Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Digital divide”

Technological advancement and rapid expansion of internet services have resulted in making people digitally literate. This paper attempts to take an in-depth look at the data of internet users in South Asia with a precise focus on gender perspective. South Asian communities enjoy relishing modern technologies with traditional socio-cultural practices; in some sections, women still do not get equal status and rarely participate in the decision-making processes even at the household level. Therefore, it would be noteworthy to identify whether technological expansion has helped in minimising the existing gender gap in the region or it has worked adversely! This paper is based on the secondary data and relevant literature available in the public domain. Data of the five South Asian countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka—have been analyzed here. The paper has reflected the existing scenario and emerging trends in the current digital world..

As this world progresses towards a phase where digital modes of education are no longer considered optional, it has become mandatory and the only means of schooling due to the effects of the pandemic, Covid-19. The education sector is now entirely under the wing of digitalization to accomplish its objectives. Even though education can only be carried out through digital means, the ease of accessibility for digital modes for people from every socioeconomic sector cannot establish the concept of 'Digital Divide.' This term explains the breach between people who do not have the resources to utilize the digital realm. This breach between the people in the Digital Divide universe lurks the agendas of Marxism. The people who are privileged to access digital life are the ones who are from a well-established socioeconomic background/ sector, and the underprivileged ones are from a sector where the accessibility of the digital modes of life, even for education, are hectic because of their socioeconomic standards. Thereby, an image of how Marxist agendas is on the Digital Divide's shadows can be seen.

This paper discussed digital divide, issues and strategies for intervention in Nigerian libraries. It defined digital divide as the gap that exist between countries, within countries, individuals, families and so on in their access and usage of Information Technology facilities such as the internet, computers, laptops, various handheld devices, application software etc. The paper also discussed the causes of digital divide comprising finance, level of education, location of the individual and language as well as discussing the effects of digital divide to encompass inequality in access to information; ineffective services to users, libraries being unable to satisfy their clientele. The paper went further to discuss the present state of ICT facilities adoption and use by Libraries in Nigeria, compared to their equals in developed countries. The paper pointed out that most Nigerian libraries are far from full automation and Internet connectivity; the staff lack technical skills to build and maintain ICT for enhanced service delivery; libraries in rural areas of these developing countries are more neglected as available ICT facilities and internet connections are mostly available and accessible in the urban areas thus, those leaving in the rural areas are cut off from the numerous benefits of ICT. The paper concluded that Digital divide is a menace that affects information availability and access; growth and development in between countries and within countries and has led to inequality in access and use of ICT facilities as such, Nigerian libraries should wake up to their responsibilities by providing the required infrastructure needed to bridge the gap to prevent the escalation of digital divide. The paper finally recommended the formulation and implementation of ICT policy, adequate funding of libraries by those concerned, education and training of human resources to build and maintain ICT facilities, curriculum innovation by library schools so as to inculcate ICT courses for skills acquisitions of the professionals, improvement of maintenance culture and eradication of corruption in the entire system to enable developing countries take advantage of ICT facilities, make progress and move along with modernity and global sophistication.

With the widespread use of the internet, exploring how it will influence the labor market is of great significance. Based on the 2010-2018 China Family Panel Studies dataset, this paper investigates the effect of the internet on sustainable employability among Chinese aged 16-60. The empirical results of the panel double-hurdle model show that the internet can significantly enhance an individual's competitiveness in the labor market. Moreover, the heterogeneity tests show that the middle aged and older adults, freelancers, and those living in disadvantaged regions can benefit more on employability brought about by the internet. The authors define this phenomenon as the information welfare of the internet, which has narrowed the digital gap caused by the uneven development of technology among different social groups. In addition, the positive coefficient associated with internet use is driven by higher skill requirements in specific workplaces. The authors further explored the role workplace computerization has had in this process.

Durant l’última dècada, Internet s’ha convertit en un aspecte crucial de les xarxes basades en les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació, trencant les barreres de comunicació entre cultures en permetre l’accés a gairebé qualsevol servei a tot el món. A més de la difusió d’Internet a tot el món, les xarxes de xarxes socials, les plataformes en línia i altres tecnologies digitals han canviat radicalment la nostra vida quotidiana. Com a resultat, Internet és potser l’aspecte més visible de la globalització i un motor que integra gairebé totes les indústries. Tot i que la tecnologia digital s’estén ràpidament, la majoria de la població no gaudeix dels avantatges. Han sorgit divisions digitals en l’ús d’Internet i les xarxes socials i en la realització d’activitats en línia. Inicialment, la bretxa digital es referia a la bretxa entre grups d’individus amb accés a tecnologies i aquells amb accés restringit o cap. No obstant això, les proves han demostrat que el concepte és més complex que el simple accés a dispositius digitals. En els darrers 15 anys, els investigadors han intentat produir una explicació completa de les diferents fractures digitals. Per entendre millor les relacions entre els diferents nivells de divisió digital, van Dijk i els seus associats van desenvolupar els seus recursos i la teoria de l’apropiació (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). La teoria RA proposa un model seqüencial per explicar la relació entre els diferents nivells de bretxa digital i com es produeixen i es reprodueixen les desigualtats socials. El model seqüencial mostra que el procés d’apropiació va des de les motivacions fins a l’ús d’Internet (actituds i motius per (no) utilitzar Internet), a l’accés físic a Internet (qualitat, quantitat i omnipresència), fins a habilitats digitals (adequades) ús d’Internet), i a l’ús i els resultats d’Internet (interactuar amb Internet i gaudir dels avantatges). Aquest procés no es distribueix per igual a la societat. Aquesta tesi doctoral, basada en la teoria dels recursos i de l’apropiació com a marc teòric, explora la primera bretxa digital a Tailàndia per explicar l’heterogeneïtat de l’accés a Internet en un país en desenvolupament. Es consideraven l’accés dels usuaris tailandesos a Internet, els motors teòrics i els indicadors de recursos de posició i categories socials. Es va trobar, en general, que les oportunitats d’accés a ordinadors i a Internet són els principals motors d’ús d’Internet. Tot i això, l’efecte agregat cobreix el fet que hi ha una transformació digital i social en curs a Tailàndia. D’una banda, hi ha un nou grup mòbil d’usuaris d’Internet per al qual el motor més crucial d’ús d’Internet són les oportunitats d’accés mòbil seguides d’oportunitats d’accés a Internet i ordinadors. D’altra banda, els conductors d’un grup tradicional d’usuaris d’Internet són oportunitats d’accés a ordinadors i a Internet. Pel que fa a les propietats socials de les persones de cada grup, el grup d’usuaris mòbils es pot definir com a dona, de 15 a 35 anys, amb bona formació, estudiant, soltera i resident a Bangkok o Tailàndia central, mentre que el grup d’usuaris d’Internet tradicional compost per persones grans amb menys educació, amb discapacitats, a l’atur, normalment casades o vídues i que viuen al nord de Tailàndia. Els motors de la diversitat de l’ús d’Internet poden ser generacionals, cosa que suggereix la necessitat de canviar l’enfocament de la recerca de les llars a les persones, fins i tot als països menys desenvolupats. També es va analitzar l’ús d’Internet per part dels ciutadans de la Unió Europea, generalitzant la validesa del model seqüencial proposat per la teoria RA des d’un país a tot el bloc. Es va trobar suport per a les relacions hipotetitzades, però una altra constatació va ser que els efectes dels motors sobre l’ús d’Internet varien en funció del nivell de desenvolupament digital dels països. Tot i que l’educació en general és el principal factor determinant de la producció social de desigualtats digitals, el nivell de desenvolupament digital d’un país és crucial per als europeus amb menys formació. A més, les persones joves i amb bona formació són les més ben posicionades de la societat per aprofitar les tecnologies digitals de cada país. Els nostres descobriments són nous analitzeu el procés social d’apropiació d’Internet, cosa que suggereix que es desenvolupa de manera diferent als diferents països europeus. Finalment, es va estudiar el paper de la confiança en la producció d’una nova fractura digital. El model seqüencial d’apropiació d’Internet social es va ampliar per incloure la confiança com a mediador en la cadena causal. El model ampliat proposa que les actituds, l’accés físic, les habilitats digitals i ara la confiança expliquin seqüencialment el procés d’apropiació que acaba en una bretxa digital en l’ús d’Internet. Les conclusions indiquen que, si bé la confiança és un altre factor important de la bretxa digital que media les habilitats digitals en l’ús d’Internet, les habilitats digitals continuen sent el motor més crucial per generar la bretxa digital. La confiança és un concepte construït socialment el significat del qual depèn de les habilitats digitals de les persones. En resum, aquesta investigació fa diverses contribucions al coneixement de la producció social de la bretxa digital als països en desenvolupament i als països desenvolupats. Es va descobrir l’existència d’una transformació digital generacional a Tailàndia que incideix en la importància dels motors teòrics d’accés a Internet, una troballa que genera dubtes sobre la hipòtesi de la classe mòbil. Generalitzant la validesa del model d’apropiació i recursos, es va identificar el nivell de desenvolupament digital d’un país com a recurs públic per reduir les desigualtats digitals. i l’educació i l’edat com a principals indicadors socials de les desigualtats digitals. Finalment, el model teòric seqüencial es va ampliar per incloure la confiança com un altre nivell de la bretxa digital, trobant que, tot i que el seu paper és significatiu, les habilitats digitals continuen sent el motor més influent.
Durante la última década, Internet se ha convertido en un aspecto crucial de las redes basadas en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, rompiendo las barreras de comunicación entre culturas al permitir el acceso a casi cualquier servicio en todo el mundo. Además de la expansión de Internet en todo el mundo, las redes sociales, las plataformas en línea y otras tecnologías digitales han cambiado radicalmente nuestra vida diaria. Como resultado, Internet es quizás el aspecto más visible de la globalización y una fuerza impulsora que integra a casi todas las industrias. Aunque la tecnología digital se está extendiendo rápidamente, la mayoría de la población no disfruta de los beneficios. Las divisiones digitales han surgido en el uso de Internet y las redes sociales, y en la realización de actividades en línea. Inicialmente, la brecha digital se refería a la brecha entre grupos de personas con acceso a tecnologías y aquellos con acceso restringido o ninguno. Sin embargo, la evidencia ha demostrado que el concepto es más complejo que el mero acceso a dispositivos digitales. En los últimos 15 años, los investigadores han intentado producir una explicación completa de las diferentes brechas digitales. Para comprender mejor las relaciones entre los diferentes niveles de brecha digital, van Dijk y sus asociados desarrollaron sus recursos y la teoría de la apropiación (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). La teoría RA propone un modelo secuencial para explicar la relación entre diferentes niveles de brecha digital y cómo se producen y reproducen las desigualdades sociales. El modelo secuencial muestra que el proceso de apropiación va desde las motivaciones al uso de internet (actitudes y razones para (no) usar internet), al acceso físico a internet (calidad, cantidad y ubicuidad), a las habilidades digitales (adecuadas uso de Internet) y al uso y los resultados de Internet (interactuar con Internet y disfrutar de los beneficios). Ese proceso no se distribuye por igual en la sociedad. Esta tesis doctoral, basada en la teoría de los recursos y la apropiación como marco teórico, explora la primera brecha digital en Tailandia para explicar la heterogeneidad del acceso a Internet en un país en desarrollo. Se tuvieron en cuenta el acceso de los usuarios tailandeses a Internet, los impulsores teóricos y los indicadores de los recursos posicionales y las categorías sociales. En general, se descubrió que las oportunidades de acceso a la computadora y a Internet son los principales impulsores del uso de Internet. Sin embargo, el efecto agregado cubre el hecho de que se está produciendo una transformación digital y social en Tailandia. Por un lado, existe un nuevo grupo móvil de usuarios de Internet para el que el factor más importante del uso de Internet son las oportunidades de acceso móvil seguidas de Internet y las oportunidades de acceso a computadoras. Por otro lado, los impulsores para un grupo tradicional de usuarios de Internet son las oportunidades de acceso a la computadora y a Internet. En cuanto a las propiedades sociales de los individuos en cada grupo, el grupo de usuarios móviles puede perfilarse como mujeres, de entre 15 y 35 años, bien educados, estudiantes, solteros y residentes en Bangkok o Tailandia central, mientras que el grupo de usuarios de Internet tradicional es compuesto por personas mayores, menos educadas, con discapacidades, desempleadas, generalmente casadas o viudas, y que viven en el norte de Tailandia. Los impulsores de la diversidad en el uso de Internet pueden ser generacionales, lo que sugiere la necesidad de cambiar el enfoque de la investigación de los hogares a los individuos, incluso en los países menos desarrollados. También se analizó el uso de internet por parte de los ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, al generalizar la validez del modelo secuencial propuesto por la teoría de la RA de un país a todo el bloque. Se encontró apoyo para las relaciones hipotéticas, pero otro hallazgo fue que los efectos de los impulsores en el uso de Internet varían según el nivel de desarrollo digital de los países. Si bien la educación en general es el principal determinante de la producción social de desigualdades digitales, el nivel de desarrollo digital de un país es crucial para los europeos con menos educación. Además, las personas jóvenes y bien educadas son las mejor posicionadas en la sociedad para aprovechar las tecnologías digitales en cada país. Nuestros hallazgos arrojan nuevos luz sobre el proceso social de apropiación de Internet, lo que sugiere que se desarrolla de manera diferente en los diferentes países europeos. Finalmente se estudió el papel de la confianza en la producción de una nueva brecha digital. El modelo secuencial de apropiación social de Internet se amplió para incluir la confianza como mediador en la cadena causal. El modelo extendido propone que las actitudes, el acceso físico, las habilidades digitales y ahora la confianza explican secuencialmente el proceso de apropiación que desemboca en una brecha digital en el uso de Internet. Los resultados indican que, si bien la confianza es otro determinante significativo de la brecha digital que media las habilidades digitales en el uso de Internet, las habilidades digitales continúan siendo el factor más crucial para generar la brecha digital. La confianza es un concepto construido socialmente cuyo significado depende de las habilidades digitales de los individuos. En resumen, esta investigación hace varios aportes a nuestro conocimiento de la producción social de la brecha digital en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. Se descubrió la existencia de una transformación digital generacional en Tailandia que incide en la importancia de los impulsores teóricos del acceso a Internet, un hallazgo que genera dudas con respecto a la hipótesis de la clase baja móvil. Generalizando la vigencia del modelo de recursos y apropiación, se identificó el nivel de desarrollo digital de un país como recurso público para la reducción de las desigualdades digitales. y la educación y la edad como los principales indicadores sociales de las desigualdades digitales. Finalmente, el modelo secuencial teórico se amplió para incluir la confianza como otro nivel de la brecha digital, encontrando que aunque su rol es significativo, las habilidades digitales siguen siendo el impulsor más influyente.
Over the past decade, the internet has become a crucial aspect of networks based on the information and communication technologies, breaking down communication barriers between cultures by allowing access to almost any service worldwide. In addition to the spread of the internet worldwide, social media networking, online platforms, and other digital technologies have radically changed our daily lives. As a result, the internet is perhaps the most visible aspect of globalization and a driving force that integrates almost every industry. Even though digital technology is spreading rapidly, most of the population does not enjoy the benefits. Digital divisions have arisen in the use of the internet and social media, and in conducting activities online. Initially, the digital divide referred to the gap between groups of individuals with access to technologies and those with restricted access or none at all. However, evidence has shown that the concept is more complex than mere access to digital devices. In the last 15 years, researchers have tried to produce a comprehensive explanation of different digital divides. To better understand relations between different digital divide levels, van Dijk and associates developed their resources and appropriation theory (van Dijk, 2005, 2020). The RA theory proposes a sequential model to explain the relationship between different digital divide levels and how social inequalities are produced and reproduced. The sequential model shows that the process of appropriation goes from motivations to use of the internet (attitudes and reasons for (not) using the internet), to physical access to the internet (quality, quantity, and ubiquity), to digital skills (appropriate internet use), and to the internet use and outcomes (engaging with the internet and enjoying the benefits). That process is not equally distributed in society. This doctoral dissertation, grounded in the resources and appropriation theory as the theoretical framework, explores the first digital divide in Thailand to explain internet access heterogeneity in a developing country. Considered were Thai users' access to the internet, theoretical drivers, and indicators of positional resources and social categories. It was found, in general, that computer and internet access opportunities are the primary drivers of internet use. However, the aggregate effect covers the fact that there is a digital and social transformation underway in Thailand. On the one hand, there is a new mobile group of internet users for which the most crucial driver of internet use is mobile access opportunities followed by internet and computer access opportunities. On the other hand, drivers for a traditional group of internet users are computer and internet access opportunities. As for the social properties of individuals in each groups, the mobile user group can be profiled as female, aged 15-35 years, well educated, a student, single, and resident in Bangkok or Central Thailand, while the traditional internet user group is composed of older, less well-educated individuals, with disabilities, unemployed, most typically married or widowed, and living in Northern Thailand. The drivers behind internet use diversity may be generational, suggesting a need to switch the research focus from households to individuals, even in less developed countries. Also analysed was internet use by European Union citizens, by generalizing the validity of the sequential model proposed by the RA theory from one country to the entire bloc. Support was found for the hypothesized relationships, but another finding was that the drivers' effects on internet use vary depending on the digital development level of countries. While education overall is the primary determinant of the social production of digital inequalities, a country's digital development level is crucial for less well-educated Europeans. Furthermore, young and well-educated individuals are the best positioned in society to take advantage of digital technologies in each country. Our findings throw new light on the social process of internet appropriation, suggesting that it develops differently in different European countries. Finally studied was the role of trust in producing a new digital divide. The sequential model of social internet appropriation was extended to include trust as a mediator in the causal chain. The extended model proposes that attitudes, physical access, digital skills, and now trust sequentially explain the appropriation process that ends in a digital divide in internet use. Findings indicate that while trust is another significant determiner of the digital divide that mediates digital skills on internet use, digital skills continue to be the most crucial driver in generating the digital gap. Trust is a socially constructed concept whose meaning depends on the digital skills of individuals. To sum up, this research makes several contributions to our knowledge of the social production of the digital divide in developing and developed countries. Uncovered was the existence of a generational digital transformation in Thailand that impinges on the importance of theoretical drivers of access to the internet – a finding that raises doubts regarding the mobile underclass hypothesis. Generalizing the resources and appropriation model's validity, identified was the digital development level of a country as a public resource for reducing digital inequalities. and education and age as the primary social indicators of digital inequalities. Finally, the theoretical sequential model was extended to include trust as another level of the digital divide, finding that even though its role is significant, digital skills remain as the most influential driver.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Creació i Gestió d'Empreses

L oggetto della ricerca si incentra nella correlazione tra il fenomeno dello sviluppo locale e la problematica del digital divide. L intento che si intende perseguire consiste nella formulazione di ipotesi di risposta ad alcune domande poste in relazione alle due tematiche citate. In altri termini ci si chiede se gli strumenti tipici dello sviluppo locale possano o meno svolgere un ruolo nella riduzione, o quantomeno, nel contenimento del divario digitale inteso nella sua duplice versione ossia differenza nella dotazione all accesso alla rete internet e disparità nel grado di alfabetizzazione informatica. Inoltre si intende comprendere se, colmato il divario, possano derivare, o meno, effetti tali da contribuire allo sviluppo di un territorio. Per cercare di rispondere alle domande formulate, occorrerà pertanto capire cosa si intende per digital divide studiando, il fenomeno sin dalla sua nascita nonché analizzando le diverse ipotesi di evoluzione del divario nel tempo e, contestualmente, la differente morfologia che esso assume in base al contesto di riferimento. Occorre, infatti, notare che il divario digitale non è un fenomeno statico, legato esclusivamente all avvento della nuova tecnologia internet, ma un concetto in continua evoluzione, noto nell ambiente come moving target. Pertanto, si affronteranno le differenti accezioni del fenomeno concentrandosi in particolare su due fattispecie: il digital divide strutturale e quello reale. Sarà quindi trattata la tematica dell accesso alla rete internet, sia da un punto di vista giuridico che tecnico, al fine di acquisire gli strumenti necessari per comprendere le modalità di ridurre il divario digitale. Una volta quindi compreso il fenomeno e le relative ragioni di resistenza del mercato si passeranno in rassegna i recenti interventi governativi sia di stampo comunitario che nazionale volti alla riduzione del digital divide. Verranno presi, invece, in analisi i diversi interventi realizzati dalle regioni italiane ad eccezione della regione Sicilia. Attraverso l analisi rivolta alle diverse realtà locali italiane, si cercherà di valutare l eventuale efficienza dell intervento locale in merito alla riduzione del divario digitale con particolare riferimento ai Fondi rurali, sottolineando, se del caso, le best practices riscontrate. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti verrà affrontata la questione della riduzione del divario digitale nella regione siciliana prendendo in considerazioni il ruolo delle istituzioni, le caratteristiche del territorio, la crescita della popolazione, l attuale divario digitale rilevato, l eventuale presenza di operatori locali virtuosi delle comunicazioni, nonché le potenzialità intrinseche legate all utilizzo di internet quale utile strumento di crescita economico-sociale. Si trarranno, infine, le conclusioni di quanto posto nel corso della trattazione per prospettare delle risposte ipotizzabili alle domande poste fornendo da un lato alcuni spunti di riflessione su possibili ipotesi di intervento e dall altro prendendo in considerazione i virtuosismi riscontrati in rete tali da creare un effetto positivo nello sviluppo locale del territorio.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-83).
The concept of the digital divide is a condition in the urban context where informationalization via computer technology exacerbates a duality that consists of those who have access to information technologies, and those who do not. The resultant outcome is a marginalized community left behind - a polarized urban system socially, spatially, and technologically. Low-income communities become devalued, disadvantaged, and dis-empowered. Left behind is a community that is not computer literate, lacks skills to attain entry-level jobs, and lacking in resources and infrastructure to maintain a competitive computer competency. Infrastructure that is needed goes beyond just computer software and hardware. More important is that of human infrastructure, which is needed as a constant, in order to instruct, mentor, and interact with the community on a daily basis. Moreover, physical space that can facilitate the potential of computer technologies cannot be overlooked. The areas of the city, which this thesis focuses on, are that of the extreme poor; the ghettos that are frequently neglected physically and financially. These are environments where the presence of fear, lack of trust, and danger are everyday psychological realities in which the young and the old must persevere. Space allotted for learning, safety, and interaction is a much-needed resource. Shrinking the digital divide requires and understanding of the social theory that exists at the core of implementing high technologies within low-income communities. From an architectural standpoint, placing mobile architecture within its historical context, and present applications, became a necessity. The thesis attempts to shorten the present digital divide, and posits that an architectural solution designed through flexibility and adaptability, in addition to the integration with specific technologies and program, can initiate a community computer - where members become active producers rather than consumers. The architecture will be a resolution beyond providing infrastructure and access, but instead instilling within the community ownership, trust, and a street presence. Furthermore, the thesis promotes social interaction and a community history - two components that are deciding factors, and at the heart of, defining a community.
David Bruce McLean.
M.Arch.

The digital divide refers to inequalities in access to information technology. Those people who do not have access to information technology are at a significant economic and social disadvantage. As with any other policy decision, in order to evaluate policies for dealing with the digital divide, we need to know exactly what our goal should be. Since the principal value of access to information technology is that it leads to knowledge, work in epistemology can help us to clarify our goal in the context of the digital divide. In this paper, I argue that epistemic value theory can help us to determine which distribution of knowledge to aim for. Epistemic value theory cannot specify a particular distribution to aim for, but it can significantly narrow down the range of possibilities. Additionally, I indicate how the exercise of applying epistemic value theory to the case of the digital divide furthers work in epistemology.

Through this practice-based research I interrogate the terms community art, activism, social and digital media, as well as community and place. It is an investigation into both theoretical and practical aspects of community art practice and its connection to national and local policies on community, arts and digital media. It considers the increasing role digital technology and social media have in communities and community organisations, in particular under the guise of austerity, and how community organisations (do not) use social media and digital technology to encourage participation. It considers my position and role as an artist, curator and resident within the community that I live in and how, through becoming active and engaged with the place, I can develop a strategy for sustainable and long-term social engagement. This practice based Ph.D. takes as a starting point the stalled housing regeneration, due to the halting of the Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder, in the community where I live. The research builds upon my experience of working as an artist, curator and arts educator since the turn of the millennium where, under consecutive governments the purpose of contemporary art and its educational use has either been to effect social change (New Labour) or its economic value (current coalition government). Through the creation of a series of participatory and digital engagement events and workshops the research interrogates and considers the connections and conflict between the ‘physical’ (public space) and the digital and supposedly ‘open’ (the online). The research will be of use to those who feel an increasing and urgent need to engage with their own community as practitioners as well as community members.

" Since 2010, there has been an exponential growth in health data and health information technologies, such as electronic health records (EHRs), and AI-enabled medical tools. Despite the growth and investment in these technologies, they have had few positive effects on health outcomes, especially for marginalized populations. This review begins by addressing common rhetorical and ethical responses to inequities in health technologies, such as the digital divide and data bias frames. It then problematizes both approaches before proposing that examining racialization, or the creation and circulation of racial hierarchies, can contribute to a more comprehensive framework for facilitating health equity in health information technology."