Artykuły w czasopismach: „Digital time constant regulator”

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Piskarev, Dmitrii Mikhailovich. "Risk management of digital financial market participants through the improved concept of a digital experimental environment (regulatory sandbox)". Финансы и управление, nr 4 (kwiecień 2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2022.4.34336.

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The subject of the study is the methods of risk management of participants in the digital financial market. The instrument of the financial market regulator "regulatory sandbox" is currently being actively used or is being prepared for use in developed and developing countries, including the Russian Federation. The digital experimental environment – the author's interpretation of the regulatory sandbox – allows for live, time-limited testing of an innovative financial product or service under constant supervision and in cooperation with the regulator, allowing to reduce the risks not only of the regulator and other participants in the digital financial market, but also of end users of the service, increasing the safety and reliability of the latter. The main conclusions of the study are, firstly, the formation of an improved concept of the regulatory instrument of the financial regulator - a digital experimental environment, which is based on the best practices of the introduction and use of such regulatory instruments by regulators of foreign countries. Within the framework of the concept, the author presents the principles of the organization of the digital experimental environment, goals and objectives, risks, principles of organization, statistics on the timing of the application for participation and the experiment. Secondly, the identification of alternative methods to the regulatory sandbox, including the wait-and-see method and active monitoring. Thirdly, the risks of the regulator arising from the digital transformation of the financial market have been identified.

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Cheng, Kuang-Yao, Shuilin Tian, Feng Yu, Fred C. Lee i Paolo Mattavelli. "Digital Hybrid Ripple-Based Constant On-Time Control for Voltage Regulator Modules". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 29, nr 6 (czerwiec 2014): 3132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2013.2272015.

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Woolard*, Derek D., Judy Fugiel, F. Paul Silverman i Peter D. Petracek. "Use of Time-lapse Video to Demonstrate Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) Responses". HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 875A—875. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.875a.

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Tables, graphs, and photographs can effectively convey detailed results of a PGR experiment. However, we have observed that demonstrating PGR treatment effects by time-lapse video creates a strong impact on both scientists and non-technical audiences. Time-lapse video also provides a method for obtaining a continuous visual record that can be used to establish the precise chronology of a slow process. Recent advances in notebook computers, inexpensive digital cameras (e.g. 3Com HomeConnect™), and time-lapse software (e.g. Picture WorkLive™) allow scientists and teachers to inexpensively prepare time-lapse videos. Important considerations for the production of quality time-lapse videos include: 1. treatment effects should be substantial, consistent, and visible, 2. digital camera images should be clear, 3. lighting should be constant and provide adequate brightness and proper color, 4. camera movement such as those due to vibrations should be minimal, 5. camera placement should simplify composition. Time-lapse videos of PGR treatment effects will be shown, and methods of production will be discussed.

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Zhou, Jianyang, Linhai Guan, Kai Zhang, Zhihua Zhang, Liqiang Guo i Yu Tao. "A High-precision Digital Measurement System Design based on PSR". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2366, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2366/1/012044.

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Abstract In engineering practice, a constant voltage output control system of synchronous rectifier primary side regulator (PSR) flyback converter is proposed to overcome the sampling defect of the existing digital approximation double line sampling scheme for primary side control synchronous rectifier structure. Regardless of the slope of the sampling waveform and the knee point, the single-output DAC midpoint sampling can achieve high sampling accuracy and good knee point following effect. At the same time, the neutral-point sampling error of the single-output DAC is analyzed, and a sampling compensation scheme which can simultaneously act in continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous current mode (DCM) is designed to further correct the sampling voltage obtained by neutral-point sampling, so as to compensate the voltage error of neutral-point sampling. Thus, the output voltage can be accurately constant in DCM and CCM.

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Taler, Dawid, Tomasz Sobota, Magdalena Jaremkiewicz i Jan Taler. "Influence of the Thermometer Inertia on the Quality of Temperature Control in a Hot Liquid Tank Heated with Electric Energy". Energies 13, nr 15 (4.08.2020): 4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154039.

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This paper presents the medium temperature monitoring system based on digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. For industrial thermometers with a complex structure used for measuring the temperature of the fluid under high pressure, the accuracy of the first-order model is inadequate. A second-order differential equation was applied to describe a dynamic response of a temperature sensor placed in a heavy thermowell (industrial thermometer). The quality of the water temperature control system in the tank was assessed when measuring the water temperature with a jacketed thermocouple and a thermometer in an industrial casing. A thermometer of a new design with a small time constant was also used to measure temperature. The quality of water temperature control in the hot water storage tank was evaluated using a classic industrial thermometer and a new design thermometer. In both cases, there was a K-type sheathed thermocouple inside the thermowell. Reductions in the time constant of the new thermometer are achieved by means of a steel casing with a small diameter hole inside which the thermocouple is precisely fitted. The time constants of the thermometers were determined experimentally with a jump in water temperature. A digital controller was designed to maintain the preset temperature in an electrically heated hot water tank. The function of the regulator was to adjust the power of the electrical heater to maintain a constant temperature of the liquid in the tank.

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Chang, Changyuan, Xiaomin Huang, Yuanye Li i Yao Chen. "High-Precision Digital Constant Current Controller with Demagnetization-Time Compensation for Primary-Side Regulation Flyback Converter". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, nr 08 (17.05.2016): 1650095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661650095x.

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A novel digital constant output current controller with demagnetization-time compensation for flyback converter is proposed in this paper. The secondary winding demagnetization time [Formula: see text] is sampled from the comparison module output signal by output voltage sampling state machine. The ratio between [Formula: see text] and switching period [Formula: see text] is kept constant by bidirectional counter module to achieve constant output current based on invariable primary-side peak-current. Meanwhile, demagnetization-time compensation is proposed in order to enhance load regulation ratio. The compensation [Formula: see text] acquired from a look-up table, is utilized to compensate the impacts caused by the delay [Formula: see text] from the process of sampling the signal of [Formula: see text]. The digital controller (DC) is implemented by hardware description language Verilog HDL. Experimental results of the proposed 2A constant current output flyback converter based on FPGA(EP2C8Q208C8N) indicate that the constant current precision is within [Formula: see text]1% in a wide range of universal-input AC voltage from 110[Formula: see text]V to 240[Formula: see text]V and the voltage load range between 2[Formula: see text]V and 8[Formula: see text]V.

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Karimova, Madina. "DIGITAL NOTARY: CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS". Jurisprudence 2, nr 4 (30.08.2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.2.4./qfwm6509.

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In this article, the author considers the development of digital technologies, the development of an electronic notary system, as well as national and international experience in this area, and the work carried out to create an electronic notary system. There are hypotheses that the global pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has accelerated the digitization of all areas of the world, including the notarial sphere. The article analyzes the current state of the electronic notary on a global and national scale. Opinions about its prospects are expressed as well. The notary should be recognized as a unique legal institution in the mechanism of regulation of public relations. The number of services they provide is growing day by day. In 2021, we can observe significant changes that will affect notary actions – some of them are planned to be transferred to scientific interdisciplinary research in a remote format. In the conditions of the digital economy, the notary has already quite modern services that fully ensure the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, and help to conduct the necessary transaction, while saving both their time and material costs, without wasting time on trips to unnecessary authorities to receive or deliver the necessary documents. And over time, information technologies will only improve, because the notary does not stand still, and every day more and more changes are being made to legislation that simplifies obtaining certain notary services, and new electronic legal instruments are being introduced, which indicates the constant development of the digitalization process.

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Wang, Wei, Gaoshuai Shen, Run Min, Qiaoling Tong, Qiao Zhang i Zhenglin Liu. "State Switched Discrete-Time Model and Digital Predictive Voltage Programmed Control for Buck Converters". Energies 13, nr 13 (3.07.2020): 3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133451.

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Switched mode power converters are nonlinear systems, and it is a constant challenge to improve their modeling accuracy and control performance. In this paper, a State Switched Discrete-time Model (SSDM) is proposed, which achieves a higher accuracy at a high frequency than that of conventional state averaged models. Instead of averaging the converter states for approximation, the states within each switching cycle are considered in the modeling. Based on total differential equations of switching-ON and switching-OFF durations, the inductor current and output voltage within a cycle are accurately calculated, which derives the SSDM. Furthermore, a Digital Predictive Voltage Programmed (DPVP) control strategy is derived through the SSDM. Through voltage prediction, a suitable duty ratio is calculated that regulates the output voltage to its reference value in the minimum switching cycles. In this way, the converter achieves a very fast load/line transient response and reference tracking speed, and it exhibits a high stability under deviated inductance. Finally, the accuracy of SSDM and the system stability are proved by frequency response analyses and experiments.

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Rober, S. J., Y. C. Shin i O. D. I. Nwokah. "A Digital Robust Controller for Cutting Force Control in the End Milling Process". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, nr 2 (1.06.1997): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801226.

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In this work, a digital robust controller is designed via Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) to maintain a constant cutting force in the presence of parametric uncertainty for a time varying end milling process. The QFT controller is designed using the delta transform method for discrete systems. The controller is designed to limit the overshoot and settling time of the cutting force levels over a range of cutting parameters. Models are presented for the cutting process and machine dynamics including parametric uncertainty, and these models are used to develop a controller which meets given tracking and regulation specifications for all plant values. Experimental results are obtained by implementing the controller on a milling machine.

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Prasad, Hanuman, i Tanmoy Maity. "Modeling and reliability analysis of three phase z-source AC-AC converter". Archives of Electrical Engineering 66, nr 4 (20.12.2017): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2017-0055.

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Abstract This paper presents the small signal modeling using the state space averaging technique and reliability analysis of a three-phase z-source ac-ac converter. By controlling the shoot-through duty ratio, it can operate in buck-boost mode and maintain desired output voltage during voltage sag and surge condition. It has faster dynamic response and higher efficiency as compared to the traditional voltage regulator. Small signal analysis derives different control transfer functions and this leads to design a suitable controller for a closed loop system during supply voltage variation. The closed loop system of the converter with a PID controller eliminates the transients in output voltage and provides steady state regulated output. The proposed model designed in the RT-LAB and executed in a field programming gate array (FPGA)-based real-time digital simulator at a fixedtime step of 10 μs and a constant switching frequency of 10 kHz. The simulator was developed using very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL), making it versatile and moveable. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation results are presented to justify the MATLAB simulation results during supply voltage variation of the three phase z-source ac-ac converter. The reliability analysis has been applied to the converter to find out the failure rate of its different components.

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ROMANENKO, Tetiana, i Nataliia RUSINA. "USE OF VISUAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS". HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 295, nr 2 (maj 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-295-2-109-115.

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The article presents examples of research of typical links of linear systems and construction and study of transient functions, namely: research of influence of parameters of elements of systems of automatic control of its quality. Programs for automatic control are developing rapidly, the main areas of which are related to the optimization of technological processes and robotics. This encourages the introduction into modern production of high-precision digital systems with more extensive use of computer systems. In the simulation process, there is often a need to carefully select and apply real objects to study the quality of automatic control systems. This can be achieved by using a visual programming language for modeling dynamic systems and designing VisSim. The connection of parameters of automatic control systems with indicators of its quality is investigated: by definition of error coefficient; research of influence of a constant time of a forcing link on quality of automatic control systems by the method of compensation of the part in the main inertia of the control object, for the use of the forcing link. As a result, of research graphic dependences of quality of linear systems of automatic control, research of influence of a constant of time of a forcing link on its quality, carrying out identification of the regulator and object of management of systems of automatic control are received. Studies of the process of modeling dynamic systems were visually presented using the visual programming language VisSim. In particular, by creating virtual laboratory stands to study the quality of different modes of automatic control systems in relation to the performance of signal generators and the calculation of the necessary parameters of the study.

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Vidal-Idiarte, Enric, Carlos Restrepo, Abdelali El Aroudi, Javier Calvente i Roberto Giral. "Digital Control of a Buck Converter Based on Input-Output Linearization. An Interpretation Using Discrete-Time Sliding Control Theory". Energies 12, nr 14 (17.07.2019): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142738.

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This paper presents the analysis and design of a PWM nonlinear digital control of a buck converter based on input-output linearization. The control employs a discrete-time bilinear model of the power converter for continuous conduction mode operation (CCM) to create an internal current control loop wherein the inductor current error with respect to its reference decreases to zero in geometric progression. This internal loop is as a constant frequency discrete-time sliding mode control loop with a parameter that allows adjusting how fast the error is driven to zero. Subsequently, an outer voltage loop designed by linear techniques provides the reference of the inner current loop to regulate the converter output voltage. The two-loop control offers a fast transient response and a high regulation degree of the output voltage in front of reference changes and disturbances in the input voltage and output load. The experimental results are in good agreement with both theoretical predictions and PSIM simulations.

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Kashkin, S. Yu. "Proposals for Modernization of Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technologies in Russia with Platform Legal Models". Kutafin Law Review 8, nr 3 (5.10.2021): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2021.3.17.370-389.

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Modern technologies and new management concepts — industrial and product platforms — create breakthrough innovative products and services based on the complex integration of artificial intelligence and other latest digital technolog3ies. Platforms are the physical embodiment of connectivity, digitalizing traditional manufacturing, lowering production costs, and converting goods into services that generate more value. Platform law could become a networking mechanism for artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things. It has features and instruments of legal regulation similar to those of integration law, but it is permeated, in accordance with its renewed nature, with scientific, technological and information-digital algorithms of legal relations and interactions. To meet the requirements of the time, legal institutions must change; the dominance of platform business models creates new legal relations and the need to search for new content and new legal forms of institutional regulation of changing social relations. Both traditional and adapted for its specifics methods are used in the article: historical, from the EU law — teleological (interpretation based on goals), comparative jurisprudence (synchronous and diachronous), comparative integration law, comparative law of science and technology, comparative legal regulation of AI and digital law, comparative platform law, comparative experimental law. The legal field of platform entities is in constant search of an effective balance between technological and economic innovations and their legal regulation. At the same time, it can become an effective mechanism for regulating artificial intelligence in the interests of humans.

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Shukla, Hiramani, Srete Nikolovski, More Raju, Ankur Singh Rana i Pawan Kumar. "A Particle Swarm Optimization Technique Tuned TID Controller for Frequency and Voltage Regulation with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generations". Energies 15, nr 21 (3.11.2022): 8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218225.

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An interconnected power system requires specific restrictions to be maintained for frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltage of synchronized generators to avoid instability. Therefore, frequency stability and voltage regulation issues are covered individually and jointly in the current research work. Initially in test system 1, automatic generation control (AGC) investigations are done on two interconnected systems with thermal plants and electric vehicles in one area and distributed generation and electric vehicles in other area. The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) problem alone is chosen for investigation in test system 2. The third test system addresses the combined AGC and AVR issues. The performance of the fractional-order tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controller is compared with that of a widely used proportional integral derivative (PID) controller in all three test systems studies. The findings demonstrate better performance of the TID controller than PID in terms of providing superior dynamic metrics, such as low peak overshoots, undershoots, and settling time, as well as decreased oscillations amplitudes. Additionally, TID performs better than PID despite randomized load disturbance, system non-linearities, and time delays in AGC and the combined AGC and AVR problem. The PSO-tuned TID controller is insensitive to variation in load damping factor and time constants of the AVR system. Finally, the results are validated by an OPAL-RT 4510 real-time digital simulator.

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Shukla, Hiramani, Srete Nikolovski, More Raju, Ankur Singh Rana i Pawan Kumar. "SMES-GCSC Coordination for Frequency and Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area and Multi-Source Power System with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources". Energies 16, nr 1 (26.12.2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010251.

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Frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltages of synchronized generators must all be kept within prescribed limits to ensure the stability of an interconnected power grid through combined automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops. Thermal power plants, electric vehicles, and renewable energy sources—including solar and wind, geothermal, and solar thermal power plants—form the two-area integrated power system in present research. A new cascade controller named the cascaded proportional integral derivative (PID) and fractional-order PID (CPID-FOPID) controller is proposed for the first time, whose performance is compared with the PID and FOPID controller. The results show that the proposed cascade controller outperforms PID and FOPID in delivering superior dynamic characteristics, including short settling times and low oscillation amplitudes. A new metaheuristic algorithm named the coot algorithm was applied to optimize the parameters of these controllers. The suggested controller outperforms FOPID in the combined AGC and AVR problem under uncertain conditions (random load disturbance, variable input of solar irradiation, and wind power). Robustness of the controller is tested with significant variation in the turbine time constant of the thermal and geothermal power plant. In this study, authors also investigated the best possible coordination between the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) devices to control both voltage and frequency simultaneously. The effect of communication time to the power system is analyzed in this study. Additionally, the obtained results are satisfactorily validated using OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator.

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Kashkin, S. Yu, i A. V. Altoukhov. "THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: PLATFORM LEGAL MODELS". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), nr 4 (22.06.2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.68.4.026-040.

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Modern technologies and new management concepts — industrial and product platforms — create breakthrough innovative products and services based on the integrated integration of Artifi cial Intelligence, Big Data and the Internet of Things. The cost of communications has plummeted over the past decade, making network and system integration less expensive. Platforms are the physical embodiment of networking. They take traditional production to digital footing, lowering production costs and turning products into services that provide greater profi t. Platform law could become a mechanism for the network interaction of Artifi cial Intelligence, Big Data and the Internet of Things. It should be like integration law, but permeated, in accordance with its updated nature, scientifi c, technological and information-digital algorithms of legal relations and interactions. To meet the requirements of the time, legal institutions must change — the dominance of platform business models creates new legal relations and the need to seek new content and new legal forms of institutional regulation of changing social relations. The legal fi eld of platform business models is in a constant search for a balance between innovations (technologies + economics) and their legal regulation.

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Meo, Santolo, i Vincenzo Sorrentino. "Discrete–Time Integral Sliding Mode Control with Disturbances Compensation and Reduced Chattering for Pv Grid–Connected Inverter". Journal of Electrical Engineering 66, nr 2 (1.03.2015): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2015-0010.

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Abstract In the paper a new discrete-time integral sliding mode control (DISMC) with disturbances compensation and reduced chattering for grid-connected inverter is proposed for active and reactive power regulation. Differently by many SMC proposed in literature that have a time-continuous formulation in spite have been implemented with digital processor, the proposed DISMC is fully formulated in discrete-time, taking into account the effects introduced by a microprocessor-based implementation. As will be demonstrated such approach consents to reduce the chattering about the sliding manifold within a boundary layer of O(T2) thickness instead of O(T) (being T the sampling period of the control algorithm). Moreover it introduces a correction of the control vector which eliminates the influence of modeling error and external disturbances improving stability and robustness of the controlled system. Constant converter switching frequency is achieved by using space vector modulation, which eases the design of the ac harmonic filter. In the paper, after a detailed formalization of the proposed control algorithm, several numerical and experimental results on a three-phase grid-connected inverter prototype are shown, proving the effectiveness of the control strategy.

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El Aroudi, Abdelali, Blanca Martínez-Treviño, Enric Vidal-Idiarte i Angel Cid-Pastor. "Fixed Switching Frequency Digital Sliding-Mode Control of DC-DC Power Supplies Loaded by Constant Power Loads with Inrush Current Limitation Capability". Energies 12, nr 6 (19.03.2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061055.

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This paper proposes a digital sliding-mode controller for a DC-DC boost converter under constant power-loading conditions. The controller has been designed in two steps: the first step is to reach the sliding-mode regime while ensuring inrush current limiting; and the second one is to move the system to the desired operating point. By imposing sliding-mode regime, the equivalent control and the discrete-time large-signal dynamic model of this system are derived. The analysis shows that unlike with a resistive load, the boost converter under a fixed-frequency digital sliding-mode current control with external voltage loop open and loaded by a constant power load, is unstable. Furthermore, as with a resistive load, the system presents a right-half plane zero in the control-to-output transfer function. After that, an outer controller is designed in the z-domain for system stabilization and output voltage regulation. The results show that the system exhibits good performance in startup in terms of inrush current limiting and in transient response due to load and input voltage disturbances. Numerical simulations from a detailed switched model are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. An experimental prototype is implemented to verify the mathematical analysis and the numerical simulation, which results in a perfect agreement in small-signal and steady-state behavior but also in a small discrepancy in the current limitation due a small propagation delay. Some efficient solutions have been proposed to mitigate the inrush current in the experimental results.

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Makuch, Oksana. "Legal regulation of the administration of taxes and сharges in the conditions of construction of the digital economy: discussion aspects". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-9.

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Problem setting. Digital technologies are one of the most current trends, with the help of which new models of interaction between the state, business and citizens are being formed. New methods of doing business involve constant work with data, which entails significant changes in traditional sectors of the economy. It should be emphasized that the development of digital processes leads to a significant increase in financial flows that are outside the scope of legal regulation. It seems that in order to adapt to the challenges of digital technologies, there is a need to develop its own (national) digital ecosystem, which will cover the field of tax regulation. Analysis of recent research. The study of some aspects of digitalization in the field of taxation has been the subject of scientific research by such scholars as O. Dmytryk, M. Kucheryavenko, D. Kobylnik, V. Ryadinska, K. Tokarіeva, and others. At the same time, the above direction is developing rapidly, and this in turn requires appropriate timely regulation and reflection in the law. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy. Article’s main body. The article discusses the features of legal regulation of the sphere of taxation in the conditions of building a digital economy. It was emphasized that the introduction of digital technologies into tax regulation has both positive (implementation of the principle of taxation convenience, the formation of a service model of interaction between authorities and obligated participants in tax relations) and negative aspects (fragmentary legal regulation, the need to implement mechanisms for protecting tax information included in the corresponding electronic services, bases). Based on the analysis of a number of acts of promising legislation of Ukraine: the introduction of a special legal (including tax) regime of Diya City was subjected to a critical analysis; the legislator's approach to the regulation of taxation relations for the delivery of electronic services to individuals by non-residents was positively assessed. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The formation of a service model of the tax authorities provides for even broader interaction of tax authorities with taxpayers in electronic form. It should be noted that the interaction of taxpayers with the tax authorities through "digital channels" can be both positive and negative, which largely depends on the ease of use of the service (thus increasing the convenience and efficiency of interaction between taxpayers). In addition, the analysis of the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy in Ukraine indicates the need for comprehensive development of effective mechanisms for each specific tax (or even legal regime) and data protection mechanisms provided by the subjects of tax relations to the relevant electronic databases, registers, offices, etc.

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Makuch, Oksana. "Legal regulation of the administration of taxes and сharges in the conditions of construction of the digital economy: discussion aspects". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-9.

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Problem setting. Digital technologies are one of the most current trends, with the help of which new models of interaction between the state, business and citizens are being formed. New methods of doing business involve constant work with data, which entails significant changes in traditional sectors of the economy. It should be emphasized that the development of digital processes leads to a significant increase in financial flows that are outside the scope of legal regulation. It seems that in order to adapt to the challenges of digital technologies, there is a need to develop its own (national) digital ecosystem, which will cover the field of tax regulation. Analysis of recent research. The study of some aspects of digitalization in the field of taxation has been the subject of scientific research by such scholars as O. Dmytryk, M. Kucheryavenko, D. Kobylnik, V. Ryadinska, K. Tokarіeva, and others. At the same time, the above direction is developing rapidly, and this in turn requires appropriate timely regulation and reflection in the law. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy. Article’s main body. The article discusses the features of legal regulation of the sphere of taxation in the conditions of building a digital economy. It was emphasized that the introduction of digital technologies into tax regulation has both positive (implementation of the principle of taxation convenience, the formation of a service model of interaction between authorities and obligated participants in tax relations) and negative aspects (fragmentary legal regulation, the need to implement mechanisms for protecting tax information included in the corresponding electronic services, bases). Based on the analysis of a number of acts of promising legislation of Ukraine: the introduction of a special legal (including tax) regime of Diya City was subjected to a critical analysis; the legislator's approach to the regulation of taxation relations for the delivery of electronic services to individuals by non-residents was positively assessed. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The formation of a service model of the tax authorities provides for even broader interaction of tax authorities with taxpayers in electronic form. It should be noted that the interaction of taxpayers with the tax authorities through "digital channels" can be both positive and negative, which largely depends on the ease of use of the service (thus increasing the convenience and efficiency of interaction between taxpayers). In addition, the analysis of the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy in Ukraine indicates the need for comprehensive development of effective mechanisms for each specific tax (or even legal regime) and data protection mechanisms provided by the subjects of tax relations to the relevant electronic databases, registers, offices, etc.

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Makuch, Oksana. "Legal regulation of the administration of taxes and сharges in the conditions of construction of the digital economy: discussion aspects". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-9.

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Problem setting. Digital technologies are one of the most current trends, with the help of which new models of interaction between the state, business and citizens are being formed. New methods of doing business involve constant work with data, which entails significant changes in traditional sectors of the economy. It should be emphasized that the development of digital processes leads to a significant increase in financial flows that are outside the scope of legal regulation. It seems that in order to adapt to the challenges of digital technologies, there is a need to develop its own (national) digital ecosystem, which will cover the field of tax regulation. Analysis of recent research. The study of some aspects of digitalization in the field of taxation has been the subject of scientific research by such scholars as O. Dmytryk, M. Kucheryavenko, D. Kobylnik, V. Ryadinska, K. Tokarіeva, and others. At the same time, the above direction is developing rapidly, and this in turn requires appropriate timely regulation and reflection in the law. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy. Article’s main body. The article discusses the features of legal regulation of the sphere of taxation in the conditions of building a digital economy. It was emphasized that the introduction of digital technologies into tax regulation has both positive (implementation of the principle of taxation convenience, the formation of a service model of interaction between authorities and obligated participants in tax relations) and negative aspects (fragmentary legal regulation, the need to implement mechanisms for protecting tax information included in the corresponding electronic services, bases). Based on the analysis of a number of acts of promising legislation of Ukraine: the introduction of a special legal (including tax) regime of Diya City was subjected to a critical analysis; the legislator's approach to the regulation of taxation relations for the delivery of electronic services to individuals by non-residents was positively assessed. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The formation of a service model of the tax authorities provides for even broader interaction of tax authorities with taxpayers in electronic form. It should be noted that the interaction of taxpayers with the tax authorities through "digital channels" can be both positive and negative, which largely depends on the ease of use of the service (thus increasing the convenience and efficiency of interaction between taxpayers). In addition, the analysis of the legal regulation of taxation in the digital economy in Ukraine indicates the need for comprehensive development of effective mechanisms for each specific tax (or even legal regime) and data protection mechanisms provided by the subjects of tax relations to the relevant electronic databases, registers, offices, etc.

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Mikkili, Suresh, i Anup Kumar Panda. "Real-Time Implementation of Type-2 FLC–Based Shunt Active Filter Control Strategies (p–q and Id–Iq) with Different Fuzzy MFs for Power Quality Improvement". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, nr 3 (1.06.2014): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0167.

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Abstract This research article proposes the shunt active filter (SHAF) control strategies (p–q and Id–Iq), which are used to improve the power quality of the electrical network by mitigating the harmonics with the help of Type-2 fuzzy logic controller (Type-2 FLC) different membership functions (MFs). Three-phase reference current waveforms generated by proposed scheme are tracked by the three-phase voltage source converter in a hysteresis band control scheme. The performance of the proposed control strategies has been evaluated in terms of harmonic mitigation and DC link voltage regulation under various source conditions. In order to maintain DC link voltage constant and to generate the compensating reference currents, we have developed Type-2 FLC with different fuzzy MFs (trapezoidal, triangular and Gaussian). The SHAF with proposed Type-2 FLC using Gaussian MF is able to eliminate the uncertainty in the system and SHAF gains outstanding compensation abilities. The detailed real-time results using real-time digital simulator are presented to support the feasibility of proposed control strategies.

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Pandi, Pothuraj, Subbarao Mopidevi i Suresh Krishnan. "Design and Analysis of Grid Tied Renewable Energy System Based E-Chopper Using Main Controller". Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 53, nr 4 (30.09.2020): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.530409.

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The primary aim of this research article regulates the power of Embedded Chopper \ (e-chopper) through PI (proportional and integral) controller to maintain constant output from non-reliable variable input. The operation of e-chopper plays an important role to transfer power from primary sources of wind & solar to load and secondary source of the grid to the battery by means of closed-loop operation. When the input is getting from primary source from the e-chopper operates in boost mode and also maintains buck mode when the secondary source charges the battery, which is controlled by Digital Signal Peripheral Interface controller (DSPIC) controller with another PI control structure. Obtains better regulation and operation of whole system for intermittent nature of renewable energy sources of wind and solar, Proper modes of operation requires effective maintenance & efficient utilization of power from both the side to control the system operation in a systematic way. It maintains the constant voltage of the system for reliable operation through an intelligent approach in a systematic way. Hence to obtain this, Main Controller (CLC) is introduced to control the modes of operation in closed-loop structure. Speedgoat real-time objective mechanism plays the role of CLC; it can operate the entire scheme in different modes of operation. Modes are depending on some input parameters like wind velocity (v) in m/s, solar output (Ir), load condition (1/0) & battery state of charge (SOC). Based on these conditions Main controller has to control the modes of operation in an intelligent approach. This system of approach is very much helpful for agriculture irrigation and lighting applications.

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Romanov, Rashit. "The Basic Principles of Information Protection in the Russian Federation in the Transition to a Digital Economy". NBI Technologies, nr 3 (styczeń 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nbit.jvolsu.2018.3.2.

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The modern stage of development of society is characterized by the increasing role of the information sphere. The information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities engaged in the collection, formation, distribution and use of information, as well as a system of regulation of public relations arising in this process. The expansion of the areas of application of information technologies, as a factor of economic development and improvement of the functioning of public and state institutions, at the same time generates new information threats. The situation is significantly complicated by the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West, which directly affects the sphere of national interests of the Russian Federation and poses a direct threat to the national security of the country, the key element of which is information security. There is a constant growth of computer attacks on Russian information resources, the number of attacks has increased significantly in recent years. At the same time, the methods, means and tactics of such attacks are being improved, and their intensity directly depends on the current international situation. Terrorist and extremist materials are openly distributed in the global network. The number of crimes committed with the use of information technologies, for example, illegal penetrations into the corporate networks of state and credit and financial institutions, has increased. The article analyzes the requirements for the security of important objects of critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation. It is shown that they should be performed at all stages of the life cycle during the creation (modernization), operation and decommissioning of a significant object.

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Hong, Yan, i SiLan Dai. "Selection of Reference Genes for Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Light-dependent Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.1.68.

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The light-dependent coloration of the vital organs of horticultural crops affects multiple parts of production and sales. The simplicity of the metabolic pathways of anthocyanins and the characteristics of light-dependent coloration make chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) an ideal subject for studying the mechanism of light-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the analysis of the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in C. ×morifolium ‘Reagan’. The reference genes selected were those assumed to remain at constant levels in three flower color lines at five floral developmental stages and at two light conditions. Using digital gene expression technology, we selected nine reference genes with moderate expression in the chrysanthemum ray florets at various floral developmental stages under illuminated and dark conditions as the candidate reference genes for further study. After comprehensively analyzing the stability of gene expression with three distinct statistical algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, and qBase plus, we found that F-box and PP2A were the most stable genes in all of the samples. In addition, we analyzed the relative expression level of the CmF3H gene in different samples to verify the reference genes that we selected. This study provides a consensus list of validated reference genes that will benefit future studies of the expression of chrysanthemum genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and floral development under various light conditions. Moreover, this information will also promote the molecular breeding of horticultural crops for their color modification.

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Mikhailov, M. A., i T. A. Kokodey. "Digital innovation and human rights: dilemmas in international law enforcement practice". Law Enforcement Review 6, nr 3 (18.09.2022): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(3).120-133.

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The subject of the study is the legal nature of personal data, as well as a set of legal norms governing relations in the field of their processing and circulation in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The article uses a comparative method, a system analysis method, as well as a forecasting method.The purpose of the article is to confirm or refute the hypotheses about the further strengthening of the contradictions between the emergence and implementation of new technologies for processing personal data versus ensuring the protection of human rights, as well as the expediency and possibility of using foreign legislative experience in domestic practice to counter these threats and reduce the risks arising from this and damage.Main results, scope. The article examines the legislative experience of legal regulation of the types, scope, and nature of personal data in the People's Republic of China, the United States of America, the Republic of Belarus, and the Russian Federation. At the same time, Chinese legislation most quickly responds to the challenges of the criminal use of biometric technologies, American legal norms are less acceptable for our practice due to the peculiarities of case law, and Belarusian law has only recently entered into force, opening the era of legal regulation in this area. The facts of the use of new technologies (such as deepfake) for the processing of biometric information for criminal purposes and the problems of law enforcement in this area, as well as legal disputes of citizens who have suffered damage from the use of these technologies, are analyzed. It is predicted that it will be impossible to fully ensure the protection of human rights in the context of the emergence of new technologies for processing personal data. The importance of the desire to predict threats to the protection of personal information at the stage of emergence of new technologies for processing personal data in order to neutralize them in a timely manner is indicated.Conclusion. An analysis of the legislation of foreign countries will make it possible to give preference to the Chinese experience, which promptly counteracts the risks of using new technologies for criminal purposes. An analysis of domestic and global law enforcement practice will make it possible to predict the spread of new ways of committing crimes, the misuse of personal data, and vulnerabilities in their storage and protection. At the same time, excessive restrictions on access to data, their processing and their circulation can make it difficult for law enforcement agencies to solve the tasks of ensuring state security and the protection of public order. It requires constant monitoring of threats and risks and timely technical and legal response to their manifestation. The purpose of the study has been achieved, ways to improve legislation in order to protect human rights in the context of the introduction of digital innovations in all spheres of human activity are proposed. Security, combating crime.

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Hamuľák, Ondrej, Lilla Nóra Kiss, Tomáš Gábriš i Hovsep Kocharyan. "“This Content is not Available in your Country” A General Summary on Geo-Blocking in and Outside the European Union". International and Comparative Law Review 21, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0006.

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Summary The phenomenon of geo-blocking is one of the new challenges of the digital era. Geo-blocking is a modern form of discrimination that differentiates between consumers on the basis of their geographical location. The phenomenon ultimately affects the situation of the citizen concerned and may also constitute an obstacle to the single market. Digital time has put a number of issues to be resolved on the legislator’s table in recent years, one of which is the phenomenon of geo-blocking. Already in 2015, the European Commission led by Juncker (2014–2019) adopted the Digital Single Market (DSM) strategy, which marked the European Union’s (EU) path towards innovation by creating a new digital dimension of the Single Market. In order to achieve the DSM strategy and the digital objectives, a number of legislative acts have been put in place to address the elements of the DSM and exploit the benefits of technological modernisation. The geo-blocking phenomenon is presented in this study, partly in terms of practical aspects and partly with regard to the geo-blocking regulation. The Ursula von der Leyen-led Commission (2019–2024) identifies “a Europe fit for the digital age” among its six priorities. Among the priorities, the “promotion of a European way of life”, must be linked to the digital priorities, as our smart tools and our digital presence are becoming an integral part of our lives – and our common way of life – especially at this time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovation has also been accelerated by the current exceptional situation, the health emergency caused by COVID-19, forcing us to work remotely, remote contacts and the constant use of our smart tools. The realisation of digital well-being is therefore also an integral part of our lifestyle. In the intersection of digitalisation and development and the promotion of a common European way of life, we can find a single market in which we can experience a significant aspect of our European way of life – the free movements and cross-border transactions – even through our online presence. The internal market is the dimension for the proper functioning of which the Union institutions can adopt a legislative act. In addition, measures taken to remove barriers and remove obstacles are essential for the functioning of the internal market. Joint action against geo-blocking as an internal market barrier will also play a role in creating digital prosperity by promoting the proper functioning of the internal market by promoting e-commerce and electronic content access. The aim of the study on the one hand is to present issues related to geo-blocking in a brief and descriptive manner from the perspective of the social, economic and legal environment linked to the internal market. On the other hand, the study briefly presents the legal environment of geo-blocking in the USA, Russia, China and Japan.

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Prystai, R., i І. Yavorska. "Consumer rights protection in digital contracts within the framework of the European Union". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, nr 74 (10.02.2023): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.77.

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Having analyzed the mechanisms of consumer rights protection in the field of concluding electronic contracts, it is noted that there is no separate definition of the concept of this type of contract in EU law, instead the concept of a distance contract is used. EU law regarding the conclusion of contracts in electronic form allows the use of various forms of negotiations between the parties, which is the main feature of this type of contract. From this, we came to the conclusion that in the process of protecting the rights of consumers in the field of electronic commerce, it is appropriate to use the general concept of a distance contract and apply to it the norms arising from the legislation on the protection of consumer rights. It is indicated that at the EU level, the system of consumer protection in electronic contracts is horizontal in nature. Thus, the main Directives are Directive 2019/770 «On certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services» and Directive 2019/771 «On certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods». Together with them, Directive 2011/83 «On Consumer Rights» (CRD) and the new EU Directive «On Better Implementation and Modernization of EU Consumer Rights Protection» (2019/2161/EU) apply when concluding contracts. General EU rules on consumer protection when using electronic payment methods were also established. In January 2018, the existing legal regulation was replaced by Directive No. 2015/2366 «On Payment Services in the Internal Market» (or PSD 2). PSD 2 introduced additional protections for online and mobile payments and strengthened security requirements, which in turn, along with other measures, provided additional guarantees for consumers’ rights to conclude and execute electronic contracts. It was noted that the judicial practice of the EU Court in the field of consumer rights protection also allows us to assert a constant increase in attention to ensuring more effective protection of the rights of consumers who are parties to electronic contracts. Among the essential mechanisms for guaranteeing the protection of consumer rights, the durable medium principle, which is widely used in judicial practice, means the possibility of using an electronic means of communication that is considered acceptable for providing information. as it allows the client to store information addressed personally to this client in a way accessible to him and for a period of time sufficient for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the stored information. The EU Directive «On Better Enforcement and Modernization of EU Consumer Protection» (2019/2161), part of the «New Deal for Consumers» package, improves the rules for digital developments, such as the transparency of online markets, aimed at guaranteeing equal rights of consumers to «free» digital services, ensuring transparency of consumer feedback, ensuring the possibility of submitting claims for price reductions. Thus, regulatory regulation and judicial practice in the field of EU consumer rights protection should be taken into account during normative design activities in Ukraine, during bringing legislation into line with EU law, as one of the priority areas of harmonization, and reflecting and taking into account changes in the methods of concluding agreements to guarantee sufficient mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights during the conclusion of electronic contracts.

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Garasymiv, O., S. Marko i O. Ryashko. "Digital evidence: some problematic issues regarding its concept and use in criminal justice". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, nr 75 (28.03.2023): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.2.25.

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The article focuses on the fact that the level of crime related to the use of information technologies is constantly growing, which is evidenced by rather disappointing statistics, which is why in the criminal procedural science so much attention is paid to electronic evidence, the procedure for admissibility of their receipt and use during proving the circumstances to be established in criminal proceedings. On the basis of the study of the current legislation, it was determined that at the present day in the Ukrainian judiciary there is some ambiguity regarding the concept and reliability of information contained in digital documents, and also, unfortunately, the single requirements that would be given to electronic documents in to the fullest extent, the opportunity to act as a tool of evidence in criminal proceedings. Attention is focused on the fact that in itself the constant growth of the use of the possibilities of innovative technologies has two sides of the coin, it has both positive and negative colors. It is clear that in the process of changes in legislation and reform approaches, it is impossible to clearly and immediately establish the advantages and imperfections of a certain legal institution, only the practical application of norms over a sufficient period of time will be able to provide answers to the questions of interest to theorists and practitioners, in our case, the most relevant ones seem to be questions regarding the assessment and use of electronic evidence when presenting versions and forming the evidence base in criminal proceedings. It is noted that the process of proof, due to its importance, remains a relevant topic for research and analysis. The problem in this legal institute is the lack of a clear legal regulation regarding the procedural procedure of extraction, assessment and research of electronic evidence at the legislative level. The authors established that electronic evidence has certain specific features that should be reflected in material and procedural legislation and prove that compliance with the requirements that exist regarding the form of an electronic document form its evidentiary value, the ability to use it as the basis of a procedural decision and refer to him during the consideration of the case in court.

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Krim, Saber, Soufien Gdaim, Abdellatif Mtibaa i Mohamed Faouzi Mimouni. "Implementation on the FPGA of DTC-SVM Based Proportional Integral and Sliding Mode Controllers of an Induction Motor: A Comparative Study". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, nr 03 (21.11.2016): 1750049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617500499.

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The conventional direct torque control (DTC), based on the hysteresis controllers and the switching table, operates with a variable switching frequency, which decreases the conventional DTC performances, like the torque and flux ripples. Thus, the space vector modulation (SVM), used in the DTC, ensures a constant switching frequency and improves the DTC performances. The first aim of this paper is to present a comparison study between the DTC with an SVM (DTC-SVM) based on the Proportional Integral regulators (DTC-SVM-PI) and the DTC-SVM based on the sliding mode controllers (DTC-SVM-SMC). These two approaches are complex control algorithms which require faster micro-controllers; therefore the second objective of this paper is to present the implementation of the DTC-SVM-PI and the DTC-SVM-SMC on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), due to the parallel processing capability of the FPGAs. The two approaches are designed and simulated using the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) and implemented using an FPGA Virtex 5. The simulation results in the transient behavior and the steady state of the induction motor controlled by these two approaches are compared and discussed. The hardware FPGA implementation results show the effectiveness of the FPGA relative to the digital signal processor in terms of execution time.

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Vasamsetti, Mrs Ramya, Ms S. Varalakshmi i Mrs M. Manga Lakshmi. "Voltage Regulation of Hydro Standalone 1-Φ Micro Grid using Fuzzy Logic Based Adaptive Sliding Mode Control Algorithm". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, nr 2 (30.12.2020): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2071.1210220.

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This paper presents an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) of an improved power quality standalone single phase microgrid system. The proposed microgrid system integrates a governor-less micro-hydro turbine driven single- phase two winding self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with a wind driven permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) generator, solar photo-voltaic (PV) array and a battery energy storage system (BESS). These renewable energy sources are integrated using only one single-phase voltage source converter (VSC). The ASMC based control algorithm is used to estimate the reference source current which controls the single-phase VSC and regulates the voltage and frequency of the microgrid in addition to harmonics current mitigation. The proposed ASMC estimates the reference real and reactive powers of the system, which is adaptive to the fluctuating loads. The sliding mode control is used to estimate the reference real power of the system to maintain the energy balance among wind, micro-hydro, solar PV power and BESS, which controls the frequency of standalone microgrid. The proposed microgrid is implemented in real time using a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) controller. Test results of proposed microgrid shows that the grid voltage and frequency are maintained constant while the system is following a sudden change in loads and under intermittent penetration of wind and solar energy sources.

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Rangnekar, Saroj, K. V. N. Rao, Mahendra Kumar Gupta i S. N. Saxena. "Development of Time Constant Regulator for Micronmachine". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics IE-32, nr 4 (listopad 1985): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.1985.350118.

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Blažek, Lukáš. "Sustainability of a shared economy". 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, nr 1 (9.12.2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(59).

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Shared economy is a current concept associated with the sharing of human, physical and intellectual resources. The penetration of a shared economy into different sectors of human activity is often referred to as a prerequisite for further sustainable development. Thus, a shared economy is one of the basic pillars of sustainable development, as it helps the market to function better, raises awareness of prices and the quality of services, but also enables anyone to have better market access. It is necessary to monitor, research, analyze and focus on identifying positive as well as negative impacts. The speed of technological development has significantly exceeded the legislative, regulatory and tax frameworks, which is often the cause of tensions between old and new business models. In general, a balance between a degree of regulation and freedom is a desirable state of affairs, providing a clear framework and rules for a shared economy while allowing for its further development and change. However, there is no consensus among experts on how to achieve this balance. The tightening of the regulation of individual shared services or, on the contrary, the deregulation of traditional industries is most often mentioned. At the same time, there are critical voices pointing to the fact that a shared economy is the result of technological progress that cannot be suppressed or reversed by any regulation, so it should have its own special laws. Given the popularity and constant development of digital technologies along with consumer habits, it is very real that a shared economy will sooner or later affect almost all areas of business. In order to make the best use of its potential, it will be necessary to find a way to adapt to its development and influence it as needed. The paper deals with the above areas with a possible prediction and proposal for future development. Keywords: Shared Economy; Circular Economics; Sustainability; Consumption; Externality

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UMANTSIV, Yurii, i Diana SHKUROPADSKA. "INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF COMPETITION POLICY IN FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET". Economy of Ukraine 2022, nr 11 (28.11.2022): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.11.026.

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The issue of institutional determinants of competition policy in financial services market is a relevant and promising research area, important both in theoretical context and in practical dimension. The substantiation of directions for the implementation of competition policy in financial services market is especially relevant in countries with emerging markets, to which Ukraine belongs. It is concluded that in recent years, the application of regulatory mechanisms in financial services market has become the basis of the digital transformation of its participants’ business model. The acceleration in the development of such technologies is due to the actions of regulators aimed at increasing the effectiveness of supervision tools after the financial crises and the rise in cost of compliance with new regulatory requirements. The basic determinants of achieving the appropriate level of competitive relations between the participants of financial services market are the development and implementation of an adequate and balanced state competition policy. In Ukraine, a legislative framework has been created and organizational foundations have been formed for the implementation of an effective state competition policy, but the deepening of market transformations constantly creates new problems in the competition policy, solving of which requires improved approaches. The study of institutional determinants of competition policy in financial services market allowed to identify the principal among them, such as the growing dependence on exogenous factors, the imperfection of information dissemination standards and information asymmetry, the violation of consumer rights, the deformation of norms and practices of conducting business, the low level of market entities credibility, dynamic development of financial innovations. The institutional environment determines the peculiarities of financial services market functioning, while the development of national economy is impossible when it is imbalanced. The task of solving the identified problems rests primarily on state institutions, at the same time, the consumers of financial services should actively participate in the constant monitoring of market entities activities.

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Memini, Valentina. "Freedom of expression and information within the right to communicate according to Albanian legislation". Intercultural Communication 7, nr 1 (22.12.2022): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.13166/ic/712022.4992.

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Throughout history, mankind has been inclined to use an increasingly advanced technology to enhance communication skills between them. Communication already represents a need as essential as it is considered one of the fundamental human rights. This right of communication today translates, among others, as the right to freedom of expression, as well as the right to information. These rights are provided in the highest acts such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Constitution of the Republic of Albania as well as other laws or bylaws issued on the basis and implementation of the Constitution. The human right to express oneself, to be informed and at the same time to preserve privacy, is developing along with the great boom that has taken place in the development of communication technology, in an increasingly connected world, so much so that to look like a global village, where information spreads very quickly. The evolution that has taken place with the development of information technology and related digital communications in recent years has changed the communication practices around the world. But in addition to this, the legislation that regulates this field has undergone constant changes, due to the fact of direct implication for human rights.

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Dneprovskaya, Natalia V. "Assessment of the readiness of the russian higher education for the digital economy". Statistics and Economics 15, nr 4 (4.09.2018): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-4-16-28.

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The purposeof the study is to assess the readiness of the Russian higher education system to move to the digital level based on the statistical researches of education. The way to the digital economy becomes decisive in the development of Russian education and covers all its stages. Within the framework of the state program “Education development” the project “Modern Digital Educational Environment” is being realized, for the secondary education the “Digital School” project is being developed, and in the program of development of the digital economy a separate direction “Personnel and Education” is emphasized. Digitalization of education becomes the next stage after the informatization stage in the technological development of education. It is necessary to assess the current level of informatization of higher education.Materials and methods of research.The presented study of the assessment of the readiness of Russian higher education to the digital economy is based on the methodology, proposed by the World Bank, which includes an assessment of five groups of indicators: the use of information technology in the learning process; training of teaching staff for the use of information technology in education; informatization of education management; information infrastructure of higher education; normative and legal support of the digitalization of education. The methodology includes the combination and interpretation of the different statistical data because the appropriate study of digitalization of education requires the specific approach. The factual basis of the research is the data of official statistics and universities.The results, on the one hand, indicate a high level of provision of universities with personal computers and access to the Internet, and on the other hand, a lack of automation of the administrative and educational processes of the university. Despite the constant development of technologies and the emergence of new educational web tools, and a multi-year state policy on the information educational space formation, its potential is partly used by universities. Only one third of university students are trained using e-learning or distance education technologies. At the same time, non-state educational institutions provide most of the educational services available to online listeners. In general, the share of online education in the market of educational services is low and is 1.8% for higher education programs and 6.7% for additional professional education. 82% of students, enrolled in programs with exclusive use of e-learning are students of non-state universities. The use of technology, even in the form of blended learning, in addition to the corresponding IT infrastructure, requires the appropriate training of lecturers and students. The training of lecturers in the use of IT in education, including training directly to work with IT, should be supplemented by teaching methodical work in the information educational space.Conclusion. The study shows that the Russian education system has created the necessary reserve for the creation of IT infrastructure, regulatory support, and best practices in the field of IT application in the educational process, which should become the basis for the participation of Russian universities in the digital economy. At the same time, the differences between information technologies (IT) and digital are not obvious, in many respects, these concepts are identical, differences arise when considering the totality of the information technologies and resources involved. Digitalization assumes that practically all the computing devices are involved in information support, including consumers, who, for example, install mobile applications in order to use the services. Involving a large number of devices with the ability to connect to the Internet allows you to organize the collection and processing of a large amount of digital data. The basis of digitalization is the created IT infrastructure and the degree of informatization in educational institutions.

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Lin, Shi Wei. "The Research of CNC Constant Voltage Power". Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (grudzień 2013): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1670.

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CNC constant voltage power is composed by the analog power circuit, MCU control circuit , pulse width modulation circuit, a power driver amplifier , analog to digital conversion circuit , the input voltage setting circuit and the output voltage display circuit. The power possesses the functions of digital regulator, high precision output, short-circuit & over-current protection and alarm functions, especially for a higher accuracy requirements for various occasions.

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Dr. Kiss, Attila, i Csaba Dr. Krasznay. "A felhasználói viselkedéselemzés kiberbiztonsági előnyei és adatvédelmi kihívásai". Információs Társadalom 17, nr 1 (11.07.2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22503/inftars.xvii.2017.1.4.

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Az elmúlt években a kiberbiztonság védelmi oldalán állók olyan lemaradásba kerültek a támadó oldallal szemben, amit soha korábban nem tapasztalhattunk. A távolság csökkentésére évről évre újabb megoldások kerülnek kidolgozásra, de jelenleg az egyik legkomolyabb „csodafegyvernek” a felhasználói viselkedéselemzést tartják. Felvetődik azonban a kérdés, hogy hogyan lehet a felhasználók magánszférájának, adatainak védelmét is biztosítani úgy, hogy a technológia teljes egészében a megfigyelésen alapul? Tanulmányunkban bemutatjuk a kiberbiztonság aktuális problémáit, az ezekre adott Big Data alapú lehetséges megoldásokat, valamint áttekintjük az adatvédelemmel kapcsolatos legfontosabb jelenlegi és az EU Általános Adatvédelmi Rendelete által 2018 májusától előírt jogi követelményeket. --- Cybersecurity Advantages and Privacy Challenges of User Behaviour Analytics In recent decades those responsible for the defence of IT systems and infrastructure have significantly failed to keep up with those attacking them. New technologies appear from time to time in order to reduce this gap. According to our current knowledge, user behaviour analytics and/or entity behaviour analytics could mean light at the end of the tunnel. These tools, however, raise the question of how to ensure privacy and protect the personal data of users when technology is completely based only the constant surveillance of their digital world. This paper presents some of the recent IT security challenges together with possible solutions based on Big Data methods, then summarizes the key principles of data protection in light of the forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation of the EU in order to find a legal and ethically correct application of these IT security tools.

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Qian, Xiang Ping, Wei Ming Qiao, Zhong Zu Zhou, Xi Meng Chen i Lan Jing. "A Digital Regulator for FPGA Implementation". Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (styczeń 2012): 4547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4547.

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A digital regulator architecture implemented in FPGA is described which is used in the accelerator power supply. To save the delay time, the device is based on combinational circuit and special data format. The multiplier uses the partial products generated by modified Booth algorithm, Carry look-ahead adder and Wallace tree. The regulator is written in Verilog, and is synthesized into FPGA. The synthesis results shows that the proposed regulator can run 200MHZ clock rate in FPGA EP3C25F256 and the whole feedback time is as short as 3 clock periods.

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Malyj, Igor A., Vladislav V. Bulgakov i Irina Yu Sharabanova. "Digital Fire and Salvage Unit: A New Level of Training for Emercom Cadets". Open Education 26, nr 1 (4.03.2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2022-1-4-12.

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The purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and develop software for the organization, management and control of the educational process, including the form of practices and internships, in the educational fire and salvage unit of the departmental university of EMERCOM. The relevance and the need for automation of the educational process is connected with the need to improve the training process for both cadets on practical training programs and permanent personnel of the fire and rescue training unit for service and professional training. The practical training of cadets currently being implemented on the basis of the fire and rescue training unit has a time-limited training format, in the form of a day on duty in three days, which does not allow without the widespread use of digital technologies to increase the level of organization of the educational process and its effectiveness, for example, by ensuring constant access of trainees to educational materials.Materials and methods. To develop a technical assignment for the creation of software, methods of scientific and pedagogical research were used, containing the analysis and synthesis of information, including both the practice of organizing the educational process in the educational fire and salvage units of universities of EMERCOM, and the requirements of regulatory legal documents for the official and professional training of firefighters. A review of software products was carried out, the possibility of their application for the organization and conduct of practices and internships of trainees of EMERCOM was evaluated, the requirements for the functionality of the software and the procedure for its use in the training fire and salvage unit were formulated.Results. The software “Digital Fire and Salvage Unit” has been developed, which has been introduced into the educational and practical activities of the departmental university of EMERCOM. The software is implemented in the form of a website (http://dfs edufire37.ru), which is supported by all modern types of browsers and adapted for mobile devices. The program includes 12 main functional modules that allow you to organize the administration and management of users, develop methodological and control and measuring materials, form a practice program or training program, a schedule of training sessions, a knowledge base and an electronic journal, receive information about the results of training, organize a game form of training through intellectual duels between users, as well as access to information about the available training fire and salvage unit of fire equipment, fire-technical and rescue equipment, to an interactive map of the area of departure of the fire-rescue guard with the placement of various objects of protection and their characteristics, roads, water sources and other information necessary for the elimination of fires. In addition, the program provides a functional module “Forum” and “Personal messages”, designed for discussion between users of topical issues of training and professional activity.Conclusion. The paper substantiates the need to introduce digital educational technologies into the activities of the educational fire and salvage unit of the University of EMERCOM to improve the efficiency of the organization, management and control of practices and internships of cadets. The presented software ensures the performance of functional tasks both in the field of training cadets at the University of EMERCOM, and in the field of service and professional training of the permanent staff of the training fire and salvage unit. A promising direction is the introduction of the presented software into the activities of practical fire and salvage units for the organization of service and professional training of firefighters.

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da Silva Sousa, Danielle, Vanderli Garcia Leal, Gustavo Trindade dos Reis, Sidnei Gonçalves da Silva, Arnaldo Alves Cardoso i João Flávio da Silveira Petruci. "An Automated, Self-Powered, and Integrated Analytical Platform for On-Line and In Situ Air Quality Monitoring". Chemosensors 10, nr 11 (2.11.2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110454.

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Air quality monitoring networks are challenging to implement due to the bulkiness and high prices of the standard instruments and the low accuracy of most of the described low-cost approaches. This paper presents a low-cost, automated, self-powered analytical platform to determine the hourly levels of O3 and NO2 in urban atmospheres. Atmospheric air was sampled at a constant airflow of 100 mL min−1 directly into vials containing 800 µL of indigotris sulfonate and the Griess–Saltzman reagent solutions for ozone and nitrogen dioxide, respectively. The analysis holder, containing a light-emitting diode and a digital light sensor, enabled the acquisition of the analytical signal on-site and immediately after the sampling time. The data were transmitted to a laptop via Bluetooth, rendering remote hourly monitoring. The platform was automated using two Arduino Uno boards and fed with a portable battery recharged with a solar panel. The method provided a limit of detection of 5 and 1 ppbv for O3 and NO2, respectively, which is below the maximum limit established by worldwide regulatory agencies. The platform was employed to determine the levels of both pollutants in the atmosphere of two Brazilian cities, in which one of them was equipped with an official air quality monitoring station. Comparing the results of both techniques revealed suitable accuracy for the proposed analytical platform. Information technology (IT) allied to reliable chemical methods demonstrated high potential to create air quality monitoring networks providing valuable information on pollutants’ emissions and ensuring safety to the population.

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Katerina, FOKINA-MEZENTSEVA. "INFORMATIONAL SECURITY IN A GLOBAL SOCIETY". Herald of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics 139, nr 5 (25.10.2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/visnik.knute.2021(139)04.

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Background. In modern conditions, information is not just a technical category. The penetration of the latest technologies into all spheres of life has turned information into an economic category, which has become one of the most essential components of the functioning of the market and, at the same time, a regulator of economic processes. Therefore, interest in the problems of international information security is growing, both for the international community, the state and its regions as a whole, and separately for sectors of the economy, for institutions, for individuals. Analysis of recent research and publications hasshown that the issues of interaction between information and international information security, as well as with the economy, remain unresolved. An important issue is the analysis of information security conditions in the framework of modern world markets and globalization processes, the impact of the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy. The aimof the articleis to consider the features of ensuring information security in the conditions of the Ukrainian economy, as well as to identify the nature of the transformation of international information security. Materials and methods. In the course of the research, the methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction, systematization, identification, classification, comparison and generalization were used. Results. Despite the existence of a lot of theoretical and applied research in the field of information management technologies, the problem of a model description of the main characteristics of information interactions in the context of ensuring information security in organizational and economic systems remains very relevant. Based on the results of this study, the place of the information system in the enterprise management contour is shown, the logical connections of the documents of the information security management system within the framework of the international standard ISO/IEC 27000 are revealed, the problems of international information security that need to be addressed in the context of globalization are identified. The solution of these issues will contribute to the rational restructuring of the sphere of informatization and information policy of the state. Conclusion. It is proved that in Ukraine, the insufficient level of informatization and constant delays in solving the problems of information security and international information security, as well as the negative information impact, lead to huge losses, a slowdown in socio-economic development and a decrease in competitiveness at the world level. To prevent this, a rational restructuring of the sphere of informatization and information policy of Ukraine is necessary with the involvement of international support and the active participation of our state in the transformational processes of international information security to counter information threats using modern methods and legislation in this area. The outlined conceptual provisions require further scientific research of the methodological aspects of economics and management in the context of the transformation of the national economy under the influence of globalization processes and the place of the digital economy in it, the prospects for the use of new methods and management tools in the era of digital economy. Keywords: information security, globalization, international cooperation, international information security,threat, country.

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Fallu-Labruyere, A., H. Tan, W. Hennig i W. K. Warburton. "Time resolution studies using digital constant fraction discrimination". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 579, nr 1 (sierpień 2007): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.048.

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Gordienko, V. P., i A. A. Vakhnenko. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER IN THE RUSSIAN EASTERN REGIONS". Social Aspects of Population Health 67, nr 2 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2021-67-2-2.

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A constant increase in the number of patients with malignant neoplasms in Russia sets a task for the State to overcome the existing difficulties in improving major indicators of morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer, taking into account individual territorial problems The purpose of the study was to evaluate major indicators of morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer in the Eastern regions of Russia over the ten-year period (2009-2019). Material and methods. The study used indicators of morbidity and mortality, reporting forms of statistical registration of cancer patients and regulatory documents of higher-level organizations, information on ten-year observations on the dynamics in changes in digital values of the pathology under study. Results. The study presents data on morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer among patients in the Far Eastern Federal District: 34152 new cancer cases were registered in 2019 which is 8.5% higher than ten years ago. 988 patients with esophageal cancer were under medical follow-up i.e. 12.0 per 100,000 population in the region. In the structure of incidence and total mortality among all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, esophageal cancer ranked second after malignant neoplasms of stomach. During the study period, the number of patients with advanced forms of the disease decreased (29.8%) with a parallel light increase in the number of patients with cancer stages I and II (33.3%). Over the past ten years, the morbidity increased more in the female population (2.01 о/оооо). The share of actively detected patients during this time increased multi-fold (15.4%), with a simultaneous increase in the number of patients with esophageal cancer (1.9). The number of morphologically confirmed cases was lower than the Russian average (91.6%). The share of patients registered for medical follow-up over five years did not reach the average republican values (37.0%). Deaths within the first year of diagnosis were characterized by dynamically decreasing digital values against the background of high indicators (55.3%, and 57.6% in the Russian Federation). Conclusion. Against the background of the increasing absolute number of patients with malignant neoplasms in the Eastern regions of Russia in 2019, standardized indicators (Standard population) of mortality from esophageal cancer in the male population increased with a rise in the number of women who developed and died from esophageal cancer.

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Chao, Kuei-Hsiang, Bing-Ze Huang i Jia-Jun Jian. "An Energy Storage System Composed of Photovoltaic Arrays and Batteries with Uniform Charge/Discharge". Energies 15, nr 8 (14.04.2022): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082883.

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The main purpose of this study was to develop a photovoltaic module array (PVMA) and an energy storage system (ESS) with charging and discharging control for batteries to apply in grid power supply regulation of high proportions of renewable energy. To control the flow of energy at the DC load and charge/discharge the battery uniformly, this work adapted a bidirectional buck–boost soft-switching converter and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique of the photovoltaic module array. First, a boost converter is used with the perturb and observe (P&O) method, so that the photovoltaic module array can work at the maximum power point (MPP) at any time. When the output power of the photovoltaic module array is greater than the load power, the excess power is used to charge the battery; on the contrary, if the output power of the photovoltaic module array is lower than the load power, the battery discharges for auxiliary power supply. This makes the voltage of the DC link maintain a constant value. The monitoring circuit sends the voltage and current signals to the TMS320F2809 digital signal processor (DSP) produced by Texas Instruments to control the battery charging/discharging voltage and current. The photovoltaic module array works at the MPP to improve the performance of the overall energy storage system. Finally, the actual test result shows that the soft-switching converter used in this work, when compared to the hard-switching converter, can improve efficiency by nearly 4% when the load power is above 125 W. When the photovoltaic power generation system operation is between 150 W and 400 W, the proposed uniform charging and discharging architecture can rapidly reach uniformity.

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VAN WILLIGENBURG, L. G., i W. L. DE KONING. "The digital optimal regulator and tracker for stochastic time-varying systems". International Journal of Systems Science 23, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 2309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729208949456.

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Kavanagh, Richard C. "An enhanced constant sample-time digital tachometer through oversampling". Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 26, nr 2 (czerwiec 2004): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0142331204tm114oa.

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De Groot, P., I. Tchetverikov, Y. Goekoop-Ruiterman, M. R. Kok, M. Vis, W. Olsder, J. Foolen, R. Bakker i J. Luime. "OP0093-PARE DISCOVERING THE POTENTIAL VALUES OF DIGITAL BIOMARKERS FOR INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS PATIENTS, A DESIGN THINKING APPROACH PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE PATIENTS’ PERSPECTIVE". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (30.05.2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.354.

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BackgroundThe Inflammatory Arthritis (IA) patient population is growing, whilst there already is a shortage of health care professionals (HCPs). It is impossible to meet the future demand for care with the current healthcare system.Digital biomarkersare objective, quantifiable, physiological and behavioural data that are collected and measured by means of digital devices [1]. They can support continuous measurements outside the physical confines of the clinical environment and so could help close the gap in healthcare demands.ObjectivesTo obtain the patients’ insights on disease activity, disease management and care needs; and to empathise with their attitude towards digital biomarkers in order to obtain future directions for digital biomarker development.MethodsA Design Thinking approach is followed for the development of digital biomarkers in rheumatology. It is a human-centered problem-solving approach that leverages empathy and collective idea generation to tackle complex challenges [2]. Semi-structured focus group discussions, based on the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation [3], were conducted through 60-minute video conferences. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed to verbatim and coded. Results were discussed with our patient partners.ResultsIn total 6 focus groups were organised, with a total of 30 IA patients (22 PsA; 8 RA, age 51± 11 years, 48% male, time since diagnosis 7 (3:12,5) years). The main findings were:Trial and error;life after diagnosis is marked by trial and error. They need(ed) to learn how and when to listen to their bodies, uncover potential triggers of inflammation and develop appropriate disease management. They felt an urgency to get advice on lifestyle adjustments, career choices and life adaptations, and discuss these with their HCPs and fellow patients.Role of the HCPs in care needs;patients visited their HCP for affirmation, reflection and future directions. They often doubted whether their symptoms were rheumatic. Secondly, they wanted to be ensured adverse drug reactions are absent, blood tests brought them peace of mind. Furthermore, consultations were indicated as an obligatory moment of self-reflection. Conversing with their HCP was seen as a reality check and a conversation about (new) options.Digital Biomarkers;attitudes towards digital biomarkers varied. Some patients thought it could provide them with deeper insights and reminders before crossing a line. Some patients thought it relevant only for their HCP. They did not want a constant reminder of their disease. Others did not see any additional value as they knew themselves well enough that no device should tell them whether their feelings are true or not.ConclusionThe following problem statement from the patients’ perspective can be formulated; “we suffer from a disease that has turned our lives upside down, we have to cope with it every day. Our learning mechanism is by trial and error. We have to know which activities should be avoided and how to predict the seriousness of a flare. It is difficult to discriminate pain as just pain, from pain as a preceding symptom of flare. The affirmation from our HCPs and our blood results bring us peace of mind. Perhaps, by applying technology, we can speed up our learning process and triggers of flare could be identified. However, one should be mindful of the purpose, the amount of reminders it gives us and the visualisation of our measurements.” In general there is no strong resistance to digital biomarkers. However, for future uptake the recorded data should be of clear benefit for the patient.Figure 1.Quotes form patient focus groups and the design thinking process.References[1]Karger Digital Biomarkers - Author Guidelines:https://www.karger.com/Journal/guidelines/271954#:~:text=Digital%20biomarkers%20are%20defined%20as,or%20predict%20health%2Drelated%20outcomes.[2]ISBN: 9780262539135[3]PMID: 27515801AcknowledgementsThis study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant.Disclosure of InterestsPatty de Groot Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Ilja Tchetverikov Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Yvonne Goekoop-Ruiterman Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Marc R Kok Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Marijn Vis Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Wendy Olsder Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Jasper Foolen Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Rien Bakker Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant., Jolanda Luime Grant/research support from: This study was funded by Pfizer through a researcher-initiated grant.

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Saldías Molina, Hernaldo, Juan Dixon Rojas i Luis Morán Tamayo. "Finite set model predictive control to a shunt multilevel active filter". COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, nr 1 (5.01.2015): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2013-0087.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to implement a finite set model predictive control algorithm to a shunt (or parallel), multilevel (cascaded H-bridge) active power filter (APF). Specifically, the purpose is to get a controller that could compensate the mains current and, at the same time, to control the voltages of its capacitors. This strategy avoids the use of multiple PWM carriers or another type of special modulator, and requires a relatively low processing power. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is focussed in the application of the predictive controller to a single-phase parallel APF composed for two H-bridges connected in series. The same methodology can be applied to a three-phase APF. In the DC buses of each H-bridge, a floating capacitor was connected, whose voltage is regulated by the predictive controller. The controller is composed by, first, a model for the charge/discharge dynamics for each floating capacitor and a model for the output current of the APF; second, a cost function; and third, an optimization algorithm that is able to control all these variables at the same time, choosing in each sample period the best combination of firing pulses. Findings – The controller can track the voltage references, compensate the current harmonics and compensate reactive power with an algorithm that evaluates only the three nearest voltage levels to the last voltage level applied in the inverter. This strategy decreases the number of calculations required by the predictive algorithm. This controller can be applied to the general case of a single-phase multilevel APF of N-levels and extend it to the three-phase case without major problems. Research limitations/implications – The implemented controller, when the authors consider a constant sample time, gives a mains current with a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD-I) slightly greater in comparison with the base algorithm (that evaluates all the voltage levels). However, when the authors consider the processing times under the same processor, the implemented algorithm requires less time to get the optimal values, can get lower sampling times and then a best performance in terms of THD-I. To implement the controller in a three-phase APF, a faster Digital Signal Processor would be required. Originality/value – The implemented solution uses a model for the charge/discharge of the capacitors and for the filter current that enable to operate the cascaded multilevel inverter with asymmetrical voltages while compensates the mains currents, with a predictive algorithm that requires a relatively low amount of calculations.

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Van Willigenburg, L. G. "Computation of the digital lqg regulator and tracker for time-varying systems". Optimal Control Applications and Methods 13, nr 4 (październik 1992): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oca.4660130403.

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