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1
Lu, Terence Zimin. "And justice for all? : Aversive homoprejudice in criminal justice decisions /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19744.pdf.
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Williams, Kadifa. "Black people and criminal justice in England and Wales : a study on bail". [n.p.], 1999. http://dart.open.ac.uk/abstracts/page.php?thesisid=181.
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Donley, Ryan Michelle. "Girls in the juvenile justice system". Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2007. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=775.
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Wang, Pi-Fang. "Egalité et équité en droit administratif français". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05DO02.
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La France ayant vécu avec succès sur son modèle d’égalité, l’évolution économique, sociale et culturelle de ces dernières décennies a pour conséquence d’amener à diagnostiquer l’échec de ce modèle en proposant le remède d’équité. Ainsi, les concepts d’égalité et d’équité donnent lieu à un renouveau sensible des analyses. Sur ce thème, la recherche juridique a tendance à se limiter au conflit classique : « antagonisme ou complémentarité » de ces deux concepts. Il nous paraît pourtant pertinent d’étendre notre réflexion, compte tenu du fait que l’équité invoquée aujourd’hui renvoie d’avantage à la justice sociale qu’ à la justice légale ou à la justice idéale. Dans notre étude, nous essayons de montrer, à l’épreuve de l’analyse des mutations en cours du droit administratif français, trois rapports qu’entretiennent entre eux ces deux concepts : l’équité inspire l’égalité ; l’égalité assure l’équité ; l’équité s’oppose à l’égalitéFrance having met success in its model of equality, its economic, social and cultural evolution of the last decades leads, however, to diagnose the failure of this model and hence to suggest a remedy based on equity. Therefore, the concepts of equality and equity result in a significant revival. About this theme, the legal research tends to be limited to a classical conflict: antagonism or complementarity of these two concepts. Nevertheless, it is relevant to extent our reflection, in consideration of the fact that the contemporary acceptation of equity refers to social justice more than legal justice or ideal justice. Through the examinations and analysis of the current mutations of the French administrative law, we attempt to demonstrate three relations between these two concepts: equality inspires equity; equality insures equity; equity against equality
5
Lau, Kar-ning Edward, i 劉嘉寧. "The influence of race on sentencing in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976323.
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Ryu, Junhyuk. "Pretrial release and social contexts is there a link? (Does the effect of race on pretrial release decisions vary across county?) /". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1231775256.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisors: Lawrence Travis III PhD (Committee Chair). Michael Benson PhD (Committee Member), John Wooldredge PhD (Committee Member), ul-Hyun Park PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed April 27, 2009). Keywords: Pretrial release; social context; race. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Gallagher, Geraldine. "Gender, social enquiry reports, and social work disposals". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3247.
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Throughout the nineties a range of factors, not least the series of suicides at Cornton Vale women's prison, highlighted concerns about how the criminal justice system deals with female offenders in Scotland. There has been a review of community-based disposals and the use of custody for women (Scottish Office, 1998a), an Inspection of Cornton Vale was conducted (HMI, 2001), and a Ministerial Group on Women's Offending was set up (Scottish Executive, 2002a). Despite this concern the numbers of female offenders being sentenced to custody has continued to rise. This study sought to examine the nature of criminal justice social work services delivered to female offenders and the way in which ideological and policy shifts have impacted on it. Differences relating to gender, with regard to both practitioners and clients, within the context of criminal justice social work in Scotland,w ere considered.T his included a consideration of the impact of the policy shift from the "welfare" to the "justice" model. Thirty-five interviews were conducted with criminal justice social work staff and material was drawn from 420 Social Enquiry Reports. The study examined practices and policies which relate to how women are supervised, how these relate to the presentation of information in social enquiry reports, and in turn how this may relate to the final court disposal imposed. A discrepancy between policy and practice was identified in that the latter draws on the "welfare" model more than is endorsed by formal policy. This greater emphasis on the "welfare" model applies to work with female offenders in particular. There were concerns amongst criminal justice social work staff that such a difference in approach might be discriminatory. A new "welfare" model of supervision appears to have been adopted in the supervision of female offenders. This model emphasised the importance of the working relationship, between supervisor and client, within which women offenders should be allowed scope for negotiation. Information on female offenders derived from both interviews with criminal justice staff and the data obtained from SERs is used to review social control theory (Hirschi, 1969), as it exists, as an explanation of female offending. Carlen's study (1988) of female offenders suggested that integral to their involvement in offending was a rejection of the controls to which they are subjected and of their gender roles. By contrast the profile of women offenders as identified in this study suggests that women are offending partly in an endeavour to conform to, or at least cope with, their gender roles. Female offenders were reported as having experienced greater adversity and this appears to havee licited a protective response from social workers. This protection began in women's childhoods and is evident in their treatment as adults. The organisation of community service is considered by female social workers to have an inherent gender bias which renders it less suitable for female offenders. These concerns appear to have foundation in terms of an apparent gender bias in the operation of community service schemes. Female offenders sentenced to community service were more likely to have had their SERs compiled by male SER writers, while female offenders sentenced to probation were more likely to have their SERs compiled by female SER writers. Female social workers specifically appear to adopt a stronger welfare orientation when compiling reports on female offenders apparently motivated by an inclination to protect. This has implications for gender specific allocation of work. The effect is not protection if reports arc undermining community service as a possible alternative to custody for women, as appears to be the case when the SER writer is female.
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Carmichael, Jason T. "The political sociology of juvenile punishment treating juvenile offenders as adults /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1152203820.
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Everton, Wilma. "SAPS members' experience of diversity and diversity training within the SAPS". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002482.
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During this study, an attempt was made to explore the opinions and attitudes of members of the South African Police Service (SAPS) towards issues of diversity before, immediately after and three months after participating in diversity training workshops presented by the SAPS Training Division during 1997 in Port Elizabeth. The aim of this thesis was not to assess the diversity training itself, but to discover if the training, as currently presented, in any way influenced the attitudes of participants. In order to meet this goal, literature and empirical studies were conducted. The literature study sets the theoretical foundation pertaining to the history of the SAPS and the attitudes and prejudices of and diversity among SAPS members. During the empirical research phase, a non-probability purposive sampling procedure was adopted. Four of a range of diversity workshops presented by the Training Division of the SAPS during 1997 were selected for the purpose of this study. An internal SAPS process was used to nominate members to attend the workshops. The researcher requested the participants in each of the four workshops to complete a self-administered questionnaire before as well as after the workshop concerned. Immediately after each of the four workshops, a short interview was held with each attendee. To explore the stability of any change evident from responses on the questionnaires completed after the workshops, the attendees were again requested to complete the same questionnaire three months later. To increase the validity of any conclusion that attitudinal change was related to the workshop, a control group was used. This study has revealed that a cross-spectrum of SAPS members of both sexes and diverse racial backgrounds believe that various forms of discrimination exist within the SAPS. It confirmed that the diversity training presented by the SAPS Training Division is a useful instrument to heighten members' awareness of the different norms and customs of other cultural/ethnic groups and of the necessity that the SAPS should be constituted of a cross-spectrum of racial groups reflecting the South African society. Finally, based on the research findings, recommendations were made involving management and its supportive services and diversity training.
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Woods, Jordan Blair. "Queering criminology : the (non)engagement of mainstream criminology with LGBTQ populations and theories". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709051.
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Scott, Amanda Lynn. "Stereotypes about victims how what we think we know about others impacts our legal judgments /". Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124219029.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 104 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Snowden, Jessica L. "Explicit and implicit bias measures : their relation and utility as predictors of criminal verdict tendency /". Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/snowdenj/jessicasnowden.pdf.
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Leung, Hang-san Steven. "Gender bias in policing". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576702.
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Ruffolo, Lyndsay Danielle. "Exploring the influence of legal and extra-legal factors in bail decisions /". Abstract and full text available, 2009. http://149.152.10.1/record=b3080022~S16.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2009.Thesis advisor: Jennifer Hedlund. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-48). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Jonmarie, Diana. "Judicial decision-making on same-sex discrimination cases in the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1455661.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008."May, 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-69). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Meyer, Doreen M. (Doreen Mae) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "A prison of their own; the contradictions behind Canada's prison for women". Ottawa, 1992.
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Boston, Clarinèr Freeman. "An Historical Perspective of Oregon's and Portland's Political and Social Atmosphere in Relation to the Legal Justice System as it Pertained to Minorities: With Specific Reference to State Laws, City Ordinances, and Arrest and Court Records During the Period -- 1840-1895". PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4992.
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Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately represented in Portland, Oregon's criminal justice system. Laws, legal procedures and practices that excessively target minorities are not new phenomena. This study focused on a history of political and social conditions in Oregon, and subsequently, Portland, from the 1840' s to 1895, that created unjust state laws and city ordinances that adversely impacted Native Americans, African Americans, and Chinese Immigrants. Attention was also given to the Jewish population.
The approach was to examine available arrest and court records from Oregon's and Portland's early beginnings to ascertain what qualitative information records could provide regarding the treatment of minorities by the justice system. As an outgrowth of this observation, it was necessary to obtain an understanding of the legal environment related to arrests and dispositions of adjudications. Finally, a review of the political and social atmosphere during the time period provided a look at the framework that shaped public attitudes and civic actions.
Examination of available arrest records and court records recorded during the period were conducted at the City of Portland's Stanley Paar Archives. Observations were limited to the availability of archive records. Oregon's history, relative legislation, Portland's history and applicable ordinances were studied and extrapolated from valid secondary resources. Political and social conditions were reviewed through newspaper accounts during recorded history from that time period.
Research indicated that Native Americans, African Americans and Chinese Immigrants were: not legally afforded equal access to Oregon land provisions; denied equitable treatment under the law in comparison to their white counterparts; were unjustly targeted for criminal activities by the enactment and enforcement of laws based on racist views; and, negatively used as political ploys to the advantage of candidates seeking public office. Much of this research is akin to actions in many political, legal and justice arenas of the 1990' s, that continue to adversely impact racial/ethnic minorities unfairly. Although members of the Jewish community were not negatively affected by law, they suffered social injustices. However, they were members of the legal and political fiber that shaped civic sentiments and legislative action in both positive and negative ways.
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Gathings, M. J. "Offenders' perceptions of the choices they had and the choices they made a North Carolina case study /". Greensboro, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007. http://libres.uncg.edu/edocs/etd/1452/umi-uncg-1452.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 22, 2007). Directed by Paul L. Luebke; submitted to the Dept. of Sociology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84).
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Cermak, Bonni. "In the interest of justice : legal narratives of sex, gender, race and rape in twentieth century Los Angeles, 1920-1960 /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164075.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-204). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Samaniego, Rebekah. "When Race Matters: The Influence of Race on Case Clearances in Capital vs. Non-Capital Homicides in Texas". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062846/.
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Texas leads the nation in the number of executions carried out since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. Race was a key factor in the 1972 moratorium, and though the Supreme Court allowed for its return under new statutes, race continues to plague the capital punishment legal system. In this study, I examine the influence of race on case clearances in capital and non-capital homicides in Texas, using the extra-legal and non-discretionary theories from existing clearance literature. I find that race influences the probability of cases being cleared in non-capital cases but has no statistically significant effect in clearing capital cases.
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Bedells, Stephen J. "Incarcerating Indigenous people of the Wongatha lands in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia : Indigenous leaders’ perspectives". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/137.
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The Wongi
people are Indigenous to the Goldfields region and account for just 10 per cent of the population; yet they make up 90 per cent of the prisoners. With Indigenous incarceration rates above 8,000 per 100,000 adult male population in Western Australia, imprisonment is clearly a common experience for Indigenous men and women that profoundly affect the lives of their families. Gaols are meant to be used as a sentence of last resort when the severity of the offence requires severe punishment and prevention of further offences requires close confinement. For this research, Wongi leaders were interviewed about their perceptions of the incarceration system. They indicated that prison is being applied too frequently for minor offences, does little to prevent further offences and has a profound negative socio-economic impact on inmates’ partners and children. The negative impact was also exacerbated when Wongi prisoners are transferred 600 kilometres out of their country to Perth because the local prison is overcrowded. The Wongi leaders who were interviewed believe that the criminal justice system lacks the moral authority to deal with their people fairly and punishes inmates’ families more so than the offender. According to the Wongi leaders, the incarceration system could be improved by using the cultural practice of shaming and targeting training more effectively so that prisoner skill sets were identified and enhanced to improve employment chances and a reduction in recidivism. By using these strategies, the criminal justice system would increase the deterrent effect of incarceration, decrease the rate of recidivism, and improve the Wongi perception of the system.
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Day, Sarah Elizabeth. "The Sanctity of the Right to an Impartial Jury: An Examination of Racial Composition of Juries on Non-Capital Felony Case Outcomes". Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1130882389.
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Malbon, Justin Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Indigenous rights under the Australian constitution : a reconciliation perspective". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19044.
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This thesis examines the possibilities for building a reconciliatory jurisprudence for the protection of indigenous rights under the Australian Constitution. The thesis first examines what could be meant by the term ???reconciliation??? in a legal context and argues that it requires (1) acknowledgement of and atonement for past wrongdoing, (2) the provision of recompense, and (3) the establishment of legal and constitutional structures designed to ensure that similar wrongs are not repeated in the future. The thesis focuses on the last of these three requirements. It is further argued that developing a reconciliatory jurisprudence first requires the courts to free themselves from the dominant paradigm of strict positivism so that they are liberated to pay due regard to questions of morality. Given this framework, the thesis then sets out to examine the purpose and scope of the race power (section 51(xxvi)) of the Australian Constitution, with particular regard to the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth in which the High Court directly considered the power. The thesis concludes that the majority of the Court had not, for various reasons, properly considered the nature of the power. An appropriate ruling, it is argued, should find that the power does not enable Parliament to discriminate adversely against racial minorities. The thesis then proceeds to consider whether there are implied terms under the Constitution that protect fundamental rights. It is argued that these rights are indeed protected because the Constitution is based upon the rule of law. In addition constitutional provisions are to be interpreted subject to the presumption that its terms are not to be understood as undermining fundamental rights unless a constitutional provision expressly states otherwise. The thesis also considers whether there is an implied right to equality under the Constitution. The conclusion drawn is that such a right exists and that it is both procedural and substantive in nature.
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Ward, Helen. "The "adequacy of their attention": gender-bias & the introductory law course in Australian law schools /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09LM/09lmw258.pdf.
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Donaldson, Robin E. "Differential dispositions : an examination of racial bias in the treatment and dispositional recommendations for juvenile offenders". Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1061884.
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The literature which addresses the treatment and disposition of juvenile offenders thoroughly establishes the prevalence of racial bias. Though research is abundant regarding racial bias in both the mental health field and in the juvenile justice system, little exists which examines whether the two combine to contribute to the disproportionate percentage of minority offenders in the justice system. This paper examines this possible contribution. It is hypothesized that both probation officers and mental health professionals employ racial discrimination in dispositional recommendations leading to recommendations for the incarceration of black offenders although white offenders with identical characteristics are recommended for placement in mental health treatment facilities. A log-linear model for single-response qualitative data was modified to a 2 x 2 chi-square analysis due to the low number of referrals to detention which would not allow an evaluation of interactions between the variables. Utilizing a chi-square analysis, statistical significance was not met. Possible reasons for these findings and implications for research are addressed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Smith, Brooke A. "Pleading the fifth the effect of a defendant's ethnicity and prior record /". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Aaby, Makenzie Laron. "An Assessment of Sentencing Disparities among American Indians within the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Federal Circuit Courts". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4459.
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Assessing the effect of race on crime is an important topic of criminology and criminal justice research. Prior investigations have sought to uncover if racial disparities exist within certain aspects of the criminal justice system, such as arrests, trials, and sentencing. The existing scholarship, however, has largely focused on assessing differences between Black and Hispanic offenders in relation to White offenders. There has been little academic exploration to examine if racial disparities exist among American Indian offenders during criminal justice processing. To address this gap in knowledge, this study analyzes data collected from the United States Sentencing Commission to assess if American Indians receive different sentencing outcomes, when compared to other racial groups. The findings from a series of binary logistic and ordinary least square regression analyses suggest that American Indians are sentenced to prison more often than White, Black, and Hispanic offenders, but receive similar sentence lengths compared to Whites and shorter sentence lengths compared to Blacks and Hispanics. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Poli, Lynley V. "Mock jurors' judgements of the victim, crime and defendant as a function of victim race and deliberation". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/839.
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Extra-legal variables are factors within a trial that are logically irrelevant to the determination of a verdict. They are deemed extra-legal they are extra to the law and are not prescribed in the relevant statutes upon which the relevant issue must be decided. Research investigating judicial decision-making, however, demonstrates that extra-legal variables often affect jurors' judgements and improperly influence their decision-making. Examples of extra-legal variables include the personal attributes of trial participants, e.g., the victim's physical attractiveness, socio-economic status, and age. Studies conducted in North America indicate that the race of the victim and defendant inappropriately influences jurors' decision-making. However, to date, no such published research has been conducted in Australia. Due to Australia's diverse population, which consists of several minority groups and a dominant Caucasian group, it is likely that race may net as an extra-legal variable. Furthermore, several Australian studies have documented a strong prejudice against Aborigines and Asians, with the potential for a newly emerging prejudice against individuals from Middle-Eastern countries. The present study investigated whether the race of the victim would affect jurors' perceptions and judgements in a simulated attempted-rape trial. Research also indicates that the process of deliberation amongst other things, can affect the influence of extra-legal variables on decision-making, and that it can either exaggerate or attenuate this influence. Therefore, the impact of deliberation on the jurors' perceptions and judgements was investigated, and also whether an interaction occurred between race and deliberation. One hundred and six participants were recruited to examine the effects of the race of the victim on their judgements of the defendant, crime, and victim. Due to Australia having a dominant Caucasian race, it was assumed that when the victim is Aboriginal, Asian or of a Middle Eastern origin, jurors' judgements of the defendant, crime and the victim will be negatively prejudiced by the victim's race, and that when the victim is Caucasian, no such prejudice will impact upon the jurors' decision-making. It was also assumed that deliberation would attenuate the influence of the extra-legal variable of the victim's race, such that any bias observed in pre-deliberation judgements will be reduced in post deliberation judgements. The quantitative data was analysed with a series of 4 x 2repeated measures ANOVAs and a qualitative analysis was undertaken of the deliberation discussions. Quantitative results revealed no significant effects for victim race. However, the effect for race approached significance regarding the seriousness of the crime, with the crime perceived as least serious for the Middle-Eastern victim. The pattern of results identified across several items also revealed a consistent trend toward the different races. An overall positive trend was observed toward the Aboriginal victim, and a negative trend identified toward the Middle-Eastern victim, and to a lesser extent, the Caucasian victim. Qualitative analyses support this pattern of results. The effect for deliberation revealed a number of significant findings, with the victim's character perceived as more positive, and the defendant as less guilty following deliberation. Significant interactions were also identified regarding the defendant's sentence and the responsibility of the victim. In particular, following deliberation, the defendant in the Caucasian condition was given a significantly reduced sentence, and the Asian victim was perceived as significantly less responsible. The results are discussed in terms of the need for closer analyses of Australian intergroup relations, social desirability and cultural stereotyping, and their influence on courtroom decisions.
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Bérard, Jean. "Les métamorphoses de la question pénale : les mouvements sociaux et la justice (1968-1983)". Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083811.
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Ce travail étudie les actions dans le champ pénal des mouvements sociaux de contestation nés après mai 1968. La thèse décrit les configurations successives des liens entre justice pénale et critique sociale dans les expressions militantes de ces mouvements et dans leur réception par les partis politiques et les pouvoirs publics, entre mai 68 et le début des années 1980. La période 1968-1971 est marquée par la centralité de la visée révolutionnaire, et traversée par la question suivante : comment affirmer des revendications minoritaires dans le cadre d’une lutte pour une transformation sociale radicale ? La période 1972-1975 est celle de la centralité de la lutte contre les disciplines, menée par des mouvements minoritaires autonomes. On peut formuler ainsi la question qui la traverse : les luttes minoritaires contre les disciplines doivent-elles tenter d’obtenir des réformes de l’appareil répressif ? La période 1975-1981 est marquée par l’importance politique accordée par l’État à la question pénale sous la forme de la problématique de l’insécurité. La question qui traverse le champ est : est-il possible de militer pour obtenir de l’État des actions en faveur des minorités par le renforcement de la pénalité ? La période 1981-1984, par contraste avec les années 1970, est moins caractérisée par une ligne d’opposition entre l’État et des mouvements militants que par l’incorporation dans la politique pénale de la gauche des conflits issus des transformations des positions militantes. Le retrait des espoirs de transformation sociale laisse le gouvernement socialiste aux prises avec les formes du débat héritées et reprises par la droite pour mettre la gauche sur la défensiveThe purpose of this work is to study, within the penal field, the actions of social protest groups that came into being after May 1968. The dissertation describes how the links between criminal justice and social criticism undergo successive configurations both in the activist expression of protest and in the way political parties and authorities respond to it, between May 1968 and the early eighties. Central to the 1968-1971 period is the revolutionary aim, and the following question: how to assert minority claims in the context of a fight for the radical transformation of society? The 1972-1975 period is essentially the struggle led by autonomous minority groups against the manifestations of discipline. Its underlying question can be phrased as follows: should the minority fights against acts of discipline try to obtain reforms of the repressive apparatus? Essential to the 1975-1981 period is the political importance given by the State to the penal issue, taken from the angle of the question of insecurity. The underlying question is the following: is it possible fight in order for the State to take action in favor of minorities by reinforcing the penal system? By contrast with the seventies, the 1981-1984 period is characterized not so much by a line of opposition between the State and activist groups as by the way in which the left-wing government’s penal policy takes in the conflicts derived from the transformations of the activists’ positions. The dwindling hopes of social transformation leave the socialist government having to engage in a debate whose terms are inherited and revived by the Right it in order to put the Left on the defensive
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Cortez, Mario Martin. "Cross cultural relations in law enforcement". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1505.
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Petersen, Amanda Mae. "Beyond Black and White| An Examination of Afrocentric Facial Features and Sex in Criminal Sentencing". Thesis, Portland State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1561452.
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Research on race and sentencing is increasingly moving beyond racial category analyses to include more subtle attributes such as skin tone and facial features. In keeping with this progression, this research examines the extent to which convicted offenders' Afrocentric facial features interact with sex in order to create longer criminal sentences for stereotypically Black males and females. A random sample of Black and White males and females currently serving prison sentences in the state of Oregon were selected for inclusion in the study. A preliminary regression analysis was run in order to determine the effect of broad racial category on sentencing length when controlling for offense characteristics, offense history, and extralegal factors. Additionally, photographs of a sample of 110 Black males and 91 Black females were rated for strength of Afrocentric facial features by undergraduate students. These ratings were averaged to create an Afrocentric rating for each Black individual in the sample. Regression analyses were then conducted for Black individuals in order to determine the effect of Afrocentric facial features and sex on sentence length. Results suggested that although broad racial category is not a significant predictor of sentence length, Afrocentric facial features interact with sex to produce longer sentences for Black males, but not Black females, with stronger Afrocentric facial features. Individuals with the fewest Afrocentric facial features were excluded from the analysis in order to limit the potential misperception of racial category by judges. These findings are consistent with current understandings of feature-trait stereotyping, as well as the focal concerns perspective regarding judicial decision-making.
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Jolley, Patrick Arthur. "Race, aggravated murder, and the death sentence in Multnomah County, Oregon, 1984-1990 : a descriptive analysis and review". PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4321.
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Criminal justice administrators in the United States have been challenged by a highly visible accusation of racial discrimination. This perception has weakened the confidence in, and support of, our judicial process. This study attempted to clarify this perception by examining the effect of race on certain judicial decisions related to the death penalty. The variables chosen for analysis focused on the persons involved in the homicide, the circumstances of the crime, and decisions made during the processing of capital cases.
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Kombila, Ibouanga Hilème. "L'interaction des principes de proportionnalité et de non-discrimination dans le système juridique de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0052.
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Lewis, Denise Y. "Juvenile Delinquency: An Examination of the Disproportionality of Minority vs. Non-Minority Juvenile Offenders Involved with the Juvenile Justice System". Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1240968065.
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Vuattoux, Arthur. "Genre et rapports de pouvoir dans l'institution judiciaire : Enquête sur le traitement institutionnel des déviances adolescentes par la justice pénale et civile dans la France contemporaine". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD002/document.
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Objectif : Cette recherche a pour objectif de documenter le traitement institutionnel des déviances adolescentes dans la justice des mineurs, au prisme du genre et des autres rapports de pouvoir. L'enquête vise en premier lieu à mettre au jour les scripts et attentes de genre véhiculés par les professionnel‑le‑s et à en décrire les conditions de production, reproduction et légitimation par les institutions de contrôle de la jeunesse. Au-delà des seules normes de genre, il s'agit de comprendre la manière dont différentes normes sociales liées notamment à la classe, à l'origine ethno-raciale ou à l'âge influent sur les procédures judiciaires et balisent les carrières institutionnelles des adolescent‑e‑s confronté‑e‑s à la justice.Méthode : Une enquête ethnographique d'une année a été menée au tribunal pour enfants de Créteil, et une enquête complémentaire a été réalisée durant deux mois au tribunal pour enfants de Paris. Ces investigations se sont principalement basées sur l'analyse qualitative et quantitative de dossiers judiciaires pénaux (n=133) et en assistance éducative (n=95), d'observations d'audiences, et d'entretiens (entretiens semi-directifs et focus groups) avec les acteur‑e‑s de la justice des mineurs. Résultats : L'étude des dossiers judiciaires indique l'existence d'un traitement différentiel des filles et des garçons. Cela se traduit notamment, au pénal, par un plus grand recours au soin et à des formes de contrôle para-pénales dans le cas des filles, et par une moindre prise en compte des vulnérabilités dans le cas des garçons. En assistance éducative, des schémas similaires sont à l’œuvre, mais de manière moins marquée. De plus, l'analyse approfondie des dossiers montre la perméabilité des actes de jugement à la position sociale (classe), à l'identité ethno-raciale et aux catégories d'âge. Conclusion : Cette thèse rend compte de la manière dont l'institution façonne les carrières des adolescent‑e‑s confronté‑e‑s à la justice, et aide ainsi à comprendre les mécanismes de production, reproduction ou légitimation institutionnelle des normes de genre. Il en ressort également que les normes véhiculées par l'institution renvoient à d'autres rapports de pouvoir en mesure d'influer sur les processus judiciaires, à l'instar des rapports de classe, race ou âge. Il est donc nécessaire de mettre en œuvre une approche sociologique intersectionnelle des actes d'État, et de procéder à un questionnement critique à l'égard de l'universalisme juridique tel que revendiqué par les institutions du contrôle socialGoal: The present work aims at analyzing the institutional treatment of adolescent deviances within the juvenile justice system, based on approaches of gender and other power relations. Our main objectives are to highlight the gender-related scripts and expectations that occur in the justice system and to describe the context in which they have been produced, reproduced and legitimated by youth control institutions. Beyond gender norms, this work deepens the understanding of how multiple social norms (related to class, race and age) impact both judicial processes and institutional careers of teenagers (boys and girls) going through the justice system. Method: A one-year ethnographic survey was conducted in a French juvenile court in Créteil, complemented with a 2-month survey in the juvenile court of Paris. Judicial records in criminal (n=133) as well as civil (n=95) proceedings were analyzed, public hearings were attended and finally both semi-directive and focus group interviews with juvenile justice agents were carried out. Findings: The study of judicial records shows the existence of a differential treatment between boys and girls. In criminal proceedings, the sentencing of girls relies notably more on care and infrapenal control than the sentencing of boys, whose vulnerabilities weigh not as much. In civil proceedings, some similar patterns were observed, although not as pronounced. The in-depth analysis of records shows the permeability of sentencing to social norms linked to social position, racial identity and age categories. Conclusion: This research documents the way the judicial institution organizes the trajectory of teenagers facing the justice system, and helps to understand the mechanisms of institutional production, reproduction and legitimation of gender norms. The norms passed on by the institutions were found to be linked to other power relations, which, in turn, influence judicial processes, such as class, race or age relationships. Therefore, it is necessary to implement an intersectional sociological approach of the State’s actions and to criticize the legal universalism claimed by social control institutions
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McIntosh, Matthew James. ""Daylight" fails to shine on the reservation". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594495091&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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梁恆新 i Hang-san Steven Leung. "Gender bias in policing". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576702.
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Favard, Bastien. "Haine et droit pénal". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0031.
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La haine a laissé dans nos sociétés de douloureuses cicatrices à travers les siècles. L'explosion du terrorisme et l'essor des tensions communautaires laissent craindre le retour d'une déstabilisation durable de notre société. C'est notamment au droit pénal qu'il appartient d'être en mesure d'endiguer ce phénomène, mais une telle entreprise n'est pas sans difficultés. En premier lieu, celle de comprendre et définir la haine, tant dans ses effets sur le psychique que sur les formes multiples de ses manifestations. Les vecteurs modernes de transmission de la haine sont étroitement liés à la capacité de la haine à avoir de l'emprise sur les plus vulnérables. La maîtrise d'internet est une des clés de cette lutte mais est loin d'être chose aisée. La complexité technologique et juridique de ce contrôle ralentit considérablement le travail du législateur. Cet obstacle, associé à l'explosion du terrorisme, place les juridictions pénales dans une situation particulièrement ardue. Si le seul moyen de désamorcer la haine est d'intervenir avant qu'elle n'atteigne un point de non retour, sa prévention est une tâche complexe. L'équilibre avec le respect des libertés publiques est extrêmement précaire, la liberté d'expression étant bien souvent la première à être altérée. Sanctionner les propos incitant à la haine ou encore négationnistes conduit pourtant nécessairement à censurer des propos. Les modalités de cette censure font l'objet de multiples débats et se confrontent souvent à des fortes oppositions. La place des institutions régionales et internationales est en l'espèce fondamentale, notamment pour orienter un droit français vieillissant. La législation en matière de haine est en effet encore largement enfermée dans le droit de la presse alors que la haine utilise de nos jours bien d'autres moyens de se propager. L'éducation et le renseignement sont les deux clés qui permettront de se projeter dans un futur où la haine sera suffisamment maîtrisée, à la condition bien entendu que l'ensemble des acteurs de la lutte contre la haine travaillent de concert, tant sur le plan national qu'internationalHate left painful scars in our societies that will never be forgotten. The rise of terrorism and the growing tensions among communities raise concerns about a possible long term instability of our society. Criminal law is the one able to stop this phenomenon but such a task is not without difficulties. The first of them is to understand and define hate, both on its effects on the mind and the shaped of its demonstrations. The modern means of hate transmission are tightly tied to the hate ability to have a strong hold on the most vulnerable people. The control of internet is one of the key to succeed but is far from an easy thing. The complexity of it, both technological and legal, slows down the legislator work. This obstacle, associated with the wave of terrorism, put the criminal courts in a tough situation. If the only way to prevent hate is to stop it before reaching the point of non return, preventing it is complex. The balance with the fundamental liberties is very delicate and the freedom of speech is often the first one hurt. Punishing incitement to hatred or denial of crimes against humanity leads necessarily to censorship. The conditions of this censorship are the subject of many debates and strong oppositions. In this case, the role of regional and international institutions is fundamental, especially to direct the aging french law towards the right direction. The criminal law regarding hate is indeed still widely limited to the press legislation while hate now used many different means to spread. The legislator and justice need to work together in order to create new offenses, improve the already existing offenses and prevention, always respecting fundamental liberties. Globally, it is all the countries together that must face together these new threats
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Calvey, Jo. "Women's experiences of the workers' compensation system in Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/731.
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This was a phenomenological study undertaken to understand women's experience of the workers' compensation system. Eleven women were interviewed. They ranged in age from twenty-five to sixty-five years and represented diverse socio-economic and educational backgrounds. All women were from a non-indigenous background. The initial question to women was "Can you tell me what it is like to be involved in the workers' compensation system?" The narratives were analysed and interpreted using Hycner's (1985) phenomenological guidelines. Five core themes were found: negative versus positive/neutral experiences, the workplaces response and role in the process, women's experiences of payouts and tribunals, reasons why women may not claim workers' compensation, and the impact of the process on each women and their family(s). Acker's theory of 'gendered institutions' was used to understand why "many apparently gender-neutral processes are sites of gender production" (Acker, 1992b, p. 249). The experiences of the eleven women suggested that the workers' compensation system in Queensland is gendered; 'The women indicated that the workers compensation process was a disincentive to making a claim. WorkCover was viewed as siding with the employer, bureaucratic in nature and lacking values associated with empathy, sympathy and caring. Recommendations for improvements to the workers' compensation included: establish legal obligations and enforcement of occupational health and safety responsibilities to injured or ill workers; adoption of occupational health and safety values by employers; change the attitudes of employers (recognising women as breadwinners and workers are not disposable); a single case manager to advocate for injured or ill workers; recognition of mental and emotional consequences of an injury or illness provision of rehabilitation that recognises mental and emotional factors as well as the importance of family participation; greater involvement of employers and employees in the rehabilitation process; and finally, improved service delivery which involves consistency, ethics, clarity, (regarding the WorkCover process for injured workers and employers), accountability and involvement of all parties. The knowledge embedded in the interviews, expressed through core stories and themes, was essential to making women's voices visible and providing an insight into service delivery based on women's experiences and needs.
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Su, Susan Chih-Wen. "Female property crime offenders: Explanations from economic marginalization perspective". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2673.
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This research explores whether women offenders who committed property crimes suffer from feminization of poverty, and social deprivations as asserted by the economic marginalization theory. Social deprivations include being a single parent with dependent children at home, being the main financial supporter of a household and being primary caretaker to minor children.
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McEwan, Joanne. "Negotiating support : crime and women's networks in London and Middlesex, c. 1730-1820". University of Western Australia. History Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0121.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the social and legal dynamics of support as it operated around women charged before the criminal courts in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century metropolis. It considers the nature and implications of the support made available to, or withheld from, female defendants by individuals to whom they were in some way connected. To this end, it explores the nuances of testimony offered by witnesses and defendants in an attempt to better understand the extent and effect of the support that could be negotiated by and from a range of groups, including family members, fellow household residents, neighbours and wider community members. How narratives were framed in either sympathetic or condemnatory terms was indicative of broader social attitudes and expectations regarding women and crime as well as of women's own relationships to households and neighbourhood. To the extent that this thesis aims to interrogate negotiations of support, it adopts legal narratives as a window through which to gain an insight into the social interactions and mediation of interpersonal relationships by eighteenth-century London women. The printed accounts of trials conducted at the Old Bailey and legal documents from the London and Middlesex Sessions records form the basis of the source material that contributed towards this study. These records provide contemporary narratives in which participants described their involvement in the legal system and articulated their relationships to events and to each other. As a result, they are invaluable for the wealth of qualitative detail they contain. These legal documents have also been complemented by other contemporary sources including newspaper reports and printed pamphlet literature. ... This thesis concludes first that neighbours and fellow household residents were usually in the strongest position to affect the outcome of criminal cases, either by offering assistance or disclosing incriminating information. The importance of household and neighbours rather than kin was closely tied to the domestic context in which many female crimes took place, and the 'insider knowledge' that was gained by living in close proximity to one another. However, if and when women retained links to family and kin who lived within travelling distance, they remained an important source of support. Secondly, the thesis identifies the detection and prosecution of crime as a gendered experience; contemporary social expectations about gender influenced both legal processes and the shaping of witness accounts. Thirdly, in its examination of local responses to female crime, the thesis supports the theory that a notable shift in sentiment towards female nature and legal culpability occurred during this period, which in turn affected the support offered to female defendants. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the paramount importance of witness testimony in articulating the circumstances surrounding female crimes, and the complex negotiations of interpersonal relationships which influenced how this evidence would be contextualised as supportive or not when it was delivered.
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Saiseau, Jérémie. "Les collectivités territoriales face au risque de discrimination". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0436/document.
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Cette recherche a pour objet d’étudier l’apparition de la notion de discrimination dans notre droit et ses effets sur l’organisation et la mise en action des pouvoirs publics sous l’angle des collectivités territoriales. Alors que nos structures administratives traditionnelles confinent à l’uniformité normative et à l’égalité de traitement, l’apparition de la notion juridique de discrimination a fait émerger dans le débat public un phénomène systémique, à la fois localisé et général, auquel les collectivités territoriales participent activement. L’édifice construit autour du principe d’égalité devant la loi se trouve alors ébranlé par un contrôle juridictionnel sans cesse plus poussé qui oblige les autorités publiques à tenir compte, par delà les catégories juridiques classiques, de la réalité du phénomène. Analyser ainsi le risque de discrimination des collectivités territoriales conduit à envisager un changement de paradigme de l’action publique locale. Celui-ci s’est opéré à la faveur d’un mouvement de territorialisation du droit en dehors des structures habituelles. L’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies communes, avec pour objectif de compenser les déséquilibres territoriaux, a été l’occasion de réorganiser les processus de décision et le rôle qui tient chaque collectivité publique. C’est à partir de cette réorganisation que s’est construite une nouvelle approche intégrée de la discrimination permettant d’en appréhender les causes et les effets afin d’en réduire le risqueThis research aims to examine how the notion of discrimination emerged in French Law and its effect on the organisation of the public authorities in the local communities. With the French legal tradition, based on the principle of equality, the administration ensured a uniform process of treatment at every level ; with discrimination, it has to face a continuation of systemic problems affecting the social environment, from individual to collective behaviour as well, in which local authorities actively participate. The legal construction, structured on the principle of equality, is placed more and more in a state of questioning by the high standards of judicial control. Thus, studying risk of discrimination in the local authorities perspective leads to consider a new paradigm of local public action. New strategies and techniques have been elaborated in common with the state administration, aimed at redressing territorial imbalances ; they have fostered changes in the decision-making process and the role of everyone. From this reorganization, a new mainstream approach has been engineered to take better account of the causes and effects of discrimination, in order to reduce its risk
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Moran, Elena Roberta. "Justifying direct discrimination : an analysis of the scope for a general justification defence in cases of direct sex discrimination". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317979/.
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The prospect of a justification defence in cases of direct sex discrimination is universally criticised by academic commentators on the ground that it would subvert the goal of equality that underlies sex discrimination and equal treatment legislation. At the outset the thesis examines the differences between the sexes, how these differences can be used to explain the distinction between direct and indirect sex discrimination and considers various concepts of equality. Building on various elements of the existing justification defences for indirect sex discrimination and disability discrimination, this thesis constructs a model justification defence. The impact on equality of such a defence is assessed by reference to the main existing legislative exceptions for direct sex discrimination and various judicial exceptions that have been created, in the main, by the European Court of Justice. Further, the thesis considers whether the blanket prohibition against the use of sex stereotypes is warranted and the extent to which they might be permitted under the model defence. The conclusions reached are that criticism of the potential defence is overstated. Rather than undermining the goal of sex equality, such a defence could in fact enhance the degree of legal protection as long as the criteria of the defence are stringently drawn. Indeed, in relation to some areas of direct sex discrimination, for example pregnancy and maternity, the introduction of such a defence could enhance the degree of equality. Moreover, the introduction of such a defence could introduce a greater degree of openness and clarity into this complex area of law.
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Baier-Go¨ssl, Melanie. "Mediating discrimination disputes : of appropriateness, co-optation, culture and procedural justice". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557111.
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Employment discrimination cases in the United States of America (USA) are regularly resolved using alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes, yet critics argue that mediation merely diverts cases away from overburdened courts, neutralises private and societal interests and is unable to equalise differing party resources. The less widespread but increasingly popular use of mediation to resolve discrimination disputes England and Germany calls into question the applicability of American informal justice criticism and appropriateness of mediation in these cases. In this context, the thesis analyses comparatively the value added by mediation to existing resolution means for settling employment discrimination claims in England and Germany, also with a view to explaining the significantly less utilisation of mediation in contrast to the USA. Analytical frameworks offered by the seminal works of Darnaska and Hofstede enable the examination and determination of suitability and prospects of ADR in particular legal systems. The first provides a model to compare procedural systems and the second catalogues organisational preferences in terms of culture. Within these frameworks it will be demonstrated that the above criticism is only applicable with regard to the general principles and practice of mediation which will need addressing should ADR become more embedded in established dispute resolution structures. It is also strongly suggested that mediation is beneficial in employment discrimination cases. Overall, of the two frameworks cultural disputing preferences are more capable to determine the potential success of transplanting new dispute resolution methods and identify process modifications to facilitate utilisation and acceptance. The inclination toward ADR is culturally informed and the existing procedural foundation is but one aspect of disputing culture. Dispute system design, that is developing a bespoke resolution framework for individual organisations, may be one means of changing disputing culture from the bottom-up in contrast to state-imposed mandatory mediation programmes.
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Dubose, Lisa E. "Experiences in the Leadership Advancement of African American Women". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510681105954819.
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Bishwakarma, Mom Bahadur. "Political Transformations in Nepal: Dalit Inequality and Justice". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17882.
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This thesis uncovers the underlying causes of Dalit inequality and the necessary institutional reforms required addressing the impact of institutional barriers and biases, with a view to formulating and implementing socially just policies. The central thesis is that Dalit requires special measures to achieve participatory parity and institutional reforms to change long-standing injustices. Recognition of the devalued identity of Dalit together with the redistribution of state power and resources are indispensable for Dalits’ social and political equality. This thesis asserts the need for a group differentiated politics of recognition to counter the extant generalised understanding of Dalit assimilation in the society as their end goal. To understand the causes and effects of the ongoing hegemonic caste hierarchy and required institutional reform, this research is grounded in a two-dimensional—redistribution and recognition— conception of social justice, drawing in particular on the work of critical theorist Nancy Fraser. The nature of extant injustices against Dalit as well the institutional barriers to Dalit in the recent political reform processisexplicated through a phenomenological research methodology. Personal experiences of Dalit demonstrate that despite State anti-caste discrimination measures, changing the patterns of caste discrimination remains very slow, as evidenced by rampant everyday discrimination. Furthermore, recent efforts to bring about political reform, including State restructuring and Federalism have been relatively ineffective in addressing Dalit issues. Due in part to their overemphasis on the ethnic identity discourse, fundamental issues faced by other marginalised groups like Dalit received inadequate attention. Nevertheless, Dalit demands have to some extent been recognised in the new constitution promulgated by the Constituent Assembly (CA) in 2015, and as such, Dalit now needs to achieve internal unity and strategic action to continue their struggle. By studying the dynamics of Dalit inequality, hegemonic socio-political structures and institutional reforms, this research study has generated new empirical perspectives for Dalit that can be widely utilised by policymakers as well as academics for further research and policymaking processes.
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Cassayre, Yannou Aude. "Justice des cités, justice sous tutelle ? : la justice dans les cités grecques, de la formation des royaumes hellénistiques au legs d'Attale". Bordeaux 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30050.
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Ce travail décrit l’évolution de la pratique judiciaire dans les cités grecques à l’époque hellénistique. La justice qui subit alors les répercussions de l’émergence des royaumes hellénistiques, se développe en devenant un secteur de plus en plus autonome et en acquérant peu à peu son propre langage juridique. Les procédures s’amplifient et montrent une spécialisation de l’ensemble du secteur juridique. L’application de ses sentences et la capacité de la justice à rester indépendante des intérêts particuliers sont au fondement de la politique des citésThis study describes the evolution of judicial practice during hellenistic times. Justice which undergoes the effects of the rise of hellenistic kingdoms, at the same time develops in becoming more and more autonomous and in acquiring progressively its proper judicial language. Proceedings grow and show how specialized the judicial sector has become. The application of sentences and the capacity of staying independent from private interests are the basis of cities policy
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Morris, Sharon Ann. "The legality of positive discrimination". Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2007. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/577/.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which positive discrimination on the grounds of sex and race is permitted in employment under English law. After setting the social context, a moral framework for assessing the fairness of laws on positive discrimination is provided, and the increasing European Union support for positive discrimination is noted. An analysis of legal materials to discover the extent to which positive discrimination is allowed under European and English law shows that, although, generally speaking English law is less permissive than European law, European law still impacts upon English positive discrimination law, making it fairer. It argues that extending the English law to mirror European law will not necessarily result in improved sex or racial equality in the workplace, although reforms to update the English statutes could be useful to employers. Key Contributions to Existing Knowledge A comparison of Dworkin's right-based moral framework for the legal regulation of positive discrimination with Collins' 'social inclusion' model is presented. A unique review of European policy documents concerning employment discrimination and positive discrimination on the grounds of sex and race that underpin European laws on these matters is provided. A definition of positive discrimination is proposed. The implications of recent legal developments for the legality of positive discrimination under European and English law are analysed. Principles of European constitutional law are evaluated to identify the mechanisms by which European positive discrimination law affects English law and to determine whether public sector employers are granted greater legal powers to use positive discrimination under European law. How the House of Lords decision in Shamoon advances the law relating the the grounds of discrimination is explained. The law relating to the selection of parliamentary candidates is compared is compared with the statutory duties to promote equality placed upon public authorities. The academic discussion is consistently applied to the practicalities of the employment setting.
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Son, Hing Leanne Sui Mei. "Does the perception of discrimination mitigate justice-based opposition to affirmative action?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53518.pdf.
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Cameron, Sean Michael. "Employment Credit Checks: Through the Lens of Organizational Justice and Workplace Discrimination". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/942.
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The use of consumer credit background checks in employee selection has been increasing and, in recent years, has been the topic of heated debate. Supporters and opponents contest the benefits and consequences of the use of credit background checks for personnel selection, with arguments on both sides predominantly based on anecdotal evidence; empirical research is missing from the debate. The lack of research to support these arguments is concerning due to the historical, evidence-based, relationship between employee selection and organizational justice. Job applicants pursue employment to fulfill economic and socio-economic needs and expect fair processes and outcomes. Imbalances in the input-to-output ratio have been suggested to result in behavioral outcomes intent to restore balance. Two experimental studies examined justice-related consequences of the use of ECCs in personnel selection. Study 1 examined potential applicants' perceptions of organizational justice as well as their engagement in both pro-social (organizational citizenship behaviors-OCB) and anti-social (counterproductive workplace behavior-CWB) behavior as a result of failing a job selection hurdle on the basis of a poor ECC outcome (in comparison to a standard personnel selection criteria- job qualifications and work experience). A sample of adults (N = 171) was recruited from Amazon MTurk to ostensibly pilot test an online employee selection battery. They were randomly assigned to either pass both the ECC and Job Qualifications/Experience tests or to fail one or the other (thus being dropped from further consideration). Applicants denied employment based on their consumer credit experienced significantly lower distributive and procedural justice. They were also more likely than those denied employment on the basis of qualifications and experience and those passing both assessments to engage in a CWB. There were no effects on OCB. The effect of failing on the basis of ECC on CWB engagement was mediated by justice perceptions. Study 2 examined how applicants with weak credit, in comparison to applicants with weak qualifications/experience are perceived by raters. Study 2 also examined the potential for disparate treatment against minority applicants on the basis of ECCs - an issue of distributive justice. A similar sample of (N = 155) working adults recruited from Amazon MTurk were asked to make personnel selection judgments of applicants who varied by type of Applicant Credential (weak consumer credit history but strong job qualifications and experience; or weak job qualifications and experience but strong consumer credit history) and race (White/Black). Type of Applicant Credential significantly affected employability ratings such that those with weak qualifications and experience but strong credit were rated as less employable than those with strong qualifications/experience but weak credit. Also, applicants with weak credit (but strong qualifications/experience) were perceived as more likely to exhibit behavioral indicators of fraud than applicants with weak qualifications/experience (but strong credit). Race of the applicant did not moderate these effects. These studies provide evidence of both individual, and organizational, level outcomes associated with the use of ECCs as well as potential retaliatory behavior (CWB) directed at the organization from applicants denied employment based on credit. However, the findings also suggest that ECCs are not prone to race discrimination effects. The findings fill a necessary gap in the research literature by providing empirical evidence directly related to the use of consumer credit in selection.