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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning”

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Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Lloyd, Jennifer K., Jeffrey S. Duchin, Jerry Borchert, Harold Flores Quintana i Alison Robertson. "Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, Washington, USA, 2011". Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, nr 8 (sierpień 2013): 1314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1908.121824.

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Maranda, Lucie, i Yuzuru Shimizu. "Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in Narragansett Bay". Estuaries 10, nr 4 (grudzień 1987): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1351887.

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Scoging, Anne, i M. Bahl. "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the UK". Lancet 352, nr 9122 (lipiec 1998): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)85023-x.

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Igboeli, Okechukwu O., i Isaac U. Asuzu. "‘Diarrhetic’ Type Shellfish Poisoning in Nigeria". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 84, nr 1 (30.09.2009): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9885-3.

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5

Madigan, Thomas L., Ken G. Lee, David J. Padula, Paul McNabb i Andrew M. Pointon. "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in South Australian shellfish". Harmful Algae 5, nr 2 (marzec 2006): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2004.12.005.

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6

Suárez-Gómez, Blanca, María L. Souto, Patricia G. Cruz, José J. Fernández i Manuel Norte. "New Targets in Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Control". Journal of Natural Products 68, nr 4 (kwiecień 2005): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np040183t.

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7

Qiu, Xianxin, Longjie Zhong, Ying Gan, Kaiqi Su, Shihui Hu i Ping Wang. "A method combining a kit with the Bionic e-Eye for rapid on site detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning". Analytical Methods 10, nr 22 (2018): 2604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay00676h.

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8

Sidari, L., P. Nichetto, S. Cok, S. Sosa, A. Tubaro, G. Honsell i R. Della Loggia. "Phytoplankton selection by mussels, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning". Marine Biology 131, nr 1 (29.04.1998): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050301.

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9

Garthwaite, Ian, Kathryn M. Ross, Christopher O. Miles, Lyn R. Briggs, Neale R. Towers, Teresa Borrell i Phil Busby. "Integrated Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Screening System for Amnesic, Neurotoxic, Diarrhetic, and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins Found in New Zealand". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, nr 5 (1.09.2001): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1643.

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Abstract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for amnesic, neurotoxic, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (ASP, NSP, and DSP) toxins and for yessotoxin. These assays, along with a commercially available paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) ELISA, were used to test the feasibility of an ELISA-based screening system. It was concluded that such a system to identify suspect shellfish samples, for subsequent analysis by methods approved by international regulatory authorities, is feasible. The assays had sufficient sensitivity and can be used on simple shellfish extracts. Alcohol extraction gave good recovery of all toxin groups. The ease of ELISAs permits the ready expansion of the system to screen for other toxins, as new ELISAs become available.
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10

S�chet, V., P. Safran, P. Hovgaard i T. Yasumoto. "Causative species of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Norway". Marine Biology 105, nr 2 (czerwiec 1990): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01344296.

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Abouabdellaha, Rachid, Asmae Bennouna, Jaouad El Attar, Katrin Erler, Mina Dellal, Abdel ghani Chafik i Abdelatif Moukrim. "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of shellfish from Southern Atlantic coasts of Morocco". South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 1, nr 2 (24.04.2011): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.1(2).p101-106.

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During the monitoring program of phycotoxins conducted in 2005 and 2006, lipophilic shell fish toxins (LSTs) are involved in shellfish toxicity phenomena in the South Atlantic Moroccan coasts (Dakhla region). Toxicity was assessed by the traditional mouse bioassay (MBA); the content and the nature of the toxic components were established through Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The ‘traditional’ DSP toxins group, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysitoxins (DTXs) and their associated esters were exclusives contaminants of Dakhla’s shellfish (mussels, cockles, oysters and solen). Pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, and azaspiracids were not detected during this study. A survey of the phytoplankton community in the surrounding seawater revealed the presence of several potentially toxic species from the Dinophysis genus.
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12

Marasovic, Ivona, Zivana Nincevic Gladan, Sanda Skejic, Branka Grbec, Mia Buzancic i Ivana Ujevic. "Temporal distribution of Dinophysis spp. in relation to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning shellfish toxicity". International Journal of Environment and Health 1, nr 3 (2007): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijenvh.2007.017873.

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13

Campos, Alexandre, Marisa Freitas, André M. de Almeida, José Carlos Martins, Dany Domínguez-Pérez, Hugo Osório, Vitor Vasconcelos i Pedro Reis Costa. "OMICs Approaches in Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins Research". Toxins 12, nr 8 (31.07.2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080493.

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Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most prevalent marine toxins in Europe’s and in other temperate coastal regions. These toxins are produced by several dinoflagellate species; however, the contamination of the marine trophic chain is often attributed to species of the genus Dinophysis. This group of toxins, constituted by okadaic acid (OA) and analogous molecules (dinophysistoxins, DTXs), are highly harmful to humans, causing severe poisoning symptoms caused by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Knowledge on the mode of action and toxicology of OA and the chemical characterization and accumulation of DSTs in seafood species (bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans) has significantly contributed to understand the impacts of these toxins in humans. Considerable information is however missing, particularly at the molecular and metabolic levels involving toxin uptake, distribution, compartmentalization and biotransformation and the interaction of DSTs with aquatic organisms. Recent contributions to the knowledge of DSTs arise from transcriptomics and proteomics research. Indeed, OMICs constitute a research field dedicated to the systematic analysis on the organisms’ metabolisms. The methodologies used in OMICs are also highly effective to identify critical metabolic pathways affecting the physiology of the organisms. In this review, we analyze the main contributions provided so far by OMICs to DSTs research and discuss the prospects of OMICs with regard to the DSTs toxicology and the significance of these toxins to public health, food safety and aquaculture.
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14

Doucet, Erin, Neil N. Ross i Michael A. Quilliam. "Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 389, nr 1 (28.07.2007): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3.

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MU, Qing-Lin, Jie FANG, Han-Xing WAN, Xiao-Hua WANG, Liu-Yan CAO i Qing-Hong ZHANG. "Determination of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in Shellfishes by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry". CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) 39, nr 1 (11.07.2012): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.00111.

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McCarron, Pearse, Kelley L. Reeves, Sabrina D. Giddings, Daniel G. Beach i Michael A. Quilliam. "Development of Certified Reference Materials for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Part 2: Shellfish Matrix Materials". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, nr 5 (1.09.2016): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0152.

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Abstract Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1) and -2 (DTX2) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can accumulate in shellfish and cause the human illness known as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Regulatory testing of shellfish is required to protect consumers and the seafood industry. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential for the development, validation, and quality control of analytical methods, and thus play an important role in toxin monitoring. This paper summarizes work on research and development of shellfish tissue reference materials for OA and DTXs. Preliminary work established the appropriate conditions for production of shellfish tissue CRMs for OA and DTXs. Source materials, including naturally incurred shellfish tissue and cultured algae, were screened for their DSP toxins. This preliminary work informed planning and production of a wet mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue homogenate matrix CRM. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were evaluated and found to be fit-for-purpose. Extraction and LC-tandem MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of OA, DTX1, and DTX2 using a combination of standard addition and matrix-matched calibration to compensate for matrix effects in electrospray ionization. The concentration of domoic acid was also certified. Uncertainties were assigned following standards and guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization. The presence of other toxins in the CRM was also assessed and information values are reported for OA and DTX acyl esters.
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17

Taylor, Marsha, Lorraine McIntyre, Mark Ritson, Jason Stone, Roni Bronson, Olga Bitzikos, Wade Rourke, Eleni Galanis i Outbreak Team. "Outbreak of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Associated with Mussels, British Columbia, Canada". Marine Drugs 11, nr 5 (21.05.2013): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11051669.

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18

Jørgensen, K., i L. B. Jensen. "Distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in consignments of blue mussel". Food Additives & Contaminants 21, nr 4 (1.04.2004): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030410001665919.

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Wu, J. Y., L. Zheng i J. H. Wang. "Contamination of shellfish from Shanghai seafood markets with paralytic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins determined by mouse bioassay and HPLC". Food Additives and Contaminants 22, nr 7 (lipiec 2005): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500137017.

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20

LI, Hongbo, Xinwei WEI, Chenlei GU, Kaiqi SU, Hao WAN, Ning HU i Ping WANG. "A Dual Functional Cardiomyocyte-based Hybrid-biosensor for the Detection of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins". Analytical Sciences 34, nr 8 (10.08.2018): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.18p029.

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21

Beach, Daniel G., Sheila Crain, Nancy Lewis, Patricia LeBlanc, William R. Hardstaff, Ruth A. Perez, Sabrina D. Giddings i in. "Development of Certified Reference Materials for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Part 1: Calibration Solutions". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, nr 5 (1.09.2016): 1151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0151.

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Abstract Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1) and -2 (DTX2) are lipophilic polyethers produced by marine dinoflagellates. These toxins accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans. Regulatory testing of shellfish is essential to safeguard public health and for international trade. Certified reference materials (CRMs) play a key role in analytical monitoring programs. This paper presents an overview of the interdisciplinary work that went into the planning, production, and certification of calibration-solution CRMs for OA, DTX1, and DTX2. OA and DTX1 were isolated from large-scale algal cultures and DTX2 from naturally contaminated mussels. Toxins were isolated by a combination of extraction and chromatographic steps with processes adapted to suit the source and concentration of each toxin. New 19-epi-DSP toxin analogs were identified as minor impurities. Once OA, DTX1, and DTX2 were established to be of suitable purity, solutions were prepared and dispensed into flame-sealed glass ampoules. Certification measurements were carried out using quantitative NMR spectroscopy and LC-tandem MS. Traceability of measurements was established through certified external standards of established purity. Uncertainties were assigned following standards and guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization, with components from the measurement, stability, and homogeneity studies being propagated into final combined uncertainties.
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22

Marasović, Ivona, Živana Ninčević, Maja Pavela-Vrančič i Stjepan Orhanović. "A Survey of Shellfish Toxicity in the Central Adriatic Sea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, nr 3 (sierpień 1998): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400044751.

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The first data substantiating the occurrence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the central region of the Adriatic Sea (Kaštela Bay) in the summer of 1995 is presented. Toxicity was investigated using bio-assay and HPLC-FD analysis. Analysis of samples displaying toxicity, in addition to small concentrations of okadaic acid (OA), suggested the presence of an unknown derivatized compound at high concentration. A long term survey of the phytoplankton community has been conducted. The origin of mussel toxicity was traced to Dinophysis sacculus, a suspected toxic species.
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23

KUMAGAI, Masanori, Toshihiko YANAGI, Michio MURATA, Takeshi YASUMOTO, Marie KAT, Patrick LASSUS i Jose A. RODRIGUEZ-VAZQUEZ. "Okadaic acid as the causative toxin of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in Europe." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50, nr 11 (1986): 2853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.50.2853.

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JØrgensen, K., S. Scanlon i L. B. Jensen. "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin esters in Danish blue mussels and surf clams". Food Additives and Contaminants 22, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500136928.

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Vázquez, J. A. Rodríguez, A. Gago Martínez, M. Comesaña Losada i J. M. Leao Martins. "Incidence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs from Galician Rias". Toxicology Letters 88 (październik 1996): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(96)80301-8.

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Kumagai, Masanori, Toshihiko Yanagi, Michio Murata, Takeshi Yasumoto, Marie Kat, Patrick Lassus i Jose A. Rodriguez-Vazquez. "Okadaic Acid as the Causative Toxin of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in Europe". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50, nr 11 (listopad 1986): 2853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1986.10867817.

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Laycock, Maurice V., Joanne F. Jellett, Dorothy J. Easy i Mary Anne Donovan. "First report of a new rapid assay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins". Harmful Algae 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2005.05.006.

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Roland, Hugh B., Christopher Whitehead, Lora E. Fleming, Elisa Berdalet, Henrik Oksfeldt Enevoldsen i Matthew O. Gribble. "Knowledge Sharing to Reduce Toxin Exposure Risks from Harmful Algal Blooms: Global Networks and Political Barriers". Ethnicity & Disease 32, nr 4 (20.10.2022): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.32.4.285.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a signifi­cant global environmental management challenge, especially with respect to micro­algae that produce dangerous natural toxins. Examples of HAB toxin diseases with major global health impact include: ciguatera poi­soning, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and neurotoxic (brevetoxin) shellfish poisoning (NSP). Such diseases affect communities globally and contribute to health inequalities within the United States and beyond. Sharing data and lessons learned about the factors deter­mining bloom occurrence and associated exposure to contaminated seafood across locations can reduce public health risks. Knowledge sharing is particularly important as ongoing global environmental changes seem to alter the intensity, location, and timing of toxic HAB events, reducing the reliability of conventional guidance where toxin risks have been endemic and leading to emerging challenges in new settings. Political changes that disrupt membership in knowledge-sharing networks may impede efforts to share scientific expertise and best practices. In this commentary, we stress the importance of community and expert knowledge sharing for reducing HAB risks, both for vulnerable communities in the United States and globally. Considering the impacts of political changes, we note the indirect engagement sometimes required for continued participation in international coordination programs. As an example, we highlight how lessons learned from a Native-led toxin monitoring and testing program (the Southeast Alaska Tribal Ocean Research partnership) can inform programs in other settings. We also describe how in­ternational knowledge is mutually valuable for this program in Southeast Alaska. Ethn Dis.2022;32(4):285-292; doi:10.18865/ed.32.4.285
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Patrício, André, Marta B. Lopes, Pedro Reis Costa, Rafael S. Costa, Rui Henriques i Susana Vinga. "Time-Lagged Correlation Analysis of Shellfish Toxicity Reveals Predictive Links to Adjacent Areas, Species, and Environmental Conditions". Toxins 14, nr 10 (30.09.2022): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100679.

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Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is an acute intoxication caused by the consumption of contaminated shellfish, which is common in many regions of the world. To safeguard human health, most countries implement programs focused on the surveillance of toxic phytoplankton abundance and shellfish toxicity levels, an effort that can be complemented by a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena. In this work, we identify patterns of seasonality in shellfish toxicity across the Portuguese coast and analyse time-lagged correlations between this toxicity and various potential risk factors. We extend the understanding of these relations through the introduction of temporal lags, allowing the analysis of time series at different points in time and the study of the predictive power of the tested variables. This study confirms previous findings about toxicity seasonality patterns on the Portuguese coast and provides further quantitative data about the relations between shellfish toxicity and geographical location, shellfish species, toxic phytoplankton abundances, and environmental conditions. Furthermore, multiple pairs of areas and shellfish species are identified as having correlations high enough to allow for a predictive analysis. These results represent the first step towards understanding the dynamics of DSP toxicity in Portuguese shellfish producing areas, such as temporal and spatial variability, and towards the development of a shellfish safety forecasting system.
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Holmes, Michael J., Serena Lay Ming Teo i Hong Woo Khoo. "Detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from tropical shellfish using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry". Natural Toxins 7, nr 6 (listopad 1999): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<361::aid-nt79>3.0.co;2-1.

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Pease, Sarah K. D., Michael L. Brosnahan, Marta P. Sanderson i Juliette L. Smith. "Effects of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae), on Activity and Mortality of Larval Shellfish". Toxins 14, nr 5 (10.05.2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050335.

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Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, respectively. While PSP and DSP have been studied extensively, less is known about the effects of these HAB species or their associated toxins on shellfish. This study investigated A. catenella and D. acuminata toxicity in a larval oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bioassay. Larval activity and mortality were examined through 96-h laboratory exposures to live HAB cells (10–1000 cells/mL), cell lysates (1000 cells/mL equivalents), and purified toxins (10,000 cells/mL equivalents). Exposure to 1000 cells/mL live or lysed D. acuminata caused larval mortality (21.9 ± 7.0%, 10.2 ± 4.0%, respectively) while exposure to any tested cell concentration of live A. catenella, but not lysate, caused swimming arrest and/or mortality in >50% of larvae. Exposure to high concentrations of saxitoxin (STX) or okadaic acid (OA), toxins traditionally associated with PSP and DSP, respectively, had no effect on larval activity or mortality. In contrast, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) caused rapid larval mortality (49.6 ± 5.8% by 48 h) and completely immobilized larval oysters. The results indicate that the toxic effects of A. catenella and D. acuminata on shellfish are not linked to the primary toxins associated with PSP and DSP in humans, and that PTX2 is acutely toxic to larval oysters.
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Suzuki, Hodaka. "Susceptibility of different mice strains to okadaic acid, a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin". Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 29, nr 8 (sierpień 2012): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.685892.

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Blanco, Juan, Carmen Mariño, Helena Martín i Carmen P. Acosta. "Anatomical distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis". Toxicon 50, nr 8 (grudzień 2007): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.09.002.

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Li, Aifeng, Jinggang Ma, Jijuan Cao i Pearse McCarron. "Toxins in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning episodes in China". Toxicon 60, nr 3 (wrzesień 2012): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.339.

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Kim, Su-Un, Dong-Hyun Yuk, Young-Ae Park, Jin-Ah Kim, Ae-Sook Park i Yun-Chun Kim. "Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry". Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 44, nr 4 (31.08.2012): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9721/kjfst.2012.44.4.390.

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TAKISHITA, K. "Molecular Evidence for Plastid Robbery (Kleptoplastidy) in , a Dinoflagellate causing Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning". Protist 153, nr 3 (wrzesień 2002): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1434-4610-00106.

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DELLALOGGIA, R. "A new ?in vivo? model for the evaluation of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-risk". Pharmacological Research 26 (wrzesień 1992): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(92)90883-d.

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LEE, KA JEONG, JONG SOO MOK, KI CHEOL SONG, HONGSIK YU, DOO SEOG LEE, JEE HYUNG JUNG i JI HOE KIM. "First Detection and Seasonal Variation of Lipophilic Toxins Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and Yessotoxin in Korean Gastropods". Journal of Food Protection 75, nr 11 (1.11.2012): 2000–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-192.

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Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2, and yessotoxin (YTX) are classes of lipophilic toxins found in marine animals. OA and DTX1 accumulation causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, a worldwide public health problem. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning has not previously been reported in gastropods, which are widely consumed in Korea. Seasonal variation in marine lipophilic toxins in gastropods was investigated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty specimens of Neptunea cumingii, 65 specimens of Rapana venosa, and 95 specimens of Batillus cornutus were collected at the Tongyeong fish market on the southern coast of Korea between May 2009 and December 2010. OA, DTX1, and YTX were detected in meat and digestive glands in all gastropod species studied. Pectenotoxin-2 was not found in any sample tested. Lipophilic toxins were detected in the digestive glands of gastropods; no lipophilic toxin was detected in the salivary glands of the carnivorous gastropods, N. cumingii and R. venosa. The highest concentrations of OA (21.5 ng/g) and DTX1 (8.4 ng/g) were detected in the digestive glands of R. venosa, and the maximum concentration of YTX (13.7 ng/g) was found in the digestive glands of N. cumingii. The maximum toxicities in gastropod tissues were lower than the European standard for acceptable levels. The concentrations of lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods showed a high degree of seasonal variation; lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods were found predominantly in spring and summer. This is the first report of the occurrence of lipophilic toxins in Korean gastropods.
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39

Quilliam, Michael A. "Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Tissue by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, nr 2 (1.03.1995): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.555.

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Abstract Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of shellfish contaminated with toxigenic dinoflagellates. The main toxins responsible for DSP are okadaic acid (OA), DTX-1, DTX-2, and DTX-3, the latter being a complex mixture of 7-O-acyl derivatives of the first 3. In this study, existing methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and LC with fluorometric detection (LC–FLD) of anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) derivatives were improved upon to achieve a high degree of accuracy and precision for the determination of DSP toxins in a new mussel tissue reference material (MUS-2). All experimental parameters were examined comprehensively, and a new internal standard and a new solid-phase extraction cleanup method were introduced. Quantitative extraction of DSP toxins from shellfish tissue was achieved by exhaustive extraction with aqueous 80% methanol. Cleanup was accomplished by partitioning the crude aqueous methanol extract with hexane to remove lipids and then with chloroform to isolate the toxins. A further cleanup based on an aminopropylsilica column was useful for LC-MS and looks promising for the ADAM/LC-FLD method. The internal standard, 7-O-acetylokadaic acid, synthesized by partial acetylation of OA, improved accuracy and precision by correcting for incomplete recoveries in extraction, cleanup, and derivatization steps and for volumetric errors and instrumental drift. An improved silica cleanup after ADAM derivatization also was developed by controlling the activities of both sorbent and solvents. The methods were tested with various mussel tissue samples. The resulting improved methods will be useful to analysts involved in routine monitoring of DSP tox ins.
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40

Rodrigues, Susana M., Paulo Vale, Teresa Chaveca, António Laires, José Rueff i Nuno G. Oliveira. "Naturally contaminated shellfish samples: quantification of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in unhydrolysed and hydrolysed extracts and cytotoxicity assessment". Journal of Applied Toxicology 30, nr 7 (9.06.2010): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1546.

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Carmody, Eoin P., Kevin J. James i Seán S. Kelly. "Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Methods for Determination of Dinophyslstoxin-2". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, nr 6 (1.11.1995): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.6.1403.

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Abstract Dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), an isomer of okadaic acid (OA), recently has been found in Irish waters. DTX-2 was the predominant toxin during prolonged infestations in cultivated mussels along the southwest coast of Ireland. Substantial variations in toxin levels may exist both horizontally and vertically in the water column. The need to take multiple samples and the ethical concern about the use of mammals for routine quality control of shellfish prompted examination of 2 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, designed to detect OA, for determination of both OA and DTX-2. One ELISA method (DSPCheck, Sceti Co. Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan) showed good cross-reactivity (40 ± 5%) with standard DTX-2. This study showed that both ELISA methods show good correlation with the liquid chromatographic analysis of 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives when OA is the predominant toxin present. The sensitivity was also good for OA determination using both methods, which allowed toxin measurement at 10 ng/mL (0.5 ng/well). This level is equivalent to 0.03 μg/g mussel meat. Blank mussel samples spiked with DTX-2 standards gave a good linear correlation (r = 0.997) with this ELISA method when toxin levels were 0.03-0.3 μg/g mussel meat. This range is appropriate for regulatory control of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning.
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42

Lusiastuti, Angela Mariana, i Rosmawaty Peranginangin. "PERBANDINGAN KEMAMPUAN DIAGNOSA ELISA DAN HPLC UNTUK DETEKSI TOKSIN DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING PADA KEKERANGAN". Media Akuakultur 3, nr 1 (30.06.2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ma.3.1.2008.45-48.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan diagnosa dari ELISA dan HPLC dalam mendeteksi toksin Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning pada kekerangan. Asam okadaik dideteksi menggunakan DSP Quick Check Test Kit ELISA sedangkan HPLC menggunakan 2 metode yang berbeda pada proses ekstraksi dan kondisi HPLC yang digunakan. ELISA yang digunakan adalah ELISA kompetitif menggunakan mikroplat 96 lubang, 8 x 12 strip yang dilapisi dengan antibodi monoklonal dan antiserum antimouse murni dengan konjugat peroksidase untuk mendeteksi antibodi. Metode HPLC yang digunakan meliputi metode ekstraksi sampel, proses clean up dan derivatisasi sebelum masuk ke injektor sampel otomatis. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa ELISA dapat sebagai pilihan untuk monitoring toksin (uji tapis) sedangkan HPLC dapat digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi sampel positif dalam membantu penegakan diagnosa. HPLC membutuhkan proses clean up dan derivatisasi supaya dapat memberikan hasil yang terbaik.
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Villalobos, Leiéen Gracia, Norma Santinelli, Viviana Sastre, Bernd Krock i José Luis Esteves. "Dinophysis Species Associated with Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Episodes in North Patagonian Gulfs (Chubut, Argentina)". Journal of Shellfish Research 34, nr 3 (wrzesień 2015): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0339.

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MATSUSHIMA, RYOJI. "Ⅱ-4. Individual difference and the distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in scallop". NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 83, nr 2 (2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa2358-11.

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Maneiro, I., M. Frangópulos, C. Guisande, M. Fernández, B. Reguera i I. Riveiro. "Zooplankton as a potential vector of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins through the food web". Marine Ecology Progress Series 201 (2000): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps201155.

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Rodrigues, S. M., P. Vale, M. J. Botelho i S. S. Gomes. "Extraction recoveries and stability of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in naturally contaminated samples". Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 26, nr 2 (luty 2009): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802290530.

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Torgersen, Trine, John Aasen i Tore Aune. "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning by okadaic acid esters from Brown crabs (Cancer pagurus) in Norway". Toxicon 46, nr 5 (październik 2005): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.024.

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Murata, Michio, Masanori Kumagai, Jong Soo Lee i Takeshi Yasumoto. "Isolation and structure of yessotoxin, a novel polyether compound implicated in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning". Tetrahedron Letters 28, nr 47 (styczeń 1987): 5869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)81076-5.

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Draisci, R., L. Giannetti, L. Lucentini, C. Marchiafava, K. J. James, A. G. Bishop, B. M. Healy i S. S. Kelly. "Isolation of a new okadaic acid analogue from phytoplankton implicated in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning". Journal of Chromatography A 798, nr 1-2 (marzec 1998): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01200-4.

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Gago-Martinez, Ana, José A. Rodriguez-Vazquez, Pierre Thibault i Michael A. Quilliam. "Simultaneous occurrence of diarrhetic and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Spanish mussels in 1993". Natural Toxins 4, nr 2 (marzec 1996): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/19960402nt3.

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