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Klum, Stelander Jonatan. "EU against disinformation : Understanding a modern anti-disinformation campaign". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339597.
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In March 2015, the European Union decided to respond to the ongoing disinformation campaigns by setting up the East Stratcom Task Force. This thesis applies theories of communication logic, disinformation-defence and EU’s normativity to develop an analytical framework that can theoretically and empirically enhance our understanding of EU’s campaign. A content analysis was used to analyse the material and to categorize different key concepts that derives from the aforementioned theoretical fields. The finding generated by the analysis of the disinformation reviews show that the Task Force uses both media and political logic in its communication. The results also indicate clear traits of a confronting disinformation-defence strategy. Furthermore it is possible to detect a trend among some of the responses that had similarities to another category within the field of disinformation- defence called “ignoring”. Interestingly the reviews do not regularly reference the normative values of the EU. However, this does not prove that the reviews or the Task Force that writes them do not share the normative values. Although the normative values of the EU is not discussed or referenced in the vast majority of the reviews, on several occasions they do defend the EU on the basis of its normative values. This illustrates a certain level of neutrality of the position of the Task Force with regards to the self-identity of the EU. Despite only being active for two years, the East Stratcom Taskforce seems to have found its place among the EU’s arsenal of foreign policy tools.
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David, Ian. "American Homicide: Narrative As Disinformation". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17838.
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The critical function of narrative is to reveal character; a process of describing motivation. Without motive we can observe, but not judge, a character’s actions. In 1963, President John Kennedy had many enemies with powerful motives to see him removed, one way or the other, from the administration of the United States. When Kennedy was assassinated, Lee Oswald, the man declared by the Warren Commission to be the assassin, was deemed to have no discernible motive for the crime. Constructing a narrative from the best available evidence offers an instrument revealing Lee Oswald had a motive for actions that did not include the assassination of John Kennedy. Moreover, those who were motivated to assassinate the president constructed a false narrative to imply Oswald’s guilt and in so doing implied their own.
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Potgieter, Burger Gericke. "Decisions and disinformation : an evaluation of the usefulness of the Fast and Frugal Heuristics Programme in uncovering implicature-type disinformation". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19992.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates ways in which the Fast & Frugal Heuristics (F&FH) programme in the field of Judgment and Decision Making (JDM) theory can be brought to bear on the phenomenon of disinformation. The study applies existing theory to develop an argument around the capacity of the F&FH framework to respond in a normative, descriptive and prescriptive fashion specifically to implicature-type disinformation. This leads to conclusions about the usefulness of the programme for a specific field that is supposed to be within the ambit of the programme. The study attempts to answer the research question by examining the philosophical and developmental history of JDM and of disinformation as a theme of inquiry. With the necessary background as context, the phenomenon of disinformation is investigated, specifically in the case of advertisements. Specific focus is given to pictorial metaphor that may lead to disinformation. The study concludes that F&FH only succeeds to some extent in its descriptive capacity, whilst it fails to provide normative or prescriptive insights when faced with implicature-type disinformation in the following ways: firstly, proponents of the F&FH programme seem selfcontradictory about the value of F&FH as a decision making theory – on the one hand they are generally positive about the its descriptive, normative and prescriptive abilities, whilst fully admitting to fundamental problems in every aspect of the theory and its applications. Secondly, even though there is a general admission of the importance of social and cultural elements in decision making, F&FH still remains intrinsically individualistic. As such it will fail to recognise deception and disinformation as those form part of a language act that is specifically designed around hidden motives and specialised persuasion techniques. Thirdly, F&FH will not be able to break free from the underlying issues it faces without breaking free from its philosophical underpinnings. F&FH still remains primarily empiricist through its behaviourist/positivist assumptions and application and as such fails to recognise the validity of concepts such as meaning, belief and attitude.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis ondersoek die wyses waarop die Fast & Frugal Heuristics (F&FH) program in die veld van besluitnemingsteorie van toepassing gemaak kan word op die verskynsel van disinformasie. Die studie gebruik bestaande teorie in terme van normatiewe, voorskrywende en beskrywende toepassings om argument te ontwikkel rondom die kapasiteit van die F&FH raamwerk om te reageer op spesifiek implikatuur-tipe disinformasie. Dit lei tot gevolgtrekkings oor die bruikbaarheid van die program vir ‘n spesifieke veld wat veronderstel is om binne die bestek van die program te val. Die studie poog om die navorsingsvraag te antwoord deur die filosofiese en ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van besluitnemingsteorie asook disinformasie te ondersoek. Met die nodige agtergrond as konteks word die verskynsel van disinformasie deur implikasie ondersoek, spesifiek in die geval van die advertensies. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op advertensies waar metafore wat ontwikkel word deur visuele beelde waardeur disinformasie geïmpliseer kan word. Die studie maak die gevolgtrekking dat F&FH slegs tot ’n mate sukses behaal as beskrywende teorie terwyl dit nie suksesvol toegepas kan word as normatiewe en voorskrywende teorie nie. Die volgende probleme word uitgelig: eerstens, voorstaanders van die F&FH program hou teenstrydige perspektiewe voor – aan die een kant is hulle oor die algemeen positief oor die teorie se beskrywende, normatiewe en voorskrywende kapasiteite terwyl hulle openlik getuig van die grondliggende probleme in bykans elke faset van die teorie en sy toepassings. Tweedens, ten spyte daarvan dat daar erkenning gegee word aan die sosiale en kulturele aspekte van besluitneming bly F&FH primêr individualisties. As sulks sal dit faal om valshede en disinformasie te herken aangesien beide elemente is van ’n taalaksie wat spesifiek ontwerp is rondom versteekte motiewe en gespesialiseerde oorredingstegnieke. Derdens, F&FH kan nie afstand doen van die onderliggende probleme sonder om weg te breek van die onderliggende filosofiese grondslag nie. F&FH bly hoofsaaklik empiristies deur die behavioristiese/positiwistiese eienskappe in die onderliggende aannames en toepassings – as sulks gee dit nie erkenning aan die geldigheid van konsepte soos betekenis, oortuiging en houding nie.
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Björk, Jenny. "Elected Officials' View on Disinformation : On a Municipality Level". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415719.
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Trinder, Billie. "Criminalising Disinformation: On Anti-Fake News Legislation in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24645.
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In 2016 it was revealed that the Brexit referendum and US presidential election were both targeted by sophisticated online disinformation campaigns, and in the years since states around the world have scrambled to respond to this new threat. Many have chosen to criminalise the creation and dissemination of fake news a crime despite warnings from international organisations and experts that these ‘fake news laws’ will restrict speech and stifle dissent. Southeast Asian states in particular have broadly chosen to take this controversial approach. This thesis seeks to answer why this is.
I take an analytic narrative approach to this question, using a combination of Tsebelis’ veto player theorem and elements of historical institutionalism to interrogate two case studies: the Philippines and Singapore. Comparison of the cases reveals that institutional configuration and the extent to which avenues for dissent exist in each political environment are critical to the success of proposed anti-disinformation legislation. The study also underscores the potential impacts of such legislation, where restrictions on free speech increase the likelihood of similarly restrictive legislation passing in the future, creating a dynamic of increasing returns.
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Svärd, Mikael, i Philip Rumman. "COMBATING DISINFORMATION : Detecting fake news with linguistic models and classification algorithms". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209755.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of accurately distinguishing fabricated news from authentic news stories using Naive Bayes classification algorithms. This involves a comparative study of two different machine learning classification algorithms. The work also contains an overview of how linguistic text analytics can be utilized in detection purposes and an attempt to extract interesting information was made using Word Frequencies. A discussion of how different actors and parties in businesses and governments are affected by and how they handle deception caused by fake news articles was also made. This study further tries to ascertain what collective steps could be made towards introducing a functioning solution to combat fake news. The result swere inconclusive and the simple Naive Bayes algorithms used did not yieldfully satisfactory results. Word frequencies alone did not give enough information for detection. They were however found to be potentially useful as part of a larger set of algorithms and strategies as part of a solution to handling of misinformation.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka möjligheten att på ett pålitligt sättskilja mellan fabricerade och autentiska nyheter med hjälp av Naive bayesalgoritmer,detta involverar en komparativ studie mellan två olika typer avalgoritmer. Arbetet innehåller även en översikt över hur lingvistisk textanalyskan användas för detektion och ett försök gjordes att extrahera information medhjälp av ordfrekvenser. Det förs även en diskussion kring hur de olika aktörernaoch parterna inom näringsliv och regeringar påverkas av och hur de hanterarbedrägeri kopplat till falska nyheter. Studien försöker vidare undersöka vilkasteg som kan tas mot en fungerande lösning för att motarbeta falska nyheter. Algoritmernagav i slutändan otillfredställande resultat och ordfrekvenserna kundeinte ensamma ge nog med information. De tycktes dock potentiellt användbarasom en del i ett större maskineri av algoritmer och strategier ämnade att hanteradesinformation.
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Skinner, Sally Ann, i saskinner@bigpond com. "Racist disinformation on the Web: the role of anti-racist sites in providing balance". RMIT University. Business Information Technology, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080215.165317.
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This thesis examines the problem of racist disinformation on the World Wide Web and the role played by anti-racist sites in providing balance. The disinformation capacity of the Web is an important issue for those who provide access to the Web, for content providers, and for Web users. An understanding of the issues involved, including the characteristics of racist disinformation, is vital if these groups are to make informed decisions about how to deal with such Web content. However, in Australia especially, there has been limited research into racism in general and racism on the Web in particular. To address this deficiency, the integration of perspectives from the fields of race relations and information science is facilitated utilising a critical realist methodology to provide new insights. Through an extensive examination of the literature, including Australian media reports, terms are delineated and the problem situated within an historical, cultural and political environment. Alternatives for tackling racist disinformation are evaluated and the issues involved in the provision and utilisation of balancing information are discussed. The literature analysis underpins an assessment of anti-racist sites using three data collection methods to gain multiple perspectives on the balancing qualities of these sites. These methods are an assessment of anti-racist website longevity, an assessment of website reliability, and a questionnaire of content providers of anti-racist websites. This thesis provides a synthesis of the academic literature and media coverage related to Australian racism and racist disinformation on the Web, leading to new insights about the range and depth of issues concerned. An analysis of the data collected concludes that while anti-racist websites take on diverse roles in tackling racism, few provide content directly to balance Web racist disinformation. Approaches that seek to control or censure the Web are ineffective and problematic, but balancing disinformation is not in itself an adequate solution.
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Asperholm, Hedlund Laura. "Identifying and Understanding Anti-Immigration Disinformation : a case study of the 2018 Swedish national elections". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-8595.
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The purpose of this study is to understand to what extent and how anti-immigration disinformation was utilised in Swedish online news media before the 2018 Swedish national elections. Disinformation is intentionally misleading or false information that benefits the creator and aims to influence how people think, feel and act regarding a certain issue. The analytical framework used in this study was based on theory and previous research. Disinformation can adopt different strategies: constructive, disruptive or distractive. Research also suggests that disinformation can be categorized into different types: fabrication, manipulation, misappropriation, propaganda, satire and parody. This study analyzed 123 articles from different online news media from ten days before the election up until election day. Using qualitative content analysis this study showed that 20 percent of the articles contained anti-immigration disinformation. All of those articles were found in far-right online news media where almost 50 percent of the published articles during the examined time period contained disinformation. All different types were found, but misappropriation, fabrication and propaganda were most common. About half of the articles containing disinformation used a constructive strategy and about one third used a disruptive strategy. A bit more than one third of the articles had a combination of two or more types and strategies. The results indicate that disinformation can indeed constitute a problem, especially for those who seek information on far-right platforms. This study unveils a polarized debate on immigration with a lion's share of the disinformation coming from far-right online news media, while the mainstream media only publish very few critical articles on immigration. As research shows that a negative framing of immigration can affect attitudes, and by extension voting behaviour, further research to examine the effects of anti-immigration disinformation on voter behaviour and election results is needed. Especially in light of a diminished trust in democratic institutions, a growing demand for populism and increasing support for anti-immigration parties.
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Hjorth, Patric. "Stop spreading the news! : How disinformation spreads on social media and what politicians are doing about it". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283750.
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Following the rise of social media, the world has found itself in a hyperconnected state. Through the press of a button, it is today possible to reach every corner of the world. This has brought opportunities for freedom and liberation, but in the past years it has also become a danger for these ideas. The rise of disinformation has been declared a major threat to democracy and our society by several major institutions, one of them being the European Union. They have also made it clear that the tech companies, through whose products disinformation primarily spreads, not only inadequately prevent it, but also question if they have enough incentive to do so. The executive branch of the EU, the European Commission, has therefore put forth an action plan in which they outline their work going forward in mitigating the crisis. Comparing with previous research on the vital parts of disinformation, there are heavy indications that the EU’s work will focus on reactionary measures; discovery and sharing of data on ongoing disinformation campaigns between neighbouring and Member States, as well as societal media literacy efforts. For now, due to what seems to be a fear of over-regulating freedom of expression, the responsibility to battle creation and spread is left to the Code of Practice on Disinformation, a plan created by tech companies that hold the platforms that are center in the spread of disinformation. After a first yearassessment, the EU indicates that the results of this Code of Practice is unsatisfactory, and further action might be needed.Med uppkomsten av sociala medier så befinner sig världen nu i ett hyperuppkopplat tillstånd. Genom ett simpelt knapptryck är det idag möjligt att nå hela världen. Med detta har vi sett möjligheter till en förhöjd frihet, men under de senaste åren finns det också exempel på när just idéer som dessa har satts under hård press. Ökningen av desinformation har förklarats ett stort hot mot demokrati och dagens samhälle av flera stora institutioner, en av dem den Europeiska Unionen. De har gjort tydligt att stora teknikbolag, genom vilkas produkter desinformation i synnerhet sprids, inte bara gör för lite för att förhindra det, men också ifrågasätter ifall de har tillräckligt med incitament för att göra det. EU:s verkställande gren, Europeiska Kommissionen, har därför satt fram en handlingsplan där de redogör för sitt arbete för att hantera krisen. I en jämförelse med tidigare forskning om de mest vitala delarna av desinformation så finns det tunga indikationer att EU:s arbete kommer att fokusera på reaktionära åtgärder: upptäckande och delning av data mellan grannländer och medlemsstater om pågående desinformationskampanjer, samt ansträngningar för samhällskunskap så som källkritik. I vad som verkar vara en rädsla för överreglering av yttrandefrihet lämnas ansvaret för bekämpningen av skapande och spridning till en desinformationspraxis skapad av de teknikföretag som har de plattformar som är centrala i spridningen av desinformation. Efter en första årsutvärdering indikerar dock EU att resultaten dittills ej är tillfredsställande, och att ytterligare åtgärder kan vara nödvändiga.
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Fee, John P. "Resilience Against the Dark Arts : A Comparative Study of British and Swedish Government Strategies Combatting Disinformation". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43261.
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Western liberal democracies currently face a significant challenge from the growing proliferation of disinformation. With research suggesting that disinformation increases the risk of violence and intergroup conflict, this thesis sought to understand precisely what is being done by states to decrease the likelihood of this happening—specifically, with how the United Kingdom compares with/differs from Sweden in the type of resilience strategies employed to combat disinformation. To answer this question, this thesis conducted a qualitative comparative content analysis to examine government communications for the purposes of identifying, codifying, and describing the different types of resilience strategies combatting disinformation as practised by the United Kingdom and Sweden, to serve as a repository aid in future intervention planning. Utilising a bespoke analytical framework to make sense of resilience strategies of differing scales, a micro-macro perspective was adopted to capture (1) bottom-up focused strategies—which sought to enhance an individual’s ability to independently evaluate the accuracy of the information that they consume and (2) top-down focused strategies—which sought to reduce societal disinformation exposure through structural interventions. This thesis demonstrates that the United Kingdom and Sweden share approximately two-thirds of their disinformation resilience strategy with one another. From 472 items sourced from British and Swedish government communications, this study uncovered 15 micro strategies and 59 macro strategies in total—which, at face value, suggests a genuine bias in favour of a macro strategic resilience approach. To the degree that this is suitable for effective societal resilience against disinformation, remains inconclusive and warrants further research.
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Rustemeyer, Jan. "Education, Disinformation and Electoral Violence : A Quantitative Study on the Association between Education and Violent Elections". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445351.
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The institutional, electoral and ethnic factors contributing to electoral violence have well been documented through both quantitative and qualitative research, while the mobilization process for electoral violence has been examined qualitatively. This study aims to contribute to quantitative research on factors that explain why citizens turn into perpetrators of electoral violence by examining how education can contribute to a decrease in electoral violence through the question: How does the level of education influence the occurrence of electoral violence? Given the presence of disinformation about elections during the electoral cycle, this research asserts that education contributes to a decrease in electoral violence by decreasing the acceptance of disinformation about elections. The hypothesis is tested through a large-N study on sub-national data of elections organized between 2004 and 2012 worldwide. The study’s results identify no support for the hypothesized association between education and election violence.
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Beridzishvili, Jumber. "When the state cannot deal with online content : Reviewing user-driven solutions that counter political disinformation on Facebook". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18502.
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Online disinformation damage on the world’s democracy has been critical. Yet, states fail to handle online content harms. Due to exception from legal liability for hosted content, Facebook, used by a third of the world population, operates ‘duty-free’ along with other social media companies.Concerned with solutions, this has given rise to the idea in studies that social resistance could be one of the most effective ways for combating disinformation. However, how exactly do we resist, is an unsettled subject. Are there any socially-driven processes against disinformation happening out there?This paper aimed to identify such processes for giving a boost to theory-building around the topic. Two central evidence cases were developed: #IAmHere digital movement fighting disinformation and innovative tool ‘Who is Who’ for distinguishing fake accounts. Based on findings, I argue that efforts by even a very small part of society can have a significant impact on defeating online disinformation. This is because digital activism shares phenomenal particularities for shaping online political discourse around disinformation. Tools such as ‘Who is Who’, on the other hand, build social resilience against the issue, also giving boost digital activists for mass reporting of disinformation content. User-driven solutions have significant potential for further research.Keywords: Online disinformation; algorithms; digital activism; user-driven solutions.
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Giorio, Laura. "Mapping Disinformation : Analysing the diffusion network of fake news and fact-checks in Italy during the COVID19 pandemic". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445246.
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In recent years, disinformation circulating the internet and especially social media has become a widespread concern. The urgency of the fake news problem lies in the fact that decisions that are taken on false or misleading information risk impacting democratic processes negatively. This is especially true during a global health crisis when the misinformation in question concerns scientific facts and informs the way people act in society. Focusing on the relational aspect of fake news, new insight and hypothesis generation can be explored with a relatively novel method, social network analysis. This research provides with an example of the method applied to political problems by analysing the misinformation and fact-checking diffusion network on the Italian Twitterverse during the second wave of COVID19. The network shows a tight core of misinformation and a peripheral fact-checking region approximating a spanning tree. Although some levels of polarization are observed, the resulting network shows no evidence of echo chambers that hinder interaction between the misinformation and the fact-checking clusters. Actor-level analysis revealed that the majority of the users interacting in the network are humans and that influential and active users share misinformation only. The findings of this work are presented to show how network analysis can contribute both mitigation strategies in particular and to social and political sciences research in general.
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Široká, Lenka. "Dezinformace a její dopady v praxi". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4022.
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The diploma thesis is focused on disinformation and its relationship to the mass media and public. The main aim of the thesis is to provide a general overview of disinformation, point out the menace resulting from its underestimating and present the clues on how to eliminate its impacts. The work is divided into two main parts. The first one is theoretical and summarizes the existing knowledge in information and disinformation theory. It is supplemented by own typology of the disinformation and includes a practical example of each type. The end of the theoretical part is addressed to the special place that mass media have in the process of disinforming. The second part is related to practical issues. It results from a detailed analysis of the most widely-read statewide daily newspapers and the structure of their readers. The social-demographic factors that influence the rate of received disinformation are set.
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Mahony, Ben David, i University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. ""Disinformation and smear" : the use of state propaganda and mulitary force to suppress aboriginal title at the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/189.
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In the summer of 1995, eighteen protesters came into armed conflict with over 400 RCMP officers and soldiers in central British Columbia. The conflict escalated into one of the costliest police operations in Canadian history. Many accounts of Aboriginal aggression provided by the RCMP are not consistent with evidence disclosed at the trial of the protesters. Moreover, the substance of the legal arguments at the heart of the Ts' Peten Defenders' resistance received little attention or serous analysis by state officials, police or the media. The RCMP constructed the Ts' Peten Defenders as terrorists and downplayed the use of state force that included military weaponry, land explosives and police snipers, who received orders to shoot to kill. Serious questions remain about the role of the RCMP, who acted as the enforement arm of state policies designed to constrain the effort to internationalize the Aboriginal title question.iii, 225, [44] leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Behrouzian, Golnoosh. "From Reactance to Political Belief Accuracy: Evaluating Citizens’ Response to Media Censorship and Bias". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523974517249645.
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Ledwaba, Amohelang. "Managing disinformation and its impact on brand equity – a study of the impact of fake news on motoring brand perceptions in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79598.
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The rising use of social media has presented brand managers with a tool to connect with customers and build brands using new avenues beyond traditional media. However, rising incidents of fake news threaten these efforts as they enable a rapid dissemination of negative information about brands using these very social media platforms. Using an experimental design, this study seeks to understand how fake news impacts brand equity through a customer-based brand equity lens and how organisations should respond. While confirming previous work on managing brand crises and the use of social media, this study also finds that there are contradictions with our current understanding of the benefits of brand equity in times of crisis as relates to disinformation. Strong brands are more negatively impacted by disinformation in comparison to weak brands. The study also finds that where weak brands have been able to rely on user-generated content to promote their brand, this does not hold in the case of fake news. For brand managers, disinformation presents a new crisis that requires a mix of both traditional and new strategies to mitigate the impact this can have on brand equity.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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Gustafsson, Mikaela. "Att hantera desinformation på sociala medier : En normativ studie utifrån den deliberativa demokratiteorin". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77458.
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The dissemination of disinformation is unwanted, but on the rise in Sweden, often via social media. Since the deliberative democratic ideal stresses the importance of good democratic dialogues, this study therefore aims at giving an answer to the question of how this theory claims disinformation in the comment section on social media should be handled. Via a normative given-that analysis the question is analysed from a normative perspective, based on what is required for a conversation to be deliberative, and problematized from a practical perspective. The analysis shows that disinformation disturbs the conversation, and thereby normatively should be erased. Meanwhile, the problematization shows that practically deleting a comment could go against the ideal, since only comments which are intended to misinform should be deleted, and the question of whether such an intent exists can be hard to determine. To solve the feasibility problem and thereby give the research question a clear answer, a theory development of the deliberative theory is being made. The essay concludes that following the new way of seeing the deliberative ideal, the comments which are suspected to contain disinformation should be left in the comment section, but ideally thoroughly via a deliberative conversation be questioned.
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Ziková, Jitka. "Manipulace, dezinformace a chyby v televizním zpravodajství". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17387.
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The thesis considers with balance and objectivity of the main news program of Česká televize. It tries to unfold inaccurate coverages, being transmitted in Události from september 2009 until december 2009. Inadequacies are further described and analysed in detail. Based on personal judgement, there is a possible reason and inflictor stated. The objective of this thesis is to point out Inadequacies in main news service of statutory television from view of objectivity, balance, correctness and other faults. Further provides aspects, which are the most frequent purpose of making faults. Thesis supplements monthly reports of Czech info company, which judges balance of news service only in constrained scale. The results of analysis provides valueable ratings of Události not only for television management, but for redactors themselves and other members of news team. The thesis doesn't lack even consideration about possibility of minimalisation the mentioned inadequacies. The source of information and data are articles, documents from Česká televize database, news service online archiv and experience from working in news room ČT. First part of thesis is concentrated on theoretical base. Serves to understand the whole problematics and as starting point for rest of the thesis. Even contains practical examples of manipulation and disinformation from the past and present. Second part describes the way of investigation of Česká televize news service and defines criteria of ratings. Third part of the thesis summarises results of the analysis, judges frequency and importance of inadequacies in news service and summarises their characteristics and elimination possibility. Conclusion summarises knowledge of the thesis, their comments, and enrichment from ČT news room experience.
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Козак, Антон Володимирович, i Anton Kozak. "Проєктування інформаційної системи для виявлення і запобігання масової дезінформації із застосуванням ООП-мови Python та фреймворків Scikit-learn та TensorFlow". Master's thesis, ТНТУ ім. І Пулюя, 2021. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/36810.
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Для досягнення поставленої мети необхідно виконати наступні завдання:
• виконати аналіз існуючих алгоритмів та методів комп'ютерної лінгвістики та машинного навчання для класифікації текстових потоків даних та виявлення елементів дезінформації;
• розробити алгоритм первинної обробки тексту для збільшення точності визначення елементів дезінформації;
• розробити метод виявлення елементів дезінформації в текстових потоках даних;
• виконати програмну реалізацію розробленого методу виявлення елементів дезінформації в текстових потоках даних;
• провести аналіз отриманих результатів для оцінки якості;
• провести дослідження ефективності алгоритму.
Актуальність. З розповсюдженням Інтернету та соціальних медіа зараз доступна кількість новин, статей та іншого тексту онлайн. Цей величезний обсяг інформації постав під загрозу правдивість новин.Метою дослідження є полегшення виявлення елементів дезінформації за рахунок створення методу та алгоритму для перевірки потоку текстових даних на наявність елементів дезінформації у вигляді лінгвістичних конструкцій та оборотів, які вказують на неправдивість представленої інформації
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BALESTRUCCI, ALESSANDRO. "Potential target audience of misinformation on Social Media: Credulous Users". Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/14754.
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The capability to reach a wider audience and the possibility to disseminate news faster are the main reasons for the growing importance of Online Social Media (OSM) whose usage has undoubtedly reshaped the way news are written, published and disseminated.
However, due to the technical limits of online fact-checkers and to an uncontrolled content publishing, there is a high risk of being misinformed through fake news.
Although automated accounts known as bots are considered the main promoters of mis-/dis- information diffusion, those who, with their actions, change the current events (e.g., welfare, economy, politics, etc.) are human users.
Some categories of humans are more vulnerable to fake news than others,
and performing mis-/dis- information activities targeting such categories would increase the efficacy of such activities. Furthermore, recent studies have evidenced users' attitude not to fact-check the news they diffuse on OSM and thus the risk that they became themselves vectors of mis-/dis- information.
In this document, using Twitter as a benchmark, we devote our attention to those human-operated accounts, named ``credulous'' users, which show a relatively high number of bots as followees (called bot-followees).
We believe that these users are more vulnerable to manipulation (w.r.t. other human-operated accounts) and, although unknowingly, they can be involved in malicious activities such as diffusion of fake content. Specifically, we first design some heuristics by focusing on the aspects that best characterise the credulous users w.r.t. not credulous ones. Then, by applying Machine Learning (ML) techniques, we develop an approach based on binary classifiers able to automatically identify this kind of users and then use regression models to predict the percentage of humans' bot-followees (over their respective followees). Subsequently, we describe investigations conducted to ascertain the actual contribution of credulous users in the dissemination of potentially malicious content and then, their involvements in fake news diffusion by analysing and comparing the fake news spread by credulous users w.r.t. not credulous one.
Our investigations and experiments provide evidence of credulous users' involvement in spreading fake news thus supporting bots' actions on OSM.
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Granberg, Ivan. "DESINFORMATION, KOMMUNIKATION OCH KLASSRUMMET : Lärares upplevelser av desinformation i skolan". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41382.
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The aim of this study is to examine perceptions among civics teachersactive in upper primary and secondary schools in Sweden regardingdisinformation. In particular, the study focuses on ways in which disinformation inthe classroom interacts with media literacy as well as deliberative democraticideals. The study design is based in qualitative research and has been conductedthrough a series of interviews with said teachers, analyzed mainly through thetheory of deliberative democracy with focus also on media literacy. In terms ofresults, perceptions among teachers on the subject of disinformation generally linesup with established research in the fields of disinformation, deliberativedemocracy and media literacy. In particular, teachers of both primary andsecondary school in my sample calls for increased efforts when it comes to medialiteracy as the modern digital media landscape calls for extensive knowledge andskill in discerning credible sources from fake news.21-01-20
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Claesson, Elin, i Gonzalez Esmeralda Patron. "Det virala viruset : En tematisk analys på desinformation om covid-19 vaccinen i svenska facebookgrupper". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104458.
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The aim of this study is to examine disinformation about the covid-19 vaccine in posts from Swedish Facebook groups. At the end of 2019, the coronavirus started to spread around the world and became a global pandemic. On social media, especially Facebook, disinformation started to spread around about the virus. The study was based on 58 posts from 4 different Facebook groups where a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted to see which themes that were common in the disinformation. This method was paired with framing theory to see how the senders were framing their message and the disinformation. The research questions of this study are which themes can be identified in the disinformation about the covid-19 vaccine in the Swedish Facebook groups? And how are the covid-19 vaccines framed in these themes? This study resulted in 4 themes with 9 subcategories. The first theme is conspiracy theories with the subcategory mRNA. The second theme is scientific resistance with the subcategories questioning the content of the vaccines, critical of the manufacturing and approval of the vaccines, effectiveness, critical of pharmaceutical companies and alternative cure. The third theme is criticism of senders, and the fourth theme is warnings with the subcategories exhortation, swine flu and side effects. In the theme conspiracy theories, the posts are framing vaccine as something dangerous, untrustworthy and that it is a fraud. The posts can also be connected to already existing theories about the virus. In the second theme, scientific resistance, are the posts framing resistance against scientific proven fact about the vaccines. The posts also frame that there are other solutions for covid-19 than the vaccine. In the third theme, criticism against senders, the common frames were that the senders of information about the vaccine and vaccination were smeared, for example the Swedish government and the public health authority. These senders were framed as traitors and that the Swedish population would become their slaves. In the last theme warnings, the posts framed warnings and tried to influence people to not take the vaccine because of several reasons like side effects. The posts also framed that these reasons could lead to death or other health issues for the rest of their lives.
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Berthillot, Émilie. "Renseignement et contre-espionnage entre Dublin, Londres et Edimbourg de 1845 à 1945". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20034/document.
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Cette thèse démontre dans quelles mesures le recours aux agents secrets permet à Londres de dissimuler ses faiblesses notamment dans ses conflits avec l’Ecosse et l’Irlande. En effet, les mouvements dissidents écossais et irlandais mettent en péril le fondement même du Royaume-Uni en remettant en cause leurs actes d’Union signés avec Londres. Le pouvoir central se base donc sur l’efficacité et la puissance de ses agents secrets pour soutenir ses forces armées. Dès le XVème siècle, les monarques anglais, avides de subterfuges, envoient beaucoup d’espions en France. Par la suite, Londres instaure des forces de police à Dublin, Edimbourg et Londres, qui lui rendent compte des moindres complots grâce à l’infiltration de détectives dans des organisations rebelles comme le Clan na Gael, un fonctionnement qui lui permet de mater les rébellions malgré l'alliance irlando-écossaise. Toutefois, Michael Collins amène Londres à négocier grâce à la guerre d’espions (1919-1921) dans laquelle il cible les agents britanniques en imitant leurs méthodes et en développant un réseau de contre-espionnage performant. A l’aube de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la neutralité de l’Eire proclamée par Éamon De Valera précipite Londres dans un jeu très dangereux de coopération, d’espionnage et de manipulation politique de l’Irlande dans lequel les relations diplomatiques jouent un rôle clé, mais où la collaboration irlandaise auprès des Alliées s’avère précieuse. Cette thèse essaie de démontrer que les conflits opposant Dublin et Edimbourg au pouvoir central poussent ce dernier à s’affirmer, à développer et professionnaliser ses services de renseignement qui, de fait, gagnent une renommée mondialeThis dissertation illustrates to what extent the use of secret agents allows London to conceal her weaknesses more specifically in her conflicts with Scotland and Ireland. In fact, Scottish and Irish rebel movements question the very founding of the United Kingdom when they want to repel their acts of Union with London. The central power relies on the effectiveness and power of British secret agents to help the army. Since the 15th century, English kings, fond of spying games and manipulation, have sent spies to France. In the 19th century, London installs police forces in Dublin, Edinburgh and London which warn the British government of every single plot raising owing to many detectives infiltrated in rebel organizations like Clan na Gael. This operating is very efficient and permits the central government to stifle the rebellions in spite of the alliance between Ireland and Scotland. Yet, Michael Collins forces the British government to negotiate thanks to the intelligence war (1919-1921) in which his squads target the British agents in Dublin using their methods and developing a large very efficient network of spies and informants. At the beginning of the Second World War, Éamon De Valera’s declaration of Eire’s neutrality urges London to play a very dangerous game of cooperation, espionage and political manipulation with Ireland in which diplomatic relations play a key role and the Irish collaboration with the Allies turns out to be very precious. This thesis tries to demonstrate that when fighting against Scottish and Irish rebels, London must reassert its power by developing and professionalizing its intelligence services which end up with a worldwide reputation
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Alvarez-Risco, Aldo, Christian R. Mejia, Jaime Delgado-Zegarra, Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales, Arturo A. Arce-Esquivel, Mario J. Valladares-Garrido, Portal Mauricio Rosas Del i in. "The Peru approach against the COVID-19 infodemic: Insights and strategies". American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655502.
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The COVID-19 epidemic has spawned an "infodemic,"with excessive and unfounded information that hinders an appropriate public health response. This perspective describes a selection of COVID-19 fake news that originated in Peru and the government's response to this information. Unlike other countries, Peru was relatively successful in controlling the infodemic possibly because of the implementation of prison sentences for persons who created and shared fake news. We believe that similar actions by other countries in collaboration with social media companies may offer a solution to the infodemic problem.Revisión por pares
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Segrén, Yrsa. "Sedda, hörda & bekräftade - En kvalitativ undersökning kring hur Malmöpolisen kan arbeta för att få fler att våga vittna". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26550.
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De senaste åren har flera offentliga skjutningar inträffat i Malmö. Malmöpolisen har haft svårigheter att lösa dessa då det, bland annat, har varit en brist på vittnen. Att vittnen inte vågar träda fram kan bero på olika saker, men vanligast är det att de är rädda för repressalier. Detta trots att risken för att utsättas för sådana är relativt låg. För vittnen som utsätts för hot finns det olika skyddsåtgärder att tillgå, men vittnen som upplever en ogrundad oro får i stort sett klara sig själva. Konsekvenserna av att vittnen inte vågar medverka i utredningar och rättegångar kan ha långtgående effekter i samhället och kan i till slut leda till att rättssystemet inte kan arbeta effektivt. Något som kan generera mycket negativa resultat. Eftersom majoriteten av vittnen inte utsätts för hot, kan man utgå från att gruppen som inte har möjlighet för att få polisiärt stöd är relativt stor. Frågeställningen är: Hur kan Malmöpolisen arbeta för att få fler att våga vittna i samband med offentliga skjutningar? Resultaten av denna kvalitativa studie visade att Malmöpolisen bör lägga stort fokus, i sitt arbete, på att sprida information. Både inom och utanför myndigheten. Detta hade kunnat bidra till en ökad säkerhet bland vittnena.In the recent years a number of public shootings have taken place in Malmö. The Malmö police department have experienced difficulty in solving these crimes. One of the reasons for this is the lack of witnesses that have come forward. The reasons why witnesses won’t make themselves know can be many. The most common one however is the fear of reprisals from the suspect. This despite the fact that the risk of being subjected to reprisals is relatively low. Witnesses who are threatened are offered different types of protection. Witnesses who don’t get threatened, but still experience fear get to fend for themselves. The consequences of witnesses who are too frightened to take part in an investigation and trial can be extensive and could lead to the judicial system not being able to work effectively. This can generate very negative results. Since the majority of witnesses don’t get subjected to threats, you can assume that the group of witnesses without support from the police department is extensive. The research question is as follows: How can the Malmö police department work in order to generate more witnesses willing to testify, in connection to public shootings? The results of this qualitative study shows that the Malmö police department should focus on the distribution of information. Both within and outside of the department. This could lead to a stronger feeling of security among these witnesses.
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Davis, Kyle. "Political Contagions". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1556800994083268.
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Scheiner, Miroslav. "Konspirační teorie a dezinformace v islámském světě z pohledu západních zemí a jejich zahraniční politiky". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192515.
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This Master's thesis deals with conspiracy theories and disinformation, a topic received with insufficient attention in the field of international relations. The phenomenon constitutes one of the most distinctive features of the Islamic world; therefore, it has significant importance for the Western foreign policy towards the region. The thesis is divided into four chapters and aims to provide Western countries with a set of foreign-policy recommendations in relation to the phenomenon of conspiracy theories and disinformation in the Islamic world. The thesis does so on the basis of a thorough analysis of the general mechanisms of conspiracy theories (1st chapter), and the specific conditions and circumstances of their emergence and dissemination in the Islamic world (2nd chapter). The study of the case of Aafia Siddiqui (3rd chapter) leads to the conclusion that the implication of conspiracy theories and disinformation in the activities of Islamic extremist groups represents a serious security threat for the Western countries, which the current policy leaves with no adequate response (4th chapter). As an outcome, the thesis proposes ten basic principles which should serve to the Western countries as a guideline for their approach to conspiracy theories and disinformation in the Islamic world. The main import of this thesis lies in it being one of the first attempts with regard to the researched topic to perform a comprehensive analysis with practical outcomes.
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Giorio, Laura. "War on Propaganda or PRopaganda War? : A case study of fact-checking and (counter)propaganda in the EEAS project EUvsDisinfo". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362064.
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Following the events that saw Russia operating in the Ukrainian information space as well as on the ground, concern for hybrid threats and targeted propaganda campaigns has grown in the world and especially in Europe. Allegations of foreign involvement in electoral campaigns within liberal democracies have drawn even more attention to the matter and have hastened plans of action to fight hybrid threats in the European Union and the Eastern Partnership. In theregion, one of the priorities at all levels of governance is to counteract foreign-sourced propaganda campaigns that make use of disinformation. These disinformation-fighting strategies include the strategical use of fact-checking practices. Fact-checkingas a branch of journalism, though, has great potential for being weaponised and used as a vehicle for institutional propaganda, especially when absorbed within the domain of strategic communication. This research offers a case study of EUvsDisinfo, the fact-checking project started by the European External Action Service, to explore its weaknesses as a fact-checking organisation and deconstruct its activity in terms of propaganda analysis. The research employs mixed qualitative methods to show how the project falls short of its ideal role and its function as a fact-checker. Without any value judgement, EUvsDisinfo is exposed as a potential platform for the dissemination of hegemonic narratives or (counter)propaganda in the West and in particular in the European Union. The case study is meant to be a way of developing research on the possible existence of institutional (counter)propaganda in liberal democracies, which is heavily underresearched in present times.
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Bílová, Jana. "Dezinformace, její vytvoření a odhalení". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401462.
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The thesis is concerned with a process usually called Competitive Intelligence. In the preface is a general view about the process, which is in following parts focused on particular discipline „disinformation“. In the first, an idea of disinformation is taken down with direction on its creation and using, also is there shown how to designed it to be effect and trusting. Compare to this in the second part are shown ways and precaution, which are used to the investigation, if its disinformation or not.
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Pinto, Mariana de Azevedo. "Entropia informacional e desinformação - um estudo acerca da organização da informação aplicada no sistema de informação governamental do Programa Mais Médicos". Instituto de Ciência da Informação, 2017. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25330.
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RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a organização da informação realizada no sistema de informação governamental do Programa Mais Médicos, a partir da Ciência da Informação e de sua subárea Organização da Informação (OI). O problema desse estudo trata do excesso de informação presente na rede sobre o Programa e como os agentes de informação trabalharam a organização desses volumes e seus próprios dados para atender às demandas de seus usuários dentro de seu sistema de informação, nesse caso, um website. Entre os conceitos abordados no estudo, estão discussões sobre Entropia Informacional, Desinformação, Sistemas e Redes de Informação, conceitos transversais à organização da informação. No que tange ao rigor científico, trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, um estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa e aplicação básica. Como métodos, foram utilizadas as pesquisas documental e bibliográfica. No trabalho, a pesquisa documental consistiu na coleta e seleção de documentos produzidos pelas redes e sistema do Governo. Adotou-se, como técnicas, a clipagem e a recuperação documentos, via o motor de busca do Google. As aplicações dessas técnicas tiveram por objetivo traçar um panorama das informações sobre o Programa na rede, avaliar o nível de aproveitamento dessas notícias no sistema e na construção de documentos para o usuário no website. A pesquisa bibliográfica subsidiou teoricamente as análises, apresentando os instrumentos, técnicas e tendências existentes na área da Organização da Informação e suas possíveis e corretas aplicações em sistemas de informação. A aplicação de questionários semiestruturados com os usuários, todos gestores de saúde da esfera estadual, também foi realizada. A aplicação teve por finalidade coletar informações, verificar determinadas características de organização da informação, presentes ou não, no website, bem como avaliar o nível de satisfação dos usuários quanto ao sistema e sua organização. Pode-se afirmar, observando os resultados encontrados, que o potencial existente no sistema não foi de imediato explorado pela gestão do Programa, o que repercutiu na ampliação e disseminação de notícias falsas, hoax e prejuízos ao Mais Médicos e sua consolidação. Entretanto, no estudo, são apresentados possíveis instrumentos da OI que podem auxiliar na superação dessas deficiências no modelo de organização de sistema do Mais Médicos, e que ainda podem vir a servir a outros agentes de informação de sistemas, como instrumentos de organização da informação, atingindo o seu objetivo de minimizar os riscos de entropia e de desinformação em sistemas de informação.
ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to study the organization of information carried out in the governmental information system of the Mais Médicos Program, based on Information Science and its Information Organization (OI) subarea. The problem with this study is the excess information present in the network about the program and how information agents worked to organize those volumes and their own information to meet the demands of their users within their information system, a website. Among the concepts addressed in the study are discussions on informational entropy, information systems, information networks, concepts transversal to the organization of information. Regarding the scientific rigor, the research is a descriptive research, a case study, with a qualitative approach and basic application. As methods were used documentary and bibliographic research. In the work, the documentary research consisted in the collection and selection of documents produced by the networks and government system. It was adopted as techniques to clipping and retrieving documents via the Google search engine. The applications of these techniques were designed to outline the information about the program in the network, to evaluate the level of use of these news in the system and in the construction of documents for the user on the website. The bibliographical research theoretically subsidized the analyzes presenting the instruments, techniques and tendencies existing in the area of Information Organization and their possible and correct applications in information systems. The application of semi-structured questionnaires with the users, all health managers of the state sphere, was also performed. The purpose of the application was to collect information, verify certain information organization characteristics present or not, on the website, as well as evaluate the users' level of satisfaction with the system and its organization. It can be affirmed from the results found that the potential in the system was not immediately exploited by the management of the program, which has repercussions in the expansion and dissemination of false news, hoax and losses to the program and its consolidation, however, in the study, are presented possible instruments of OI that can help overcome these deficiencies in the model of system organization of Mais Doctors, and also that they can also serve to other agents of systems information as instruments of organization of the information in which it confers its objective to minimize the risks of entropy and disinformation in information systems.
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Lanatta, Muñoz Rodrigo. "Retos y posibilidades de los medios peruanos ante la era digital y automatización del trabajo e información durante la pandemia del covid-19: Caso Perú21". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655083.
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La pandemia del covid19 ha evidenciado una realidad en los periódicos mundiales: la fortaleza de la web. El papel y tinta han ido, con el pasar de los años, alejándose de los fieles lectores quienes fueron migrando a la par del boom tecnológico hacia el ciberespacio. Las ventajas que ofrece esta multiplataforma hacen que el contenido pueda ser mucho más rico y los periodistas tengan la función de informar usando diferentes lenguajes.
La avalancha de la información en las redes hace que los medios de comunicación tengan una lucha contante con los fake news y desinformación, pero esto ha generado también un consumidor mucho más activo y que, en muchos casos, produce gran parte de esta información. Con todo ello, se busca analizar los retos y posibilidades de los medios actuales tomando el caso de Perú21, medio local que ha evidenciado una fuerte presencia en redes sociales y que, desde su aparición en el año 2000 ha ido adaptándose a las exigencias de la nueva era informática.
Bajo esta línea, estamos frente a una nueva realidad no solo de vida social, sino también informativa. La publicidad, smartphones y usuarios han encontrado en la web un formato mucho más amigable, más extenso y con mayor espacio para el debate. Esto nos lleva a estar a puertas de una manera distinta de consumir la información diaria. Los tabloides y tintas han quedado como un recuerdo con mucho sentimiento, no solo para los lectores, sino también para los periodistas. Es hora de darle la bienvenida a la nueva manera y forma de hacer periodismo: el ciberespacio.Since the creation of the World Wide Web in the 1990, things have change dramatically for the news media. Every single outlet needed a web page, to the point that Internet is the main source to read news in the World today. Moreover, the creation of social media started the democratization of the news environment, a new one where everybody could be a journalist. The published newspaper is in dire straits, the profession questioned, sources of income -like advertising- are no longer secure. Even worse, the covid-19 pandemic has taken all this to the extreme. Therefore, thousands of media sources have closed, and the use of Artificial Intelligence is taking the jobs of the average journalist. This situation has been addressed with creativity by outlets like The New York Times and El País, focusing in quality and reader loyalty. In Peru, this transformation has affected all its traditional media and the way they present news. This investigation addressed the effect, the changes and the possibilities of Peru21, the first newspaper to embrace the Web in the country, and their change of strategy to engage with the public and generate revenues, especially due to the 2020 pandemic.
Trabajo de investigación
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Janfjord, Caroline, i Emma Sandberg. "Verksamheters tillvägagångsätt vid bemötandet av desinformation : En studie om hur desinformation påverkar samhället och bidragit till förändringar för verksamheter". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43136.
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Digitaliseringens ständiga utveckling inom samhället och verksamheter har lett till nya fenomen och förutsättningar vilket har medfört nya utmaningar. Desinformation är ett avdessa begrepp som har fått allt större betydelse inom det digitala samhället som finns idag. Begreppet som har uppmärksammats alltmer syftar till missvisande, felaktig och falskutformad information. Desinformation blir allt vanligare och det problemområde som identifierats är hur verksamheter hanterar existensen av desinformation. Därmed strävade studien mot att svara på frågeställningen: Vilka tillvägagångssätt har verksamheter för att hantera desinformation i sin användning av digital teknik? Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forsknings- och metodansats som syftar till att skapa förståelse kring begreppet desinformation, dess bakomliggande faktorer samt vilka tillvägagångssätt verksamheter använder sig av samt hanteringen av begreppet för att minska risken av dess konsekvenser. Datainsamling genomfördes genom en intervjustudie med sju verksamheter samt fem stycken fokusgruppsintervjuer. Resultatet från datainsamlingen påvisade att det finns en bred definition kring betydelsen av desinformation samt att det inom verksamheterna inte finns någon uttalad strategi eller tillvägagångssätt för att hantera desinformation. Det upplevdes finnas tillräckligt med stort förtroende för medarbetarnas egna ansvar i att agera källkritiskt. Befintlig litteratur identifierar att det finns svårigheter kring att upptäcka om informationen är sann eller inte men även att den mänskliga faktorn har betydelse för bedömningen av informationen. Även individens tidigare erfarenheter har betydelse. Det som däremot framkom som studiens slutsats var att följande faktorer var en del av verksamhetens tillvägagångssätt för att avgöra trovärdigheten i information: arbeta med kända aktörer och källor, agera källkritiskt, avgränsa hur intern information hanteras inom verksamheten och bedöma utseende av informationen såsom grammatik och språkbruk.The digitalization’s constant development in society and in businesses has led to new phenomena and concepts that have not previously existed, which have caused problems. Misinformation is a new concept that has gotten a greater meaning with the digital society that exists today. Misinformation has received increasing attention and refers to misleading, incorrect and falsely designed information. The problem area that is identified is how companies handle the existence of misinformation. The purpose of the study was to answer the research question: What approaches do businesses apply to handle misinformation in their use of digital technology? The study was conducted with a qualitative research and method approach that aims to create an understanding of the concept of misinformation, its underlying factors and what approaches business use when dealing with misinformation to reduce the risk of its consequences. Data collection was conducted through an interview study with seven businesses and five focus group interviews. The results from the data collection showed that there is a broad definition of misinformation and that there is no stated strategy or approach within the operations to deal with misinformation. It was identified that there was enough confidence in the employee's own responsibility in acting source critical. Existing literature identifies that there are difficulties in discovering whether the information is true or not. The human factor has meaning and whether the information is in line with the individual’s opinions. The study's conclusion was that the following factors were a part of the business's approach to determining credibility in information: working with well-known sources, acting with source criticism, defining how information is handled within the business and assessing the appearance of the information such as grammar and language usage.
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Bowen, Braeden. "“It Doesn’t Matter Now Who’s Right and Who’s Not:” A Model To Evaluate and Detect Bot Behavior on Twitter". Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1623686115831856.
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Pérez, Bernal Carlo Sebastian. "Los recursos y mecanismos del periodismo digital de investigación frente a la difusión de noticias falsas durante la pandemia de la COVID19. Análisis del manejo de las cifras de la pandemia en los casos de IDL Reporteros, Ojo Público y Convoca". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653999.
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Esta investigación tiene como tema central identificar los mecanismos y recursos que el periodismo digital de investigación realiza como mecanismo de investigación ante la difusión de las Fake News. Se decidió abordar los recursos y mecanismos que el periodismo de investigación digital ejecuta frente a la difusión de noticias falsas durante la pandemia de la COVID19, teniendo en cuenta el manejo de las cifras de muertes por IDL Reporteros, Convoca y Ojo Público.
Este trabajo busca identificar los criterios y referentes que el periodismo digital de investigación utiliza. Para esto se realizó una metodología cualitativa y se optó por elegir un corpus representativo de tres reportajes de los espacios periodísticos mencionados anteriormente. Asimismo, se diseñó un instrumento de análisis a partir de cuatro subcategorías que nos permitió identificar los mecanismos de investigación digital y la forma correcta de uso.
Una vez finalizada la investigación, se llegó a la conclusión de que sí existe una relación entre las fake news y el periodismo digital de investigación, ya que los mecanismos de investigación que se usaron para evitar las noticias falsas en los reportajes mostrados sí fueron eficaces. Asimismo, se puso en evidencia que aunque el avance tecnológico haya favorecido notablemente a los medios de comunicación, si la búsqueda de información no es trabajada con responsabilidad podría causar desinformación que perjudique a la sociedad.The main theme of this investigation is to identify the mencanimes and resources that digital investigative journalism performs as an investigative mechanism before the dissemination of Fake News. It was decided to address the resources and mechanisms that digital investigative journalism executes against the dissemination of false news during the COVID19 pandemic, taking into account This work seeks to identify the criteria and references that investigative digital journalism uses. For this, a qualitative methodology was carried out and it was decided to choose a representative corpus of three reports from the journalistic spaces mentioned above. Likewise, an analysis instrument was designed based on four subcategories that allowed us to identify digital research mechanisms and the correct way of use. Once the investigation was completed, it was concluded that there is a relationship between fake news and digital investigative journalism, since the investigative mechanisms that were used to prevent false news in the reports shown were effective. Likewise, it was made clear that although technological progress has notably favored the media, if the search for information is not handled responsibly, it could cause misinformation that harms society.
Trabajo de investigación
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Kauffeldt, Anna. "Disinformative and Uncertain Data in Global Hydrology : Challenges for Modelling and Regionalisation". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236864.
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Water is essential for human well-being and healthy ecosystems, but population growth and changes in climate and land-use are putting increased stress on water resources in many regions. To ensure water security, knowledge about the spatiotemporal distribution of these resources is of great importance. However, estimates of global water resources are constrained by limitations in availability and quality of data. This thesis explores the quality of both observational and modelled data, gives an overview of models used for large-scale hydrological modelling, and explores the possibilities to deal with the scarcity of data by prediction of flow-duration curves. The evaluation of the quality of observational data for large-scale hydrological modelling was based on both hydrographic data, and model forcing and evaluation data for basins worldwide. The results showed that a GIS polygon dataset outperformed all gridded hydrographic products analysed in terms of representation of basin areas. Through a screening methodology based on the long-term water-balance equation it was shown that as many as 8–43% of the basins analysed displayed inconsistencies between forcing (precipitation and potential evaporation) and evaluation (discharge) data depending on how datasets were combined. These data could prove disinformative in hydrological model inference and analysis. The quality of key hydrological variables from a numerical weather prediction model was assessed by benchmarking against observational datasets and by analysis of the internal land-surface water budgets of several different model setups. Long-term imbalances were found between precipitation and evaporation on the global scale and between precipitation, evaporation and runoff on both cell and basin scales. These imbalances were mainly attributed to the data assimilation system in which soil moisture is used as a nudge factor to improve weather forecasts. Regionalisation, i.e. transfer of information from data-rich areas to data-sparse areas, is a necessity in hydrology because of a lack of observed data in many areas. In this thesis, the possibility to predict flow-duration curves in ungauged basins was explored by testing several different methodologies including machine learning. The results were mixed, with some well predicted curves, but many predicted curves exhibited large biases and several methods resulted in unrealistic curves.Vatten är en förutsättning för människors och ekosystems hälsa, men befolkningsökning och förändringar av klimat och markanvändning förväntas öka trycket på vattenresurserna i många regioner i världen. För att kunna säkerställa en god tillgång till vatten krävs kunskap om hur dessa resurser varierar i tid och rum. Tillförlitligheten hos skattningar av globala vattenresurser begränsas dock både av begränsad tillgänglighet av och kvalitet hos observerade data. Denna avhandling utforskar kvaliteten av såväl observations- som modellbaserade data, ger en överblick över modeller som används för storskalig hydrologisk modellering och utforskar möjligheterna att förutsäga varaktighetskurvor som ett sätt att hantera bristen på data i många områden. Utvärderingen av observationsbaserade datas kvalitet baserades på hydrografiska data och driv- och utvärderingsdata för storskaliga hydrologiska modeller. Resultaten visade att en uppsättning data över hydrografin baserad på GIS-polygoner representerade avrinningsområdesareorna bättre än alla de som byggde på rutor. En metod baserad på långtidsvattenbalansen identifierade att kombinationen av drivdata (nederbörd och potentiell avdunstning) och utvärderingsdata (vattenföring) var fysiskt orimlig för så många som 8–43 % av de analyserade avrinningsområdena beroende på hur olika datauppsättningar kombinerades. Sådana data kan vara desinformativa för slutsatser som dras av resultat från hydrologiska modeller och analyser. Kvaliteten hos hydrologiskt viktiga variabler från en numerisk väderprognosmodell utvärderades dels genom jämförelser med observationsdata och dels genom analys av landytans vattenbudget för ett flertal olika modellvarianter. Resultaten visade obalanser mellan långtidsvärden av nederbörd och avdunstning i global skala och mellan långtidsvärden av nederbörd, avdunstning och avrinning i både modellrute- och avrinningsområdesskala. Dessa obalanser skulle till stor del kunna förklaras av den data assimilering som görs, i vilken markvattenlagret används som en justeringsfaktor för att förbättra väderprognoserna. Regionalisering, som innebär en överföring av information från områden med god tillgång på mätdata till områden med otillräcklig tillgång, är i många fall nödvändig för hydrologisk analys på grund av att mätdata saknas i många områden. I denna avhandling utforskades möjligheten att förutsäga varaktighetskurvor för avrinningsområden utan vattenföringsdata genom flera metoder inklusive maskininlärning. Resultaten var blandade med en del kurvor som förutsas väl, och andra kurvor som visade stora systematiska avvikelser. Flera metoder resulterade i orealistiska kurvor (ickemonotona eller med negativa värden).
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Montesinos, Nolasco Edwin. "La presencia de la desinformación y posverdad en las columnas de opinión: un análisis de las columnas de Aldo Mariátegui y Luis García Miró Elguera en el contexto del segundo proceso de vacancia al expresidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655053.
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La presente investigación examina los mecanismos en que se puede evidenciar la desinformación y la posverdad en el periodismo de opinión. Para abordar este tema, se elabora un instrumento que identifica estos mecanismos en el contenido de las columnas de opinión de Aldo Mariátegui y Luis García, en los diarios Perú21 y Expreso respectivamente, que tratan sobre el segundo proceso de vacancia contra el expresidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski desde que este proceso empezó hasta un día luego de que el presidente Martín Vizcarra entrara al cargo. El primer capítulo se dedica a la explorar el origen de la posverdad en la desinformación, así como a analizar qué elementos estos comparten y cómo se ha dado su traspase de uno al otro. Asimismo, se delimitan los mecanismos de la desinformación y posverdad que se relacionan al periodismo de opinión: falacias como la ad populum, la afirmación gratuita y la generalización precipitada; así como términos de descalificación personal y referencia a noticias falsas. En el segundo capítulo se explora y se da un recuento del estado del periodismo de opinión en Perú. Posteriormente, se elabora un instrumento para examinar las columnas escogidas, y se analizan los hallazgos de ese proceso. Estos hallazgos nos revelan que en las columnas analizadas se podía advertir que el uso de estos mecanismos de la desinformación y posverdad, falacias y términos de descalificación personal, reemplazaban la argumentación necesaria para sostener sus posturas.The following research examines some mechanisms that can show the presence of disinformation and post-truth in opinion journalism. To address this issue, it develops an instrument that helps to identify these mechanisms in the content of the opinion columns of Aldo Mariátegui and Luis García, in the newspapers Perú21 and Expreso respectively, that comment on the second impeachment process against former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. The period of analysis took place since the process started until one day after President Martín Vizcarra took office. The first chapter explores the origin of post-truth in disinformation, as well as analyzing what elements they share and how they have transferred from one to the other. Likewise, the mechanisms of disinformation and post-truth that are related to opinion journalism are delimited: fallacies such as ad populum, gratuitous affirmation and hasty generalization, as well as name-calling (adjectives of personal disqualification) and reference to fake news. In the second chapter, this research explores the context and state of opinion journalism in Peru. Subsequently, an instrument is developed to review the chosen columns and analyse the findings of this process were discussed. These findings reveal that in the opinion columns that were analyzed, the use of these disinformation and post-truth mechanism, as fallacies and name-calling (adjectives of personal disqualification), replaces the arguments needed to defend their stances.
Tesis
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Ghosh, Chowdhury Satrajit. "Understanding Mis- and Dis-Information Consumption in a Polarized Society – Analyzing Selective Evaluation, Subjective Perception of Opinion Leaders and Effects of Heuristic Cues in Post-decision". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou162891154529201.
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Ghosh, Chowdhury Satrajit. "Understanding Mis- and Dis-Information Consumption in a Polarized Society – Analyzing Selective Evaluation, Subjective Perception of Opinion Leaders and Effects of Heuristic Cues in Post-decision". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou162891154529201.
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Icard, Benjamin. "Lying, deception and strategic omission : definition and evaluation". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE001/document.
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Cette thèse vise à mieux définir ainsi qu'à mieux évaluer les stratégies de tromperie et de manipulation de l'information. Des ressources conceptuelles, formelles et expérimentales sont combinées en vue d'analyser des cas standards de tromperie, tels que le mensonge, mais aussi non-standards, tels que les inférences trompeuses et l'omission stratégique. Les aspects définitionnels sont traités en premier. J'analyse la définition traditionnelle du mensonge en présentant des résultats empiriques en faveur de cette définition classique (dite 'définition subjective'), contre certains arguments visant à défendre une 'définition objective' par l'ajout d'une condition de fausseté. J'examine ensuite une énigme logique issue de R. Smullyan, et qui porte sur un cas limite de tromperie basé sur une règle d'inférence par défaut pour tromper un agent par omission. Je traite ensuite des aspects évaluatifs. Je pars du cadre existant pour l'évaluation du renseignement et propose une typologie des messages fondée sur les dimensions descriptives de vérité (pour leur contenu) et d'honnêteté (pour leur source). Je présente ensuite une procédure numérique pour l'évaluation des messages basée sur les dimensions évaluatives de crédibilité (pour la vérité) et de fiabilité (pour l'honnêteté). Des modèles numériques de plausibilité servent à capturer la crédibilité a priori des messages puis des règles numériques sont proposées pour actualiser ces degrés selon la fiabilité de la sourceThis thesis aims at improving the definition and evaluation of deceptive strategies that can manipulate information. Using conceptual, formal and experimental resources, I analyze three deceptive strategies, some of which are standard cases of deception, in particular lies, and others non-standard cases of deception, in particular misleading inferences and strategic omissions. Firstly, I consider definitional aspects. I deal with the definition of lying, and present new empirical data supporting the traditional account of the notion (called the ‘subjective definition’), contradicting recent claims in favour of a falsity clause (leading to an ‘objective definition’). Next, I analyze non-standard cases of deception through the categories of misleading defaults and omissions of information. I use qualitative belief revision to examine a puzzle due to R. Smullyan about the possibility of triggering a default inference to deceive an addressee by omission. Secondly, I consider evaluative aspects. I take the perspective of military intelligence data processing to offer a typology of informational messages based on the descriptive dimensions of truth (for message contents) and honesty (for message sources). I also propose a numerical procedure to evaluate these messages based on the evaluative dimensions of credibility (for truth) and reliability (for honesty). Quantitative plausibility models are used to capture degrees of prior credibility of messages, and dynamic rules are defined to update these degrees depending on the reliability of the source
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Kenyon, Gregory Lee. "Finding a Sense of Ease in the Creation: Or, Pynchon's Disinformational Map to the Stars". W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625677.
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Herman, Tess P. "Investigating Potential Strategies Used by Climate Change Contrarians to Gain Legitimacy in Two Prominent U.S. and Two Prominent U.K. Newspapers from 1988 to 2006". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617893211661352.
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Hagberg, Nelly. ""Det är demokratin som är gemensam" : En komparativ kvalitativ innehållsanalys av nationell biblioteksstrategi och nationell säkerhetsstrategi". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415049.
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This thesis examines the correlation between the Swedish National Library Strategy and the Swedish National Security Strategy. These strategies originates from two different political fields that seemingly has nothing to do with each other. However, in the Swedish National Library Strategy, it states that public libraries in Sweden should be a part of the nation’s civil defense, and therefore be a part of Sweden’s total defense system. In the National Library Strategy, libraries are considered vital in order to sustain a strong democracy, this is described through the libraries focus on educating citizens in media and information literacy (MIL), as well as the librarians role as an independent and neutral information intermediary. Libraries would therefore enrich the civil defense through a crisis, or a wartime situation. However, in the National Security Strategy the vital role of public libraries within the defense system is not being discussed. The statement from the National Library Strategy has been met with a lot of questions and dispute. The reactions of the statement is in fact the premise of this thesis. The subsequent ignorance of the statement requires further knowledge, which this thesis establish. A comparative qualitative content analysis is applied to find similarities and differences between the two political fields, in order to understand the statement made in the Swedish National Library Strategy. The source material of this thesis consists of these two strategies, as well as further selected reports and research papers that is linked to the two strategies. The results of this thesis show that there is a communal discussion about threat scenarios, and that there are a mutual goal of a strong upheld democracy in both of the policies. However, the results show that there are differences in how to encounter and overcome the threats. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.
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Vaitkuté, Laura. "Säkerhet kontra desinformation : En idéanalys av Europeiska unionens säkerhetspolitik mot desinformation". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54875.
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Disinformation is a growing problem in a fast changing world, where technology today contributes to the spread of false and sometimes directly harmful information. Within the field of international security studies there is an ongoing theoretical conflict over whether or not security ought to be expanded to include issues that otherwise do not concern the traditional state and military-centric approach. One such issue is the multifaceted phenomenon disinformation, which some claim has little or no meaning and relevancy within the international arena. This is because it mainly influences individuals. Nevertheless, the EU has still initiated security work to combat disinformation. The main purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate how disinformation is defined within the EU’s security framework. Applying David. A Baldwins conceptual dimensions and ideal types and anchoring them in the prominent theories realism, liberalism and constructivism, the study aims to describe and illustrate how EU views disinformation in its pursuit for security. The study later shows that disinformation needs to be affirmed and taken more seriously by the international community.
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Palazuelos, Prieto Antonio. "The Community-Centered Solution to a Pandemic : Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Co-Production of Knowledge in Health Emergencies and Infodemic Context". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41514.
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This research explores how community-centered solutions facilitate the success and ownership of the response actions to deal with a public health emergency, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. When an outbreak or a hazard impacts a group of people, there is a strong need for communication in order to be able to access to the right information that takes people to make the correct decision and thus to take a protective action to be safe. This approach, known as Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE)[1], allows the co-production of knowledge needed for a group of people to remain safe. For this approach, social listening tools, such as media monitoring and community feedback collection are critical understand communities’ needs. Its analysis allows to tailor a RCCE strategy that is able to substantially reduce the threat that a public health emergency poses to human lives[2]. Communities need solutions that are adapted to their needs in order to be able to deal with any emergency, including the Covid-19 pandemic. The RCCE approach empowers communities and provides them with the tools to amplify their voices. This participatory approach allows them to co-produce knowledge and get full ownership of the solutions. Nevertheless, in an environment with excess of information, it may not be easy to discern the truth from the false. Unverified information and rumors are frequent and social media channels facilitate their rapid dissemination without borders. ‘Infodemic’ refers to an excessive amount of information concerning a problem such that the solution is made more difficult. (WHO, 2020)[3] Some rumors may encourage people to take wrong decisions and perform actions that exacerbate risks during an emergency. The RCCE approach helps to promote real-time exchange of information to avoid that rumors and disinformation flourish. (WHO, 2018)[4]. It also allows to identify and implement community-centered solutions to communities’ problems. RCCE needs data to monitor and evaluate its activities and reach effectively populations in risk to encourage them to observe the health preventive measures. Lives at risk depends on the right information conveyed through the right channel at the right time. To be able to supply tailored and accurate information to those communities and engage them, evidence-based RCCE strategies are needed, respecting the socio-anthropological and cultural context of the community. This research is based on the findings from five African countries -Cabo Verde, Cameroon, the Gambia, Mozambique and Niger-, all of them seriously affected by current Covid-19 pandemic. Its conclusions help to understand the critical role that RCCE plays in health emergencies resilient recovery. [1] World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and response to the 2019 novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV): interim guidance, 26 January 2020. Geneva: WHO. [2] Risk Communication is one of the eight core functions of the International Health Regulations (2005) [3] World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Infodemic management: a key component of the COVID-19 global response. Weekly Epidemiological Record 95 (16), 145 - 148. World Health Organization. [4] World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Communicating Risk in Public Health Emergencies - A WHO Guideline for Emergency Risk Communication (ERC) policy and practice. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Elander, Angelina. "De tysta åren : Ekofeminism i svensk tryckt press 1995-2016". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24208.
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Ekofeminism figurerar i både politiska och filosofiska sammanhang och är en ideologi som kombinerar feminism med miljöpolitik. Den bygger sin ideologi på att motarbeta ett patriarkalt förtryck mot både kvinnor och natur och säger att detta förtryck härrör från en historisk föreställning om kvinnan som stående närmare naturen. Den vita mannens självupphöjande till Gud under industrialismen använde denna historiska föreställning i ett rättfärdigande av ett maktutövande gentemot både kvinnor och natur som sägs leva kvar i allra största grad än idag. Genom att betrakta hur svensk tryckt press framställt ekofeminism mellan åren 1995-2016 har denna uppsats ämnat utröna om detta maktförhållande lever kvar och hur det tar sig uttryck. Uppsatsen undersöker även om det medieras en diskurs om ekofeminism i svensk tryckt press. Centrala frågeställningar: Hur framställs ekofeminism i svensk tryckt press mellan åren 1995-2016 ? Vilka maktstrukturer framträder runt ekofeminism och vilka personer kommer till tals? Varför skrevs inget alls om ekofeminism under 5 av de 11 undersökta åren ? Metoder: För att ta reda på detta har denna uppsats använt sig av triangulering som övergripande metod innehållande en kvantitativ analys, innehållsanalys och analys av visuell kommunikation. Slutsatser: Denna uppsats kommer fram till att förtrycket lever kvar och visar sig tydligt i relationen mellan svensk tryckt press och ekofeminism. Ekofeminismen framställs som svårbegriplig för allmänheten och blandas ofta ihop med särartsfeminism i vad som tycks vara ett strategiskt syfte att genom desinformation utöva förtryck.The silent years: ecofeminism in Swedish printed press 1995-2016 Ecofeminism figures in both political and philosophical contexts and is an ideology that combines feminism with environmental policy. It builds its ideology to counteract a patriarchal oppression against both women and nature, saying that this oppression stems from a historical perception of the woman standing closer to nature. The self-elevation of the white man to God during the industrialism era used this historical image in the justification to exercise power towards both women and nature, which is said to be ongoing to the greatest extent today. By considering how Swedish printed press depict ecofeminism between the years 1995-2016, this paper has been designed to determine if this relationship of power remains and define how it is expressed. The essay also investigates whether a discourse on ecofeminism is mediated in Swedish press. Central Issues: How is ecofeminism produced in Swedish printed press between 1995 and 2016? What power structures appear around ecofeminism and who get their voices heard? Why was nothing written about ecofeminism for 5 of the 11 investigated years? Methods: To find this out, this essay has used triangulation as an overarching method containing quantitative analysis, content analysis and analysis of visual communication. Conclusions: This essay indicate that the repression remains and becomes evident in the relationship between Swedish press and ecofeminism. Ecofeminism is expressed as difficult for the public and is often confused with specificity feminism in what appears to be a strategic goal of repression by means of disinformation.
Betygssättande lärare: Per Vesterlund. Formell examinator för kursen: Eva Åsén Ekstrand.
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Mingous, Gautier. ""Selon les nouvelles que vous nous ferez savoir" : Information et pouvoir à Lyon au tournant des guerres de Religion : (Vers 1552- vers 1576)". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2069.
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La ville du XVIe siècle constitue un terreau favorable à la propagation d’informations en tous genres. Portées par des marchands ou des particuliers, ces nouvelles sont primordiales pour connaître la situation de régions éloignées, mais peuvent aussi se révéler dangereuses lorsque leur contenu n’est pas assuré. Les pouvoirs urbains ont donc cherché à encadrer les informations pour en faire un outil de bon gouvernement. Dans une société où l’information est perçue comme une marque de pouvoir pour agir sur le réel, les autorités des villes ont mis en oeuvre une méthodologie de gestion des nouvelles pour bâtir l’action politique grâce à l’émergence d’une administration de plus en plus spécialisée. Cette question de la maîtrise des nouvelles se pose avec d’autant plus d’urgence que la guerre civile remet en cause l’unité de la cité.En partant de la ville de Lyon, capitale économique et ville frontière du royaume de France, il s’agit d’analyser la place prise par l’information dans le gouvernement d’une ville soumise aux guerres de Religion. La correspondance et la documentation officielle des pouvoirs laïcs permet d’envisager toutes les étapes d’appropriation de la nouvelle, de la recherche du renseignement à l’élaboration d’un discours officiel destiné à être communiqué à d’autres pouvoirs ou à la population. Ces questionnements mettent en lumière des pratiques de codification de la bonne information qui doivent servir à construire la décision politique. La circulation des nouvelles encadrée par les pouvoirs urbains fait également apparaître de multiples réseaux élaborés avec le roi, la cour et de nombreuses villes proches et plus lointaines. Grâce aux systèmes de messageries de plus en plus institutionnalisés, les autorités lyonnaises ont bâti des espaces de communications destinés à protéger les intérêts de la cité, à réagir face aux troubles et aux rumeurs pour conserver le contrôle. Cette organisation a eu pour objectif d’affermir le pouvoir des élites et de justifier leur statut social.L’étude de l’information au XVIe siècle a pour effet d’intégrer les villes dans une trame beaucoup plus large que la seule histoire locale. Elle apporte également un tout autre regard sur les pratiques de gouvernement durant les guerres de Religion et, plus généralement, sur la société politique de la première modernitéCities in the 16th century were a fertile ground for the propagation of all kinds of information. Whether conveyed by merchants or in private spheres, all news items were necessary to know about the situation of distant regions but could also prove to be dangerous when their content was uncertain. Urban powers endeavoured to control the circulation of information in order to turn them into a political tool. In a society where information was perceived as a token of power that allowed the elite to act on reality, a new method to manage and control it was implemented, on which urban powers built their political action thanks to the emergence of an increasingly specialised administration. This question of the command of information was all the more urgent as a civil war was challenging the unity of the city.Focusing on the city of Lyon, an economic capital and a border city of the French realm,my goal is to analyse the role played by the handling of information in the government of a city in the midst of Religion wars. The letters and official documents of lay authorities show all the different ways the urban elite appropriated the circulation of informat ion, its search and itselaboration into an official discourse meant to be communicated to other authorities and to the population. These questions shed light on the growing codification of “good information” which served the purpose of political decision-making. The circulation of all news controlled by the urban powers also unveils the many networks woven with the king, the court andnumerous cities, both near and far from Lyon.Thanks to messaging services that were increasingly institutionalised, the municipal authorities of Lyon created networks in order to defend the city’s interests, to react to the conflicts unfolding and to the rumours spreading in order to remain in control. This organisation aimed to tighten the grip of the elites on the city and to justify their social status
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Michel, David. "All Negative on the Western Front: Analyzing the Sentiment of the Russian News Coverage of Sweden with Generic and Domain-Specific Multinomial Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines Classifiers". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447398.
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This thesis explores to what extent Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers can be used to determine the polarity of news, specifically the news coverage of Sweden by the Russian state-funded news outlets RT and Sputnik. Three experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, an MNB and an SVM classifier are trained with the Large Movie Review Dataset (Maas et al., 2011) with a varying number of samples to determine how training data size affects classifier performance. In the second experiment, the classifiers are trained with 300 positive, negative, and neutral news articles (Agarwal et al., 2019) and tested on 95 RT and Sputnik news articles about Sweden (Bengtsson, 2019) to determine if the domain specificity of the training data outweighs its limited size. In the third experiment, the movie-trained classifiers are put up against the domain-specific classifiers to determine if well-trained classifiers from another domain perform better than relatively untrained, domain-specific classifiers. Four different types of feature sets (unigrams, unigrams without stop words removal, bigrams, trigrams) were used in the experiments. Some of the model parameters (TF-IDF vs. feature count and SVM’s C parameter) were optimized with 10-fold cross-validation. Other than the superior performance of SVM, the results highlight the need for comprehensive and domain-specific training data when conducting machine learning tasks, as well as the benefits of feature engineering, and to a limited extent, the removal of stop words. Interestingly, the classifiers performed the best on the negative news articles, which made up most of the test set (and possibly of Russian news coverage of Sweden in general).
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Salino, Deila Batista. "Lei de Acesso à Informação no contexto dos Tribunais de Contas: a pragmática da transparência a partir da filosofia da linguagem de Ludwig Wittgenstein". Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. http://ridi.ibict.br/handle/123456789/953.
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A pesquisa destaca a importância da promoção da transparência no acesso à informação pública, tendo como foco de análise os Tribunais de Contas do Brasil. O estudo propõe um diálogo entre a Ciência da Informação e Filosofia da Linguagem para discutir as questões de informação pública sobre o ponto de vista epistemológico e aplicado. Para esta abordagem teórica, adota-se parte dos conceitos da segunda fase de pensamento de Ludwig Wittgenstein, a saber, ―jogos de linguagem‖, ―semelhança de família‖, ―formas de vida‖ e ―regras‖, encontrados, predominantemente na obra Investigações Filosóficas, como forma de contribuir para a compreensão do uso das noções ―informação pública‖, ―transparência pública‖ e ―desinformação‖. O estudo tem como procedimento metodológico a pesquisa descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, tendo por foco analítico as legislações internas pesquisadas nos sites dos Tribunais de Contas do Brasil, na busca da aplicação da Lei nº 12.527, de 18 de novembro de 2011 (Lei de Acesso à Informação – LAI). Tais legislações, que visam à promoção da transparência através dos serviços prestados, podem ser compreendidas nesta pesquisa a partir das semelhanças e dessemelhanças entre as Cortes de Contas estudadas. As noções wittgensteinianas possibilitam entender as dimensões histórico-institucionais a partir do modo como estas comunicam suas transformações, evidenciando que a pragmática da linguagem influencia na constituição das práticas sociais cotidianas. Assim, a análise da linguagem em sua inserção contextual passa a ser vista como uma ferramenta de compreensão da LAI e de sua aplicação.
The research highlights the importance of promoting transparency in the access to public information, with the focus of analysis the Audit Courts of Brazil. The study proposes a dialogue between the Information Science and Philosophy of Language to discuss the public information issues on the epistemological point of view and applied. For this theoretical approach, we adopt part of the concepts of the second phase of thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein, namely "language games", "family resemblances", "life forms" and "rules" found predominantly in work Philosophical Investigations, in order to contribute to the understanding of the use of the concepts "public information", "public transparency" and "disinformation". The study's methodological approach descriptive research, bibliographic and documentary, with the analytical focus the national legislation surveyed in the portals of the Audit Courts of Brazil, seeking the application of Law n. 12.527 of 18 November 2011 (Access Law to Information - LAI). Such legislation, aimed at promoting transparency through the services provided, can be understood here from the similarities and dissimilarities between the Accounts of Cortes studied. The notion of "language games" makes it possible to understand the historical and institutional dimensions, showing that the pragmatics of language influences the constitution of everyday social practices. Thus, the analysis of language in its contextual integration is seen as an understanding tool of LAI and its application.
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Che-WeiLiao i 廖哲暐. "Disinformation Recognition through Text Comparison Model". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/459rhc.
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