Rozprawy doktorskie: „Differences”

1

Foreman, Elizabeth. "Individual differences in expanded judgement tasks /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf715.pdf.

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2

Serra, Andreas. "A difference analysis method for detecting differences between similar documents". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219566.

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Similarity analysis of documents is a well studied field. With a focus instead on the opposite concept, how can we try to define and distinguish the differences within documents? This project tries to determine if differences within documents can be detected as well as quantified based on their semantic qualities. We propose a method for quantifying differences by applying tf-idf based models with analysis methods for lemmatization and synonym extraction, together with utility ranking algorithms. The method is implemented and tested. The results show that the method has potential but that further studies are required in order to fully evaluate to what extent it could be of practical use. Such a method could though reap significant benefits within several different fields in which automatic difference detection could replace error prone manual labor in document management, as well as other beneficial purposes such as to provide automatically generated difference summaries.
Likhetsanalys mellan dokument är ett välutforskat område. Med fokus istället på motsatsen, hur kan vi försöka definiera och särskilja skillnaderna mellan dokument? Detta projekt försöker undersöka om skillnader mellan dokument kan detekteras samt kvantifieras baserat på deras semantiska kvalitéer. Vi föreslår en metod för kvantifiering av skillnader genom att applicera tf-idf baserade modeller tillsammans med analysmetoder för lemmatisering och synonymextrahering, i kombination med utilitetsrankningsalgoritmer. Metoden implementeras och testas. Resultaten visar att metoden har potential men att det krävs ytterligare studier för att fullt ut avgöra till vilken grad den skulle kunna vara praktiskt användbar. En sådan metod skulle dock kunna erbjuda stora fördelar för ett flertal olika discipliner, där automatisk skillnadsdetektering skulle kunna ersätta felbenägen manuellt arbete gällande dokumentationshantering, samt också fylla andra förmånliga syften som t.ex. att kunna erbjuda automatgenererade skillnadssammanfattningar.

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3

Chou, Wen-Lung. "Evaluation of lightness differences and metallic colour differences". Thesis, University of Derby, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396519.

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4

Floyd, Stewart Allen. "A qualitative analysis of finite difference equations in R[superscript n]". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29441.

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5

Lucrecio, Lorraine M. "An ocean of difference: An exploration of cultural differences in learning styles". Scholarly Commons, 2016. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/240.

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An interdisciplinary approach to learning styles and teaching styles among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander students (NHPI) and Western teachers, this thesis suggests specific learning components necessary for academic success for Oceanic learners. This was accomplished by examining academic literature in the fields of anthropology, history, intercultural communication, linguistics, Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), and Hawaiian studies. The thesis blends the current literature with qualitative research findings from questionnaire results of university students from the Pacific Islands and questionnaire results from Western university faculty. The results of this research provide insight to addressing tactile learning, natural environments, spirit/core wisdom, and awareness of the differences in communication styles for NHPI students in a U.S. university. The results also provide insight on two major themes that inhibit learning: first, that NHPI students face fear and a lack of confidence on a daily basis in the general class environment, and second, that their teachers also have a low regard of the NHPI student because of unmet expectations that are culturally relevant to Western education systems, but that are in direct contrast of Oceanic values. This thesis suggests that both teachers and students often miscommunicate by unknowing conflicting value systems.

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6

Holm, Susan. "Are gender differences status differences? : coping as a model case". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ54382.pdf.

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7

Patenko, V. O. "Street style differences". Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11425.

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8

Heaton, Celayne. "'Our differences don't make a difference' : practising 'civil society' in Nepal's non-governmental sector". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248954.

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9

Walker, Taylor M. "Practicing Medicine in Underserved Areas: Differences that Make a Difference in Vocational Anticipatory Socialization". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627574067134105.

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Walker, Taylor M. "Practicing Medicine in Underserved Areas: Differences that Make a Difference in Vocational Anticipatory Socialization". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627574067134105.

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11

Hermansson, Tomas. "Sacked in the morning? The effect of within-season coach replacement in Swedish football". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279536.

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This paper examines the short-term effect on team performance after dismissing the head coach mid-season in the two highest football leagues in Sweden. The effect was assessed using a difference-in-differences estimation in which a treatment group is compared to a control group before and after the initiation of the treatment. On average the teams changing their coach improved their performance under the new coach, though compared to the control group no significant difference was found. However, some significant (10%- level) differences were found when separating the teams depending on which league they belong to, with a small positive effect for teams in Allsvenskan and a small negative effect for the teams in Superettan. Nonetheless, the overall conclusion from this analysis is that dismissing the coach mid-season does not have any substantial impact on team performance in the short-term.
I denna rapport utreds den kortsiktiga effekten på ett fotbollslags prestation efter att de bytt tränare mitt under säsongen i de två högsta divisionerna inom svensk fotboll. Effekten undersöktes med hjälp av en difference-in-differences estimering som är en metod där en behandlingsgrupp, i detta fall lag som byter tränare, jämförs med en kontrollgrupp före och efter behandlingen. I genomsnitt förbättrade lagen som bytte tränare sin prestation under den nya tränaren men jämfört med kontrollgruppen kunde ingen skillnad ses. Dock syntes en viss signifikant (10\%-nivån) skillnad när lagen separerades beroende på vilken liga de tillhör, med en liten positiv effekt för lag i Allsvenskan och en liten negativ effekt för lag i Superettan. Trots denna lilla skillnad är slutsatsen av denna analys att ett tränarbyte mitt under säsongen inte har någon större kortsiktig effekt på lagets prestation.

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12

Jönsson, Lisa. "Incitamentsstrukturer i socialbidragssystemet : Leder hårdare krav till ett minskat socialbidragstagande?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7648.

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I denna uppsats studeras hur förändrade incitament i form av hårdare aktiveringskrav för arbetslösa socialbidragstagare i Sveriges kommuner inverkar på andelen socialbidragstagare och socialbidragskostnaderna i kommunerna. Studien möjliggörs av att de svenska kommunerna i varierande utsträckning har infört hårdare aktiveringskrav för arbetslösa socialbidragstagare, varför en difference in differences-analys som renodlar effekten av hårdare krav kan genomföras. Kommunerna klassificeras utifrån graden av aktivitet vad gäller att få socialbidragstagare i aktivering. Väldigt aktiva kommuner jämförs med icke alls aktiva, och en betydande uppsättning kontrollvariabler som kontrollerar för andra skillnader mellan kommungrupperna inkluderas. Resultaten visar att ett införande av hårda aktiveringskrav för arbetslösa socialbidragstagare ger tydliga negativa effekter på andelen socialbidragstagare i kommunerna, i synnerhet för unga socialbidragstagare, men mer begränsade effekter på kommunernas socialbidragskostnader.

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13

Jensen, Joel, i Simon Markebeck. "Love Thy Neighbour : En kvantitativ studie om hyresfastigheters påverkan på de närliggande bostadsrättspriserna". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388309.

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Hyresrätt är en populär boendeform i Sverige. Trots det är diskrepansen mellan utbud och efterfrågan stor. Ett utökat investeringsstöd till utvecklingen av nya hyresfastigheter pekar på att insatser görs för att möta det bristande utbudet, men få svenska studier har undersökt om nybyggnation av hyresfastigheter har någon påverkan på området de utvecklas i. Denna uppsats undersöker om en tillkomst av hyresfastigheter på Kungsholmen i Stockholms innerstad påverkat närliggande bostadsrättspriser genom de attribut som hyresrätter för med sig, vilket i första hand antas vara låginkomsttagare. Via en difference-in-differences-regression, där data över genomsnittliga kvadratmeterpriser, medelinkomst och andel utrikes födda används, framkommer ett statistiskt signifikant resultat som säger att prisutvecklingen bland bostadsrätterna i SAMS-området Östra Stadshagen hade varit 8,2% högre om inte tre nya hyresfastigheter hade tillkommit i området år 2011. Resultaten bör dock tolkas med viss försiktighet, och författarna uppmanar till fler studier på området för att med säkerhet kunna fastslå om en tillkomst av hyresfastigheter har några priseffekter på närliggande bostadsområden.

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14

Gültekin, Emrah, Dursun Karaduman i Ines Weiser. "Describing differences and similarities". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6594/.

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1. Theoretical background 2. Impressions 3. Teaching group (differences and similarities) 4. Questionnaire 5. Use of similarities and differences 6. The way of teaching similarities and differences 7. Understanding of differences and similarities 8. Problems 9. Methods and strategies 10. Conclusion

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15

Bowen, Kristy Rae. "Gender differences in knowledge". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28868.

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16

Beech, Anthony R. "Cognitive differences and schizotypy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233448.

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17

Higgins, Vanessa. "Ethnic differences in obesity". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ethnic-differences-in-obesity(0a7714ea-c08e-46d0-b3b9-4064f3a109b6).html.

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Previous research has identified ethnic differences in adult obesity but has not fully explored the pathways that explain the ethnic differences, which may relate to both individual and area-level characteristics. This thesis identifies ethnic differences in obesity for eight key ethnic groups in England, before and after accounting for a range of individual-level and area-level factors. In addition, the thesis explores ethno-religious differences in obesity. Four key pathways to obesity are explored: social and structural inequality, migration-related, culture and health behaviour. Area-level factors examined are area deprivation, co-ethnic density and ethnic area type. As a basis for this comparative analysis, the thesis also examines approaches to the measurement of obesity and is the first study to use weight and waist as obesity outcomes in a study of ethnic differences in obesity (with height and hip respectively as explanatory variables). Data come from four years of the Health Survey for England (1998, 1999, 2003 and 2004) and linked area-level data from the 2001 Census. Multi-level modelling methods are used to account for individual-level and area-level factors. For waist, before adjusting for explanatory factors, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Irish men and all seven of the women's ethnic minority groups have larger waists than the White group. After adjusting for individual and area-level factors, only the Indian and Pakistani men and Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Chinese women have statistically significantly larger waists than the White group. For weight, before adjusting for explanatory factors, Black Caribbean, Black African and Pakistani women are heavier than White women. However, in the adjusted models, the Pakistani women are no longer heavier than the White women. Both the unadjusted and adjusted models reveal that Black African Muslim women are lighter in weight than Black African non-Muslim women. Indian Sikh men and women have the largest waists of the Indian ethno-religious groups. The study finds that the pathway to ethnic and ethno-religious differences in obesity is multi-dimensional; a combined effect of social and structural inequality, migration, culture, and health behaviour for most ethnic groups. Waist circumference - individual level pathways: After adjusting for explanatory factors, the largest decrease to the waist circumference of men and women, relative to White women, is due to entering the migration-related variables into the models. This is consistent for men and women in all ethnic minority and all ethno-religious groups. In addition, entering the socio-economic position variables into the models substantially decreases the waist of Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black African women, relative to White women - this is due to the low socio-economic position of these ethnic groups. Entering the socio-economic position variables into the models also decreases the waist of the Black African and Indian Muslim women to a greater extent than the non-Muslim Black African and Indian women. When the health behaviour variables are entered into the models, there is a large decrease in waist for Pakistani and Bangladeshi men relative to White men - this is due the low levels of physical activity among these ethnic groups compared to the White group. Entering health status into the models also results in a decrease to Bangladeshi men and women, Pakistani women, Indian women and Black Caribbean women's waist, relative to White women - this is due to the poorer health status of these groups. Weight - individual level pathways: After adjusting for explanatory factors, the largest decrease in women's weight, for all ethnic and ethno-religious groups relative to White women, is due to the migration-related variables and the health behaviour variables. For most groups the migration-related variables have the largest effect but for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women the health behaviour variables have the largest effect - this is due to the low levels of physical activity among Pakistani and Bangladeshi women. Entering the socio-economic position variables into the models also decreases the weight of the Black African and Indian Muslim women but increases (or makes little difference to) the weight of non-Muslim Black African and Indian women. In contrast, men's weight increases for all ethnic groups, relative to White men, after adjusting for all the explanatory factors - for all groups this effect is mainly due to the socio-economic position variables and, for the Indian and Pakistani men, the migration-related variables. Area-level pathways: Area-level pathways contribute to ethnic/ethno-religious differences in obesity but to a lesser extent than individual-level pathways. Predicted values from interaction models suggest that the effect of area deprivation on weight/waist is different for different ethnic groups. For example, White men and women's weight and waist increases, on average, as area deprivation increases but Indian men's waist and weight and Indian women's waist decreases as area deprivation increases. Interaction models also suggest that co-ethnic density may work differently for different ethnic groups - for example an increase in co-ethnic density results in a decrease to the weight or waist of the Indian, Chinese and Pakistani groups but an increase to the waist of Black Caribbean women. The ethnic area type research needs further study but the results suggest that Indian and Pakistani area types may have a protective effect upon both men's waist and weight.

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18

Shields, Katin L. (Katin Lee) 1977. "Gender differences in learning". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44588.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 1999.
A study was conducted in order to identify the gender differences in learning. Case studies were prepared on nine undergraduate students who were enrolled in Design and Manufacturing I. Through informal meetings with the students and their professors, information was collected on the learning styles of the students. The factors that affect these different learning styles were then evaluated. The conclusions drawn are specific to the students studied, but the recommendations made can be applied to most educational environments. There is a large correlation between a student's experience and his/her ability to learn in a specific subject. The level of exposure that a student has had affects his/her confidence, which further affect his/her problem solving approaches. In order to be more effective, educators must continually evaluate the progress of their students, as individuals. Further, experimental teaching situations should be considered.
by Katin L. Shields.
S.B.

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19

Noe, Sue R. "Gender differences in aggression". Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2791.

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The purpose of this study was to assess whether boys and girls differed in their type and level of aggression and their level of remorse following an aggressive act. Participants were 36 aggressive boys and 36 nonaggressive boys, and 36 aggressive and 36 nonaggressive girls. The Peer Nomination Inventory (Walder, Abelson, Eron, Banta, & Laulicht, 1961) was used to identify aggressive and nonaggressive children. A modified version of the Antisocial Behavior and Remorse Test (ABRT) (Cohen, Westerman, Hoeffer, Woolley, & Ho, 1992) was used to identify types of aggression (direct vs indirect) and feelings of remorse. A main effect was obtained for gender in that boys reported that they would be more apt to act aggressively than would girls. An expected main effect for child type (aggressive or nonaggressive children) such that aggressive children were expected to self-report more aggressive responses than nonaggressive children was supported. An expected interaction between gender and type of aggression such that boys were expected to self-report more aggressive responses for direct aggression while girls were expected to self-report more aggressive responses for indirect aggression was not supported. Both boys and girls self-reported that they would be equally likely to engage in both types of aggression. For the remorse variable, the expected main effect for gender with girls self-reporting more remorse for an aggressive act than boys was obtained, as was the main effect for child type with aggressive boys and girls self-reporting less feelings of remorse for an aggressive act than nonaggressive boys and girls.

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20

Zabell, Claire. "Individual differences in dyslexia". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/770247/.

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The current research attempted to understand individual differences in dyslexia by investigating potential sex differences (behavioural, cognitive and remedial), subtypes and predictors of symptom severity. The results did not specifically support the hypothesis that behavioural factors were related to the increased number of male dyslexics reported in the literature. Cognitive sex differences were identified on the months forwards subtest of the Bangor Dyslexia Test and on the digit span, coding and symbol search subtests from WAIS-IIIUK. In all cases, females outperformed males. Although the ACID, AVID and SCAD profiles were not found to characterise the performance of either sex, performance on the ACID, AVID and SCAD factor scores appeared more related to dyslexia in males. The findings indicated that sex differences may affect the manifestation of dyslexia related problems. Male and female dyslexics did not differ with regard to the level, rate or endurance of improvement following different methods of spelling instruction. Rather than sex, reading ability was found to predict spelling improvement following intervention. The adult dyslexics studied continued to show deficits on a range of tasks usually used to assessd yslexia in children. Although it was possiblet o divide the adult dyslexics into phonological and surfaces ubtypes,s ubsequenta nalysesd esignedt o assessth e utility of this classification system suggestedth at the validity of the subtypesw as questionable. Similar measures were found to predict the reading ability of dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults. However, the groups differed with regard to predictors of spelling and reading comprehension ability. Severity differences in one or several underlying core deficits were considered a more meaningful way of accounting for individual differences in dyslexia than the existence of distinct subtypes.

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21

Pearce, Andy. "Perceived differences between microphones". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/814006/.

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The perceptual characteristics of a microphone are not always clear from its technical specification. This thesis documents a first step towards creating more perceptually relevant measures. Consideration of relevant criteria revealed that the most appropriate method for recording stimuli for perceptual microphone comparisons is to use all microphones under test simultaneously. Experiments determined that a maximum array size of 150 mm will ensure that the perceptual differences between the recorded stimuli are predominantly due to the characteristics of the microphones and not artefacts of the spacing between them. It was established that there are eight standard physical differences that exist between microphones which may impact the perceived characteristics of a recording. These differences, supplemented with expert opinions, indicated that recording five programme items with eight studio and two MEMS microphones would allow for determination of the most prominent inter-microphone perceptual differences. A combination of indirect and direct elicitation experiments on the resulting 50 recordings identified a hierarchy of 40 perceptual attributes that describe the differences between microphones. A novel attribute contribution experiment conducted on the 31 lowest-level attributes in the hierarchy showed that brightness contributes the most overall to the inter-microphone difference. The spectral centroid and ratios comparing the relative level of high frequencies were previously used to predict brightness; however, these metrics did not predict subjective ratings of microphone-related brightness as well as a newly proposed combination metric: the product of the spectral centroid above 3 kHz, and the ratio of energy above 3 kHz compared to all energy. This model performed well on training data (r = 0.909). Validating it on independent microphones and programme items suggested that improvements may be necessary for error-free prediction of programme-related aspects of brightness, but showed good correlation with each programme item and overall (r = 0.854), indicating that the model predicts microphone-related brightness well.

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22

Ward, Melanie E. "Gender differences in academe". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU117541.

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This thesis focuses on consideration of gender differences in the academic profession. Analysis utilises a unique dataset, rich in its variable base, for academic staff from five old established Scottish universities during 1995-1996. These universities are institutions with a strong sense of tradition and respected research reputations. We therefore analyse the most research orientated segment of the academic profession, the established universities, arguably the most influential, as their behaviour may be an important signal to the entire profession. This study is the first systematic investigation of this sector of the labour market in the UK. It focuses on three main issues: subject specialisation and the distribution of academics across faculties; male and female salaries in academia; and the determinants of job satisfaction for academics across gender and components of job satisfaction. The analysis undertaken attempts to develop the economic literature on gender differences in a number of ways. First it analyses these issues in the context of a single profession. It attempts to replicate with British data some US findings. It undertakes for the academic profession, analysis which has previously only been undertaken at a national level. Finally, it runs analysis with a set of variables more relevant to the study of gender differences in academic than have been used in previous papers. Analysis reveals a gross gender salary differential in the order of 30% for the whole dataset, or 15% when research assistants are excluded. Gender differences in promotion opportunity, subject choice, salary affiliation, but not overall job satisfaction are uncovered, although reports of satisfaction with salary, job security and promotion prospects do vary by gender. We find evidence of the role of discrimination, individual choice and differential productivity in the explanation of gender differences uncovered.

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Fan, Gaojie. "Individual Differences in Western and Chinese Culture Groups". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461755665.

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Cajigas, Christina K. "Intraspecific genetic differences in Linum usitatissimum and interspecific genetic differences in the genus Linum". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1307550569.

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Hercules, Judith L. "Differences in lipoxygenase activity as related to cultivar differences in superficial scald of apples". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=615.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 90 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-88).

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Kodirova, Manizha, i Shabnam Mirzoeva. "Economic Impact of Microcredit in an Urban Setting : The Case of Tajikistan". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18820.

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This paper investigates the impact of receiving microcredit on the economic conditions of urban poor. The change in household income level between the years 2009 and 2011 was measured for a group of survey participants half of whom were microcredit beneficiaries, while the other half were not. The survey was conducted in Dushanbe, the capital city of Tajikistan. A difference-in-differences approach was used for the analysis and various other attributes that influence income such as the level of education, age and gender were taken into account in model formation. The findings indicate that microloans do not significantly affect the income level of the urbn poor in the short run.

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Remnegård, Hage Eric. "Avregleringen av svensk fordonsbesiktningsmarknad : En studie av avregleringens effekt på pris". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-378608.

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Den 30 juni 2010 avreglerades fordonsbesiktningsmarknaden i Sverige. Dagen därpå var det öppet för nya besiktningsföretag att konkurrera på en helt ny marknad i Sverige där fri prissättning råder. I den här studien undersöks avregleringens effekter på medelpriset för kontrollbesiktning av personbil. Detta görs med hjälp av difference-in-differences-analyser, med den sedan 1990-talet avreglerade finländska fordonsbesiktningsmarknaden som kontrollgrupp. Den tidsperiod som studeras och analyseras är åren 2008 till 2016. Analysen gav ett statistiskt signifikant resultat som visade att avregleringen medfört höjda medelpriser på kontrollbesiktning av personbil i Sverige. Dessutom har ett antal nya besiktningsföretag ackrediterats och trätt in på marknaden.

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Lundberg, Tilda, i Hanne Enoksson. "Flygskatt - Kjempebra eller kan det va? : En kvantitativ studie om hur individers konsumtion av flygresor påverkas av den norska flygskatten". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387888.

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Den första juni 2016 trädde en norsk styckskatt på flygresor i kraft. Avsikten med skatten var både att generera inkomster till statskassan och att minska flygandet hos den norska befolkningen. Denna kvantitativa studie syftar till att utvärdera huruvida den andra avsikten förverkligats. Detta görs genom att undersöka vilken effekt flygstolsavgiften haft på norrmännens flygande. Via en difference-in-differences-estimation med Norge som behandlingsgrupp och Sverige som kontrollgrupp utläses ett signifikant positivt resultat på 0,79 procentenheter när kontrollvariablerna BNP per capita, flygskam och månadsdummies inkluderas. Detta kan tolkas som att skatten har ökat andelen passagerare. Resultatet motsäger ekonomisk teori och tidigare landspecifika utvärderingar av flygskatt. Samtidigt antyder tidigare studier inom området att resultatet kan ha sin grund i att det finns en betalningsvilja för miljöskatter. Däremot finns skäl att vara kritisk mot att sambandet är kausalt eftersom det kan finnas icke-observerade faktorer som påverkar utfallet. I känslighetsanalysen försvinner signifikansen, vilket är ytterligare ett tecken på att flygskatten inte kan förklara den ökning som skett. Huvudresultat är att den norska flygstolsavgiften inte kan bevisas ha minskat andelen passagerare, vilket kan ha sin förklaring i skattens utformning och magnitud. Således är det tvivelaktigt om denna typ av flygskatt kan användas som medel för att minska flygets klimatpåverkan.

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29

Bell, Theodore Anthony. "Individual differences in memory inhibition /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181082.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-104). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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30

Olofsson, Jonas. "Gender differences in chemosensory function". Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Department of Psychology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22533.

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This thesis consists of two studies, in which gender differences in nasal chemosensory function are investigated. The first study assesses odor identification ability in a populationbased sample, varying from 45 to 90 yrs, screened for cognitive impairment and severe olfactory dysfunction. Results show that women are generally better than men at identifying odors, but there is no significant interaction of gender by age. Although odoridentification is influenced by semantic memory and cognitive speed, these cognitivefactors are unlikely to cause the observed gender difference in odor identification. The second study investigates chemosensory perception in men and women by assessing eventrelatedbrain potentials, and perceptual ratings for an odorant, which varies inconcentration and olfactory/irritating properties. The results display a generally larger cortical response in women than in men, beginning from about 350 ms after stimulus onset. Women report higher perceived intensity and npleasantness at the highest stimulus concentration, and a steeper psychophysical function, than do men. The results indicatethat stronger cortical responses of nasal chemosensory stimuli provide a neural basis for stronger supra-threshold perception in women than in men, which might enhance odor identification performance. The nature and causes of these gender-differences in nasal chemosensory function are discussed.

This thesis for the licenciate degree is based on the following studies:Larsson, M., Nilsson, L-G., Olofsson, J.K., & Nordin, S. (2004). Demographic and cognitive predictors of odor identification: Evidence from a population-based study.Chemical Senses, 29, 547-554.Olofsson, J.K., & Nordin, S. (2004). Gender differences in chemosensory perception andevent-related potentials. Chemical Senses, 29, 629-637.

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31

Li, Li. "Sex Differences in Deception Detection". Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/261.

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While deception is a common strategy in interpersonal communication, most research on interpersonal deception treats the sex as irrelevant in the ability to detect deceptive messages. This study examines the truth and deception detection ability of both male and female receivers when responding to both true and deceptive messages from both male and female speakers. Results suggest that sex may be an important variable in understanding the interpersonal detection probabilities of truth and of lies. An interaction of variables including speakers’ sex, receivers’ sex, and whether the message is truthful or deceptive is found to relate to detection ability. Both women and men were found to be significantly less accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by men, especially when those statements are lies. On the other hand, both women and men were significantly more accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by women, especially when those statements are truthful. This may suggest that men are better deceivers than women, while women seem more transparent in exhibiting feelings about their messages whether being truthful or deceptive. In recalling real life deceptions discovered previously, women reported that they discovered significantly more lies from female sources than from men they knew. This finding may reflect the previous finding that discovering lies told by women is more likely than is discovering lies told by men.

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Alotaibi, Albandari. "Cultural differences in scene perception". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31965/.

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Do individuals from different cultures perceive scenes differently? Does culture have an influence on visual attention processes? This thesis investigates not only what these influences are, and how they affect eye movements, but also examines some of the proposed mechanisms that underlie the cultural influence in scene perception. Experiments 1 & 2 showed that Saudi participants directed a higher number of fixations to the background of images, in comparison to the British participants. British participants were also more affected by background changes, an indication of their tendency to bind the focal objects to their contexts. Experiments 3 & 4 revealed a higher overall number of fixations for Saudi participants, along with longer search times. The intra-group comparisons of scanpaths for Saudi participants revealed less similarity than within the British group, demonstrating a greater heterogeneity of search behaviour within the Saudi group. These findings could indicate that the British participants have the advantage of being more able to direct attention towards the goals of the task. The mechanisms that have been proposed for cultural differences in visual attention are due to particular thinking styles that emerge from the prevailing culture: analytic thinking (common in individualistic cultures) promotes attention to detail and a focus on the most important part of a scene, whereas holistic thinking (common in collectivist cultures) promotes attention to the global structure of a scene and the relationship between its parts. Priming methodology was used in Experiments 5, 6 & 7 to cue these factors, although it did not reveal any significant effects on eye movement behaviours or on accuracy at recognition of objects. By testing these explanations directly (Experiment 8), findings have mainly suggested the holistic-analytic dimension is one of the main mechanisms underlying cultural diversity in scene perception. Taken together, these experiments conclude that the allocation of visual attention is also influenced by an individual’s culture.

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Bond, John A. "Reconcilable differences, a dark comedy". FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1731.

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Reconcilable Differences is the story of Miami radio host Adam Painter. Confused about relationships, Adam cancels his wedding and, under the guidance of his bad-boy best friend, delves into the demi-monde inhabited by strippers and hookers. On the air he begins to examine how men and women interact. Adam explores the night world, moving from a connection with its denizens through his talk show to direct experience of its license and loneliness. He fails miserably in his clumsy efforts with women and is fired, sued and arrested. An unlikely, unwilling rebel, Adam confronts change and stumbles almost truculently toward self-discovery. This picaresque novel is told in the third person closely attached to the protagonist. The time scheme covers a thirteen-week radio ratings period. The story encompasses the worlds of radio and the sex industry, using South Florida settings to re-inforce character, plot and theme.

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Thiruvadi, Sheela. "Gender Differences in Audit Committees". FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/75.

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Issues related to the composition of audit committees have attracted significant interest from legislators and regulators in recent years. In my dissertation, I examine one overlooked component of audit committee composition – namely, the presence of female directors on the audit committee. I empirically test to see if there are any differences in the functioning of audit committee when there is at least one female director on the audit committee. My dissertation examines three issues: audit committee diligence, audit pricing and earnings management. The absence of females on corporate boards has become the focus of legislators in some countries. Prior research, in a variety of contexts, suggests that women are in general more conservative in their judgments and decisions. The first part of my dissertation empirically shows that the presence of at least one female director on the audit committee makes the audit committee have more meetings. The second essay empirically examines if there is a positive association between audit fees and the presence of female directors in the audit committee. I posit that having a female director on the audit committee will result in higher audit fees. I find no significant evidence to show that audit fees are higher when there is a female director on the audit committee. The third part of my dissertation empirically examines if there an association between the presence of a female director on the audit committee and earnings management. I find no significant evidence to show that the presence of female directors on the audit committee constrains earnings management. Overall, the results suggest that having a female on the audit committee changes the form – if not the substance – of audit committee functioning.

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35

Aks, Deborah June. "Predicting individual differences in distractibility". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28146.

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Little is known about what makes one individual distractible while another is not. This study approaches this problem by assessing the effectiveness of various personality, arousal, intelligence and subjective report variables as predictors of how one will respond to the presence of distractors during a speeded visual search task. The inability to screen out stimuli which are independent of the targeted task defines distractibility. The search task used here, involving item matching under speeded conditions, was administered to 308 subjects under visual and auditory distractor conditions. Each predictor of distractibility is treated as a separate subexperiment for purposes of clarity. Measures of state and trait arousal as well as subjective reports of distractibility were ineffective predictors of susceptibility to distractibility. The results were more encouraging for specific personality and intelligence variables which turned out to be effective predictors of distractibility. These findings indicate that the prototype of a distractible individual is one who tends to be higher in obsessive/compulsive and Type A behavior patterns and lower in intelligence.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

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36

Dettmer, Sandra Pia Lioba. "Regional earnings and unemployment differences". Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678297.

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Rodger, Susan Christine. "Gender differences in cooperative learning". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0015/MQ28651.pdf.

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Kokis, Judite V. "Individual differences in children's reasoning". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63670.pdf.

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Goforth, Nikkia L. "Determinants of Obesity: Racial Differences". VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1389.

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Timmers, Monique. "Sex differences in emotion expression". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/57122.

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Rourke, J. A. "Learned helplessness and individual differences /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsr862.pdf.

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Falconer, Helen. "Personality differences and nutrient intake /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsf182.pdf.

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Walter, Benjamin A. "Epistemological beliefs: differences among educators". Thesis, Wichita State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2528.

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Epistemological beliefs are personal beliefs about learning and knowledge. Epistemological beliefs have been found to have important implications for learning, for example epistemological beliefs have been found to predict academic achievement (Schommer, Calvert, Gargliette, & Bajaj, 1997), and may predict teaching practices (White 2001). This study examined the epistemological beliefs of 83 (M= 16, F = 67) practicing teachers, 62 of whom were enrolled in a graduate teacher education program. This study utilized the Epistemic Beliefs Inventory (EBI) (Schraw, Bendixen, & Dunkle, 2002) and the four-quadrant method (Schraw & Olafson, 2008) to measure participants' epistemological beliefs. Differences were found among educators based on education level, education program, gender, age, licensure type, and order in which participants received the instruments. The four-quadrant method was found to have small correlations with the EBI. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Thesis (M.Ed.) -- Wichita State University, College of Education, Dept. of Counseling, Educational, and School Psychology

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44

Malchova, Lenka, Zdenko Majer i Pieter Laban. "Describing differences (and recognising similarities)". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6600/.

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1. A general look at describing differences and recognising similarities 2. Teaching strategies used describing differences and recognising similarities 3. Teaching practice 4. Student teachers’ evaluations 5. Conclusion

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Surawy, C. J. "Individual differences in smoking motivation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372288.

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Visanich, Valerie. "Generational differences and cultural change". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10876.

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Young people are arguably facing complex life situations in their transition into adulthood and navigating their life trajectories in a highly individualised way. For youth in post-compulsory education, their training years have been extended, their years of dependency have increased and they have greater individual choice compared to previous youth generations. This study develops an understanding of the process of individualisation applied to youth in late modernity and explores it in relation to the neo-liberal climate. It compares the life situation of this youth generation with youth in the early 1960s, brought up with more predefined traditional conditions, cemented in traditional social structures. The processes that led to generational changes in the experiences of youth in the last forty-five years are examined, linked to structural transformations that influence subjective experiences. Specifically, the shifts of the conditions of youth in post-compulsory education are studied in relations to socio-economic, technological and cultural changes. This study discusses the Western Anglo-American model of changes in youths life experiences and examines how it (mis)fits in a more conservative Catholic Mediterranean setting. The research investigates conditions in Malta, an ex-colonial small island Mediterranean state, whose peculiarities include its delayed economic development compared to the Western setting. The core of the research comprises of primary data collection using in-depth, ethnographical interviews, with two generations of youth in different socio-historical context; those who experienced their youth in the early 1960s and youth in the late 2000s. This study concludes that the concept of individualisation does indeed illuminate the experiences of youth in late modernity especially when compared to the experiences of youth forty-five years ago. However the concept of individualisation is applied in a glocalised manner in line with the peculiarities of Malta that has lagged behind mainstream developments in Western Europe and still retained traditional features. Building on the individualisation concept, I use an empirically grounded concept of compromised choices to describe the increase in the bargaining of choice happening at different fronts in the life experiences of youth, especially in the life biography of women, choices in education and the job market and choices in consumption.

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Rombach, Frederik [Verfasser], Mariacristina [Akademischer Betreuer] Musso i Cornelius [Akademischer Betreuer] Weiller. "Gender differences in speech perception". Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171261721/34.

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Molato, Rhea. "Differences in the public sector". Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-182263.

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McWaters, Ashley. "Psychometric Differences in Motor Functioning". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1557.

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Clinical experience has shown that patients performing the Grooved Pegboard Test have difficulty maintaining the manualized right-to-left placement strategy with their left hand. This study sought to investigate possible differences in placement time on the Grooved Pegboard task between participants using the standardized left hand approach and a reversed manualized left hand placement strategy (i.e., left-to-right). The participants included 63 male and female undergraduate volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25 years. All participants had no history of neurologic disease/trauma, or conditions that would affect motor functioning of the right and left upper extremities. Data were analyzed using a 3-way mixed-design ANOVA. Results revealed a significant main effects for gender (F(1, 59) = 5.215, p = .026) and handedness (F(1, 59) = 6.362, p = .014). Of primary interest was the main effect for placement direction, which was not significant, F(1, 59) = .120, p = .731. No significant interaction was observed (all p > .40). Recommendations for the use of this test in applied neuropsychological settings are offered.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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50

Welling, Lisa Louise Margaret. "Individual differences in face preferences". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446215.

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This thesis describes a series of studies that investigated sources of individual differences in face preferences. Chapter 1 summarises previous work identifying the visual parameters that influence the attractiveness of faces (e.g., sexual dimorphism, symmetry, averageness, apparent health) and discusses sources of individual differences in face preferences (e.g., menstrual cycle phase, own attractiveness, visual adaptation). Chapter 2 and 3 report a series of 3 studies that investigated the role that changes in testosterone level might play in cyclic (Chapter 2) and diurnal (Chapter 3) variation in women’s preferences for masculinity in men’s faces. Chapter 4 and 5 examined the relationship between reported general (i.e., trait) sex drive and women’s masculinity preferences (Chapter 4) and current (i.e., state) sexual motivation and women’s masculinity preferences (Chapter 5). Chapter 6 describes a study that tested for positive association between inter-individual variation in testosterone levels and women’s masculinity preferences. The final experiment chapter (Chapter 7) investigated whether aversions to facial cues of illness (e.g., pallor) reflect contagion avoidance behaviour by testing for an association between individual differences in perceived vulnerability to disease and aversions to facial cues of illness. The findings described in this thesis are evidence that testosterone level, sex drive/sexual motivation and perceived vulnerability to disease are sources of potentially adaptive variation in face preferences.

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