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Marinković, Natalija, Daria Pašalić, Goran Ferenčak, Branka Gršković i Ana Rukavina. "Dioxins and Human Toxicity". Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 61, nr 4 (1.12.2010): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-2024.
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Dioxins and Human ToxicityThe term dioxins usually refers to polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). As 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has the highest toxic potential, the toxic potentials of other PCDDs and PCDFs are defined in comparison with it. Human exposure to dioxins can be environmental (background), occupational, or accidental pollution. In the human body, dioxins are in part metabolised and eliminated, and the rest is stored in body fat. People vary in their capacity to eliminate TCDD, but it is also dose-dependent; the elimination rate is much faster at higher than lower levels. The liver microsomal P4501A1 enzyme oxygenates lipophilic chemicals such as dioxins. It is encoded by the CYP1A1 gene. Cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates their carcinogenic action. It binds to dioxin, translocates to nucleus and together with hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) and xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) increases the expression of CYP1A1.Dioxins are classified as known human carcinogens, but they also cause noncancerous effects like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Long-term exposures to dioxins cause disruption of the nervous, immune, reproductive, and endocrine system. Short-term exposure to high levels impairs the liver function and causes chloracne. The most sensitive population to dioxin exposure are the foetuses and infants.A large number of health effects have been documented in the scientific literature, and they all place dioxins among the most toxic chemicals known to man.
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Ozaki, H., S. Taniguchi, R. Takanami, N. Shimomukai, T. Hamasaki, M. Sugahara i R. R. Giri. "Quantification of dioxin in the sieved fraction of river sediment". Water Science and Technology 52, nr 9 (1.11.2005): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0325.
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Dioxin pollution of aquatic sediments has been one of the important environmental problems in Japan. Grain size distribution and organic constituents may play important roles in dioxins contents in sediments, which have not been well investigated. This paper aims to quantify dioxins (PCDDs/Fs and co-PCBs) in sieved surface sediment fractions obtained from Kizu and Sumiyoshi Rivers in Osaka, Japan. The samples were prepared and analyzed following the ‘Manual of the Survey and Measurement of Dioxins in Sediment’ (Environment Agency of Japan, 2000). The results showed that TEQ concentrations of dioxins increased with decreasing grain size in sediment fractions. Sediment fractions with less than 20μm grain size showed the highest dioxin contents. Dioxins with five and six chlorine atoms dominated other congeners in less than 20μm fractions. The dioxin TEQ concentrations increased with total organic carbon (TOC), total carbon (TC), ignition loss (IL), total sulphur and nitrogen contents in the sediment fractions. Thus, reporting dioxin contents in sediments without considering grain size distribution may be erroneous, and conventional sedimentation and separation techniques might not be useful for treating contaminated sediments. This information can be useful for effective remediation of dioxin-contaminated sediments.
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Mitoma, Yoshiharu, Maki Takase, Yoshiko Yoshino, Taizo Masuda, Hideki Tashiro, Naoyoshi Egashira i Takashi Oki. "Novel Mild Hydrodechlorination of PCDDs, PCDFs, and co-PCBs inside Fly Ash Using a Calcium-Promoted Rhodium Carbon Catalyst in Methanol". Environmental Chemistry 3, nr 3 (2006): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06002.
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Environmental Context. The generic term ‘dioxins’, the family of which includes polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), is used to describe highly toxic and mutagenic compounds. Many methods that involve high-temperature or high-pressure dry hydrogen conditions to ensure adequate decomposition for persistent chlorinated aromatic pollutants present disadvantages for repeated synthesis or recovery of vaporized dioxins and co-PCBs. We discovered that highly efficient degradation of dioxins in fly ash is accomplished in 24 h using metallic calcium and Rh/C in alcohol in a sealed tube at 25°C at 0.15 MPa. Abstract. Effective hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in fly ash was achieved in 24 h using a simple stirring operation in a sealed tube with metallic calcium and Rh/C catalyst in an alcohol solution at room temperature with 0.15 MPa of increasing internal pressure. The initial 7806 pg dioxin toxic equivalent (TEQ) (g of ash)–1 of dioxins in fly ash, which had adsorbed inside the solid phase, was finally degraded to 23.6 pg of TEQ (g of ash)–1, according to estimation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.
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Kang, Dongrui, Yao Bian, Qiqi Shi, Jianqiao Wang, Peng Yuan i Boxiong Shen. "A Review of Synergistic Catalytic Removal of Nitrogen Oxides and Chlorobenzene from Waste Incinerators". Catalysts 12, nr 11 (3.11.2022): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111360.
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Emission of harmful gases, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and dioxins pose a serious threat to the human environment; so, it is urgent to control NOx and dioxin emissions. The new regulations for municipal solid waste incineration emissions set new stringent requirements for NOx and dioxin emission standards. Most of the existing pollutant control technologies focus on single-unit NOx reduction or dioxin degradation. However, the installation of separate NOx and dioxins removal units is space-consuming and costs a lot. Nowadays, the simultaneous elimination of NOx and dioxins in the same facility has been regarded as a promising technology. Due to the extremely high toxicity of dioxins, the less toxic chlorobenzene, which has the basic structure of dioxins, has been commonly used as a model molecule for dioxins in the laboratory. In this review, the catalysts used for nitrogen oxides/chlorobenzene (NOx/CB) co-removal were classified into two types: firstly, non-loaded and loaded transition metal catalysts, and their catalytic properties were summarized and outlined. Then, the interaction of the NH3-SCR reaction and chlorobenzene catalytic oxidation (CBCO) on the catalyst surface was discussed in detail. Finally, the causes of catalyst deactivation were analyzed and summarized. Hopefully, this review may provide a reference for the design and commercial application of NOx/CB synergistic removal catalysts.
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Chmil, V. D., O. V. Golokhova, D. Yu Vydrin i V. I. Kruk. "Relevance of the problem of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products". One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 52, nr 1 (24.06.2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2020-52-1-32-39.
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The Aim of the Article. Analysis of the current state of the problem of the dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) determination in baby food products and the development of sample preparation methods for determining these xenobiotics in food products for infants and young children. Dioxins form a group of structurally and chemically related chlorinated tricyclic oxygen-containing aromatic compounds (congeners), which includes 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The most toxic congeners of dioxins, in which chlorine atoms along with other positions are necessarily in 2,3,7,8 positions of benzene rings. Their total number is 17:7 PCDD congeners and 10 PCDF congeners. A group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – chlorinated bicyclic aromatic compounds, which consists of 209 different congeners, 12 of which have a spatial and electronic structure and exhibit toxicological properties similar to dioxins, therefore, they are called dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). In addition, when monitoring food products as a marker, a group of 6 PCBs was selected that did not exhibit dioxin-like toxicity and therefore did not belong to dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs). Thus, of the total number of 419 PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, only 35 are toxicologically significant, therefore, these compounds are subject to control in baby food products. To control the content of the amount of dioxins, the amount of dioxins and DL-PCBs and the amount of NDL-PCBs in foods for infants and children from one to three years in Ukraine, the maximum levels of these compounds on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 368 of 05/13/2013 were harmonized with the maximum allowable levels in foods for infants and young children in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2011. Methods for the analysis of dioxins and PCBs. Two instrumental analysis methods are used to determine dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods for baby food: 1) a combination of high-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/MS); 2) a combination of GCHR with tandem mass spectroscopy (GC/MS/MS). High-resolution (capillary) gas chromatography is used to determine non-dioxin-like (marker) PCBs. The stage of sample preparation, including the stages of extraction and purification, is key in determining dioxins and PCBs. Conclusions. The stage of sample preparation using automatic devices (liquid extraction under pressure, an automated extract purification system) and chromatographic columns was developed to further determine the mass concentration of dioxins and PCBs in baby food products. The developed procedures using devices for the automatic extraction and purification of the obtained extracts from baby food samples will make it possible in the future to determine PCDDs/PCDFs, ortho-unsubstituted, mono-ortho-substituted and marker PCBs in one sample. Key Words: dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, baby food.
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Sekine, Ayako. "Dioxins Problem. Achieving Zero Dioxin." Waste Management Research 8, nr 4 (1997): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.8.312.
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Gao, Xingbao, Bingjing Ji, Dahai Yan, Qifei Huang i Xuemei Zhu. "A full-scale study on thermal degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and its secondary air pollution control in China". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, nr 4 (30.11.2016): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16677078.
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Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is beneficial to its risk control. Fly ash was treated in a full-scale thermal degradation system (capacity 1 t d−1) to remove polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Apart from the confirmation of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran decomposition efficiency, we focused on two major issues that are the major obstacles for commercialising this decomposition technology in China, desorption and regeneration of dioxins and control of secondary air pollution. The toxic equivalent quantity values of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans decreased to <6 ng kg−1 and the detoxification rate was ⩾97% after treatment for 1 h at 400 °C under oxygen-deficient conditions. About 8.49% of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of the original fly ash were desorbed or regenerated. The extreme high polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congener profiles in the dust of the flue gas showed that desorption was the main reason, rather than de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the exhaust pipe. Degradation furnace flue gas was introduced to the municipal solid waste incinerator economiser, and then co-processed in the air pollution control system. The degradation furnace released relatively large amounts of cadmium, lead and polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans compared with the municipal solid waste incinerator, but the amounts emitted to the atmosphere did not exceed the Chinese national emission limits. Thermal degradation can therefore be used as a polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran abatement method for municipal solid waste incinerator source in China.
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He, Hao, Xuanhao Guo, Lizheng Jin, Yaqi Peng, Minghui Tang i Shengyong Lu. "The Effect of Adjusting Sinter Raw Mix on Dioxins from Iron Ore Co-Sintering with Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash". Energies 15, nr 3 (3.02.2022): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031136.
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The inhibition effect of calcined lime (CaO) and limestone (CaCO3) on the formation of dioxins during iron ore co-sintering with fly ash was investigated in a sinter pot in the present work. Experimental results indicated that international total toxicity equivalent concentration of dioxins decreased from 1.4335 to 0.2922, 0.1048, 0.4562, and 0.3098 ng I-TEQ Nm−3 under four different experimental conditions. It can be concluded that 5 wt.% calcined lime with 3 wt.% limestone is the optimal addition to reduce the concentration of dioxins in flue gas, with 92.70% inhibition efficiency. Effects on dioxin distribution was also analyzed. The distribution proportion of low-chlorinated dioxins was found to increase, while that of high-chlorinated dioxins decreased, except for octachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD). The reason is that the consumption of HCl not only inhibits the de novo synthesis, but also dramatically promotes the condensation and dechlorination to produce more tetrachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxins and octachlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxins through precursors. Finally, condensation, dichlorination, and inhibition mechanisms of dioxins during co-sintering with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash are proposed.
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Gorman, J., K. Mival, J. Wright i M. Howell. "Developing risk-based screening guidelines for dioxin management at a Melbourne sewage treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 10 (1.05.2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0523.
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Dioxin is a generic term used to refer to the congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The principal source of dioxin production is generally thought to be from unintended by-products of waste incineration, but dioxins are also naturally formed from volcanic activity and forest fires (WHO, 1998). Estimates of dioxin emissions in Australia suggest that approximately 75% of the total PCDD and PCDF emissions derive from prescribed burning and wild bushfires. Currently, no screening guidelines for dioxins within soils are available in Australia. This paper presents the general approach and results of a human health risk-based assessment performed by URS Australia in 2001 to develop site specific reference criteria for remediation of a former sewage treatment plant in Melbourne. Risk-based soil remediation concentrations for dioxins at the sewage treatment plant site were developed using tolerable daily intake values of 4, 2 and 1 pg/kg/day. The potentially significant exposure pathways and processes for exposure to dioxins were identified and risk-based soil concentrations derived in accordance with the general method framework presented in the National Environmental Protection Measure (Assessment of Site Contamination). The derived dioxin reference criteria were used to develop an effective risk management program focussed on those conditions that present the greatest contribution to overall risk to human health.
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Çalışlar, Süleyman, i Mesut Karaman. "Dioksinlerin Hayvan Beslemedeki Genel Etkileri". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, nr 6 (14.07.2017): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i6.687-694.1176.
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Dioxins is one of the chemicals groups that cause liver toxicity, live weight reduction, immune suppression, reproductive impairments, eggshell thinning, birth defects, cancers and death in animals. The 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most poisonous environmental chemical and many studies were showed high dosage of TCDD affects all animal group. Also TCDD increase cancer risk in human so this chemical described as carcinogenic by International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dioxins are stored in animal foods such as meat, milk, eggs and fish, because they are soluble in oil and remain in these products for many years. Dioxins can dissolve in fat and high stability therefore it can be infected to meat, milk, egg, and fish and store there for long time as a result people could be contained with dioxin during daily life. Animal feed additives such as organic acids, pH modifiers, starch, sugar, vegetable oil, fat, fruit and by-products of plant, kaolinite, rendering products, pelleting aids cause dioxin contamination. The maximum dioxin content in plant-origin feedstuffs and their by-products is 0.75 ng toxic equivalent/kg body weight. In this rewiew, the effects of dioxins on livestock feeding was examined.
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Kriyt, V. E., M. V. Sannikov, Yu N. Sladkova i A. O. Pyatibrat. "Influence of xenobiotic detoxication gene polymorphisms and experience on the level of accumulation of dioxins in Emercom of Russia employees". Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, nr 2 (17.06.2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2020-0-2-55-68.
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Relevance. Occupational activities of firefighters are considered extreme. Toxic combustion products are the most dangerous. Among these products, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are particularly dangerous due to their ability to accumulate in the body.Intention is to analyze the content of toxic combustion products in atmospheric air during and after fires of various locations, as well as to evaluate dioxin concentrations in the blood plasma of employees of the Federal Firefighting Service of the Emercom of Russia, depending on the polymorphic variants of xenobiotic detoxification genes and professional experience.Methodology. To assess accumulation of dioxins in the body of firefighters with different polymorphic variants of xenobiotic detoxification genes, atmospheric air at different locations of fires was assessed for toxic combustion products. Accumulation of dioxins in the body of firefighters was analyzed depending on the polymorphisms of xenobiotic detoxification genes and work experience. 350 employees of the Federal Firefighting Service of the Emercom of Russia were examined, of them there were 234 firefighters and 116 supervisory staff involved in the investigations at the fire sites. The control group consisted of 82 rescue workers who were not directly involved in fire fighting. The examined individuals aged (32.2 ± 9.5) years.Results and Discussion. The data obtained indicate that high concentrations of dioxins in surface air at the fire site persist for more than 2 weeks, while the maximum permissible concentration is increased 4.5-10-fold. The highest concentration of dioxins is observed during fires in industrial enterprises and in residential buildings. According to the analysis of the dioxins in the blood of the Federal Firefighting Service employees and the control group, concentrations of individual chemical compounds among the employees of the Federal Firefighting Service were 2–7 times higher and 15 times higher in terms of the dioxin equivalent compared to the control group (p <0.05). High concentrations of dioxins were also revealed in the blood of supervisory staff. Analysis of the dioxins in the blood of the staff of the Federal Firefighting Service, EMERCOM of Russia showed that increased length of service correlated with dioxin concentrations in the blood: variations in chemical compounds reached 2.3–6.8 times (p <0.05) between those with 0–1 year vs 6 years or more experience and 1.3–1.7 times (p <0.05) between those with 2–5 years vs 6 years and more experience. Concentrations of dioxins in the blood plasma of employees of the Federal Firefighting Service of the Emercom of Russia were assessed depending on the polymorphic variants of xenobiotic detoxification genes and professional experience. A group of individuals carrying the combination of the EPHX1 Tyr / Tyr, CYP1A1 A / A, GSTT1 I / I, GSTM1 I / I, GSTP1 A / A, GSTP1 C / C genotypes was revealed: their dioxin concentrations in the blood were as low as 25% of that among other groups despite length of service.Conclusion Genotyping of firefighters will help arrange timely measures to detoxify dioxins, especially in carriers of minor alleles of xenobiotic biotransformation genes, in order to reduce morbidity and increase professional longevity.
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Ogawa, T., Y. Asai, M. Yamashita i T. Takasuga. "Detectable Dioxins in Human Saliva and Their Effects on Gingival Epithelial Cells". Journal of Dental Research 82, nr 10 (październik 2003): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308201017.
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Dioxin, a powerful hormone-disrupting chemical, exhibits serious health effects when it reaches body fat. Here we analyzed coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated-dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs) in human saliva as compared with blood specimens, and examined their effects on human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC). High levels of tri- and tetrachlorinated PCBs were found in saliva, whereas we detected predominantly hexa- and heptachlorinated PCBs in blood. Among PCDDs, the saliva and blood specimens contained mainly 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (OCDD). Among the toxic dioxins proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) and OCDD, which were mainly found in saliva, significantly induced IL-8 production in HGEC. Furthermore, these two dioxins markedly augmented IL-8 production stimulated with fimbriae from Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is well-known as a pathogenic factor in periodontal diseases. These results suggest that dioxins in saliva may be a risk factor for periodontal diseases.
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Dobrzyński, Maciej, Jan P. Madej, Anna Leśków, Małgorzata Tarnowska, Jacek Majda, Monika Szopa, Andrzej Gamian i Piotr Kuropka. "The Improvement of the Adaptation Process of Tocopherol and Acetylsalicylic Acid in Offspring of Mothers Exposed to TCDD". Animals 11, nr 12 (1.12.2021): 3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123430.
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Dioxins are chemical compounds that may cause an inflammatory reaction. During dioxin-induced inflammation, generated reactive oxygen species lead to morphological changes in various tissues and in biochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the changes in the livers of rats whose mothers were exposed to dioxins and the protective role of α-tocopherol and acetylsalicylic acid in liver inflammation. The study material consisted of Buffalo rats who were the offspring of females treated with dioxin, dioxin + α-tocopherol, or dioxin + acetylsalicylic acid. Livers and blood samples were taken from the rats’ offspring, and then histopathological and biochemical analyses were performed. The histopathological analysis showed that the changes observed in the livers of neonates were the result of the dioxins derived from their mother. The biochemical analysis showed that the morphological changes in the liver affected its function, which manifested in a higher total protein concentration in the dioxin-treated group, and that the creatinine level in this group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. This effect was reduced by the protective role of α-tocopherol and acetylsalicylic acid. Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that dioxins significantly affect the structure of the liver, which negatively affects its function, mainly in the scope of the metabolism of plasma proteins and hepatic enzymes.
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Roysen, A., i T. Musienko. "Photocatalytic water purification from dioxins (fragments of theory)". National Security and Strategic Planning 2020, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37468/2307-1400-2020-3-111-120.
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Contamination of all natural sources of drinking water by human activities has become a matter of extreme concern to all who understand this problem as a threat to civilization. Dioxins and dioxin-like substances have been classified as particularly dangerous pollutants in the last thirty years. The authors provide generalized information about the danger of environmental pollution with dioxins and dioxin-like toxicants. It is suggested that the total weakening of the immunity of the world's population due to the presence of dioxins in the environment, which are hormone-like superecotoxicants. The factor of mass exposure of the population to coronavirus infection (COVID 19) is not excluded, as a result of the impact of dioxins and dioxin-like substances on the human immune system. The authors consider the most promising method of drinking water purification to be the photocatalysis method implemented directly in a local source (domestic consumption, production of bottled water). The physicochemical process of photocatalytic water purification using TiO2 activated by artificial ultraviolet radiation as a catalyst is considered. It is reported about the work aimed at the practical implementation of measures for the purification of drinking water.
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Efrizal, Wiwin. "Berdampakkah Cemaran Dioksin Bagi Keadaan Gizi Dan Kesehatan?" Jurnal Ilmu Gizi : Journal of Nutrition Science 12, nr 1 (21.06.2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33992/jig.v12i1.1328.
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Dioxins and related compounds can contaminate food and have an impact on human nutrition and health. The impact of dioxin contamination on nutrition and health is not widely known by consumers, because the effect lasts a long time after dioxin accumulates in fat tissue. Dioxins in the body can cause free radicals that can trigger oxidative stress, so that damage to several important cellular components can occur. Consumption of foods that contain antioxidants is an effort to minimize the negative effects caused by dioxin contamination in humans.
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Czerwińska, Justyna, i Grzegorz Wielgosiński. "Cigarette smoke or exhaust gas from waste incineration – where are more dioxins?" Acta Innovations, nr 31 (1.04.2019): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.31.9.
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In Poland, incineration is a relatively new method of waste treatment. Modern installations for waste incineration have two functions: they reduce the quantity (volume) of the waste and are a source of electricity and/or heat. During all combustion processes including waste incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCD/Fs) (well known as dioxins) are formed. These compounds are considered to be extremely dangerous for living organisms including human beings. Dioxins are formed in any process of combustion of solid and liquid fuels in the presence of chlorine, oxygen and organic matter at appropriate temperatures. Combustion processes also occur during cigarette smoking, which is also a source of dioxin emissions. Although smoking has been classified as a less important source of dioxins in the environment, it directly affects our health. This work’s aim is to determine and compare the degree of harmfulness caused by the amount of inhaled dioxins: cigarette smoking or living near a waste incineration plant. Based on literature and experimental data, the concentration of dioxins in cigarette smoke and exhaust gases generated by municipal waste incineration plants as well as number of dioxins absorbed per day by the body will be presented.
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Long, Hong Ming, Jia Xin Li, Ping Wang i Ru Fei Wei. "Synthesis Pathway of Dioxins in Iron Ore Sintering Process". Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (luty 2011): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.71.
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Dioxins are a kind of extremely toxic and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Sintering process has become one of the most dominant unintentional discharge sources. The dioxins synthesis pathway and mechanism being described, related research indicate that: in the low temperature sector (200-500ºС), chlorobenzene and chlorphenol are the representation precursors of dioxin’s precursor catalytic reaction, the dioxins formed in this temperature sector cased by the “de novo” under catalyst (like Cu2+) on the surface of smoke particles; high-temperature gas phase reaction mechanism of dioxins satisfied the first-order kinetic model, the formation of gas related with suitable precursors, it is the result of chlorinated precursors’ pyrolytic rearrangement like chlorobenzene and chlorophenol in the temperature sector 500-800ºС in the gas.
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SCIUTO, S., M. PREARO, R. DESIATO, C. BULFON, E. A. V. BURIOLI, G. ESPOSITO, C. GUGLIELMETTI i in. "Dioxin-like Compounds in Lake Fish Species: Evaluation by DR-CALUX Bioassay". Journal of Food Protection 81, nr 5 (13.04.2018): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-476.
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ABSTRACT Fish consumption is the principal source of intake of organochlorinated compounds in humans. Compared with other types of foods of animal origin, fish contain the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, all of which are classified as highly toxic organochlorine compounds. Currently, lakes and fish farms in northern Italy are not regularly monitored for PCBs and dioxins in areas contaminated by industrial sources, partially because of the high costs of traditional analytical methods that limit the number of samples to be analyzed. The DR-CALUX cell bioassay is based on the uptake of the cellular aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCB contamination in Lake Maggiore and Lake Como, two lakes in northwestern Italy, and in nearby areas. The levels were quantified using the cell bioassay DR-CALUX and reference controls in two wild fish species, perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), and in a farmed species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Tissue samples collected from the farmed rainbow trout were also submitted to immunohistochemical analysis of CYP1A expression as a marker for environmental pollutant-induced liver damage. The levels of dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like PCBs were all below the maximum levels and action limits set by European Union Regulation, suggesting no risk for human health associated with the consumption of the fish species caught or farmed in these areas.
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Kaneko, Hideo, Eiko Matsui, Shinnji Shinoda, Norio Kawamoto, Yosikazu Nakamura, Ritei Uehara, Nobuo Matsuura, Masatoshi Morita, Hiroshi Tada i Naomi Kondo. "Effects of dioxins on the quantitative levels of immune components in infants". Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, nr 3 (kwiecień 2006): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th249oa.
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Dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD)=polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are potentially hazardous compounds and have structural similarity with thyroid hormones. Animal studies have demonstrated that PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs can alter immune functions. However, in humans it is not yet elucidated whether dioxins contained in breast milk have any effects on the immune functions in infants. To investigate the effects of dioxins on the immune system, we compared the quantitative levels of immune components between a breast-fed group and bottle-fed group, in which dioxin concentration is almost zero. Ratios of immune cells, such as CD4= and CD8= T-lymphocytes, as well as B-lymphocytes (CD19= and/or CD20=) and NK cells (CD16=, CD56=) in peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulin level, and level of specific IgE antibody to allergens in the venous blood at 12 months of age were assessed in a subgroup of 281 infants. The relationship of post-natal dioxin exposure via breast feeding with the ratio of immunological markers and the level of humoral antibodies up to 12 month of age was not demonstrated. In conclusion, it would appear that the content of dioxins in breast milk in the Japanese general population is not enough to induce any change in theses-examined immunological parameters during the first year of life, although long-term effects remain to be evaluated.
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Anyanwu, Ebere C., Mohamed H. El-Saeid, Akpan I. Akpan i Mahmoud A. Saled. "Evaluation of the Most Current and Effective Methods in the Analysis of Chlorinated Dioxins in Ground Beef". Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.87.
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Chlorinated dioxins are the group of environmental pollutants consisting of 210 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. They are highly toxic and persistent. They are lipophilic and can easily biomagnify in the food chain, hence posing a serious threat to human health. The daily consumption of low-level contaminated food, mainly of animal origin, leads to the accumulation of dioxins in the human body. The exposures of the general human population to dioxins and the specific issues of a risk assessment of dioxin pose serious concerns in public environmental and nutritional health. This paper reviews the analysis of chlorinated dioxins in ground beef. The sources of contamination of chlorinated dioxins in ground beef are first reviewed to form a basis for a clear understanding of the health implications of chlorinated dioxins in the human food chain and why it is necessary to monitor the level of dioxins in animal food products, especially ground beef. The methods of collection, sampling, and processing of ground beef, and the methods of sample clean up prior to the analysis, are reviewed. Emphasis is laid on the new techniques that are available and that might be effective in the analysis of chlorinated dioxins in ground beef. Among these new methods and techniques are: the synergistic combination of ELISA/GC/MS, direct sample introduction to /GC/MS-MS, automated clean-up method, and the supercritical fluid extraction methods. The possible treatments of results from each method and technique are discussed and their respective efficiencies are compared. Finally, quality control and quality assurance parameters are evaluated for levels of accuracy, reproducibility, and precision.
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Shahare, Vaishali V., Rajni Grover i Suman Meena. "Evaluation of Nanotechniques and Conventional Techniques for the Removal of Dioxins". Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia 9, nr 1 (26.12.2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180110153919.
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Background: The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection. Objective: i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples. ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples. Methods: The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques. Results: The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using palladized iron has been found to be effective. Conclusion: Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.
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Roumak, V. S., N. V. Umnova i G. A. Sofronov. "MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF DIOXIN TOXICITY". Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 69, nr 3-4 (21.08.2015): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69.i3-4.1000.
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Background: Using methods of molecular toxicology to study dioxin intoxication consequences the contribution was accessed of pathologic alterations induced and manifested by specific biomarkers and ecogenetic effects among Vietnamese population living on contaminated territories. The causes of variability in individual sensitivity to toxic activity were also evaluated. Materials and methods: Individual biomedical indices were compared between those living in contaminated with dioxins (n =8142) and control (n =4421) regions. Dioxin concentrations were measured by high resolution chromato-mass spectrometry (84 samples). The characteristics of cytochrome P-450 system state (94 persons) and cytogenetic parameters (368 persons, 331 450 cells) reflected the molecular and genetic effects. Variable sensitivity to dioxins was demonstrated by associations of genetic polymorphism (CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, n =195) and congenital morphogenetic variants among children (n =1734). Results: Numerous consequences were demonstrated among the exposed individuals: noticeable absobtion of dioxins from environmental objects; direct effects of P-450 system’s induction; systemic alterations in nucleus and genetic stability; changes in cellular generation’s rate. The associations were revealed of genetic polymorphism in xenobiotic biotransformation / detoxification system and the peculiarities of development and morphogenesis among exposed children. Conclusion: Characteristics of population chronicle intoxication with dioxins permitted to describe its numerous preclinical and clinical manifestations, to show the key elements in pathogenesis of revealed alterations. Future investigations are to create the groundwork for developing a method for prevention of dioxin pathology induction and realization based on revealing preclinical signs and effects of intoxication.
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Varrà, Maria Olga, Valentina Lorenzi, Emanuela Zanardi, Simonetta Menotta, Giorgio Fedrizzi, Barbara Angelone, Mara Gasparini i in. "Safety Evaluation and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Cow Milk Produced in Northern Italy According to Dioxins and PCBs Contamination Levels". Foods 12, nr 9 (30.04.2023): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12091869.
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Contamination levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored over 2018–2021 in 214 bovine milk samples from farms located in two regions in northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna). The average concentrations of the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (0.78 ± 0.55 pg TEQ/g fat) and six non-dioxin-like PCBs (6.55 ± 2.24 ng/g fat) were largely below the maximum, and action limits established at European level, confirming a decreasing trend observed both locally and across Europe in recent years. The impact of contamination levels on chronic dietary exposure of the Italian population to dioxins and PCBs was found to be highly variable based on the type of cow milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed, or whole-fat milk) and the population age group considered. Indeed, a first-tier screening of the potential exposure via determinist methods allowed for the identification of the youngest population as the group with the worst risk profile. The refinement of exposure assessment via Monte Carlo probabilistic methods suggested that, at the less pessimistic middle-bound simulation scenario, infants, toddlers, and children consuming whole cow milk may be exposed to dioxins and PCBs levels above the toxicological reference values with a probability of 76, 56, and 22%, respectively.
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Vuong, Tuong Phi. "Research on the Relationship between Exposure to Dioxins and Cancer Incidence in Vietnam". Toxics 10, nr 7 (11.07.2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070384.
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The aim of this literature review is to discover whether there is a relationship between exposure to dioxins and cancer incidence in the hotspot regions of Vietnam by estimating the risk ratio index. The results of the study show that the incidence of cancer (soft tissue sarcoma; Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; lung, prostate, and liver cancer) in the dioxin-exposed Vietnamese population is much higher than the results of studies published in other countries because of the high levels of dioxins in South Vietnam, where Agent Orange was sprayed during the war. Further studies on the health effects of dioxins in the Vietnamese population, including cancer incidence, should be conducted with improved research methods.
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Tuomisto, Jouko, Juha Pekkanen, Hannu Kiviranta, Erkki Tukiainen, Terttu Vartiainen, Matti Viluksela i Jouni T. Tuomisto. "Dioxin Cancer Risk — Example of Hormesis?" Dose-Response 3, nr 3 (1.05.2005): dose—response.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.003.03.004.
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A recent case-control study implied an inverse correlation between the measured body burden of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/F) and the risk of soft tissue sarcoma in normal population exposed to dioxins mainly via food. The surprising result could not be explained by biases or confounding. There is no a priori confounding by occupational chemicals in a random sample from general population, but exposures to other lipid soluble chemicals with similar sources might be expected to associate with that of dioxins. One such group is polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Therefore three most relevant dioxin-like PCB compounds PCB 77, PCB 126, and PCB 169 were now analyzed from the same patients. Cases were 110 soft-tissue sarcoma patients undergoing surgery for their disease, and referents were 227 patients operated for appendicitis. Dioxin and PCB concentrations were analyzed from subcutaneous fat samples by high-resolution gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and TCDD equivalent concentrations (WHO-TEq) were calculated by using toxicity equivalency factors of WHO. The highest risk of sarcoma was found in the septile with the lowest body burden of sum WHO-TEq, and the differences of septiles 2 and 6 from septile 1 were statistically significant. If soft sarcoma risk is true at high occupational levels of dioxins, the provocative result suggests that a possibility of a J-shaped dose-response curve should be taken into consideration and studied further. This is also supported by the similar J-shaped dose responses in animal studies.
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Aoudeh, E., E. Oz, M. R. Khan i F. Oz. "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in meat and meat products". Theory and practice of meat processing 7, nr 1 (12.04.2022): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2414-438x-2022-7-1-4-15.
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Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are persistent organic pollutants that received considerable attention in recent years due to their high potential toxicity, wide distribution and extreme stability. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) mainly occur in the environment as a result of several human activities including combustion, incineration and many other industrial activities, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners were intentionally manufactured and widely used in various fields. Since dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are found in various environmental compartments (air, water, soil, sludge, sediment, food, feed, blood, animal and human tissues), humans could be exposed to them via inhalation, dermal contact or food ingestion. However, 90% of human exposure to dioxin is through food ingestion particularly foods from animals and foods that are rich in fat. In contrast, only low levels have been found in food items of plant origin. Exposure to dioxin compounds is associated with various adverse health problems. However, their toxicity varies dramatically according to the type of dioxin, species of exposed organism, as well as exposure frequency and duration. Dioxins are mainly determined by instrumental chromatographic methods such as GC-HRMS and GC–MS/MS. Many efforts have been made to remove, reduce and prevent these hazardous substances from the environment. However, the best method for reducing human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds is controlling and minimizing their production. In this article, structures, sources, exposure, toxicity and analysis methods of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in meat and other foods were reviewed.
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Patrizi, Barbara, i Mario Siciliani de Cumis. "TCDD Toxicity Mediated by Epigenetic Mechanisms". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, nr 12 (18.12.2018): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124101.
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Dioxins are highly toxic and persistent halogenated organic pollutants belonging to two families i.e., Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans (PCDFs). They can cause cancer, reproductive and developmental issues, damage to the immune system, and can deeply interfere with the endocrine system. Dioxins toxicity is mediated by the Aryl-hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) which mediates the cellular metabolic adaptation to these planar aromatic xenobiotics through the classical transcriptional regulation pathway, including AhR binding of ligand in the cytosol, translocation of the receptor to the nucleus, dimerization with the AhR nuclear translocator, and the binding of this heterodimeric transcription factor to dioxin-responsive elements which regulate the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is the most toxic among dioxins showing the highest affinity toward the AhR receptor. Beside this classical and well-studied pathway, a number of papers are dealing with the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the response to environmental xenobiotics. In this review, we report on the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in dioxins-induced cellular response by inspecting recent literature and focusing our attention on epigenetic mechanisms induced by the most toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
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Schrenk, Dieter. "Dioxins". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 50, nr 10 (październik 2006): 879–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200690032.
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Taoda, Hiroshi. "Decomposition of Dioxins in Gas and Water Using Photocatalytic Silica-Gel". Materials Science Forum 486-487 (czerwiec 2005): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.41.
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Dioxins are extremely toxic, and it is difficult to treat them with the conventional method. When irradiated by light, photocatalysts generate strong oxidative potential and decomposes almost all organic substances containing dioxins to water, carbon dioxide and others. Silica-gel has high adsorptive activity as well as large surface area, and it is transparent to ultraviolet light. Photocatalytic silica-gel was prepared by a dip coating method using TiO2 sol obtained by hydrolyzing titanium tetraisopropoxide on silica-gel bead (about 3mm in diameter) and heat-treated at 550°C. Since the surface area of the photocatalytic silica-gel is 300m2/g, the reaction area is large and allows the highly efficient decomposition of harmful organic substances, unpleasant odors and colored matters contained in waste water. The photocatalytic apparatus for decomposition of dioxins in emission gas from waste incinerators is composed of the catalyst layer consisting of 95dm3 photocatalytic silica-gel and 16 units of UV lamp. The photocatalytic apparatus was connected to the bypass line led from the outlet duct of cyclone, and the concentration of dioxins in the exhaust gas was measured. Decomposition test of dioxins in scrubber water was also performed using a photocatalytic apparatus with 150g photocatalytic silica-gel and 8 units of UV lamp. After 0.5dm3 of scrubber water containing dioxins was circulated in the photocatalytic apparatus for 1, 2 and 24 hour, each concentration of dioxins in the water was measured. As a result, the removal efficiency over 99% of dioxins in emission gas and scrubber water from waste incinerators has been obtained.
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Revich, Boris Aleksandrovich, O. V. Sergeev, A. A. Shelepchikov, B. A. Revich, O. V. Sergeyev i A. A. Shelepchikov. "INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIES OF ASSESSMENT OF DIOXINS IMPACTS ON CHILDRENS HEALTH". Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology) 19, nr 8 (15.08.2012): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/humeco17455.
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The town of Chapaevsk in the Samara region remained one of the most notorious hotspots of dioxin pollution in Russia for many years. The levels of dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) content in blood and breast milk of the town residents have been monitored since 2003. A longitudinal study of effects of dioxin pollution on physical and sexual development of boys has also begun in 2003. Levels of dioxins and POPs content in blood were measured annually in a cohort of 516 boys. This study documented a relationship between the POP levels in blood and the distance between the residence of the subjects and the source of the dioxin pollution. The POP content levels in blood were higher for the children who received breast milk (TEQ2005 = 24.5; 95 % CI 20.5 - 28.6) than for the children who received artificial feeding (TEQ2005 = 19.1; 16.5 - 22.1). The lower levels of dioxins and PCBs content were observed in the blood of the boys with higher BMI. The higher levels of POPs content in blood were observed among the boys whose families had vegetable gardens (TEQ2005 = 24.5; 23.6 - 27.3) compared to those whose families did not have gardens (TEQ2005 = 20.6; 18.9 - 22.4). The researchers observed correlations between the indicators of the boys physical development and the levels of dioxins and PCB content in their organisms. The levels of POPs content in the blood of the boys varied greatly from very low to very high, but the median levels were considerably higher than those observed in Europe and the USA.
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Posthumus, D. L., i G. B. Woollatt. "Sampling and analyses of polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDFs) emissions in South Africa: A practitioner’s guide". Clean Air Journal 24, nr 2 (3.12.2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2014/24/2.7063.
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Dioxins and furans are toxic chemicals. A draft report released for public comment in September 1994 by the US Environmental Protection Agency clearly describes dioxin as a serious public health threat. The public health impact of dioxins may rival the impact that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) had on public health in the 1960’s. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) report, not only does there appear to be no “safe” level of exposure to dioxin, but levels of dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals have been found in the general US population that are “at or near levels associated with adverse health effects.” With this in mind the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current dioxin and furan emissions from industry in South Africa, in terms of compliance with the relevant emission limit values (ELVs) and the current challenges faced with the monitoring and analysis thereof.
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Wurrey, Charles J., Billy J. Fairless i Harry E. Kimball. "Gas Chromatographic/Matrix Isolation/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra of the Laterally Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans". Applied Spectroscopy 43, nr 8 (listopad 1989): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894204263.
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Reference-quality gas chromatographic/matrix isolation/Fourier transform infrared spectra have been recorded for the following fifteen compounds, which collectively are referred to as the “laterally” chlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD); 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD);l,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin(1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD)>; 1,2,3,6,7,8,-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin(1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD); 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD); 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF); 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF); 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF); 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran(1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF); 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran (1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF); 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran (1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF); 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF); 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofnran (1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF); and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran (1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF). These spectra are discussed qualitatively and, for the laterally chlorinated dioxins, are compared to previously recorded gas-phase GC/FT-IR spectra. Estimates of the instrumental detection limits for these compounds, using matrix isolation GC/FT-IR spectroscopy, were found to fall in the mid-to-high picogram and low nanogram ranges.
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Ozga-Stachurska, Alicja Maria, Justyna Wójcik-Grudzień, Paulina Pawłowska i Martyna Rozenbajgier. "influence of dioxines on endometriosis development – study review". Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, nr 9 (5.09.2022): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.09.057.
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Introduction: Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls are considered to be among the most toxic to humans due to their persistence, resistance to degradation and chemical properties. Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity showing secretory activity. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain and decreased fertility; is formed as a result of the action of hormonal and immune mechanisms. The exact etiology is unknown and multifactorial; risk factors for endometriosis include both family conditions and various environmental factors, including exposure to chemicals. The aim of the study: Evaluation of the impact of dioxins on endometriosis development. Materials and methods: A research was performed using Pubmed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate; we made review and meta-analysis of the most relevant studies. Results: Dioxins can contribute to cancer development, which is well documented, as well as several conditions, such as sexual dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation. Doxins have similar structure to steroid hormones, so their main target are male and female gonads, thyroid gland and other organs in which steroid hormones are produced. Conclusions: Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease, whereas dioxins are strong poisons that have an adverse effect on live organisms. Many epidemiological studies suggest that dioxins may significantly contribute to the development of endometriosis.
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Zhuang, Jie, Jeffrey G. Cox, Minwoong Chung, Joseph A. Hamm, Adam Zwickle i Brad L. Upham. "Risk, Stigma, Trustworthiness, and Citizen Participation—A Multifaceted Analysis of Media Coverage of Dioxin Contamination in Midland, Michigan". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 21 (29.10.2019): 4165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214165.
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In the United States, more than 200 communities are designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as areas of concern for dioxins. Informing the public about potential risks associated with dioxins and delivering information about how to avoid such risks are essential activities. News coverage of environmental and health problems affects how members of the public assess those problems in terms of both severity and how they are understood, as well as the extent of attention given to the problem by policy-makers. To contextualize public and institutional responses to dioxin contamination and remediation in a dioxin-affected community, we assessed 176 newspaper articles published over 30 years concerning dioxin contamination in Midland, Michigan, in terms of risk, trust in institutions, environmental stigma, and citizen participation. Articles about dioxin contamination and remediation in Midland appeared in both domestic and international newspapers. Domestically, both national and local newspapers covered this issue. The risks for human health and the environment caused by exposure to dioxins were widely covered, with much less media attention given to the trustworthiness of the organizations responsible for managing the risk, environmental stigma, and citizen participation. News coverage of these four themes also changed significantly overtime. Overall, our findings highlight the important role of local news media in communicating risk information, guiding safe behaviors, and facilitating community-level decision-making.
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Reimann, Dieter O. "Dioxin Emissions: Techniques for Maintaining the Limit of 0.1 ng Te m-3 (as of 1990/91)". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9201000105.
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Processes which will achieve up to 100-fold reduction of exhaust gas emissions of dioxin as proposed for the new German Standards are reviewed. A combination of processes which remove fly ash, NOx, SOx, HCl and other pollutants will also remove dioxins. Reduction of chlorinated compounds fed to the incinerator is not likely to make any significant difference. Good turbulence with elimination of cold spots in the firebox will ensure initial thermal destruction. Dioxins are synthesized on fly ash particles at temperatures between 200 and 400° C. Rapid temperature reduction across this range by water injection will greatly reduce dioxin levels. Catalytic inhibitors can also be used. Since dioxin is adsorbed on fly ash, efficient scrubbing is essential for high removal efficiency. Sorption on active carbon beds is also being evaluated.
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Nhung, Nguyen Thi Hong, Xuan-Tung Tan Nguyen, Vo Dinh Long, Yuezou Wei i Toyohisa Fujita. "A Review of Soil Contaminated with Dioxins and Biodegradation Technologies: Current Status and Future Prospects". Toxics 10, nr 6 (24.05.2022): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060278.
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This article provides a comprehensive assessment of dioxins contaminating the soil and evaluates the bioremediation technology currently being widely used, and also offers recommendations for future prospects. Soil pollution containing dioxins is extremely toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. Dioxin concentrations in soils around the world are caused by a variety of sources and outcomes, but the main sources are from the consequences of war and human activities. Bioremediation technology (bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation) is considered an optimal and environmentally friendly technology, with the goal of applying native microbial communities and using plant species with a high biomass to treat contaminated dioxins in soil. The powerful bioremediation system is the growth of microorganisms that contribute to the increased mutualistic and competitive relationships between different strains of microorganisms. Although biological treatment technology can thoroughly treat contaminated dioxins in soil with high efficiency, the amount of gas generated and Cl radicals dispersed after the treatment process remains high. Further research on the subject is required to provide stricter control over the outputs noted in this study.
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Furue, Masutaka, i Gaku Tsuji. "Chloracne and Hyperpigmentation Caused by Exposure to Hazardous Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 23 (3.12.2019): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234864.
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Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are environmental pollutants that are hazardous to human skin. They can be present in contaminated soil, water, and air particles (such as ambient PM2.5). Exposure to a high concentration of dioxins induces chloracne and hyperpigmentation. These chemicals exert their toxic effects by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) which is abundantly expressed in skin cells, such as keratinocytes, sebocytes, and melanocytes. Ligation of AHR by dioxins induces exaggerated acceleration of epidermal terminal differentiation (keratinization) and converts sebocytes toward keratinocyte differentiation, which results in chloracne formation. AHR activation potently upregulates melanogenesis in melanocytes by upregulating the expression of melanogenic enzymes, which results in hyperpigmentation. Because AHR-mediated oxidative stress contributes to these hazardous effects, antioxidative agents may be potentially therapeutic for chloracne and hyperpigmentation.
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Ma, Xiao Cheng, Xian Ping Zeng, Jian Tao Liu, Kun Kun You i Jian Xing Ren. "Technology to Control PCDD/Fs from MSW Incineration Processes". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 2621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2621.
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At present the dioxin problem caused by MSW(Municipal solid waste) incineration has become the point problem of the development of application. According to the formation mechanisms of dioxins in the process of MSW incineration prevention measure may divide into the combustion, the combustion before and burn the latter three broad headings prevention measure which produced the PCDD/Fs after burning area mainly include in the haze, the flying ash the PCDD/Fs removing and prevents some measures which PCDD/Fs produces. Finally this paper proposed several measures in control and purification dioxins technology.
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Nguyen, Hung Xuan, Xuyen Thi Nguyen, Hang Thi Hong Mai, Huong Thi Nguyen, Nam Duc Vu, Thao Thi Phuong Pham, Trung Quang Nguyen i in. "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Dioxins and Furans Occurrence in River Sediments from a Secondary Steel Recycling Craft Village in Northern Vietnam". Molecules 29, nr 8 (15.04.2024): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081788.
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This first study investigated the presence of dioxins and furans in river sediments around a craft village in Vietnam, focusing on Secondary Steel Recycling. Sediment samples were collected from various locations along the riverbed near the Da Hoi Secondary Steel Recycling village in Bac Ninh province. The analysis was conducted using a HRGC/HRMS-DFS device, detecting a total of 17 dioxin/furan isomers in all samples, with an average total concentration of 288.86 ng/kg d.w. The concentrations of dioxin/furan congeners showed minimal variation among sediment samples, ranging from 253.9 to 344.2 ng/kg d.w. The predominant compounds in the dioxin group were OCDD, while in the furan group, they were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and OCDF. The chlorine content in the molecule appeared to be closely related to the concentration of dioxins and their percentage distribution. However, the levels of furan isomers did not vary significantly. The distribution of these compounds was not dependent on the flow direction, as they were mainly found in solid waste and are not water-soluble. Although the hepta and octa congeners had high concentrations, when converted to TEQ values, the tetra and penta groups (for dioxins) and the penta and hexa groups (for furans) contributed more to toxicity. Furthermore, the source of dioxins in sediments at Da Hoi does not only originate from steel recycling production activities but also from other combustion sites. The average total toxicity was 10.92 ng TEQ/kg d.w, ranging from 4.99 to 17.88 ng TEQ/kg d.w, which did not exceed the threshold specified in QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT, the National Technical Regulation on Sediment Quality. Nonetheless, these levels are still concerning. The presence of these toxic substances not only impacts aquatic organisms in the sampled water environment but also poses potential health risks to residents living nearby.
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Colquhoun, David R., Erica M. Hartmann i Rolf U. Halden. "Proteomic Profiling of the Dioxin-Degrading BacteriumSphingomonas wittichiiRW1". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/408690.
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Sphingomonas wittichiiRW1 is a bacterium of interest due to its ability to degrade polychlorinated dioxins, which represent priority pollutants in the USA and worldwide. Although its genome has been fully sequenced, many questions exist regarding changes in protein expression ofS. wittichiiRW1 in response to dioxin metabolism. We used difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to identify proteomic changes induced by growth on dibenzofuran, a surrogate for dioxin, as compared to acetate. Approximately 10% of the entire putative proteome of RW1 could be observed. Several components of the dioxin and dibenzofuran degradation pathway were shown to be upregulated, thereby highlighting the utility of using proteomic analyses for studying bioremediation agents. This is the first global protein analysis of a microorganism capable of utilizing the carbon backbone of both polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans as the sole source for carbon and energy.
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Viluksela, Matti, i Raimo Pohjanvirta. "Multigenerational and Transgenerational Effects of Dioxins". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 12 (17.06.2019): 2947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122947.
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Dioxins are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants whose background levels are still reason for concern. There is mounting evidence from both epidemiological and experimental studies that paternal exposure to the most potent congener of dioxins, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), can lower the male/female ratio of offspring. Moreover, in laboratory rodents and zebrafish, TCDD exposure of parent animals has been reported to result in reduced reproductive performance along with other adverse effects in subsequent generations, foremost through the paternal but also via the maternal germline. These impacts have been accompanied by epigenetic alterations in placenta and/or sperm cells, including changes in methylation patterns of imprinted genes. Here, we review recent key studies in this field with an attempt to provide an up-to-date picture of the present state of knowledge to the reader. These studies provide biological plausibility for the potential of dioxin exposure at a critical time-window to induce epigenetic alterations across multiple generations and the significance of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in mediating these effects. Currently available data do not allow to accurately estimate the human health implications of these findings, although epidemiological evidence on lowered male/female ratio suggests that this effect may take place at realistic human exposure levels.
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Raloff, Janet. "Redefining Dioxins". Science News 155, nr 10 (6.03.1999): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4011224.
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HOGUE, CHERYL. "DOW’S DIOXINS". Chemical & Engineering News 86, nr 32 (11.08.2008): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n032.p015.
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HILEMAN, BETTE. "REASSESSING DIOXINS". Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, nr 22 (28.05.2001): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n022.p025.
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Pohjanvirta, Raimo, i Matti Viluksela. "Novel Aspects of Toxicity Mechanisms of Dioxins and Related Compounds". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 7 (28.03.2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072342.
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Dioxins and related compounds are common environmental contaminants. Although their levels have gone down, they are still of concern, in particular regarding developmental toxicity. The adverse effects of these compounds are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), whose canonical signaling pathway has been unveiled in fair detail. The alternative (non-genomic) pathways are much more obscure. AHR has also proven to be a master regulator of numerous physiological phenomena, which has led to the search of selective AHR modulators with low toxicity. Papers of this Special Issue address the developmental toxicity of dioxins and related compounds as well as selective modulators of AHR and both its canonical and alternative signaling pathways. In addition, new optical and stereoscopic methods for the detection of dioxins are presented. As a whole, this Special Issue provides an up-to-date view on a wide variety of aspects related to dioxin toxicity mechanisms from both original research articles and reviews.
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Spagnuolo, Maria Stefania, Fiorella Sarubbi, Cristina Rossetti, Giuseppe Grazioli, Giulia Pia Di Meo i Leopoldo Iannuzzi. "Effect of dioxin exposure on several indices of blood redox status in lactating buffalo cows". Journal of Dairy Research 78, nr 2 (4.03.2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000021.
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Dioxins are lipophilic compounds with a small molecular weight and are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. Dioxin detoxification is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In physiological conditions the body is protected against ROS and their toxic products by a wide range of antioxidant systems. We hypothesize that the imbalance between ROS production, associated with dioxin exposure, and the antioxidant defence capacity, may lead to oxidative stress, with consequent increased consumption of antioxidants and accumulation of toxic compounds in blood and tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to dioxins on the plasma redox status of lactating buffalo cows. To this aim, the major liposoluble (retinol and α-tocopherol) and water-soluble (ascorbate) antioxidants, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as specific protein oxidation markers (protein bound carbonyls and nitro-tyrosine) and lipid oxidation markers (hydroperoxides), were chosen as indices of blood redox status. The concentration of antioxidants, protein-bound carbonyls (PC), nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr), and hydroperoxides (LPO), the SOD and GPx activity, and the TAC were measured in plasma samples obtained from buffalo cows exposed to environmental levels of dioxins higher (n=21, group A) or lower (n=29; group B) than those permitted. Plasma titres of antioxidants, as measured by HPLC, and the total antioxidant capacity, as measured by trolox equivalents capacity, were higher in group B than in A. Similarly, SOD and GPx activities were higher in group B than in A. Conversely, plasma levels of PC, N-Tyr and LPO, as measured by ELISA, were higher in group A than in B. Our results suggest that exposure to dioxins impairs the plasma antioxidant defence system of lactating buffalo cows, and that metabolic processes associated with dioxin detoxification might induce or enhance oxidation of protein and lipids. This adverse effect on blood redox status might have negative implications for animal health and reproduction, and might compromise animal welfare.
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Ossowski, Mateusz, Łukasz Wlazło, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek, Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska i Hanna Bis-Wencel. "Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives". Open Chemistry 18, nr 1 (26.09.2020): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0158.
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AbstractThe study aimed to assess the concentration of dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in natural feed additives used in animal nutrition. The research material consisted of four natural sorbents used as feed additives registered in the EU. The samples were analysed for the content of six octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDDs) congeners, nine octachlorodibenzofurans (OCDFs) and fourteen dL-PCBs, and seven PCB congeners. Detailed analysis was performed using gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analysing the results of congeners of individual sorbents, it was found that they were below the limit of detection or quantification and can be used as feed additives.
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Cobo, Marta Isabel, Andrés Emilio Hoyos, Beatriz Aristizábal i Consuelo Montes de Correa. "Dioxins and furans in fly ashes from an incinerator". Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, nr 32 (3.11.2004): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.344338.
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The amount of dioxins and furans in fly ashes from a medical waste incinerator was determined following the US EPA 8280A protocol. Dioxin emissions in both particulate matter and exit gas stream from the incinerator’s chimney were estimated. Furthermore, the role of several operating conditions: residence time, combustion temperature, metal content, and oxygen levels, as possible factors leading to dioxin formation are discussed. Some useful recommendations to improve the process of incineration of medical residues are also outlined.
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Sauer, P. J. J., M. Huisman, C. Koopman-Esseboom, D. C. Morse, A. E. Smits-van Prooije, K. J. van de Berg, L. G. M. Th Tuinstra i in. "Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins on Growth and Development". Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, nr 12 (grudzień 1994): 900–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401301213.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are potentially toxic compounds which occur widely in the environment. Their effects on the growth and development of infants at the levels currently found in highly industrialised western countries is not well known. This Dutch multicenter study, combining animal and human studies, tries to answer this question. Animal studies showed that PCB 169, given once during pregnancy at a dose of 1.8 g kg-1 bodyweight, has an effect on developmental parameters, dopamine regulation and fertility. Effects on thyroid hormones were also found in animals, probably due to both a competitive binding of PCB metabolites to the thyroxine binding protein and increased glucuronidation, Perhaps to compensate for this, an increased diodase activity in the brain was found. Human studies involved 400 mother-infant pairs, half of them being breast-fed, the other half were fed a formula devoid of PCBs and dioxins. PCB levels were measured in serum and dioxin and PCB levels in breastmilk. Levels were found to be as high as previously found in highly industrialised countries. Growth and development were carefully documented, but no data are as yet available. In pregnant women, a significant negative correlation was found between some dioxin and PCB congeners in milk and plasma thyroid hormones, while newborn infants showed higher thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at higher levels of dioxin exposure. In summary, data from this combined multicenter study involving animals and humans increases our insight into the potentially negative effects of PCBs and dioxins on growth and development.
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Kincaid, Jenevieve. "Organohalogen Contamination in Vietnamese Women Electronic Waste Recyclers Living and Working in Rural Northern Vietnam". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (maj 2019): s155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003492.
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Introduction:Electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing worldwide and is often shipped from developed to developing countries. Many of these products contain toxic levels of metals, organics, etc. When unsafe recycling approaches or methods are used (e.g., burning wire to reclaim copper), the resulting occupational exposures can adversely affect the health of e-waste recyclers.Aim:To identify which polybrominated and which polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans are higher in electronic waste recyclers when compared to non-recyclers.Methods:This study focused on female e-waste recyclers and non-recyclers that live in rural northern Vietnam. Whole blood, urine, and serum of forty e-waste recyclers and twenty Vietnamese comparisons and were evaluated for metals, organics, and dioxin-like exposure by the Center for Disease Control. This paper will be reporting on serum organohalogens. The Vietnamese cohorts were compared to the U.S. general population, using the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey. TEQ’s were calculated and statistical significance was determined using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The IRB of the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston and the Ethics Board of the Hanoi School of Public Health oversee this study.Results:12378-PeCDF, 123678-HxCDD, 123678-HxCDF, and 1234678-HpCDF were significantly different between recyclers and Vietnamese comparisons. Total dioxin TEQ was higher in e-waste recyclers than comparisons. Of the polybrominated dioxins and furans, 12378-PeBDD and 2378-TeBDF were significantly different between recyclers and comparisons.Discussion:This is the only study with data on polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in female electronic waste recyclers from rural Northern Vietnam, and the first to describe serum levels of both polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in Vietnamese female e-waste recyclers. Improved occupational protocols may reduce potential adverse health effects such as cancer, endocrine, reproductive, developmental, and other disorders.