoral structure of GDP in order to increase the revenue side of the budget.

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Zhang, Qiongyan. "The Consumption Function of Luxury Goods". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3405.

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The goal of this thesis will be to formulate an economic model that exposes the relationship between consumption of luxury goods and selected factors which includes advertising, disposable income, interest rate, price index and stock premium. By building the Multiple Linear Regressions model to formulate the consumption function and using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) as the method, it becomes apparent that advertising, disposable income and the previous quarter´s disposable income are the major variables to affect luxury good consumption, of all the factors. Furthermore, the previous quarter´s disposable income has a slightly higher effect than the current one on luxury consumption. Similar studies, which focus on luxury items, have proposed models that test a single or a few variables at a time, and others that concentrate on durable goods have a wide range of variables to examine. I attempt to combine both in my model to test luxury consumption with a wide range of variables.
1.Abstrsact: short (1/2 page)The very specific purpose of your studyThe finding ( results) The method: statistical method, the data , the theoretical data,Compare your results with the results from similar studies.2.Introduction (1 and half page)A general idea ( 4-6 lines)Make references to theoretical and empirical research paper.Names, dates, and contribution.The purpose of your studyMethodLimitationOutline of the paper3.Conclusion (1 page)The purpose of the studyThe resultsThe methodComparison with the results from similar studiesCritical discussion of your own studiesFurther studies4. consider opponents points too

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Książki na temat "Disposal incomes"

Borooah, Vani K. Consumer expenditure and disposable income: Two neglected issues. [s.l.]: University of Ulster, 1990.

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Macklem, R. Tiff. Wealth, disposable income and consumption: Some evidence for Canada. [Ottawa]: Bank of Canada, 1994.

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Moore, Jim. Trends in the disposable incomes of Australian families, 1964-65 to 1985-86. Woden, ACT: Social Security Review, Dept. of Social Security, 1986.

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(Canada), National Council of Welfare. The impact of the 1985 and 1986 budgets on disposable income. Ottawa: The Council, 1986.

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National Council of Welfare (Canada). Impact of the 1985 and 1986 Budgets on Disposable Income. Canada. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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United Nations Centre for Human Settlements., red. Solid waste management in low-income housing projects: The scope for community participation. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), 1989.

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Canada. Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch. New views on inequality in Canada and the United States. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1999.

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Carroll, Chris. Buffer-stock saving and the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Rushbrook, Philip. Solid waste landfills in middle- and lower-income countries: A technical guide to planning, design, and operation. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999.

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McGirr, Michael. A study of the markets for innovatibve dairy products, particularly nutraceuticals, in countries with high disposable incomes. Market Harborough: Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 2003.

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Części książek na temat "Disposal incomes"

García Cruz, Gustavo Adolfo. "Household Disposable Personal Income". W Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2945–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1320.

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Cruz, Gustavo Adolfo García. "Household Disposable Personal Income". W Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 3211–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1320.

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Cairncross, Sandy, i Richard Feachem. "Excreta disposal in low and middle income countries". W Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 137–44. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315883946-7.

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Ncube, Mthuli, i Eliphas Ndou. "Monetary Policy, Disposable Income and Consumption". W Monetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa, 65–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334152_5.

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O’Donoghue, Cathal, Karyn Morrissey, Philip Hayes, Jason Loughrey, Joanne Banks i Stephen Hynes. "The Spatial Distribution of Household Disposable Income". W Spatial Microsimulation for Rural Policy Analysis, 193–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30026-4_11.

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Dauderstädt, Michael. "Disposable Income Inequality, Cohesion and Crisis in Europe". W Reducing Inequalities, 13–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65006-7_2.

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Chirico, Paolo. "A Clusterwise Regression Method for the Prediction of the Disposal Income in Municipalities". W Classification and Data Mining, 173–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28894-4_21.

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Heim, John J. "A Note on the Disposable Income Variable Used in Consumption Models". W Crowding Out Fiscal Stimulus, 215–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45967-7_13.

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Inoue, Nozomu, Shigeru Matsumoto i Minoru Morita. "Inequalities in the Impact of the Carbon Tax in Japan". W Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 217–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_12.

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Abstract Although Japan’s current carbon tax rate is much lower than the rates applied in European countries, the Japanese government may increase the tax rate in the near future, in order to strengthen measures to combat global warming. Since a country’s carbon-pricing policy does not distort its economy, it is considered to be an efficient policy measure. However, the burden of carbon pricing varies across regions and across households. Since low-income households generally allocate a larger proportion of their disposable income to energy costs than high-income households, the burden of carbon taxes on low-income households tends to be higher than for high-income households. In addition, households in cold regions spend more money for space heating, and those in rural areas spend more money for gasoline. Unless the government objectively analyzes the impact of carbon pricing and proposes convincing countermeasures to deal with these unequal impacts, the government is unlikely to obtain public support for a carbon tax increase. In this study, we analyze microlevel data from the Japanese National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFE) collected from 1989 to 2014, and examine how past energy price changes affected the welfare of different types of households. We then propose countermeasures to address the problems arising from the regressive nature of taxing energy use.

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Qian, Yifan, i Xingjian Yao. "The Impact of Informatization on Farmers’ Disposable Income——— Theoretical model and empirical testing". W Proceedings of the 2024 9th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2024), 988–98. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-459-4_110.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Disposal incomes"

Varga, Erzsebet Terez. "COMPARISON OF SEPARATED FAMILIES’ STANDARD OF LIVING IN GERMANY Analyzing the Equalised Incomes in Simulated Families after Child Support and Child Benefit Paid". W 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0084.

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In this paper, I describe the inequality in the standard of living in Germany after divorce and compare their risk of poverty. The one-parent families have the highest poverty risk everywhere in the world. In Germany, a directive is available for anybody to determine the child support geared to the non-custodial parent’s disposable income. Assuming that the non-custodial parent pays child support following this directive of düsseldorfer tables I found deep differences in the equalised incomes of the divorced households in simulated cases. Equalised incomes were determined by two types of the OECD scales to make comparable the different composed families’ incomes. Both methods result in fewer life standards for one-parent households in more than 83 % of the cases, however, the risk of poverty is not higher for the custodial parent’s household. This indicates some modification in the directive: the respect of the custodial parent’s income and/or correction of the amounts in the tables mainly on the higher income categories.

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Navickė, Jekaterina, i Romas Lazutka. "Functional and personal income distribution in the baltics: comparison of national and households accounts". W Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.38.

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In this paper we aim to cover the gap in analysis of functional distribution of National income at the macroeconomic level and personal income distribution at the microlevel. We compare the information provided in the National Accounts and in the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the three Baltic states and in a wider EU context to establish the links between the economic prosperity at the macro level and income distribution at individual level. Comparative design helps identify differences in income structure and inequality within similar socio-economic conditions. As demonstrated, similar levels of per capita disposable incomes in the National Accounts in the Baltics hide higher levels of income inequality than conventionally shown in the EU-SILC. This is to a large degree due to high level of under-reporting of property income and is most acute for Lithuania.

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Wang, Xueqin, Yuyao He i Meng Yang. "Research on the relationship between disposable income and real consumption expenditure". W 2017 International Conference on Economics and Management, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences (EMEHSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emehss-17.2017.40.

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Chen, Zhongwen. "Optimal Model of Forecasting the Per Capita Disposable Income of Urban Residents". W 2016 International Conference on Computer and Information Technology Applications. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccita-16.2016.45.

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"Grey Relational Analysis on Disposable Income and Consumption Expenditure for Urban Residents". W 2018 4th International Conference on Economics, Management and Humanities Science. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ecomhs.2018.127.

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Sena, Debasish, i Naresh Kumar Nagwani. "Application of time series based prediction model to forecast per capita disposable income". W 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2015.7154749.

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Gogola, Erik. "The Impact of Financial Literacy on Debt Behavior of Households: Evidence from Micro Data". W EDAMBA 2022: 25th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. Bratislava: University of Economics in Bratislava, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2022.9788022550420.128-139.

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While several papers have focused on the effect of financial literacy on household retirement savings or investment choices, this paper is devoted to its impact on households’ debt behavior. We utilize Slovak household finance and consumer survey (HFCS) microdata to analyze the impact of the objective level of financial literacy on Slovak households ́ debt behavior. We find that Slovak households display different debt behavior with respect to varying levels of financial literacy. We focus on high-cost credit products and find that a household ́s financial literacy does not have a statistically significant impact on the probability of having an outstanding balance of non-mortgage or credit debt. However, we find that younger households with higher incomes dispose of a higher probability of having an outstanding balance of non-mortgage or credit debt while being more credit-constrained and less able to save from their monthly income compared to more financially literate households. Thus, we may consider households with an outstanding balance of non-mortgage or credit debt to be more financially vulnerable, as they are more frequently engaging with high-cost credit products with a lower ability to save and with a higher probability of being credit constrained. This behavior may lead to a significant decrease in their ability to face unexpected internal or external adverse shocks.

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Yang, Na. "Analysis the Influence of Guilin Tourism Economic Income on the Per Capita Disposable Income of Urban Residents Based on GIS Technology". W BDSIC 2020: 2020 2nd International Conference on Big-data Service and Intelligent Computation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3440054.3440060.

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Glaser-Opitzová, Helena, i Mária Vojtková. "THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE OF SLOVAK HOUSEHOLDS". W Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.107.

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Since the goal of any advanced society is to reduce poverty and improve the social status of the population, it is important to know the causes of its emergence. In connection with Slovakia's membership in the European Union, we have taken over European legislation in this area. The Europe 2020 strategy is currently in force in the countries of the European Union, while one of its five main objectives is "Fight against poverty and social exclusion". Poverty research is undoubtedly a topical, multidimensional problem. One of the issues it focuses on is the so-called income poverty. The poverty line is considered to be 60% of the median national equivalent disposable household income. In order for assistance to those at risk to be truly targeted at those who need it most, it is necessary to map the situation in detail and identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the incidence of poverty. In our paper, the subject of analysis will be the quantification of the influence of selected factors from The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database on the at-risk-of-poverty rate in Slovak households. The at-risk-of-poverty rate represents the proportion of people (in percent) in the whole population, whose equivalent disposable income is below the at-risk-of-poverty line. We will verify the impact of selected factors on the at-risk-of-poverty rate using a logistic regression model in the SAS Enterprise Guide statistical tool.

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Rojco, Anatolii. "Оценка уровня жизни домохозяйств с пожилыми людьми". W Conference title: Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2022.16.2.

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The elderly people belong to socially vulnerable groups of the population, whose standard of living is much lower than the average value. The development of measures to provide them with a socially acceptable level of income and reduce poverty on this basis requires an assessment of the main indicators of the standard of living of household members with elderly people. This determines the relevance of the topic of this article. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, monographic, statistical, comparison, analogues. Research results. The analysis of the size of average per capita disposable income and consumer spending of households with elderly people was carried out. The features of the structure of disposable income and consumer spending of these households are noted. The risk of being below the poverty line for members of households with the elderly people was assessed. The calculations were carried out in general for the Republic of Moldova and in the context of "urban-rural" areas. This paper has been developed within the framework of the Scientific Project for the period 2020-2023, registered in the State Register of projects in the field of science and innovation of the Republic of Moldova with the code 20.80009.0807.29 Project State Program ”Improving the mechanisms for applying innovative instruments aimed at sustainably increasing the welfare of the population of the Republic of Moldova”.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Disposal incomes"

Cohen, Peter, Jeroen Ijgosse i Germán Sturzenegger. Preparing Informal Recycler Inclusion Plans: An Operational Guide. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006222.

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This document objective is to assist practitioners and decision-makers engaged in the preparation and implementation of inclusion plans for informal recyclers working at final disposal sites. The key question addressed by this Guide is how to work with informal recyclers and other actors in the development of viable and sustainable solutions - both within and beyond the existing waste stream - that will allow informal recyclers affected by solid waste projects, such as the construction, rehabilitation or closure of final disposal sites, to maintain or increase their incomes in improved working conditions.

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Doorley, Karina, Luke Duggan, Agathe Simon i Dora Tuda. Distributional impact of tax and welfare policies: Budget 2024. ESRI, grudzień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/qec2023win_sa_doorley.

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In this Special Article we analyse the distributional impact of Budget 2024. Similar to last year, many reforms in this budget were temporary measures specifically aimed at combatting cost of living pressures. Compared to a baseline pegged to wage growth, we estimate that Budget 2024 will leave households across the income distribution better off, by 2.1 per cent of disposable income on average. The lowest income quintile of households experience the largest relative gain (5-6 per cent of disposable income) but the lowest cash gain (€13-€17 per week). Much of the income gain is driven by temporary measures, although there are above-wage-growth increases to many permanent parameters of the tax-benefit system too. We show that from 2020 to 2024, permanent changes to the tax and welfare system have resulted in small average income losses (-0.5 per cent of disposable income) compared to policy changes pegged to wage growth. We suggest that policymakers should move away from the use of temporary measures to compensate households for rising prices and should consider the adequacy of welfare payments to provide an appropriate standard of living at current market prices.

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Cáceres, Esther, i Matías Lamas. Dividend Restrictions and Search for Income. Madrid: Banco de España, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/34644.

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We measure the reaction of search for income in mutual funds to supervisory-induced dividend restrictions on euro area banks during the COVID-19 pandemic, which operated as an exogenous shock to payouts in this sector. Using granular data on euro area-based mutual funds’ holdings, we show that demand for dividends motivated portfolio decisions in this period and that these decisions had implications for stock returns. Specifically, we document that there were more sales of bank stocks by income-oriented funds after payout restrictions were set in place. These funds were however less inclined to dispose of bank CoCos, an alternative high income-generating asset issued by credit institutions and not subject to supervisory distribution limits. Lastly, we analyze the price impact of these portfolio adjustments, documenting negative abnormal returns in bank stocks more exposed to income-oriented funds after the policy announcement. Our research evidences that search for income is relevant in asset allocation decisions and price formation, and quantifies some of the side effects of dividend restriction policies.

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Deza, María Cecilia, Tatiana Andrea Gélvez Rubio, Diana Gutiérrez Preciado, H. Xavier Jara i David Arturo Rodríguez Guerrero. Assessing the Effect of Fiscal Policies on the Gender Income Gap in Central America, Panama and the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, kwiecień 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012901.

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Persistent gender economic differences have led to an extensive amount of literature devoted to the gender wage gap. However, wages are only one component of income for women and men, and self-employment income, non-labour income, taxes, pensions, and benefits are mostly omitted from the analysis. In this paper we contribute to the small but growing literature of gendered fiscal incidence by studying the effect of taxes, social insurance contributions and benefits on the gender gaps in disposable income for five Central American countries: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and Dominican Republic. Our analysis makes use of tax-benefit microsimulation models based on representative household surveys for each country. We compare results for 2019 and for a year afterwards for each country to determine if there are differences due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Three sets of findings are worth highlighting. Firstly, the tax-benefit systems of Panama and Costa Rica have the largest redistributive effect measured by the size of taxes and benefits at the upper and lower part of the disposable income distribution respectively. Second, Costa Rica is the country that close the gender income gap the most, while in the other countries the tax benefit system does not have an important effect in this regard. Thirdly decomposition of the raw disposable income gender gap indicates that a) labour income is the biggest contributor to the gap in all countries and periods analyzed with a very minor role for tax-benefit instruments. b) almost half of the gap is explained by differences in attributes such as education, age, or geographical location, so a significant gap remains unexplained c) differences in employment rates between genders are less important than differences in remunerations.

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Carroll, Daniel R., André Victor D. Luduvice i Eric R. Young. Optimal Fiscal Reform with Many Taxes. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, luty 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202307.

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We study the optimal one-shot tax reform in the standard incomplete markets model where households differ in their wealth, earnings, permanent labor skill, and age. The government can provide transfers by raising tax revenue and has several tax instruments at its disposal: a flat capital income tax, a flat consumption tax, and a non-linear labor income tax. The optimal fiscal policy funds a transfer that is nearly 50 percent of GDP through a combination of very high taxes on consumption and capital income. The labor tax schedule has a high average rate but is also moderately progressive. We find an identical outcome when policy is instead determined by majority voting. Finally, we offer suggestive empirical evidence that households’ preferences for tax and redistribution are more strongly associated with political identity than economic status.

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Parra-Polania, Julian A., i Carmiña O. Vargas. Debt taxes during crises, a blessing in disguise? Banco de la República, kwiecień 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1270.

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Models with an occasionally binding credit constraint have been used to analyze financial crises and previous literature has highlighted that the specific form of this constraint is decisive for policymaking conclusions. What are the welfare effects of implementing a policy that is appropriate for a specific type of constraint when the economy is actually facing a different one? We provide an answer by analyzing the implementation either of ex ante (or macroprudential) vs. ex post debt taxes in four possible collateral constraint cases (depending on whether creditors assess current or future and total or disposable income of debtors). Our main conclusion is that a debt tax applied only during potentially constrained periods (i.e., ex post) is a more favorable intervention if the policymaker does not know which credit constraint is facing or if it is more likely to be facing a disposable-income constraint (either for current or future income).

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Carroll, Daniel R., André Victor D. Luduvice i Eric R. Young. Optimal fiscal reform with many taxes. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, sierpień 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202307r.

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We study the optimal one-shot tax reform in the standard incomplete markets model where households differ in their wealth, earnings, permanent labor skill, and age. The government can provide transfers by raising tax revenue and has several tax instruments at its disposal: a flat capital income tax, a flat consumption tax, and a non-linear labor income tax. We compute the equilibrium and transitional dynamics for 3888 different tax combinations and find that the optimal fiscal policy funds a transfer that is above 60 percent of GDP through a combination of very high taxes on consumption and capital income. The labor tax schedule has a high average rate and more progressivity than the current US system. We explore the role of transitional dynamics, debt issuance, intergenerational disagreement, and fiscal spending rules in shaping the optimal policy. Policy is broadly similar if it is determined through majority voting rather than by a utilitarian planner.

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Vargas-Riaño, Carmiña Ofelia, i Julian Parra-Polania. Relevance of the collateral constraint form in the analysis of financial crisis interventions. Banco de la República, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1190.

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We combine two modifications to the standard (current and total income) collateral constraint that has been commonly used in models that analyze financial crisis interventions. Specifically, we consider an alternative constraint stated in terms of future and disposable income. We find that in this case a state-contingent debt tax (effective during crisis only, as opposed to a macroprudential tax) increases debt capacity and lowers the probability of crisis. This shows one more instance to call the attention of academics and policymakers to the fact that the specific form of the borrowing constraint is crucial in determining the appropriate crisis intervention.

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Waters, Tom, i Tom Wernham. Interest rate hikes could see 1.4 million people lose 20% of their disposable income. The IFS, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/co.ifs.2023.0021.

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Artana, Daniel, Sebastián Auguste, Marcela Cristini, Cynthia Moskovits i Ivana Templado. Sub-National Revenue Mobilization in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: The Case of Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, marzec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011362.

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This paper analyzes sub-national revenues in Argentina. Following a discussion of the recent evolution of government revenues and their vertical imbalance, the paper then analyzes the most important taxes collected by federal, provincial and local governments. Subsequently considered are the determinants of sub-national revenues and the impact of the 2001-2002 crisis. It is found that automatic transfers improve collections of the cascade sales tax and the property tax by enlarging the disposable income of the private and public sector of the provinces favored by the regional redistribution of income, while discretionary transfers reduce own-source revenue effort and encourage public investment. The paper concludes by analyzing options to improve sub-national revenue mobilization and offering specific proposals, particularly in regard to improving the cascade provincial sales tax.

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