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Shaw, Allan. "Functional bowel disorders in anxiety disorder out patients". Thesis, London South Bank University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288174.
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Arnold, Marla N. "Validating a model of risk factors associated with eating disorder risk in adolescents". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148575712.
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Hommersen, Paul. "Separation Anxiety Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder : perceived comorbidity between disorders resulting from ambiguous items and halo effects". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31331.
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Although theoretical arguments would suggest little comorbidity between Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), epidemiological studies find otherwise. I examined whether ambiguous symptoms and negative halo effects contribute to this comorbidity. In Study 1, 72 mothers read scenarios of children displaying either SAD or ODD behaviors. The SAD scenarios included behaviors considered by judges to be pure exemplars of SAD, as well as behaviors considered to be ambiguous representations of the disorder. ODD scenarios also included both pure and ambiguous behaviors. After each scenario, mothers rated the child on the behaviors presented in the scenario, as well as behaviors of the alternate disorder, and somatic symptoms. Mothers endorsed the ambiguous behaviors presented in the scenarios significantly less than the pure behaviors; and rated the ambiguous behaviors of the non-presented disorder significantly more often than the pure behaviors of the non-presented disorder. This suggests that some comorbidity between SAD and ODD may be explained by the presence of ambiguous items representing the two disorders. For the SAD scenarios, mothers also endorsed non-presented somatic symptoms, suggesting a general negative halo bias in maternal ratings of anxious children. Study 2 used a clinical sample of parents (N = 201) and youth (N = 177) and examined whether using only nonambiguous, or pure, items from commonly used rating scales would decrease the degree of relatedness between SAD and ODD symptoms. Pure anxiety and oppositional scales were created from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). In general, the relationship between these pure scales was compared to the relationship between the commonly used, empirically-derived and DSM-oriented scales assessing anxiety and oppositionality on the CBCL and YSR. The pure scales were significantly less related than the empirical or DSM-oriented scales. Thus, the relatedness of the disorders was decreased by assessing only pure exemplars. In sum, the results of these studies suggest that the comorbidity of SAD and ODD observed in epidemiological studies may be partially due to the inclusion of ambiguous items on commonly used rating scales. Implications for clinical assessment and theory are discussed.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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MacCallam, Jackie. "Cognitive appraisals in obsessive-compulsive disorder & other anxiety disorders". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1138.
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This research applied ideas from the cognition-emotion literature to some of the theories in the OCD literature, and in so doing took'Va multi-dimensional approach to the understanding of OCD. The aim of the study was to explore the nature of 'emotionalcognitive profiles'^ of people with OCD,. and to compare these 'profiles' with those of people with other anxiety disorders and people from a non-clinical population. Participants from the three groups i.e. an OCD group, an anxiety group and a non-clinical group were asked to rate a number of appraisal dimensions, in response to four vignettes. There were 10 participants in each group (N=30). The vignettes were constructed to evoke feelings of anxiety, guilt, anger and pride. The responses of each group were then compared. The results showed that when anxiety is evoked, both people suffering with OCD and people suffering with other anxiety disorders, perceived more personal responsibility and more harm to self than the non-clinical group. The OCD group also seemed to perceive more personal responsiblity in the situation of guilt, which provoked discussion about the nature and role of guilt and responsibility in the aetiology and maintenance of this disorder. The results also led to some debate about the relationship between anxiety, depression and OCD and finally, a formulation of OCD was proposed. The formulation was an attempt to incorporate thinking from both cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives and to draw together some of the theories and models of OCD, which had been discussed in the study.
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Vesco, Anthony Thomas. "Examining the Course of Cyclothymic Disorder and Comparing it to Dysthymic Disorder and Other Bipolar Spectrum Disorders in Children". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364907946.
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Stinson, Jill D., i Brittany V. Williams. "Redefining Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD, DSM-v, and Emotion Regulation Disorders". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7970.
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Taha, Ai Yun. "Exploring functional connectivity across borderline personality disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471093/.
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The overall focus of this thesis relates to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the default mode network (DMN) in borderline personality disorder (BPD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative disorders. Part one of the thesis systematically reviewed 19 studies investigating RSFC of the DMN in PTSD, BPD and dissociative disorders to establish the value of DMN in understanding the three psychopathology. Current research suggests that RSFC of the DMN is distinct when comparing participants with PTSD, participants with PTSD co-morbid with MDD, and healthy controls. In addition, studies also showed that RSFC of the DMN was associated with PTSD severity and trauma experiences. In terms of BPD, findings seem to indicate the presence of aberrant RSFC of the DMN when compared to healthy controls and bipolar disorder. However, in order to interpret these results, it is essential to consider the potential influence of co-morbid MDD. As there was only one research investigating dissociative disorder, it is premature to conclude if RSFC of the DMN is atypical in this disorder. Overall, the reviewed studies seems to indicate that the value of the DMN in understanding psychopathology is strongest in PTSD but lacking in BPD and dissociative disorder. Part one concludes by addressing current limitations and implications for future research. Part two presents an empirical study investigating RSFC of the DMN in participants with BPD and healthy controls. In order to further elucidate the associations with indices of core symptomatology, self-reports measures pertaining to dissociation, trauma, emotional dysregulation, general clinical symptomatology and personality psychopathology were also administered. The findings suggest that BPD participants display higher RSFC between core brain regions. However, as only one of the obtained finding remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, higher RSFC in BPD participants were also associated with higher self-reported trauma experiences, dissociation and general clinical symptomatology. Similarly, these results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and hence should be further investigated in future studies. This section concluded by discussing implications of these findings and limitations of the current study. Part three provided a critical appraisal of the entire research process. Firstly, it considers the implications of the current study, namely the influence on therapeutic approaches, our understanding of BPD, PTSD and dissociation, reflections on the wider issues in neuroimaging studies and in BPD research. This is then followed by a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in research investigating multiple constructs. Lastly, whilst acknowledging the limitations of neuroimaging, the critical appraisal also put forth suggestions aimed at maximizing clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
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Guiot, Stacey L. "Body dysmorphic disorder: insight into the somatoform disorder". Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12406.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Body Dysmorphic Disorder, or BDD, is a prevalent disease that affects children, adolescence, and adults. Its onset is usually in late childhood/early adolescence, and the disorder frequently extends for the lifetime ofthe patient. The disorder has been in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders since its third edition as a somatoform disorder. The primary definition of BDD centers around the fact that those suffering from the disorder have a preoccupation with an imagined defect in their physical appearance that is usually not seen from an outsider's perspective. This preoccupation results in impairment in one's social life, education, and employment atmosphere. Through various research projects, it has been discovered that BDD shares many common similarities to other disorders, including obsessive-compulsive, social anxiety, and eating disorders. Like obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with BDD have several types of obsessions and compulsions, such as mirror checking for multiple hours a day to study their defect. This can further lead into the yearning desire to obtain cosmetic surgery. Patients with BDD often suffer from anxiety and depression, which can result in a low educational level, no employment, and trouble being in any sort of relationship. These symptoms tend to be more severe in those with the non-delusional form of BDD versus the delusional form. Research via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaginf and other imaging techniques has shown that those suffering from BDD may have different brain patterns than healthy subjects, especially concerning spatial frequency. Currently there are no FDA-approved medications specifically for the treatment ofBDD, but serotonin-reuptake inhibitors often used to treat depression have shown to be successful in alleviating BDD symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, and interpersonal psychotherapy, are also implemented as alternative treatment options to pharmacological therapy. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders is expected to be released in 2013 addressing the new information that has resulted from the great amount of research that has been conducted in the past decade and a half.
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Butler, Emma. "The clinical relevance of personality disorder cognitions in the eating disorders". Thesis, University of East London, 2009. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3729/.
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Although cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) as the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa, it has only been found to be effective for 50-60% of individuals. In addition, the evidence base for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is weak. It is commonly recognised that there is a high comorbidity between personality disorders (and their associated traits) and eating disorders. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the cognitions underpinning personality disorders in individuals with eating disorders, and to investigate whether those cognitions reduce the impact of CBT for eating disorders. Participants were 59 individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder presenting for CBT at a specialist eating disorder service. Each participant completed measures of personality disorder cognitions, eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions and other psychological symptoms at session one of CBT. Participants were then asked to repeat the measures of eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions at session six of CBT. Drop-out rates were recorded. Findings provided evidence of the rapid onset of action of CBT for eating disorders. There was a significant reduction in eating disorder attitudes over the first six sessions. Six personality disorder cognitions were significantly associated with eating disorder attitudes/dysfunctional assumptions and other psychological symptoms. These were avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, dependent, borderline, histrionic and paranoid personality disorder cognitions. Higher levels of dependent and narcissistic personality disorder cognitions were associated with dropping out of treatment before session seven of CBT, and higher levels of histrionic, avoidant and borderline personality disorder cognitions were associated with an improvement in eating disorder attitudes in the first six sessions of CBT. The limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are discussed. In addition, the clinical implications of the findings are considered.
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PISCIOTTA, LIVIA. "Autism Spectrum Disorder and other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: cytogenetic and genomic approaches". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1057765.
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Introduction: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous class of conditions involving the brain, including intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), that affect about 1%-3% of children (Miller et al., 2010). The genetics of NDDs is complex and include copy number variations (CNVs), pathogenetic mutations in single genes. To date, more than 1000 genes have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of NNDs. Preliminary investigations have suggested that the majority of Developmental Disorders, in particular ASD, are actually polygenic; in addition, the genetic and environmental interplay in defining the phenotype clearly classifies NDDs such as ID and ASD as complex disorders. In this dissertation, I sought to explore the contribution of rare de novo and inherited coding variation in neurodevelopmental disorders and use these genetic variations to identify neurodevelopmental disorder associated genes and new/unknown oligogenic mechanisms.
Methods: In a retrospective review of data, we re-evaluated all the results of diagnostic array-CGH tests on 700 cases with NDDs, focusing on variants previously interpreted as VOUS. Furthermore a series of 68 patients with autism spectrum disorder were recruited to perform whole exome sequencing and eventual whole genome sequencing. A deep analysis of VOUS, mainly consisting in a revision of gene expression/function annotation, and chromatine organization data, was performed. New candidate genes were analysed by GeneCodis4 to evidence enrichment for known NDD-associated GeneOntology terms and pathways. Whole exome sequencing was performed and potentially deleterious variants prioritized by custom filtering strategies including the use of ORVAL (Oligogenic Resource for Variant Analysis Platform) and enrichment analysis of candidate genes with GeneCodis4.
Results: In about 42% of cases pathogenic CNVs were found, while in 58% identified CNVs remained initially VOUS. New potential genes and mechanisms such as double-hit mechanisms were found in our patients. In our 34 analysed ASD patients 11 cases showed possible deleterious rare variants, in different and, in the majority of cases, in multiple genes. The role of X chromosome and neurotransmitter pathways appears important.
Conclusion: In our cohort of NDDs patients CNV-mediated double-hit mechanisms seem to play a relevant role in elucidate complex phenotypes. About 10% of patients from our ASD cohort also showed rare deleterious variants in multiple genes that seem to fully explain their complex phenotype.
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Knipp, Diana Kathleen. "Teens' Perceptions About Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications and Adaptation to Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Thesis, Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1312%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Davis, Sally, i sallyjjdavis@bigpond com. "Chronik disorder". RMIT University. Creative Media, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080416.092509.
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The Chronik Disorder project consists of an exegesis and screenplay. The exegesis discusses research into the film genre, three-act structure, mythic structure and archetypes. The research then informed thematic ideas, character creation and a method for plotting the screenplay and developing the characters. Chronik Disorder is an Australian story, set in contemporary Melbourne, about adolescents and rites of passage. The story explores teenagers and the hip-hop subculture, gangs, graffiti and drug experimentation. The story deals with other issues such as vocational challenges; the breakdown of the nuclear family; father-and-son relationships; and Vietnam veterans and how the war affected them emotionally and impacted on their relationships with their sons. Harley, 17, a hooker in an under-eighteen's rugby union team, dreams of playing with the under-nineteen's Australian Wallabies. Harley's alcoholic father, Kev, takes out his pain caused by his experiences in Vietnam on Harley, who escapes by hanging out with graffiti-based gang Chronik Disorder. When his friend Damian dies, Harley blames himself, ruins his rugby career, and escapes by hanging out with his gang, committing crimes and taking drugs.
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Davis, Sally, i sakkyjdavis@bigpond com. "Chronik disorder". RMIT University. Creative Media, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080704.102340.
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The research and project The Chronik Disorder project consists of an exegesis and screenplay. The exegesis discusses research into the film genre, three-act structure, mythic structure and archetypes. The research then informed thematic ideas, character creation and a method for plotting the screenplay and developing the characters. Chronik Disorder is an Australian story, set in contemporary Melbourne, about adolescents and rites of passage. The story explores teenagers and the hip-hop subculture, gangs, graffiti and drug experimentation. The story deals with other issues such as vocational challenges; the breakdown of the nuclear family; father-and-son relationships; and Vietnam veterans and how the war affected them emotionally and impacted on their relationships with their sons. Synopsis of Screenplay Harley, 17, a hooker in an under-eighteen's rugby union team, dreams of playing with the under-nineteen's Australian Wallabies. Harley's alcoholic father, Kev, takes out his pain caused by his experiences in Vietnam on Harley, who escapes by hanging out with graffitibased gang Chronik Disorder. When his friend Damian dies, Harley blames himself, ruins his rugby career, and escapes by hanging out with his gang, committing crimes and taking drugs.
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Holt, Jim. "Biopolar Disorder". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6500.
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Stinson, Jill D., i Judith V. Becker. "Pedophilic Disorder". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8004.
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Pedophilia, now termed pedophilic disorder, has been consistently defined by mental health professionals, social scientists, and historians as sexual interest in prepubescent children. In this chapter, we review evolving professional definitions of this disorder, available information regarding the prevalence of pedophilia, as well as etiological models to explain the development and manifestation of pedophilic interests. This includes considerations of historical as well as current views of how this disorder develops. Assessment strategies are reviewed, including the importance of a pretreatment psychosexual history as well as formal and structured assessment tools that are beneficial in treatment. Important treatment models for pedophilia include cognitive-behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, psychopharmacological interventions, and use of the risk-needs-responsivity framework. The chapter further describes empirical research related to recidivism and assessment of sex offender risk among those diagnosed with pedophilia, including the identification of common risk assessment tools. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of relevant policy issues and directions for future research in this important area.
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Newton, Angus William. "Charge transfer and disorder broadening in disordered transition metal alloys". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343931.
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Hammel, Jacinda Celeste McGlynn F. Dudley. "Meta worry and generalized anxiety disorder". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/HAMMEL_JACINDA_58.pdf.
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Dahal, Liza. "Functional relevance of protein disorder : why is disorder favourable?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283008.
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For half a century, the central tenet of protein science has been grounded on the idea that the three-dimensional structure of a protein underlies its function. However, increasing evidence of natively unstructured but functional proteins is accumulating. Termed as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), they populate a number of different conformations in isolation. Interestingly, as part of their function, some IDPs become fully or partly structured upon interaction with their binding partners. This process, known as coupled folding and binding raises the question what comes first - folding of the IDP or binding to its partner protein followed by folding. This thesis focuses on understanding the role of disorder in protein- protein interactions using biophysical characterization. Over-representation of IDPs in complex network and signalling pathways emphasizes the importance of disorder. Conformational flexibility in IDPs facilitates post-translational modifications, which provides a neat way to modulate the residual structure. This can alter affinity of IDPs to their partners and it is speculated that bound like structures of IDPs speed association. The impact of phosphorylation was explored in the KID/KIX system: phosphorylation modulates only the dissociation kinetics increasing the lifetime of the bound complex, which may be important in signalling processes. Further, phi-value analysis applied to investigate the mechanism of interaction reveals that non-native interactions play a key role in this reaction, before the IDP consolidates its final structure in the bound complex. Promiscuous interaction of IDPs with their partners often results in complexes with differing affinities. Members of BCL-2 family were explored, and the results indicate that IDPs bind to the same partner protein with marginal variation in the association rates, but significant differences in dissociation rates are observed. Thus, it seems that in such homologous but competing network of proteins, disorder facilitates complexes with differing affinities by modulating dissociation rate, again altering the lifetime of the bound complex. The work presented here demonstrates that disorder plays a role in altering complex lifetimes. Perhaps being disordered permits a level of plasticity to IDPs to adapt the rates at which they bind/unbind to many target proteins. This may be why disorder is conserved and abundant in proteins involved in intricate signalling networks.
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Dalvie, Shareefa. "Genetic analysis of bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16560.
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Includes bibliographical referencesBackground: Mental health disorders represent a major public health problem in most countries around the world. In South Africa, the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders is 30.3%, with substance-use disorders and mood disorders being the second and third most prevalent classes of lifetime disorders, respectively. Bipolar disorder (BD) has a lifetime prevalence of 1.4% and alcohol use disorder (AUD) a lifetime prevalence of 30.3%, and they are frequently comorbid. Both of these disorders have a relatively high heritability, yet the exact genetic basis of each remains unknown. Genetic variants within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and glutamatergic pathways have previously been implicated in both phenotypes. The aim of this project was to investigate the aetiology of BD and AUD, using high-throughput genomic technologies, bioinformatics, brain-imaging and environmental measures. An additional aim was to assess the genetic aetiology of BD-AUD comorbidity. Methods: For the genetic analysis underlying BD, a South African 'Afrikaner' family was investigated. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-genome linkage analysis was performed for individuals with BD Type I (BDI) and unaffected family members using the Illumina HiSeq2000 and Affymetrix Axiom TM Genome-wide CEU 1 Array, respectively. For the AUD analysis, two groups were investigated; a South African adolescent group comprising 80 individuals with AUD and 80 controls, and a group of 8123 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. The South African group of adolescents were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium iSelect custom 6000 BeadChip, childhood trauma data was obtained and brain magnetic resonance images were collected for a subset of this group. Genotype data on HPA-axis genes were obtained from a previous study for the ALSPAC cohort. The fourth group of individuals investigated in this thesis comprised 233 individuals with BD-AUD comorbidity from the Systemic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD). Genotype data for genes from the glutamatergic and HPA-axis pathways were obtained from a previous study conducted on these individuals. Results: The chromosomal regions 6p25, 10p14-10p15.1, 11q23-11q25, and 13q21-22 scored the highest LOD scores for BD and the most over-represented pathway in the affected family members was the T-cell receptor signalling pathway. In the South African adolescent group, circadian rhythm genes were associated with AUD and childhood trauma predicted alcohol use in adolescence. The gene-imaging analysis identified a SNP in the glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B (GRIN2B) gene as being associated with brain volume in the left orbitofrontal cortex and posterior cingulate. HPA-axis genes did not show an association with AUD and no significant gene x environment interactions were detected for AUD in the ALSPAC cohort. Single variants in the glutamatergic genes and HPA-axis were not associated with BD-AUD comorbidity. However, from the gene-based analysis, the glutamatergic gene PRKCI was associated with BD-AUD comorbidity. Conclusions: It appears that disruption in immune-related genes may contribute to the development of BD in an Afrikaner family. No significant gene x environment interactions were detected for adolescent AUD. The circadian pathway and childhood trauma may play a role in the development of adolescent AUD. Differential brain volume and BD-AUD comorbidity may be characterised by variation in the glutamatergic pathway. These pathways and the interactions between them should be further investigated in BD and AUD.
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Stark, Claire. "Trauma, alexithymia, emotional regulation and dissociation in alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder and polysubstance disorder". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25755.
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Background: Around 33-50% who attend treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have a history of trauma. Experiencing trauma can lead to psychological disorders, difficulties with emotional regulation and dissociation. SUD and AUD can be chronic, relapsing disorders and understanding what individual factors affect addiction has important implications for treatment. Objective: The systematic review was interested in whether alexithymia affects abstinence after relapse prevention treatment (both psychological and pharmacological). The review was also interested in whether alexithymia is a stable trait after relapse prevention treatment (both psychological and pharmacological) as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The research study investigates the relationships between trauma, dissociation, alexithymia, emotional regulation and SUD, AUD and polysubstance use. There has been little research looking at the relationships between these variables and how they compare in different types of substance use. It was hypothesised that patients with poly-substance addiction will have higher incidents of trauma, dissociation, alexithymia and poorer emotional regulation when compared to alcohol and drug dependence alone. Methods: A systematic search of articles published between January 1989 - January 2017 was carried out following the Cochrane (2008) guidelines. PSYCHInfo, Medline and Cinahl were the key databases searched. Papers were quality assessed to identify strengths and weaknesses. The research study is a qualitative, cross-sectional design that involved ninety-one AUD, SUD and poly-substance use participants who were attending outpatient NHS addiction services. They were asked to complete questionnaires assessing trauma, dissociation, alexithymia and emotional regulation. Results: The systematic review found twelve articles that related to the review questions. The systematic review found alexithymia did not impact on abstinence and there was no difference between abstinence after treatment between low and high alexithymic groups. There were mixed results for whether alexithymia score changes after relapse prevention treatment. Overall, the results suggest that alexithymia is relatively stable across SUD and AUD after relapse prevention treatment. The empirical study found that there is no difference between type of addiction and trauma, alexithymia and emotional regulation. People with polysubstance misuse reported significantly higher levels of dissociation than the other two groups. Multiple regression was conducted on the full data set and it was found that emotional regulation, alexithymia and dissociation were able to predict trauma in alcohol, drug and polysubstance users. Conclusions: The systematic review found that despite the assumption that people with alexithymia have higher rates of relapse and attrition this is not the case. Alexithymia has no impact on treatment outcome. The review also found that CBT was identified as an effective relapse prevention treatment for people with alexithymia. The research paper highlighted that the type of substance used by people who have experienced trauma may not be as important as previously thought. Also, understanding that poor emotional regulation, alexithymia and dissociation commonly co-occur with trauma so it may be important to screen for this when treating people with trauma who have co-morbid addictions.
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Duffy, Colleen. "Prevalence of Undiagnosed Dissociative Disorders in an Inpatient Setting". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2578/.
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This study examined the prevalence of undiagnosed dissociative disorders in a sample of 201 adult patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital in a major metropolitan city in the south-central United States, over an eight-month period. A screening measure, two blind structured interviews, and a blind clinical interview were employed. The lifetime prevalence of dissociate disorders among the interviewed subjects was 40.8%. More specifically, 7.5% were diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, 15.4% with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, 13.4% with dissociative amnesia, and 4.5% with depersonalization disorder. Dissociative fugue was not found in this sample. Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were computed between the three interview measures, resulting in significant findings for the presence of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified versus no dissociative disorder. The Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were as follows: DDIS-DES-T = 0.81; SCID-D-DES-T = 0.76; Clinician-DES-T = 0.74, DDIS-SCID-D = 0.74; DDIS-Clinician = 0.71, and SCID-D-Clinician = 0.56. A meeting was conducted at the end of all subject interviews to discuss discrepant findings between measures. Four additional sub-analyses were performed between dissociative and non-dissociative subjects on DSM-IV variables. Patients diagnosed with a dissociative disorder had higher rates of comorbid major depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder, somatization disorder, and childhood history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Theoretical and methodological issues were discussed as they relate to these findings.
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Tobiassen, Linn Graham. "Eating Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : Prevalence and Effect on Treatment Outcome". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25188.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Additional aims were to assess whether having comorbid eating disorders could influence the treatment outcome for OCD, and if symptoms of eating disorders were reduced after treatment for OCD. The sample consisted of 93 patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD. The patients underwent assessment with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Eating Disorder Inventory both prior to and after treatment. First, the analysis showed that the sample of OCD patients had higher prevalence of eating disorders than a population of physically active students. Moreover, the women in the sample had significantly more symptoms of eating disorders than the men. Correlational analysis showed that eating disorders did not affect the treatment outcome for OCD; the patients generally had a significant improvement of OCD symptoms. On the other hand, symptoms of eating disorders were not significantly reduced after treatment. Summarized, this study concludes that there is a high prevalence of eating disorder symptoms among patients with OCD. It further shows that comorbid eating disorders does not hinder the effect of treatment for OCD. However, as the symptoms of eating disorders persist after such treatment, an implication of the present study is that these symptoms may need closer attention.
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Päären, Aivar. "Long-Term Health Outcome of Adolescent Mood Disorders : Focus on Bipolar Disorder". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för neurovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-239835.
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There has recently been an intense debate about the increased rate of bipolar disorders (BPD) in children and adolescents observed in clinical settings. Thus, there is great interest in child and adolescent symptoms of hypomania and whether these symptoms subsequently will develop into BPD. More knowledge about early signs could give insight into the development of the disorder. There are also concerns that hypomanic symptoms in adolescence indicate excess risk of other health conditions. It has been reported that patients with mood disorders have a high consumption of prescription drugs in different ATC classes. The primary objective of this thesis was to better understand the mental health outcome of adolescents with hypomania spectrum symptoms and to identify early risk factors for adult bipolar disorder among adolescents with mood disorders. In order to widen the scope and investigate health outcome of mood disorder in general psychopharmacological outcomes were included. A community sample of adolescents (N=2 300) in the town of Uppsala, Sweden, was screened for depressive symptoms. Both participants with positive screening and matched controls (in total 631) were diagnostically interviewed. Ninety participants reported hypomania spectrum episodes, while another 197 fulfilled the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) without a history of a hypomania spectrum episode. A follow-up after 15 years included a blinded diagnostic interview, a self-assessment of personality disorders, and national register data on prescription drugs and health services use. Adolescent mood symptoms, non-mood disorders, and family characteristics were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used. The results indicate that the phenomenology of the hypomania spectrum episodes during childhood and adolescence per se does not predict adult bipolar disorder. However, having both affective symptoms during adolescence and a family history of bipolar disorder increases the risk of developing bipolar disorders in adulthood. Disruptive disorder in childhood or adolescence as well as family histories of BPD emerged as significant risk factors that differentiated between the future development of BPD and MDD. Adolescents with hypomania spectrum episodes and adolescents with MDD do not differ substantially in health outcomes in adulthood. Both groups are at increased risk for subsequent mental health problems, high consumption of prescription drugs, and high health care use, compared with the control group. The high rates of prescription drugs in many ATC classes found among the former depressed females seem to indicate a series of co-morbid somatic illnesses. Thus, it is important to identify and treat children and adolescents with mood disorders, and carefully follow the continuing course. Characteristics such as disruptive disorders and family history warrant particular attention.
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Schweitzer, Jana. "Eating disorders : the correlation of family relationships with an eating disorder continuum". PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3844.
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For the purposes of this study, eating disturbances were placed on a continuum ranging from disordered to normal, and family factors were examined via this framework. Research on anorectics and bulimics indicates that a variety of family variables contribute to the etiology of eating disorders. Research suggests the presence of a subgroup of persons who experience some disturbance in their relationships with food but not to the severity observed among eating disordered individuals. This study examined the relationship between family factors and eating disturbances.
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Kenny, Lucy Margaret. "Memory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder". [New South Wales : University of New South Wales], 2006. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20061110.142022/public/02whole.pdf.
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Pezzoli, Maria Elisabetta. "Disorder and Interaction: ground state properties of the disordered Hubbard model". Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4178.
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In this thesis we consider a variational wave function approach as a possible
route to describe the competition between disorder and strong electron-electron
interaction in two dimensions. In particular we aim to obtain a transparent
and physically intuitive understanding of the competition between these two
localizing forces within the simplest model where they both are active, namely
the disordered Hubbard model at half filling and in a square lattice. Our approach
is based on an approximate form of the ground-state wave function,
which we believe contains the physically relevant ingredients for a correct description
of both the Mott and the Anderson insulators, where electrons are
localized by the Coulomb repulsion and by disorder, respectively. For strongly
interacting fermionic systems, a standard variational wave function is constructed
by a correlation term acting on a Slater determinant, the latter being
an uncorrelated metallic state. Previous variational calculations showed that a
long-range density-density correlation factor, so called Jastrow factor, is needed
to correctly describe the Mott insulator [9]. This term, which is collective by
definition, correlates spatially charge
uctuations, thus preventing their free
motion that would otherwise imply metallic conductance. For this reason, our
variational wave function does include such a term. Anderson localization is
instead mostly a matter of single-particle wave functions, hence it pertains to
the uncorrelated Slater determinant which the Jastrow factor acts onto. We
consider both the case in which we enforce paramagnetism in the wave function
and the case in which we allow for magnetic ordering.
Summarizing briefly our results, we find that, when the variational wave
function is forced to be paramagnetic, the Anderson insulator to Mott insulator
transition is continuous. This transition can be captured by studying several
quantities. In particular, a novel one that we have identified and that is easily
accessible variationally is the disconnected density-density
fluctuation at long wavelength, defined by
lim
where ^nq is the Fourier transform of the charge density at momentum q, (...)
denotes quantum average at fixed disorder and the overbar represents the average
over disorder configurations. We find that Ndisc
q!0 is everywhere finite in
the Anderson insulator and vanishes critically at the Mott transition, staying
zero in the Mott insulator.
When magnetism is allowed and the hopping only connects nearest neighbor
sites, upon increasing interaction the paramagnetic Anderson insulator
first turns antiferromagnetic and finally the magnetic and compressible Anderson
insulator gives way to an incompressible antiferromagnetic Mott insulator.
The optimized uncorrelated Slater determinant is always found to be the eigenstate
of a disordered non-interacting effective Hamiltonian, which suggests that
the model is never metallic. Finally, when magnetism is frustrated by a next
to nearest neighbor hopping, the overall sequence of phases does not change.
However, the paramagnetic to magnetic transition within the Anderson insulator
basin of stability turns first order. Indeed, within the magnetically ordered
phase, we find many almost degenerate paramagnetic states with well defined
local moments. This is suggestive of an emerging glassy behavior when the
competition between disorder and strong correlation is maximum.
27
Brohede, Sabina. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Capturing a prevalent but under-recognized disorder". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133368.
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Background Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are highly distressed due to defects they perceive in their physical appearance that are not noticeable to others. The condition often leads to impaired functioning in relationships, socialization, and intimacy and a decreased ability to function in work, school, or other daily activities. Although BDD seems to be relatively prevalent, it is under-recognized by people in general and by health care professionals. Individuals with BDD are secretive about their symptoms, and they usually do not recognize that they are suffering from a psychiatric disorder. Instead, in an attempt to relieve their symptoms by correcting their perceived defects, they commonly seek dermatological treatment or cosmetic surgery. However, such interventions usually do not result in any decrease in BDD symptom severity, but can rather aggravate the symptoms. Therefore, it is crucial that health care professionals recognize BDD in order to offer adequate care. Prior to the studies conducted for this thesis, there were no known data regarding the prevalence of BDD in Sweden. Main aims (i) To translate a screening questionnaire for BDD (the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, BDDQ) into Swedish and validate the questionnaire in a community sample. (ii) To estimate the prevalence of BDD in the general population of Swedish women and in female dermatology patients. (iii) To explore BDD patients’ experiences of living with the disorder, including their experiences of the health care system. Methods The BDDQ was validated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) as the gold standard for diagnosing BDD (Study I). The validated BDDQ was used to estimate the prevalence of BDD in a randomly selected population-based sample of Swedish women (n=2 885) (Study II) and in a consecutive sample of female dermatology patients (n=425) (Study III). In Studies II and III, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety. In Study III, quality of life was evaluated by the Dermatology Life Quality Index. BDD patients’ lived experiences were explored using a qualitative research design (Study IV). Fifteen individuals with BDD were interviewed, and the interviews were analysed using Interpretive Description. Results The Swedish translation of the BDDQ displayed a sensitivity of 94%, a specidicity of 90% and a (positive) likelihood ratio of 9.4. The prevalence of women screening positive for BDD was 2.1% (95% CI 1.7–2.7) in the population-based sample of women and 4.9% (95% CI 3.2–7.4) in the dermatology patients’ sample. The positive predictive value of the BDDQ (71%) gave an estimated BDD prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI 1.1–2.0) in the female Swedish population. Women screening positive for BDD had signidicantly more symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to those screening negative for BDD in both samples. In the dermatology patients, quality of life was severely impaired in patients with positive BDD screening. The overarching concept found in Study IV was that patients with BDD felt imprisoned and were struggling to become free and to no longer feel abnormal. The participants had encountered difdiculties in accessing health care and had disappointing experiences of the health care system. Conclusion The findings of this thesis indicate that BDD is a relatively common disorder in the Swedish female population, and that it is more prevalent in dermatology patients. BDD patients struggle to be free from a feeling of imprisonment, and in this struggle they encounter difficulties in accessing health care. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness and recognition of BDD among health care professionals to ensure that patients with BDD receive the appropriate care.
28
Williams, Howard Mark. "Disorder in materials". Thesis, De Montfort University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254680.
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Smith, Adam. "Disorder-free localization". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/282870.
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The venerable phenomena of Anderson localization, along with the more recent many-body localization (MBL), both depend crucially on the presence of disorder. Here we introduce a family of simple translationally invariant models of fermions locally coupled to spins, which have a disorder-free mechanism for localization. This mechanism is due to a local $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge symmetry and we uncover the connection to lattice gauge theories. We diagnose the localization through long-time memory of initial conditions after a global quantum quench. One of the defining features of the models that we study is the binary nature of the emergent disorder, related to the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ degrees of freedom. This results in a qualitatively different behaviour in the strong effective disorder limit compared to typically studied models of localization. For example it gives rise to the possibility of a delocalization transition via quantum percolation in higher than one dimension. In connection to the recently proposed quantum disentangled liquid (QDL) we also study the entanglement properties of our models. The QDL provides an alternative to both complete localization and to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. Our models highlight the subtlety of defining a QDL and we offer new insights into their entanglement properties. While the simplest models we consider can be mapped onto free fermions, we also include interactions which leads to MBL-like behaviour characterised by logarithmic entanglement growth. We further consider interactions that generate dynamics for the conserved charges, which give rise to only transient localization behaviour, or quasi-MBL. Finally, we present a proposal for the experimental measurement of gauge field correlators for our model in two-dimensions. This proposal is based on interferometric techniques which are feasible using current experimental capabilities. Furthermore, the interacting generalizations of our models can be similarly implemented in experiments, providing access to the dynamics of strongly interacting lattice gauge theories, beyond what can be simulated on a classical computer.
30
Hur, Cem. "Tackling Bipolar Disorder". Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731716.
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Hilbert, Anja. "Binge-Eating Disorder". Elsevier, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75711.
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Binge-eating disorder (BED) was first included as its own diagnostic entity in the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) within the Feeding and Eating Disorders section.1 BED’s hallmark feature is recurrent binge eating, involving the consumption of an amount of food that is definitively larger than what others would eat under comparable circumstances within a certain time, associated with a feeling of loss of control over eating. Diagnosis of BED according to DSM-5 (307.59) requires this objective binge eating to occur at least once per week over 3 months. In contrast to binge eating in bulimia nervosa, binge eating in BED occurs without regular inappropriate compensatory behaviors aimed at preventing weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, or laxative misuse. Binge eating in BED is further characterized by behavioral abnormalities, such as eating rapidly or until feeling uncomfortably full, and results in marked distress.
32
Darke, Sacha. "Crime and disorder". Thesis, University of Westminster, 2007. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/91x70/crime-and-disorder.
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This thesis investigates growing use of civil and public law orders as tools of crime control by crime prevention partnerships. This development has been little explored in criminology. The proliferation of crime prevention partnerships is viewed by many criminologists as forming part of a bifurcation in criminal policy between serious crime and anti-social behaviour, in which the 'enforcement approach' of the criminal justice system is being focused upon the former and a non-legal 'partnership approach' advanced for the control of the latter. It is argued that the 'partnership approach' runs a risk of becoming an extension of and not an alternative to the 'enforcement approach' of the criminal justice system. In investigating this risk, it is intended that this thesis should contribute to criminology in two ways. The first contribution is an investigation of the theoretical potential for the local to become a site of authoritarian crime control. The second is an investigation of the extent this potential is being realised in England and Wales. Empirical research centred on the development of crime prevention strategies in implementing the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Fieldwork focused on the development of metropolitan borough s trategies in twenty-one London boroughs, and a police sector and two social housing estate strategies in the borough of Westminster. Resort to civil and publicilaw orders was found to be significant to the approach taken by the majority of London boroughs studied, including Westminster. One of the estate strategies at Westminster was found to be as authoritarian as the borough strategy, but the other estate strategy and the police sector strategy were not. Punitive views were not encountered among local practitioners on any of the three sites. Punitive views were encountered among local residents on the police sector, but not on either of the estates. Once the peculiarities of the institutions and areas studied were taken into account, it was concluded that there is a significant risk that crime prevention partnerships will take an authoritarian approach to crime control unless they are located in areas where there is a strong sense of geographical community, and their policies are shaped by local practitioners and local residents.
33
Epps, Susan Bramlett, Robert C. Barnhart, Mary Jo Davenport i Vey M. Norquist. "Developmental Coordination Disorder". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2556.
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For the last 100 years, poor motor coordination in children has been recognized as a developmental problem. As early as 1937, these children were classified as “clumsy.” Since then, other terms such as “motorically awkward,” “motor impaired,” and “physically awkward” have been used to describe these children, and the terms “developmental apraxia” and “perceptual motor difficulties” have been used to characterize this developmental problem. Since the 1994 International Consensus Conference on Children and Clumsiness, the term “developmental coordination disorder” (DCD) has been used to describe the condition of children with motor incoordination.
34
Pack, Robert P. "Opioid Use Disorder". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1335.
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Hitt, Sara Beth, i false. "Autism Spectrum Disorder". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4068.
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Moody, Lara. "Evidence of Executive Dysfunction in Co-occurring Substance Use Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder or Antisocial Personality Disorder". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78165.
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Background and Aims: Executive dysfunction is pervasive in substance-dependent individuals (Verdejo-GarcÃa, Bechara, Recknor, & Perez-Garcia, 2006). As many as four-fifths of individuals in treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) have co-existing lifetime psychopathology. Executive function deficits are tied to markers of decreased quality of life including increases in negative life events (Green, Kern, Braff, & Mintz, 2000), maladaptive social functioning (Kurtz, Moberg, Ragland, Gur, & Gur, 2005) and worsened treatment outcomes (Czuchry & Dansereau, 2003). Despite evidence of executive dysfunction across several mental disorders, few studies investigate how the co-occurrence of psychopathologies in SUDs impacts executive functioning.
Methods: Here, we compare measures of executive function (i.e., the Iowa Gambling Test, Letter Number Sequencing Test, Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test, Towers Test, and Delay Discounting Test) in individuals with a) substance use disorder, b) substance use disorder and co-occurring major depressive disorder, c) substance use disorder and co-occurring antisocial personality disorder, d) substance use disorder and co-occurring major depressive disorder and antisocial personality disorder and e) no substance use disorder or co-occurring psychopathology.
Results: Regression models of respective executive function measure outcomes as a function of education, income, age, and group membership indicated that the Delay Discounting Test and Continuous Performance Test were the only significant overall models (F(4, 313) = 12.699, p < 0.001 and F(4, 307) = 2.659, p = 0.033, respectively).
Conclusions: Overall the Delay Discounting Test and Continuous Performance Test were the most sensitive to differences between substance use and psychopathology profiles assessed.Master of Science
37
Warner, Megan Beth. "Personality traits, traitedness, and disorders: towards an enhanced understanding of trait-disorder relationships". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4238.
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Traitedness has been described as the âÂÂthe degree to which a particular trait
structure is approximated in a given personâ (Tellegen, p. 28, 1991) and has been
hypothesized as one explanation for findings of weak trait-behavior relationships. That
is, if traits are differentially applicable to different individuals, then trait-behavior
relationships may be moderated based on the strength with which an individual fits with
a given trait model. This study used moderated multiple regression to test the
moderating effects of four different traitedness indicators to increase the prediction of
diagnostic consistency in four personality disorders, and also tested the main effects of
traitedness estimates to predict cross-situational consistency of functional impairment.
Traitedness estimates performed better in the prediction of increased diagnostic
consistency, though there were some isolated findings of traitedness increasing crosssituational
consistency of functional impairment.
38
Cook, Laura Michele. "Elucidating the relation of hoarding to obsessive compulsive disorder and impulse control disorders". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Rall, Edrich. "Cluster analysis of disorders characterized by impulsivity in patients with methamphetamine use disorder". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31204.
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Background
Individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) frequently present with psychiatric comorbidities with impulsive features. Little research has been conducted on comorbidity with impulsive features in MUD. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to delineate comorbid disorders with impulsivity in adult patients with a primary diagnosis of MUD.
Methods
Participants with lifetime MUD were included. Well established measures screened for comorbid psychiatric disorders with impulsive features. Illness severity was measured by the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale – adapted for drug use. The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale was used to assess impulsivity levels. A cluster analysis (CA) of lifetime comorbid disorders with impulsive features was performed. Demographic and clinical correlates of each identified cluster were identified.
Results
Sixty five (n = 65) adults with a primary diagnosis of MUD took part in the study. They were predominantly female (44 females; 21 males), with ages ranging between 18 and 44 years (mean = 30 years; SD = 6.53). The CA rendered 4 groups. Cases (n=12) in the “alcohol cluster” presented with AUD as their only impulsive disorder other than MUD. Cases (n=19) in the “healthy cluster” had no comorbidity. Cases (n=15) in the “antisocial cluster” all had comorbid antisocial personality disorder as well as polysubstance use disorders. Cases (n=19) in the “borderline cluster” had borderline personality disorder and polysubstance use disorders. Illness severity (Y-BOCS-du: p=0.03) and impulsivity levels (UPPS-P: p=0.01) differed significantly between the clusters. The “alcohol cluster” had the highest illness severity and the “antisocial cluster reported the highest levels of impulsivity.
Conclusion
The findings of this contribute to the paucity data on impulsivity in MUD and may have implications for treatment. Understanding how these conditions cluster in MUD, and remaining cognizant of the demographic and clinical correlates of each cluster in MUD, could potentially enable clinicians to identify patients who are at higher risk for engaging in risky behaviors rendering them more vulnerable to treatment non-adherence or relapse
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Ortiz-Dominguez, Tania Abigail. "Migraine comorbidity in bipolar disorder". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116105.
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Introduction: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness associated with functional decline, mortality, and significant health care costs; furthermore, specific general medical conditions have been found to occur disproportionately within BD patient populations, among them, migraine is one of the most studied. Migraine has a global prevalence of 10%, and it is a disorder with elevated direct and indirect costs, the later mostly derived from its association with mood and anxiety disorders. Specifically, the reported prevalence of migraine in the BD population ranges from 24.8% to 39.8%, rates that are considerable higher than those found in the general population.Objective: To explore the prevalence and clinical characteristics of BD patients with and without migraine (Study 1), and to examine the psychiatric comorbidity in patients suffering from migraine (Study 2).
Methods: 323 BD patients were studied, using SADS-L and SCID as diagnostic interviews, and ill-Migraine questionnaire to assess the presence of migraine. Statistical analyses were conducted using parametric analysis and the development of log-linear models. Additionally, 102 migraine patients were interviewed using SADS-L, and the descriptive characteristics of the sample were analyzed.
Results: For Study 1, we found that 24.5% of BD patients suffer from migraine, and it is significantly associated with BD 2, suicidal behaviour, and a variety of anxiety disorders. As well, over 70% of migraine patients showed a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, mainly within the spheres of mood and anxiety disorders; specifically, the prevalence of BD among migraine patients was 12.7%.
Conclusions: Our study highlights the high prevalence of migraine among BD patients, and the elevated prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among migraine sufferers. The study of this comorbidity will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie both disorders and provide a better framework for the developing of molecular techniques to further analyze the molecular physiopathology of Bipolar Disorder.
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Alamian, Golnoush. "Intellectual functioning in first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51790.
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Intellectual functioning (IQ) prior to the onset of illness (premorbid IQ) and the pattern of its trajectory across illness onset can inform us of the early developmental pathology of mental disorders. The goals of this study were to 1) investigate these features in first-episode psychiatric patients with overlapping symptoms including schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SA) and bipolar disorder (BD), as well as to 2) examine these features and the presence of psychosis, and the influence of mood-incongruent features, in BD patients. To address these objectives, SZ, SA, BD-I, and healthy controls, aged 17-37 years, were pooled from two early-intervention programs. The North American Adult Reading Test was used to estimate premorbid IQ, while the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test was used to measure current IQ. Group differences in premorbid IQ and IQ trajectories were evaluated with ANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA. Both controls and BD patients had significantly higher premorbid IQ compared to SZ patients, BD patients had scores comparable to control, and there was a strong trend of premorbid IQ deficit in SA patients. Regarding IQ change, only subjects with SA and SZ experienced significant IQ deterioration through illness onset. Regarding psychosis, t-tests deciphered a strong, although insignificant, premorbid IQ difference across BD patients, with deficits seen in psychotic but not non-psychotic patients. Lastly, t-tests revealed a significant decline in IQ across psychotic BD patients with mood-congruent, and not –incongruent, features. Secondary post-hoc analyses revealed that this finding might be attributable to the type of antipsychotic that patients received. Taken together, these results suggest that early neurodevelopmental pathology, which most likely directly affects intellectual functioning, may be different in BD than in SA and SZ. Furthermore, low premorbid IQ could be a potential risk factor for psychosis. Assessment of IQ before and after illness onset could help facilitate early identification of psychopathology and assist with patient management and care.Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate
42
Cruddace, Susan Ann. "Attention deficits in children with reading disorder, movement disorder or both". Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408093.
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Pazesh, Samaneh. "Process-induced disorder of pharmaceutical materials : Mechanisms and quantification of disorder". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-317801.
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One of the most important prerequisites in the drug development is to attain a reproducible and robust product in terms of its nature, and its chemical and physical properties. This can be challenging, since the crystalline form of drugs and excipients can be directly transformed into the amorphous one during normal pharmaceutical processing, referred to as process-induced amorphisation or process-induced disorder. The intention of this thesis was to address the mechanisms causing disorder during powder flow and milling and, in association with this, to evaluate, the ability of Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify and characterize process-induced disorder. The amorphisation mechanisms were controlled by stress energy distribution during processing, which in turn was regulated by a series of process parameters. Compression and shearing stress caused by sliding were stress types that acted on the particles during powder flow and ball milling process. However, sliding was the most important inter-particulate contact process giving rise to amorphisation and the transformation was proposed to be caused by vitrification. The plastic stiffness and elastic stiffness of the milling-induced particles were similar to a two-state particle model, however the moisture sorption characteristics of these particles were different. Thus the milled particles could not be described solely by a two-state particle model with amorphous and crystalline domains. Raman spectroscopy proved to be an appropriate and effective technique in the quantification of the apparent amorphous content of milled lactose powder. The disordered content below 1% could be quantified with Raman spectroscopy. AFM was a useful approach to characterize disorder on the particle surfaces. In summary, this thesis has provided insight into the mechanisms involved in process-induced amorphisation of pharmaceutical powders and presented new approaches for quantification and characterization of disordered content by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.
44
Prane, Jada Z. "Multiple personality disorder/dissociated identity disorder : the client as actor model /". view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9957569.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 337-340). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9957569.
45
Solhan, Marika. "Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4605.
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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
46
au, chris theunissen@health wa gov, i Christopher Theunissen. "A Multidimensional Developmental Neuropsychological Model of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Examining Evidence for Impairments in Executive Function". Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050602.162509.
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric disorder characterised by turbulent interpersonal relationships, impaired self image, impulsivity, and a recurrent pattern of unstable affect which is usually evident by early adulthood. It has a community prevalence rate of two per cent, and approximately nine per cent of people diagnosed with BPD commit suicide. This suggests that BPD has one of the highest lethality rates of all psychiatric disorders. The course of the disorder shows a steady improvement over the course of early adulthood with the majority of cases remitting by middle age. This positive but incomplete long-term recovery is thought to be a naturalistic outcome that is independent of treatment effect.
The reported study sought to test selected components of a multidimensional developmental neuropsychological model of executive functioning in BPD. The model proposed that BPD is characterised by impairments to four neuropsychological executive functions. These include working memory, response inhibition, affective-attentional bias, and problem-solving. The model further proposed that impaired executive functioning in BPD occurs as a result of the failure of experience-dependent maturation of orbitofrontal structures. These structures are closely associated with the development of the cognitive executive.
The study incorporated a cross-sectional design to analyse data from a BPD group, a Depressed Control Group, and a Medical Control Group. The overall findings of the study returned limited support for the original hypotheses. There was no evidence of deficits in working memory, response-inhibition, or problem-solving. In contrast, the BPD group returned some evidence of deficits in affective-attentional bias.
Therefore, the results suggest that executive functioning remains largely intact in BPD. This also suggests that people with BPD have the working memory resources necessary to facilitate abstract cognition, have the capacity to effectively plan and execute future-oriented acts, and are able to perform appropriate problem-solving functions. These problem-solving returns are also particularly significant because a number of the tasks utilised in the study are known to be associated with so-called frontal-executive function. These unremarkable findings challenge the view that people with BPD might experience some form of subtle neurological impairment associated with frontal-lobe compromise.
The Stroop measure of affective-attentional bias provided the only supportive evidence for the proposed model, and these findings can be accounted for by at least two different explanations. The first suggests that BPD might be characterised by a hypervigilant attentional set. The specific cause of hypervigilance in BPD is unknown, but some candidate factors appear to be the often-reported abuse histories of borderlines, insecure attachment histories, and deficits in parental bonding. The second interpretation suggests that the Stroop findings reflect a form of response conflict in which BPD participants experience difficulties overriding tasks that rely on the enunciation of automatic neural routines.
As a result of these findings, further research on the role of arousal, priming, hypervigilance, and response-conflict in BPD is required. It is likely that the Stroop findings reflect a basic, hard-wired attentional mechanism that consolidates by early adolescence at the latest. As a result, the Stroop findings have implications for both the prevention and treatment of BPD.
A number of prevention strategies could be developed to address the attentional issues identified in the present study. These include assisting children to more effectively regulate arousal and affect, and assisting parents to communicate affectively with children in order to enhance self-regulation. The treatment implications suggest that interventions directed at affective-attentional processes are required, and further suggest the need for new pharmacotherapies and psychological treatments to modify dysfunctional attentional process. Affective neuroscience will have an increasingly important role to play in the understanding of BPD, and the next quarter century is likely to witness exciting advances in understanding this most problematic of disorders.
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Niklasson, Lena. "22q11 deletion syndrome neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric correlates : a clinical study of 100 cases /". Göteborg : Göteborg University, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/7499.
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Midic, Uros. "Genome-Wide Prediction of Intrinsic Disorder; Sequence Alignment of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/159800.
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Computer and Information SciencePh.D.
Intrinsic disorder (ID) is defined as a lack of stable tertiary and/or secondary structure under physiological conditions in vitro. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are highly abundant in nature. IDPs possess a number of crucial biological functions, being involved in regulation, recognition, signaling and control, e.g. their functional repertoire complements the functions of ordered proteins. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of IDPs have a different amino-acid composition than structured regions and proteins. This fact has been exploited for development of predictors of ID; the best predictors currently achieve around 80% per-residue accuracy. Earlier studies revealed that some IDPs are associated with various human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, amyloidoses, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and others. We developed a methodology for prediction and analysis of abundance of intrinsic disorder on the genome scale, which combines data from various gene and protein databases, and utilizes several ID prediction tools. We used this methodology to perform a large-scale computational analysis of the abundance of (predicted) ID in transcripts of various classes of disease-related genes. We further analyzed the relationships between ID and the occurrence of alternative splicing and Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs) in human disease classes. An important, never before addressed issue with such genome-wide applications of ID predictors is that - for less-studied organisms - in addition to the experimentally confirmed protein sequences, there is a large number of putative sequences, which have been predicted with automated annotation procedures and lack experimental confirmation. In the human genome, these predicted sequences have significantly higher predicted disorder content. I investigated a hypothesis that this discrepancy is not correct, and that it is due to incorrectly annotated parts of the putative protein sequences that exhibit some similarities to confirmed IDRs, which lead to high predicted ID content. I developed a procedure to create synthetic nonsense peptide sequences by translation of non-coding regions of genomic sequences and translation of coding regions with incorrect codon alignment. I further trained several classifiers to discriminate between confirmed sequences and synthetic nonsense sequences, and used these predictors to estimate the abundance of incorrectly annotated regions in putative sequences, as well as to explore the link between such regions and intrinsic disorder. Sequence alignment is an essential tool in modern bioinformatics. Substitution matrices - such as the BLOSUM family - contain 20x20 parameters which are related to the evolutionary rates of amino acid substitutions. I explored various strategies for extension of sequence alignment to utilize the (predicted) disorder/structure information about the sequences being aligned. These strategies employ an extended 40 symbol alphabet which contains 20 symbols for amino acids in ordered regions and 20 symbols for amino acids in IDRs, as well as expanded 40x40 and 40x20 matrices. The new matrices exhibit significant and substantial differences in the substitution scores for IDRs and structured regions. Tests on a reference dataset show that 40x40 matrices perform worse than the standard 20x20 matrices, while 40x20 matrices - used in a scenario where ID is predicted for a query sequence but not for the target sequences - have at least comparable performance. However, I also demonstrate that the variations in performance between 20x20 and 20x40 matrices are insignificant compared to the variation in obtained matrices that occurs when the underlying algorithm for calculation of substitution matrices is changed.
Temple University--Theses
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Enright, Simon James. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: anxiety disorder or schizotype? : a questionnaire and experimental investigation". Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357850.
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Smolkina, Milana. "Epidemiological and genetic associations between Cannabis Use Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2019. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/epidemiological-and-genetic-associations-between-cannabis-use-disorder-and-major-depressive-disorder(aae240ea-e4b3-4c30-8fc0-fba14831b3a1).html.
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Background: Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Kingdom and worldwide. It is associated with a number of negative outcomes, which includes developing Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). Individuals who meet criteria for CUD are at heightened risk for experiencing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the leading cause of disability worldwide. While this association has frequently been reported, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Aims of thesis: This thesis aims to investigate the degree of co-morbidity between lifetime rates of CUD and MDD, test whether this co-morbidity is accounted for by shared covariates, and test different twin models to investigate the sources (environmental or genetic) of and mechanisms underlying this co-morbidity. Methods: Data analysis was conducted on a sample of 3824 Australian twins and their non-twin siblings. Epidemiological analyses, using multivariable logistic regressions, tested whether CUD and MDD were significantly co-morbid in this sample, and to what extent covariates influenced this relationship. Twin models – bivariate correlated liabilities, discordant twin and co-morbidity models – examined whether the co-morbidity between the disorders could be explained by a) shared genetic and environmental factors, b) causal processes, and c) 13 different models of co-morbidity. Results: The epidemiological analyses found that MDD and CUD were significantly co-morbid in this sample: meeting diagnostic criteria for one disorder more than doubled the odds of meeting criteria for the other (odds ratio = 2.23, 95% confidence interval = 1.84–2.70). This co-morbidity could not be fully attributed to various psychiatric, trauma-related, parental, peer and demographic covariates. Bivariate twin analyses found that – when separated into genetic and environmental correlations – the only significant correlation between MDD and CUD was genetic (r =.41, 95% confidence interval = .24–.60). A possible causal relationship could not be excluded, because MDD and CUD were significantly associated (odds ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.12–7.19) in monozygotic twins discordant for both disorders. Co-morbidity model analyses indicated that the direction of influence was from CUD to MDD, and that CUD risk factors may cause MDD symptoms, particularly in individuals at high risk of CUD.