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Arenas-De Larriva, María del Sol, Alejandro Fernández-Vega, Bernabe Jurado-Gamez i Ignacio Ortea. "diaPASEF Proteomics and Feature Selection for the Description of Sputum Proteome Profiles in a Cohort of Different Subtypes of Lung Cancer Patients and Controls". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 15 (5.08.2022): 8737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158737.
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The high mortality, the presence of an initial asymptomatic stage and the fact that diagnosis in early stages reduces mortality justify the implementation of screening programs in the populations at risk of lung cancer. It is imperative to develop less aggressive methods that can complement existing diagnosis technologies. In this study, we aimed to identify lung cancer protein biomarkers and pathways affected in sputum samples, using the recently developed diaPASEF mass spectrometry (MS) acquisition mode. The sputum proteome of lung cancer cases and controls was analyzed through nano-HPLC–MS using the diaPASEF mode. For functional analysis, the results from differential expression analysis were further analyzed in the STRING platform, and feature selection was performed using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA). Our results showed an activation of inflammation, with an alteration of pathways and processes related to acute-phase, complement, and immune responses. The resulting sPLS-DA model separated between case and control groups with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, we showed how new-generation proteomics can be used to detect potential biomarkers in sputum samples, and ultimately to discriminate patients from controls and even to help to differentiate between different cancer subtypes.
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Meier, Florian, Andreas-David Brunner, Max Frank, Annie Ha, Isabell Bludau, Eugenia Voytik, Stephanie Kaspar-Schoenefeld i in. "diaPASEF: parallel accumulation–serial fragmentation combined with data-independent acquisition". Nature Methods 17, nr 12 (30.11.2020): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-00998-0.
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Wen, Chengwen, Guohong Gan, Xiao Xu, Guanzhong Lin, Xi Chen, Yaying Wu, Zheni Xu i in. "Investigation of Effects of the Spectral Library on Analysis of diaPASEF Data". Journal of Proteome Research 21, nr 2 (31.12.2021): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00899.
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Gillespie, D. R., i D. M. J. Quiring. "Effects of photoperiod on induction of diapause in Feltiella acarisuga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)". Canadian Entomologist 134, nr 1 (luty 2002): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent13469-1.
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AbstractLarvae of the predatory gall midge Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) diapaused as prepupae in tightly woven, brown, silk cells on leaf surfaces. Photoperiod alone, at day lengths from 16 to 8 h did not induce diapause at either 20 or 25 °C. A low incidence of diapause was induced by a combined photoperiod and thermoperiod of an 8-h day at 25 °C and a 16-h night at 15 °C. The incidence of diapause was higher under these conditions if the larvae were fed diapausing spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Because F. acarisuga only diapauses at daylengths equivalent to mid-winter, when its prey, T. urticae, is also in diapause, it can be used as a biological control agent for T. urticae in British Columbia greenhouses throughout most of the growing season.
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Huang, Zelu, Weijia Kong, Bertrand Jernhan Wong, Huanhuan Gao, Tiannan Guo, Xianming Liu, Xiaoxian Du, Limsoon Wong i Wilson Wen Bin Goh. "Proteomic datasets of HeLa and SiHa cell lines acquired by DDA-PASEF and diaPASEF". Data in Brief 41 (kwiecień 2022): 107919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.107919.
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Jiang, Ting, Yulin Zhu, Yingchuan Peng, Wanna Zhang i Haijun Xiao. "Universal and differential transcriptional regulatory pathways involved in the preparation of summer and winter diapauses in Pieris melete". Bulletin of Entomological Research 111, nr 3 (1.02.2021): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485321000018.
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AbstractMuch progress has been made in understanding the environmental and hormonal systems regulating winter diapause. However, transcriptional regulation of summer diapause is still largely unknown, making it difficult to understand an all-around regulation profile of seasonal adaptation. To bridge this gap, comparison RNA-seq to profile the transcriptome and to examine differential gene expression profiles between non-diapause, summer diapause, and winter diapause groups were performed. A total number of 113 million reads were generated and assembled into 79,117 unigenes, with 37,492 unigenes categorized into 58 functional gene ontology groups, 25 clusters of orthologous group categories, and 256 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. KEGG analysis mapped 2108 differentially expressed genes to 48 and 67 pathways for summer and winter diapauses, respectively. Enrichment statistics showed that 11 identical pathways similarly overlapped in the top 20 enriched functional groups both related to summer and winter diapauses. We also identified 35 key candidate genes for universal and differential functions related to summer and winter diapause preparation. Furthermore, we identified some genes involved in the signaling and metabolic pathways that may be the key drivers to integrate environmental signals into the summer and winter diapause preparation. The current study provided valuable insights into global molecular mechanisms underpinning diapause preparation.
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Pokhrel, Narayan, Olga Genin, Dalit Sela-Donenfeld i Yuval Cinnamon. "HREM, RNAseq and Cell Cycle Analyses Reveal the Role of the G2/M-Regulatory Protein, WEE1, on the Survivability of Chicken Embryos during Diapause". Biomedicines 10, nr 4 (27.03.2022): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040779.
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Avian blastoderm can enter into diapause when kept at low temperatures and successfully resume development (SRD) when re-incubated in body temperature. These abilities, which are largely affected by the temperature and duration of the diapause, are poorly understood at the cellular and molecular level. To determine how temperature affects embryonic morphology during diapause, high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) analysis was utilized. While blastoderms diapausing at 12 °C for 28 days presented typical cytoarchitecture, similar to non-diapaused embryos, at 18 °C, much thicker blastoderms with higher cell number were observed. RNAseq was conducted to discover the genes underlying these phenotypes, revealing differentially expressed cell cycle regulatory genes. Among them, WEE1, a negative regulator of G2/M transition, was highly expressed at 12 °C compared to 18 °C. This finding suggested that cells at 12 °C are arrested at the G2/M phase, as supported by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU) assay and phospho-histone H3 (pH 3) immunostaining. Inhibition of WEE1 during diapause at 12 °C resulted in cell cycle progression beyond the G2/M and augmented tissue volume, resembling the morphology of 18 °C-diapaused embryos. These findings suggest that diapause at low temperatures leads to WEE1 upregulation, which arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, promoting the perseverance of embryonic cytoarchitecture and future SRD. In contrast, WEE1 is not upregulated during diapause at higher temperature, leading to continuous proliferation and maladaptive morphology associated with poor survivability. Combining HREM-based analysis with RNAseq and molecular manipulations, we present a novel mechanism that regulates the ability of diapaused avian embryos to maintain their cytoarchitecture via cell cycle arrest, which enables their SRD.
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Galka, Brian E., i Reinhart A. Brust. "The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of larval diapause in the mosquito Aedes togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, nr 9 (1.09.1987): 2262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-341.
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Aedes togoi (Theobald) from Vancouver, B.C., may enter diapause in either the egg or larval stage. Larval diapause occurred in the fourth instar, when immatures were maintained at 16 °C or less, at photoperiods shorter than 12 h light/day. The critical photoperiod was calculated as 10.9L:13.1D at 16 °C. Larvae that failed to pupate after 40 days following hatching were recorded as being in diapause. At light periods greater than 12 h at 16 °C, there was no larval diapause and, at 14 °C, 100% of the larvae diapaused at 10L:14D. Temperatures of 18 °C or higher, at 10L:14D, prevented larval diapause.
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Chalar, Cora, Graciela Clivio, Jimena Montagne, Alicia Costábile, Analía Lima, Nicolás G. Papa, Nibia Berois i María José Arezo. "Embryonic developmental arrest in the annual killifish Austrolebias charrua: A proteomic approach to diapause III". PLOS ONE 16, nr 6 (4.06.2021): e0251820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251820.
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Diapause is a reversible developmental arrest faced by many organisms in harsh environments. Annual killifish present this mechanism in three possible stages of development. Killifish are freshwater teleosts from Africa and America that live in ephemeral ponds, which dry up in the dry season. The juvenile and adult populations die, and the embryos remain buried in the bottom mud until the next rainy season. Thus, species survival is entirely embryo-dependent, and they are perhaps the most remarkable extremophile organisms among vertebrates. The aim of the present study was to gather information about embryonic diapauses with the use of a “shotgun” proteomics approach in diapause III and prehatching Austrolebias charrua embryos. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of diapause III. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025196. We detected a diapause-dependent change in a large group of proteins involved in different functions, such as metabolic pathways and stress tolerance, as well as proteins related to DNA repair and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we observed a diapause-associated switch in cytoskeletal proteins. This first glance into global protein expression differences between prehatching and diapause III could provide clues regarding the induction/maintenance of this developmental arrest in A. charrua embryos. There appears to be no single mechanism underlying diapause and the present data expand our knowledge of the molecular basis of diapause regulation. This information will be useful for future comparative approaches among different diapauses in annual killifish and/or other organisms that experience developmental arrest.
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Hansen, J. D., M. A. Watkins, M. L. Heidt i P. A. Anderson. "Cold Storage to Control Codling Moth Larvae in Fresh Apples". HortTechnology 17, nr 2 (kwiecień 2007): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.2.195.
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Codling moth [Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)], found in exported apples (Malus sylvestris), can disrupt international markets. Cold storage at 1.1 °C was examined for possible control of three physiological larval states in ‘Fuji’ apples: diapausing (overwintering), diapause-destined, and nondiapausing. All nondiapausing larvae were dead within 12 weeks, diapaused-destined larvae were controlled by the seventh week, yet more than half of the original populations of diapausing larvae were still alive after 11 weeks. Because the diapaused-destined larvae were younger than the nondiapausing larvae, they may have been more susceptible to cold. Because larvae normally diapause outside the fruit, cold storage would not be applicable for controlling larvae in this state.
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Judd, Gary J. R., Scott Arthur, Keith Deglow i Mark G. T. Gardiner. "Operational mark–release–recapture field tests comparing competitiveness of wild and differentially mass-reared codling moths from the Okanagan–Kootenay sterile insect program". Canadian Entomologist 143, nr 3 (czerwiec 2011): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-005.
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AbstractPheromone trap catches and mating activity of sterile, mass-reared, diapaused and non-diapaused male codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were compared with those of wild diapaused males using mark–release–recapture field experiments in springtime. Sterile moths were provided by the Okanagan–Kootenay Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Program mass-rearing facility, in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada. Nondiapause-reared (SIR-standard) and diapause-reared (SIR-diapaused) sterile males were recaptured in similar frequencies. Both types of sterile males were recaptured significantly less often than similarly released wild diapaused males, and ratios of recaptured sterile to wild males were similar with either sterile male. Ratios of sterile to wild males, using the combined catches of SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males, were significantly lower when measured with traps baited with wild-females (21:1) than with traps baited with 10 μg pheromone (48:1). Both trapping ratios were markedly lower than the 80:1 ratio at which sterile and wild males were released. In mating studies, SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males exhibited equivalent mating frequencies and both were recaptured in copula with tethered wild females significantly less often than released wild males. In the same mating studies, sterile mass-reared, diapaused males that had been chilled for 3 h at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC) before release (PARC-diapaused) were significantly more competitive than SIR-standard or SIR-diapaused males that averaged 24 h of chilling as part of normal SIR Program operations. PARC-diapaused males and released wild males mated with tethered females with equal frequency. We hypothesize that the length of time SIR males were chilled before being released may have caused SIR-diapaused males to be less mobile, and therefore less competitive with wild males in field mating assays, than were PARC-diapaused males. Based on these results, introduction of a diapause phase into the mass-rearing system used at the Osoyoos facility cannot currently be recommended as a means of improving trap-measured ratios of sterile to wild males, or increasing sterile × wild matings.
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PALOMARES-RIUS, JUAN E., JOHN T. JONES, PETER J. COCK, PABLO CASTILLO i VIVIAN C. BLOK. "Activation of hatching in diapaused and quiescent Globodera pallida". Parasitology 140, nr 4 (20.12.2012): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001874.
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SUMMARYThe potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are major pests of potatoes. The G. pallida (and G. rostochiensis) life cycle includes both diapause and quiescent stages. Nematodes in dormancy (diapause or quiescent) are adapted for long-term survival and are more resistant to nematicides. This study analysed the mechanisms underlying diapause and quiescence. The effects of several compounds (8Br-cGMP, oxotremorine and atropine) on the activation of hatching were studied. The measurements of some morphometric parameters in diapaused and quiescent eggs after exposure to PRD revealed differences in dorsal gland length, subventral gland length and dorsal gland nucleolus. In addition, the expression of 2 effectors (IVg9 and cellulase) was not induced in diapaused eggs in water or PRD, while expression was slightly induced in quiescent eggs. Finally, we performed a comparative study to identify orthologues of C. elegans diapause related genes in plant-parasitic nematodes (G. pallida, Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). This analysis suggested that it was not possible to identify G. pallida orthologues of the majority of C. elegans genes involved in the control of dauer formation. All these data suggest that G. pallida may use different mechanisms to C. elegans in regulating the survival stage.
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Hegazi, Esmat, W. E. Khafagi, A. Abou Zeid, Manal A. Attia, Mervat Hasaneen, Amany Abu Shall, Nagat Aly i in. "Preliminary Evaluation of Diapause Intensity in Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Faba Bean Vicia faba Fields in Alexandria, Egypt". Archives of Business Research 12, nr 5 (31.05.2024): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.125.16900.
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This study was carried out to evaluate the diapause intensity in Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in faba bean fields in Alexandria, Egypt. Several visits were carried out in faba bean seasons of 2021 and 2022 during January, February, March and April (cool to warm temperature) to collect spicks from faba bean fields infested by Orobanche crenata Forsk (Orobanchaceae). The spicks were dissected under binocular microscope and inspected for Ph.orobanchia puparia. Total of 6663 and 2810 Ph.orobanchia puparia were collected throughout the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Ph.orobanchia puparia were allowed hatching to evaluate diapause incidence in the fly .Monthly mean fly emergence was recorded . This fly is a short-day species with a pupal summer - winter diapause. For each faba bean season, the onset of pupal diapause was in February increases in March and reached maximum in April. Large proportion of diapausing puparia of 1year old, hatched in January, decreased gradually, reaching its minimum in April. The live pupria that did not emerge after April, were assumed to be prepupae-pupae in diapause for more longer period (2-3 years). Also, large proportion of remaining diapausing puparia were found parasitized by Tetrastichus phytomyzae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) wasps. The emerged wasps were observed to parasitized the old unparasitized diapaused fly puparia and destroying the rearing fly culture during the two seasons. Females outnumber the males among non-diapausing flies. However, males outnumber the females for diapausing puparia hatched in March. While the sex ratio of emerged flies of diapaused puparia hatched in January, February and April was in favor of females.
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Hegazi, Esmat, W. E. Khafagi, A. Abou Zeid, Manal A. Attia, Mervat Hasaneen, Amany Abu Shall, Nagat Aly i in. "Preliminary Evaluation of Diapause Intensity in Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Faba Bean Vicia faba Fields in Alexandria, Egypt". Advances in Image and Video Processing 12, nr 3 (25.03.2024): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.123.17089.
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This study was carried out to evaluate the diapause intensity in Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt. (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in faba bean fields in Alexandria, Egypt. Several visits were carried out in faba bean seasons of 2021 and 2022 during January, February, March and April (cool to warm temperature) to collect spicks from faba bean fields infested by Orobanche crenata Forsk (Orobanchaceae). The spicks were dissected under binocular microscope and inspected for Ph.orobanchia puparia. Total of 6663 and 2810 Ph.orobanchia puparia were collected throughout the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Ph.orobanchia puparia were allowed hatching to evaluate diapause incidence in the fly .Monthly mean fly emergence was recorded . This fly is a short-day species with a pupal summer - winter diapause. For each faba bean season, the onset of pupal diapause was in February increases in March and reached maximum in April. Large proportion of diapausing puparia of 1year old, hatched in January, decreased gradually, reaching its minimum in April. The live pupria that did not emerge after April, were assumed to be prepupae-pupae in diapause for more longer period (2-3 years). Also, large proportion of remaining diapausing puparia were found parasitized by Tetrastichus phytomyzae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) wasps. The emerged wasps were observed to parasitized the old unparasitized diapaused fly puparia and destroying the rearing fly culture during the two seasons. Females outnumber the males among non-diapausing flies. However, males outnumber the females for diapausing puparia hatched in March. While the sex ratio of emerged flies of diapaused puparia hatched in January, February and April was in favor of females.
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Norling, Ulf. "Growth, winter preparations and timing of emergence in temperate zone Odonata: control by a succession of larval response patterns". International Journal of Odonatology 24 (4.03.2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23797/2159-6719_24_1.
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As warm-adapted insects of tropical origin, Odonata cope with cold periods by seasonal regulation and diapause. A model for larval-overwintering species is proposed with three response patterns related to the timing of emergence, which can be predicted from seasonal cues during the last few stadia. For emergence during the present season, there is an often time-constrained preemergence development, accelerated by long days and higher temperatures. In regulatory development, emergence is postponed to the next season, and a complex of diapause-like delays controlled by photoperiod and temperature prevents premature emergence. Instead, development converges on a winter diapause in sizes suitable for emergence during the following year. Long days are particularly delaying, and thermal responses are variable, sometimes inverted. In early development, with rapid growth, emergence is usually not predicted to season, but short-day winter diapauses may occur, and precocious preparations for a penultimate winter may be predictive. Thermal responses are steep, extremely so if a short-day diapause is suppressed by higher temperatures. Other physiological and also behavioural properties may differ between response patterns. Changes in photoperiod and temperature control the timing of seasonal events, and the transition from regulatory to pre-emergence development follows the increase in temperature and photoperiod after winter, which is an important time-setter. Interactions of larval size, photoperiod, temperature and previous changes affect development rate, and long-term constant conditions often end in regulatory diapauses. Proximate mechanisms of cohort splitting and the implications of the model for design and interpretation of experiments are discussed.
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Fangsen, Xue, i H. G. Kallenborn. "Control of summer and winter diapause in Pidorus euchromioides (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) on Chinese sweetleaf Symplocos chinensis". Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, nr 2 (kwiecień 1998): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300025773.
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AbstractPidorus euchromioides Walker has two separate diapauses during its life cycle, a winter diapause as a fourth larval instar and a summer diapause as a prepupa in a cocoon. Winter diapause was induced by short photoperiods. The critical day length of 13 h 20 min to 13 h 40 min at 23.3°C under insectary conditions was very similar to the critical day length (13 h 32 min) observed in the field. Sensitivity to day length was restricted to the first 9 days, corresponding to the first and second instars. The duration of larval diapause was not only strongly correlated with the inducing photoperiod, but also dependent on the number of short days experienced during the larval growth period. The shortest diapause occurred at the critical day length, or when the larvae were exposed for 6 days (a critical number of short days) to a photoperiod of LD 12 h:12 h. The summer diapause appeared to be primarily determined by a genetic factor and only occurred in part of the overwintering generation and the first generation. The two different diapause mechanisms play important roles. Winter diapause ensures that P. euchromioides synchronizes its development and activity with the phenology of specific host plants, and summer diapause provides the species with a high degree of adaptation to an unpredictable environment.
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Spence, John R. "The habitat templet and life history strategies of pond skaters (Heteroptera: Gerridae): reproductive potential, phenology, and wing dimorphism". Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, nr 10 (1.10.1989): 2432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-344.
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Reproductive traits, diapause, and wing dimorphism of four pond skater species occurring in central Alberta, Canada, are explained as adaptive responses to a complex of habitat features. Species using temporary habitats had greater fecundity, but habitat permanence alone was a poor predictor of reproductive longevity, preoviposition period, or reproductive rate. Fecundity and longevity were significantly lower and more variable in direct than in diapaused breeders. There was no geographical or annual variation in fecundity, suggesting that values observed are good measures of reproductive potential. Overwintered females of species from temporary habitats (Gerris buenoi and Limnoporus dissortis) lived longer than those from more permanent habitats (G. comatus and G. pingreensis), and, concomitantly, are able to spread reproduction over several ponds. Proportion of summer-generation bugs breeding without diapause was inversely related to habitat permanence for the Gerris species, but few nondiapause breeders occurred in L. dissortis. Diapause was not averted consistently by exposure to increasing long-day photoperiods, and sensitive stage for diapause induction varied within all species. In G. pingreensis and L. dissortis many individuals reaching the adult and fifth instar by the solstice diapaused. Diapause and wing morphism were associated only loosely in the dimorphic species. Many apterous G. pingreensis entered diapause despite early emergence. Wing morph in G. pingreensis is determined genetically but is not based in simple Mendelian inheritance. Flightless bugs occur mainly among direct breeders in G. buenoi and G. comatus but many direct breeders were macropterous. Wing morph is influenced by a photoperiod switch in G. buenoi, but there is also genetic variation. There was no significant difference in total fecundity, longevity, or juvenile development time between wing morphs of the same generation in either G. buenoi or G. pingreensis. However, flightless females had shorter preoviposition periods, leading to greater egg production over the first 20 days of reproductive life. Gerrid life histories are adaptions to a complex of factors, including but not confined to habitat stability. Other aspects of the habitat templet such as the impact of natural enemies and food input should be considered.
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Naess, Tore, Jens Petter Nilssen i Reidar Demmo. "Individual lake characteristics modify the life cycle and diapause habitat of two neighbouring populations of the cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops oithonoides". Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, nr 8 (1.08.1993): 1663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-233.
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Thermocyclops oithonoides (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) populations were studied in two neighbouring lakes with similar seasonal hydrographical characteristics. The two populations showed different life-cycle and diapause characteristics. The major differences were found in the number of generations per year (three versus two), the timing of induction and termination of diapause, temperature and oxygen conditions during diapause migration to the sediment, and habitat selection for wintering. Diapause initiation occurred at about 12 h light: 12 h dark in one population, but about 8 h L: 16 h D in the other. Higher habitat temperatures (approximately 5 °C) seemed to allow completion of a further generation in the warmest lake. The population descending early into the hypolimnion utilized the deep profundal sediment as a diapausing habitat. These specimens were most likely physiologically prepared for diapause, including tolerance to low-oxygen or anoxic conditions. The population with an additional generation, probably not yet in the complete diapause phase, avoided low-oxygen conditions and utilized mainly the oxygenated part of the profundal sediment as a diapausing habitat. The major part of both populations diapaused in the sediment, but a small fraction was in "active diapause" in the plankton during winter. In these populations of T. oithonoides, day length, modified by habitat temperature, seemed to influence diapause initiation, whereas habitat distribution during winter seemed to be influenced by the combined effect of diapause ontology and oxygen conditions in the potential wintering habitat.
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Vinogradova, E. B., i S. Ya Reznik. "Interactions of photoperiod and thermorhythm in the induction of larval diapause in the blowfly, Calliphora vicina R.-D. (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 318, nr 1 (25.03.2014): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.1.3.
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Laboratory experiments were conducted with a strain of Calliphora vicina originated from individuals collected in the environs of St. Petersburg, Russia. Females developed and were kept at 20° C under short day length of 12 h, their progeny developed at the same photoperiod but at different temperature regimes. At 12° C most of the larvae entered diapause, at 15° С about 50 % of the larvae diapaused, and at 18° C diapause was not observed. Thermorhythm (alternation of 12-h-long periods with temperatures of 12 and 18° C) induced diapause in approximately a third of individuals, regardless of whether the low temperature coincided with the dark or with the light phases of the photoperiod. Thus, the larval diapause of C. vicina represents an exception to the rule stating that the role of the night temperature in the diapause induction is much more important than that of the day temperature. The analysis of this and some other known exceptions to the above rule suggests that they can be expla ined by a combination of a very strong thermal and a very weak photoperiodic response which makes their interaction negligible.
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Wise, Ian L., i Robert J. Lamb. "Diapause and emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)". Canadian Entomologist 136, nr 1 (luty 2004): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-032.
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AbstractThe requirements for successful diapause of field-collected larvae and emergence of the adult wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and its egg parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) were investigated in the laboratory. Both species showed little decline in survival for up to 5 weeks at 20 °C in dry wheat spikes and could successfully diapause in wheat spikes at 0 °C for at least 200 d, although larvae usually drop to the soil to diapause. Both species diapaused successfully in clay loam and fine quartz sand, but survival was lower in vermiculite or coarse activated clay. Diapause was completed successfully at soil temperatures of −5 to 2.5 °C, and both species survived for at least 500 d at 2.5 °C with no increase in mortality. Larval survival declined after 120 d at −10 °C. Usually more than 95% of all surviving wheat midges emerged as adults after a single diapause period of 100 d or more, but up to 5% of wheat midges and 12%−57% of parasitoids did not emerge until they were exposed to a second cold period. Postdiapausal larvae pupated and adult wheat midges emerged at constant temperatures of 16, 20, 26, and 28 °C with no differences in mortality, although none emerged at 10 °C. The timing of wheat midge emergence was temperature dependent, requiring 306 degree-days above a threshold of 9 °C. Degree-day requirements and soil temperatures from a nearby weather station accurately predicted the average timing of emergence in the field, but not the year-to-year variation in date of 50% emergence. The wheat midge and its parasitoid are well adapted to the conditions they encounter in their range in western Canada. Methods for rearing both species through diapause and adult emergence are described.
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Kamel, S. M., M. A. M. Osman, M. F. Mahmoud, El-S. I. Haggag, A. R. Aziz i M. A. Shebl. "Influence of Temperature on Breaking Diapause, Development and Emergence of Megachile minutissima (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)". Vestnik Zoologii 53, nr 3 (1.06.2019): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0024.
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Abstract The leafcutting bee, Megachile minutissima Radoszkowski, 1876, is a valuable pollinator of alfalfa grown for seed production in Egypt. In order to control adult emergence of M. minutissima to be synchronized with the expected changes in flowering times of alfalfa crop, breaking the prepupal diapause to initiate the subsequent developmental stages of this insect pollinator is necessary. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate the influence of incubation temperature at 30 ± 0.4 °C after different intervals of cold storage at 10 ± 0. 4 °C on loose bee cells containing diapaused prepupae, which were obtained during the previous season from the successful nesting straws of the artificial nests. Results indicated that the shortest incubation time required for breaking prepupal diapause was about 12 and 19 days to reach the pupal and adult stages, respectively. The percentage of emerged adults was about 60 % at 152 days cold store, and gradually decreased with the increase of cold storage periods in 2009. Meanwhile, the percentage of emerged adults ranged between 40–60 % at all cold storage periods in 2010. Moreover, the results indicated that the optimal period of cold storage at 10 ± 0.4 °C for diapaused prepupae in their loose cells should be between 146 to 153 days, where the maximum rate of adult emergence was occurred. The maximum rate of newly emerged males and females of M. minutissima was recorded at 10 % and 26 % in April 26, 2009 and 30 % and 20 % in May 4, 2010, respectively. However, the minimum rate of adult emergence was occurred in August, September and October months.
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Vinogradova, E. B., S. Ya Reznik i E. S. Kuprijanova. "Ecological and geographical variations in the siphonal index of Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052573.
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AbstractCulex pipiens Linnaeus is represented by two forms: the form molestus which is autogenous, stenagamous and has no reproductive diapause, and the form pipiens which is anautogenous, eurygamous and diapauses. The ecological, physiological and geographical variations in the larval siphonal index of C. pipiens (the ratio of the length of the siphon to its width at the base) was investigated using both original measurements and previously published data. In all, data were used from 259 collections from open water bodies (marshes, ditches, holes, barrels, etc.) and underground waters (house basements) in areas of Europe, Asia and part of Africa. Autogeny was studied in some cases by dissection of females. In C. pipiens the mean siphonal index was strongly correlated with ecology (water body type) and adult physiology (autogeny). In spite of high geographical and individual variation, which makes the identification of individual larvae difficult, the mean siphonal index can be used with certainty for the differentiation of populations of the two forms of C. pipiens.
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Gerling, D., M. Guershon, E. Erel i M. Inbar. "Diapause and its regulation in the whitefly Trialeurodes lauri". Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, nr 6 (24.11.2010): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000520.
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AbstractThis study focuses on the regulation of synchronization between the life cycle of the oligophagous whitefly, Trialeurodes lauri (Signoret), and its evergreen host tree Arbutus andrachne in Mediterranean chaparral. Whitefly infestations vary considerably among trees. The adults of the univoltine (one generation per year) whitefly emerge en masse during April and May and oviposit on the new spring foliage. Following approximately one month of development to the early fourth instar, the nymphs enter nine-month diapauses, terminating in February. This diapause is induced and maintained by the plant and can be experimentally avoided (in the case of developing young nymphs) or terminated (in the case of diapausing fourth instars), if whitefly-bearing branches are severed from the tree and placed in water under laboratory conditions. This study is the first report of a whitefly diapausing through both summer and winter seasons. The role of the host plant in the process is discussed.
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Fukui, Shin, Yusuke Kuwano, Kazuki Ueno, Kazuyuki Atsumi i Shunji Ohta. "Modeling the effect of rainfall changes to predict population dynamics of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus under future climate conditions". PLOS ONE 17, nr 5 (25.05.2022): e0268211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268211.
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The population dynamics of mosquitoes in temperate regions are not as well understood as those in tropical and subtropical regions, despite concerns that vector-borne diseases may be prevalent in future climates. Aedes albopictus, a vector mosquito in temperate regions, undergoes egg diapause while overwintering. To assess the prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in the future, this study aimed to simulate and predict mosquito population dynamics under estimated future climatic conditions. In this study, we tailored the physiology-based climate-driven mosquito population (PCMP) model for temperate mosquitoes to incorporate egg diapauses for overwintering. We also investigated how the incorporation of the effect of rainfall on larval carrying capacity (into a model) changes the population dynamics of this species under future climate conditions. The PCMP model was constructed to simulate mosquito population dynamics, and the parameters of egg diapause and rainfall effects were estimated for each model to fit the observed data in Tokyo. We applied the global climate model data to the PCMP model and observed an increase in the mosquito population under future climate conditions. By applying the PCMP models (with or without the rainfall effect on the carrying capacity of the A. albopictus), our projections indicated that mosquito population dynamics in the future could experience changes in the patterns of their active season and population abundance. According to our results, the peak population number simulated using the highest CO2 emission scenario, while incorporating the rainfall effect on the carrying capacity, was approximately 1.35 times larger than that predicted using the model that did not consider the rainfall effect. This implies that the inclusion of rainfall effects on mosquito population dynamics has a major impact on the risk assessments of mosquito-borne diseases in the future.
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Gao, Qiao, Bing-Xin Wei, Wen Liu, Jia-Lu Wang, Xing-Miao Zhou i Xiao-Ping Wang. "Differences in the Development of Internal Reproductive Organs, Feeding Amount and Nutrient Storage between Pre-Diapause and Pre-Reproductive Harmonia axyridis Adults". Insects 10, nr 8 (6.08.2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10080243.
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Diapause control is one of the successful methods for long-term cold storage of biological control organisms without decreasing their fitness. Sufficient preparation before diapause is essential for successful diapause initiation and maintenance. Harmonia axyridis, an important biocontrol agent in its native place, can enter reproductive diapause for overwintering. However, the key preparatory events before diapause in H. axyridis, such as specific developmental trajectory, timing, and physiological changes, remain unclear. We compared differences in the development of internal reproductive organs, feeding amount and nutrient storage between pre-diapause and pre-reproductive adult H. axyridis which had been reared at 20 °C under a short-day (10L:14D) and long-day (14L:10D) condition, respectively. The results showed that there were obvious morphological differences in internal reproductive organs of diapause and reproductive H. axyridis. The development of internal reproductive organs was suppressed at early adult stage in pre-diapause beetles compared to pre-reproductive beetles. Feeding amount in both pre-diapause and pre-reproductive beetles increased for more than ten days after eclosion. The feeding amount of pre-diapause beetles sharply decreased from the 15th day after eclosion in females and the 14th day after eclosion in males, which implied the initiation of diapause. During the pre-diapause stage, carbohydrates and lipids were mainly accumulated by females, whereas males mainly accumulated carbohydrates. Our results not only provide basic information about the diapause process of pre-diapause stage, but also give tips to better utilization of diapause strategy during mass production and storage of H. axyridis.
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Hu, Chi-Kuo. "Handling Diapause Embryos of the African Turquoise KillifishNothobranchius furzeri". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, nr 2 (25.10.2022): pdb.prot107752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot107752.
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The African turquoise killifishNothobranchius furzeriis an emerging research organism known for its short life span and long-term diapause. Diapause is a unique dormant state that suspends embryonic development without tradeoffs in the adulthood life span. Recently, diapause has been gaining increasing interest from the research community. Here, we report our methods for handling the embryos ofN. furzerithat go through diapause. We focus on a few key steps: (1) collectingN. furzeriembryos, (2) sorting embryos entering diapause, (3) storing diapause embryos, (4) screening embryos exiting diapause, and (5) hatching post-diapause and fully developed embryos. This method should help the need to obtain a large number of embryos in synchronization with their diapause-entering and -exiting status and satisfy the need for cell biology, genetic, genomic, and biochemistry experiments.
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Chen, C., L. Xiao, H. M. He, J. Xu i F. S. Xue. "A genetic analysis of diapause in crosses of a southern and a northern strain of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, nr 5 (13.05.2014): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000352.
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AbstractAs a consequence of geographical variation in diapause mechanism in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi, the southern strains enter diapause as an adult in response to long photoperiod, whereas the northern strains enter diapause in response to temperature. In the present study, we examined the inheritance of diapause by crossing a southern Xiushui strain (XS) with a most-northern Harbin strain (HB). The southern XS strain showed a clear short-day response for the induction of diapause, whereas the most-northern strain entered diapause regardless of photoperiod. Interestingly, the XS×HB progeny showed a short-day response, but the HB×XS progeny had no photoperiodic response, indicating that photoperiodic induction of diapause is influenced by maternal genotype. The incidence of diapause of F1 progeny was intermediate between their parents under short daylengths of 12 and 13 h. However, there was a sexual asymmetry, with the female parent exerting a greater effect on diapause incidence than the male parent, indicating a sex linkage in the inheritance of diapause induction. The χ2 test in C. bowringi revealed that the inheritance of diapause does not fit an additive hypothesis and also that the capacity for diapause is transmitted genetically (or possibly epigenetically) in a manner of incomplete dominance. These results suggest that a number of genetic factors are associated with differences in diapause capability in this beetle.
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Cui, Jin, Kejian Lin, Linbo Xu, Fangzheng Yue, Liangbin Yu i Quanyi Zhang. "Transcriptome Analysis of Beet Webworm Shows That Histone Deacetylase May Affect Diapause by Regulating Juvenile Hormone". Insects 13, nr 9 (14.09.2022): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090835.
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The beet webworm (Loxostege sticticalis L.) is an important agricultural pest and can tolerate harsh environmental conditions by entering diapause. The diapause mechanism of beet webworm is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptomic study of the process from diapause induction to diapause release in beet webworms. The results revealed 393 gene modules closely related to the diapause of beet webworm. The hub gene of the red module was the HDACI gene, which acts through histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. HDAC enzyme activity was regulated by the light duration and influenced the JH content under induced beet webworm diapause conditions (12 h light:12 h dark). In addition, transcriptomic data suggested that circadian genes may not be the key genes responsible for beet webworm diapause. However, we showed that the photoperiod affects HDAC enzyme activity, and HDAC can regulate the involvement of JH in beet webworm diapause. This study provided a new module for studying insect diapause and links histone acetylation and diapause at the transcriptome level.
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He, H. M., H. J. Xiao i F. S. Xue. "Parental effect of diapause in relation to photoperiod and temperature in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, nr 6 (5.02.2018): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000019.
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AbstractIncreasing evidence has demonstrated that the environmental conditions experienced by parents can shape offspring phenotypes. Here, we examined the effects of the photoperiod and temperature experienced by parents on the incidence of diapause in their progeny in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi, using three experiments. The first experiment examined parental diapause incidence under different photoperiods at 25°C and the incidence of diapause in progeny from both non-diapausing and diapausing parents under the same rearing conditions. The results revealed that the incidence of diapause among progeny was exactly opposite to that of their parents, i.e., higher parental diapause incidence led to lower progeny diapause incidence, showing a negative relationship in diapause incidence between the parental generation and the progeny generation. The incidence of diapause among progeny produced by diapausing parents was higher than that in progeny produced by non-diapausing parents. The second experiment examined parental diapause incidence at different temperatures under LD 12:12 and the incidence of diapause in progeny from both non-diapausing and diapausing parents under the same rearing conditions. Similarly, the incidence of diapause in progeny was also opposite to that of their parents. However, the incidence of diapause in progeny produced by non-diapausing parents was different from that in progeny produced by diapausing parents. In the third experiment, naturally diapausing adults were maintained at a constant temperature of 9, 28°C or the mean daily summer temperature of 27.84°C under continuous darkness for 3 months of dormancy. After dormancy, the progeny of these post-diapause parents were reared under different photoperiods at 25°C. The results showed that the incidence of diapause among progeny was higher when their parents experienced high temperatures than when they experienced low temperatures. All results demonstrate that the photoperiod and temperature experienced by parents may significantly affect the diapause incidence among progeny.
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Hu, Chi-Kuo, Wei Wang, Julie Brind’Amour, Param Priya Singh, G. Adam Reeves, Matthew C. Lorincz, Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado i Anne Brunet. "Vertebrate diapause preserves organisms long term through Polycomb complex members". Science 367, nr 6480 (20.02.2020): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw2601.
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Diapause is a state of suspended development that helps organisms survive extreme environments. How diapause protects living organisms is largely unknown. Using the African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri), we show that diapause preserves complex organisms for extremely long periods of time without trade-offs for subsequent adult growth, fertility, and life span. Transcriptome analyses indicate that diapause is an active state, with dynamic regulation of metabolism and organ development genes. The most up-regulated genes in diapause include Polycomb complex members. The chromatin mark regulated by Polycomb, H3K27me3, is maintained at key developmental genes in diapause, and the Polycomb member CBX7 mediates repression of metabolism and muscle genes in diapause. CBX7 is functionally required for muscle preservation and diapause maintenance. Thus, vertebrate diapause is a state of suspended life that is actively maintained by specific chromatin regulators, and this has implications for long-term organism preservation.
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Wilson, Elisabeth S., Claire E. Murphy, Covey Wong, Joseph P. Rinehart, George D. Yocum i Julia H. Bowsher. "Environmental impacts on diapause and survival of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata". PLOS ONE 16, nr 8 (3.08.2021): e0254651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254651.
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Megachile rotundata exhibits a facultative prepupal diapause but the cues regulating diapause initiation are not well understood. Possible cues include daylength and temperature. Megachile rotundata females experience changing daylengths over the nesting season that may influence diapause incidence in their offspring through a maternal effect. Juvenile M. rotundata spend their developmental period confined in a nesting cavity, potentially subjected to stressful temperatures that may affect diapause incidence and survival. To estimate the impact of daylength and nest cavity temperature on offspring diapause, we designed a 3D printed box with iButtons that measured nest cavity temperature. We observed nest building throughout the season, monitored nest cavity temperature, and followed offspring through development to measure diapause incidence and mortality. We found that daylength was a cue for diapause, and nest cavity temperature did not influence diapause incidence. Eggs laid during long days had a lower probability of diapause. Siblings tended to have the same diapause status, explaining a lot of the remaining variance in diapause incidence. Some females established nests that contained both diapausing and nondiapausing individuals, which were distributed throughout the nest. Nest cavities reached stressful temperatures, which decreased survival. Mortality was significantly higher in nondiapausing bees and the individuals that were laid first in the nest. In conclusion, we demonstrate a maternal effect for diapause that is mediated by daylength and is independent of nest box temperature.
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Lehmann, Philipp, Sören Nylin, Karl Gotthard i Mikael A. Carlsson. "Idiosyncratic development of sensory structures in brains of diapausing butterfly pupae: implications for information processing". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, nr 1858 (5.07.2017): 20170897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0897.
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Diapause is an important escape mechanism from seasonal stress in many insects. A certain minimum amount of time in diapause is generally needed in order for it to terminate. The mechanisms of time-keeping in diapause are poorly understood, but it can be hypothesized that a well-developed neural system is required. However, because neural tissue is metabolically costly to maintain, there might exist conflicting selective pressures on overall brain development during diapause, on the one hand to save energy and on the other hand to provide reliable information processing during diapause. We performed the first ever investigation of neural development during diapause and non-diapause (direct) development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi from a population whose diapause duration is known. The brain grew in size similarly in pupae of both pathways up to 3 days after pupation, when development in the diapause brain was arrested. While development in the brain of direct pupae continued steadily after this point, no further development occurred during diapause until temperatures increased far after diapause termination. Interestingly, sensory structures related to vision were remarkably well developed in pupae from both pathways, in contrast with neuropils related to olfaction, which only developed in direct pupae. The results suggest that a well-developed visual system might be important for normal diapause development.
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Gong, Jing, Yuhao Zhang, Jiamin Yan, Shan Shang, Hanfei Gu i Yong Zhu. "Effect of Hypoxia on Embryo Development in Silkworm Eggs". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, nr 1 (25.11.2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz060.
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Abstract Diapause is a common phenomenon during which organisms suspend development to overcome difficult environmental conditions. The silkworm is a classical model for the study of egg diapause. Our previous study showed that gene expression is similar in silkworm eggs treated with hyperoxia or HCl. In the present study, to further explore the mechanism of diapause prevention, nondiapause eggs and hyperoxia-/HCl-activated diapause eggs were treated with hypoxia. Embryo morphology, hatching time, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed across different developmental stages. The results showed that hypoxia may inhibit the embryonic development of silkworm eggs. The morphology of nondiapause eggs under hypoxia differed from that of nondiapause eggs under normoxia during embryonic development, which, in turn, was similar to that of diapause eggs. Meanwhile, the hatching time of nondiapause eggs under hypoxia was delayed significantly. Moreover, the ROS levels of nondiapause eggs changed under hypoxia, showing a pattern similar to that of diapause eggs. Interestingly, when activated diapause eggs were treated with hypoxia, some eggs hatched in the following spring. These results suggest that early embryogenesis is largely dependent on oxygen levels and that hypoxia may induce a diapause-like state in activated diapause eggs. Additionally, ROS levels may play a key role in diapause. Thus, this study provides valuable information on the mechanisms of diapause and diapause prevention in silkworms.
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Chen, Chao, Qin-Wen Xia, Shu Fu, Xian-Fu Wu i Fang-Sen Xue. "Effect of photoperiod and temperature on the intensity of pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, nr 1 (7.05.2013): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000266.
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AbstractThe intensity of pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was investigated under both laboratory and natural conditions. By transferring diapausing pupae induced under LD 11:13, LD 12:12 and LD 13:11 at 20, 22 and 25 °C to 25 °C combined with LD 15:9 to terminate diapause the rearing day length of 11 h evoked greater intensity of diapause than did 12 and 13 h at 25 °C; whereas the rearing temperature of 25 °C evoked more intense diapause than did 20 and 22 °C under LD 11:13. By transferring diapausing pupae induced under LD 12:12 at 20 and 22 °C to six temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C combined with LD 15:9 to terminate diapause, the duration of diapause was significantly shortened from 146 days at 18 °C to 24 days at 31 °C, showing that high temperatures significantly accelerate diapause development. Furthermore, the duration of diapause was significantly longer at the rearing temperature of 22 °C than that at 20 °C when the diapause-terminating temperatures were 20 and 22 °C. Chilling at 5 °C did not shorten the duration of diapause but lengthened it when chilling period was included. However, chilling plays an important role in synchronizing adult emergence. Rearing temperature of 22 °C also evoked more intense diapause than did 20 °C in most chilling treatments. When the overwintering pupae were transferred at different times from natural temperatures to 25 °C, it was found that the earlier the transfer took place, the earlier the adults emerged when the time spent under natural conditions was included. However, cool temperatures before March showed an enhanced effect on diapause development at 20 °C, suggesting that the high diapause-terminating temperature can offset the effect of chilling on diapause development. The result of diapause termination under natural conditions suggests that the developmental threshold for post-diapause development in H. armigera should be around 17.5 °C.
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Lysyk, T. J., i R. D. Moon. "DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE HORN FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 126, nr 4 (sierpień 1994): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126949-4.
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AbstractLaboratory studies of diapause induction in the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) indicated that the incidence of diapause was unrelated to daylength or the number of day–night cycles. Transfer experiments were conducted to estimate the beginning and end of diapause sensitivity and the required number of days for diapause induction. On average, sensitivity was between the ages 0.10 and 0.82 on a physiological age scale of immature development. The number of days required for 50% diapause was estimated as 19.1 days. A model was developed relating the proportion of insects in diapause to the number of days spent in the interval 0.10–0.82. Additional experiments revealed that diapause in the puparia was related to the mean temperatures experienced by immatures during the interval of sensitivity. An equation relating the proportion in diapause to temperature was also developed and compared with the required day number model. Both models provided similar estimates of the proportion of horn flies entering diapause.
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Zhang, Jing, Falak Naz Miano, Ting Jiang, Yingchuan Peng, Wanna Zhang i Haijun Xiao. "Characterization of Three Heat Shock Protein Genes in Pieris melete and Their Expression Patterns in Response to Temperature Stress and Pupal Diapause". Insects 13, nr 5 (5.05.2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050430.
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Heat shock protein 70 genes participate in obligatory pupal diapause in Pieris melete to survive unfavorable conditions. In this study, three full-length cDNAs of PmHsc70, PmHsp70a and PmHsp70b were identified, and their expression patterns in response to diapause and short-term temperature stresses were investigated. Summer and winter diapause were induced in the pupae and non-diapause individuals were used as a control. The pupae from each diapause group were subjected to either hot or cold conditions and the expression levels of the HSP genes were measured. Our results showed that up-regulation of PmHsc70 and PmHsp70b were detected both in summer and winter diapause, but not for PmHsp70a. Under cold stress, PmHsp70a and PmHsp70b were upregulated in summer and winter diapause, while heat shock significantly induced upregulation of all three genes. In non-diapause pupae, none of the genes responded to cold or heat stress. Furthermore, we found that incubation at 39 °C for 30 min was the most sensitive heat stress condition for PmHsc70 expression in summer diapause. On the other hand, the same temperature was effective for PmHsc70, PmHsp70a, and PmHsp70b expression in winter diapause. During summer diapause, expression of all three genes was upregulated in response to high-temperature acclimation at 31 °C, but only PmHsp70a and PmHsp70b were upregulated when acclimated to a low temperature of 4 °C in winter diapause. These results suggest that the PmHsc70, PmHsp70a, and PmHsp70b respond differently to pupal diapause and temperature stress, and that PmHsc70 is more sensitive to heat shock than to cold stress.
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Sim, Cheolho, i David L. Denlinger. "Transcription profiling and regulation of fat metabolism genes in diapausing adults of the mosquito Culex pipiens". Physiological Genomics 39, nr 3 (listopad 2009): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2009.
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Culex pipiens , the mosquito that vectors West Nile virus in North America, overwinters in an adult diapause (dormancy) that is programmed by the short day length and low temperatures of autumn. In response to these environmental signals, females cease feeding on blood and instead seek sources of nectar used to generate the huge lipid reserves required for winter survival. To identify regulatory networks that regulate fat accumulation and fat consumption during diapause, we compared expression of fat-related genes from nondiapausing females with expression of those same genes in early and late diapause and at diapause termination. Among the 31 genes we examined, 4 were expressed more highly in early diapause than in nondiapause, while 14 genes were downregulated in early diapause. In the transition from early to late diapause, 19 genes related to fat metabolism were upregulated. As reported previously, fatty acid synthase, identified as fas-1 in this study, was upregulated in early diapause. Numerous fat metabolism genes, including multiple kinetic classes and genes involved in β-oxidation, an energy-generation step, were suppressed in early diapause but were highly expressed in late diapause and at diapause termination. RNA interference (RNAi) analysis revealed that the fas-1 gene and others ( fas-3 and fabp) have important roles in fat storage during early diapause. When expression of these genes is suppressed, female mosquitoes fail to sequester the lipids needed for overwintering.
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Xiao, L., H. M. He, P. S. Zhong, S. Fu, C. Chen i F. S. Xue. "Inheritance of photoperiodic control of larval diapause in the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, nr 3 (17.03.2015): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000140.
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AbstractThe Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis enters diapause as fully grown larvae. Owing to geographical variation in photoperiodic control of diapause, the subtropical strain from Hefei city (HF) enters diapause in response to short daylengths, whereas the tropical strain from Ledong county (LD) exhibits almost no diapause under the same conditions. The two strains were used in crosses to study the inheritance of diapause. The HF strain showed a typical long-day response with a critical daylength of approximately14.97 h at 22 °C, 14.60 h at 25 °C and 13.68 h at 28 °C. The LD strain showed weak photoperiodic responses at 22 and 25 °C; and the F1 progeny also showed a long-day response with significantly shorter critical daylength compared with the HF strain. However, the LD × HF (F × M) crosses had significantly longer critical daylengths than HF × LD crosses, indicating a sexual bias in the inheritance of diapause induction, with the male parent having more influence on the F1 progeny. The critical daylength in a backcross to HF was significantly longer than a backcross to LD. Whether the inheritance of diapause fits an additive hypothesis or not depended on photoperiod, with results from different photoperiods showing additive inheritance or incomplete dominance of either diapause or non-diapause. Unlike diapause induction, the duration of diapause for reciprocal crosses was equally influenced by each parent, suggesting that diapause incidence and maintenance are controlled by separate systems in O. furnacalis.
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Melcher, Heidi L., i Lee H. Townsend. "Diapause Induction in a Kentucky Population of Diprion similis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 34, nr 3 (1.07.1999): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.3.328.
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Critical photoperiod, sensitive stage for diapause induction, and requirements for termination of diapause were studied in a colony of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hartig), established from a feral Kentucky population. We investigated induction of diapause in the laboratory under photoperiods of 10:14, 11:13, 12:12, 13:11, 14:10, 15:9, and 16:8 (L:D) in the first trial, and added a photoperiod of 9:15 (L:D) in the second trial. Individuals exposed to light periods ≤12:12 (L:D) entered diapause; individuals in a photoperiod > 13:11 (L:D) bypassed diapause. The sensitive stage was determined using reciprocal switches of diapause-inducing (9:15) and non-diapause inducing (16:8) L:D regimes. Our studies indicated that late instars of the introduced pine sawfly are significantly sensitive to photoperiod. Termination of diapause in D. similis did not require a cold or chilling period. All individuals from critical photoperiod trials were kept at 22°C to determine the duration of diapause. Diapausing individuals emerged from the cocoon after 82 to 105 d, compared to 6 to 23 d for individuals not entering diapause.
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Santos, Priscila Karla Ferreira, Maria Cristina Arias i Karen M. Kapheim. "Loss of developmental diapause as prerequisite for social evolution in bees". Biology Letters 15, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): 20190398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0398.
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Diapause is a physiological arrest of development ahead of adverse environmental conditions and is a critical phase of the life cycle of many insects. In bees, diapause has been reported in species from all seven taxonomic families. However, they exhibit a variety of diapause strategies. These different strategies are of particular interest since shifts in the phase of the insect life cycle in which diapause occurs have been hypothesized to promote the evolution of sociality. Here we provide a comprehensive evaluation of this hypothesis with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) of the ecological and evolutionary factors associated with diapause phase. We find that social lifestyle, latitude and voltinism are significant predictors of the life stage in which diapause occurs. ASR revealed that the most recent common ancestor of all bees likely exhibited developmental diapause and shifts to adult, reproductive, or no diapause have occurred in the ancestors of lineages in which social behaviour has evolved. These results provide fresh insight regarding the role of diapause as a prerequisite for the evolution of sociality in bees.
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Baumgärtner, Johann, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Simone Pesolillo i Maurizio Severini. "A model for the overwintering process of European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) populations". Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 44, nr 1 (6.05.2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2012.e2.
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The paper deals with the development, parametrization and validation of a phenology model of the overwintering process of European grapevine moth <em>Lobesia botrana </em>(Denis & Schiffermüller) populations in northern latitudes. The model is built on diapause and poikilothermic population development theories and represents the phenological events of entries into and emergence from pre-diapause, diapause and post-diapause phases. The rate sum models for pre-diapause and post-diapause development are based on published non-linear temperature dependent rate functions. The rate sum model for diapause, however, is negatively affected by the photoperiod during diapause and positively influenced by the photoperiod at the time of diapause entry. The diapause model is parametrized with 3-year data from 25 locations in Europe and Cyprus, and validated with 1-3 year observations from 18 locations in Europe and California. Despite restrictive assumptions and limitations imposed by weather data recorded at variable distances from the observation sites, and the variable qualities of observation data, the model’s predictive and explanatory capabilities are useful for adaptive pest management and assessments of the invasive potential. The need for controlled experiments is recognized and suggestions are made for improving the model.
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Nadeau, Emily A. W., Melise C. Lecheta, John J. Obrycki i Nicholas M. Teets. "Transcriptional Regulation of Reproductive Diapause in the Convergent Lady Beetle, Hippodamia convergens". Insects 13, nr 4 (31.03.2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040343.
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Diapause is an alternate development program that synchronizes an insect’s life cycle with seasonally abundant resources and ensures survival in unfavorable conditions. The physiological basis of diapause has been well characterized, but the molecular mechanisms regulating it are still being elucidated. Here, we present a de novo transcriptome and quantify transcript expression during diapause in the convergent lady beetle Hippodamia convergens. H. convergens is used as an augmentative biocontrol agent, and adult females undergo reproductive diapause that is regulated by photoperiod. We sampled females at three stages (early, mid, and late diapause) and compared transcript expression to non-diapausing individuals. Based on principle component analysis, the transcriptomes of diapausing beetles were distinct from non-diapausing beetles, and the three diapausing points tended to cluster together. However, there were still classes of transcripts that differed in expression across distinct phases of diapause. In general, transcripts involved in muscle function and flight were upregulated during diapause, likely to support dispersal flights that occur during diapause, while transcripts involved in ovarian development were downregulated. This information could be used to improve biological control by manipulating diapause. Additionally, our data contribute to a growing understanding of the genetic regulation of diapause across diverse insects.
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Des Marteaux, Lauren E., Marc B. Habash, Jonathan M. Schmidt i Rebecca H. Hallett. "A method for induction and quantification of diapause entry in the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)". Canadian Entomologist 144, nr 6 (22.11.2012): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.81.
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AbstractInduction of diapause under laboratory conditions is a valuable tool for the study of dormancy in economic pests such as the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). In the present study, diapause in larval swede midge was achieved via manipulation of rearing photoperiod and temperature. Frequency of diapause was assessed by sieve separation of diapause cocoons from pre-sifted peat substrate following emergence of pupating individuals. Mean diapause frequency for swede midge larvae reared under cool conditions with short day length or cool conditions with decreasing day lengths were 45.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Only 1.2% of swede midge reared under warm, long day length conditions entered diapause. A small percentage of larvae neither pupated nor entered diapause and remained in substrate long after other individuals had emerged as adults. This behaviour was more prevalent under cool and short or decreasing day length rearing conditions. Approximately 76% of the larvae used for diapause induction were recovered with the present larval and cocoon retrieval method, and premature (larval and pupal) mortality averaged 18.2%. Although diapause occurred in the present study, conditions resulting in higher diapause frequencies should be investigated and attempts should be made to improve survival and recovery of individuals.
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Xiao, H. J., S. H. Wu, H. M. He, C. Chen i F. S. Xue. "Role of natural day-length and temperature in determination of summer and winter diapause in Pieris melete (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, nr 3 (26.10.2011): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000587.
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AbstractUnder field conditions, the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete, displays a pupal summer diapause in response to relatively low daily temperatures and gradually increasing day-length during spring and a pupal winter diapause in response to the progressively shorter day-length. To determine whether photoperiod is ‘more’ important than temperature in the determination of summer and winter diapause, or vice versa, the effects of naturally changing day-length and temperature on the initiation of summer and winter diapause were systematically investigated under field conditions for five successive years. Field results showed that the incidence of summer diapause significantly declined with the naturally increasing temperature in spring and summer generations. Path coefficient analysis showed that the effect of temperature was much greater than photoperiod in the determination of summer diapause. In autumn, the incidence of diapause was extremely low when larvae developed under gradually shortening day-length and high temperatures. The incidence of winter diapause increased to 60–90% or higher with gradually shortening day-length combined with temperatures between 20.0°C and 22.0°C. Decreasing day-length played a more important role in the determination of winter diapause induction than temperature. The eco-adaptive significance of changing day-length and temperature in the determination of summer and winter diapause was discussed.
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Guo, Shuang, Zhong Tian, Qing-Wen Wu, Kirst King-Jones, Wen Liu, Fen Zhu i Xiao-Ping Wang. "Steroid hormone ecdysone deficiency stimulates preparation for photoperiodic reproductive diapause". PLOS Genetics 17, nr 2 (2.02.2021): e1009352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009352.
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Diapause, a programmed developmental arrest primarily induced by seasonal environmental changes, is very common in the animal kingdom, and found in vertebrates and invertebrates alike. Diapause provides an adaptive advantage to animals, as it increases the odds of surviving adverse conditions. In insects, individuals perceive photoperiodic cues and modify endocrine signaling to direct reproductive diapause traits, such as ovary arrest and increased fat accumulation. However, it remains unclear as to which endocrine factors are involved in this process and how they regulate the onset of reproductive diapause. Here, we found that the long day-mediated drop in the concentration of the steroid hormone ecdysone is essential for the preparation of photoperiodic reproductive diapause in Colaphellus bowringi, an economically important cabbage beetle. The diapause-inducing long-day condition reduced the expression of ecdysone biosynthetic genes, explaining the drop in the titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E, the active form of ecdysone) in female adults. Application of exogenous 20E induced vitellogenesis and ovarian development but reduced fat accumulation in the diapause-destined females. Knocking down the ecdysone receptor (EcR) in females destined for reproduction blocked reproductive development and induced diapause traits. RNA-seq and hormone measurements indicated that 20E stimulates the production of juvenile hormone (JH), a key endocrine factor in reproductive diapause. To verify this, we depleted three ecdysone biosynthetic enzymes via RNAi, which confirmed that 20E is critical for JH biosynthesis and reproductive diapause. Importantly, impairing Met function, a component of the JH intracellular receptor, partially blocked the 20E-regulated reproductive diapause preparation, indicating that 20E regulates reproductive diapause in both JH-dependent and -independent manners. Finally, we found that 20E deficiency decreased ecdysis-triggering hormone signaling and reduced JH production, thereby inducing diapause. Together, these results suggest that 20E signaling is a pivotal regulator that coordinates reproductive plasticity in response to environmental inputs.
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Margus, Aigi, i Leena Lindström. "Prolonged diapause has sex-specific fertility and fitness costs". Evolutionary Ecology 34, nr 1 (14.12.2019): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-019-10024-1.
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AbstractDiapause in seasonal environments allows insects to survive adverse seasons. However, individuals can sometimes enter a prolonged diapause for more than a year, and also skip favourable seasons, which can bring additional costs through e.g. loss of metabolic resources. At the same time, prolonged diapause can be beneficial if it allows individuals to have a risk-spreading strategy to skip potentially suboptimal breeding seasons. We studied if prolonged diapause (2-year diapause) negatively affects the fertility and fitness of female and male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) compared to control (1-year diapause) beetles. We also tested the parental effects on the subsequent chemical stress tolerance of their offspring. We found that prolonged diapause carried fertility costs only for females who were less fertile than the control females. However, no differences in fertility were observed in males. Furthermore, prolonged diapause in females resulted in offspring with lower larvae-to-adult survival even though these offspring had accelerated development times. In contrast, paternal diapause duration had no effects on their offspring larvae-to adult survival, but prolonged diapause males sired offspring with slower development times than control males. Perhaps to compensate the costs related to prolonged diapause both older parents produced or sired offspring with higher body mass than control parents. Despite the differences in emergence mass, parental diapause duration did not affect offspring insecticide stress tolerance. The difference between females and males most likely results from the observed differences in prolonged diapause females’ capacity to fight against cellular oxidative damage which was poorer compared to the control females. Even though prolonged diapause allows individuals to have a risk-spreading strategy it carries sex-specific fertility and fitness costs indicating that selection could favour this in males but not in females.
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Hasan, Fazil, M. Shafiq Ansari, Mukesh K. Dhillon, Mohammad Muslim, Amarpal Singh Bhadauriya, Aditya Kumar Tanwar i Salman Ahmad. "Diapause regulation in Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biocontrol agent of Parthenium hysterophorus". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, nr 02 (16.05.2018): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000303.
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AbstractZygogramma bicolorata Pallister is a potential biocontrol agent of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae). This study was carried out to understand the effect of abiotic (temperature and moisture) and biotic factors (age and reproductive status) on the induction and termination of diapause in Z. bicolorata. We also evaluated the effect of diapause on longevity and fecundity of Z. bicolorata. In Z. bicolorata the induction of diapause occurred between the months of July and December. No diapause was observed in May and June, which coincided with the commencement of the monsoon rains. The percentage of diapause induction in Z. bicolorata was found to increase from one generation to another as well as with the age of adults. Diapause significantly increased the fecundity of females as compared to the fecundity in pre-diapause conditions. Soil moisture (80% RH) played an important role in providing the conditions for initiation and termination of diapause. Similarly, 18.4 and 12.5% of diapause adults resumed their activity in 6 and 5 days when exposed to temperatures of 40° and 45° C for 2 h every day, respectively. Exposure of adults to low temperatures, i.e. 5° and 10° C induced 94.3 and 92.5% diapause, respectively, with no adult mortality. Thus, our findings reveal suitable conditions for preventing and inducing diapause in Z. bicolorata, which is of great importance in the suppression of P. hysterophorus. We discuss the implications of these findings in the control of P. hysterophorus.
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Han, Er-Ning, i Eric Bauce. "PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND COLD HARDINESS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.), DURING PRE-DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS". Canadian Entomologist 125, nr 6 (grudzień 1993): 1043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1251043-6.
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AbstractSupercooling point, biochemical metabolites, and water content of the larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) were measured during pre-diapause and diapause development under laboratory conditions. Supercooling point dropped significantly, from a mean value of −22.9 °C to −31.7 °C during the 3-week pre-diapause development. Supercooling point continued to decline down to −34.5 °C after the beginning of diapause. Water content also dropped significantly during pre-diapause development and was maintained at a low level during diapause. Significant amounts of glycerol were detected only when the larvae were 5 weeks into diapause and the glycerol level continued to increase until week 20 when it was almost 10 times its original level. Glycogen was nearly depleted after diapause, but lipid remained at a relatively high level. Little change in glucose and trehalose content was found during diapause in spite of their initial rise before diapause. Larvae could survive low temperatures close to their supercooling point without freezing but none survived freezing, suggesting that this species is freeze-intolerant. First-instar larvae were found to excrete green material out of their body within 5 days after emergence. Removal of this material from the insect body coincided with a significant drop in supercooling point, indicating that a potential nucleating factor might be involved in the green material. The implications of these results for the overwintering strategy of C. fumiferana are discussed.
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Sommerville, R. I., i K. G. Davey. "Diapause in parasitic nematodes: a review". Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, nr 11 (1.11.2002): 1817–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-163.
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This review considers in a selective way the literature on diapause in parasitic nematodes, concentrating on four species of animal parasites and three species of plant parasites. We define diapause as a developmental arrest which is temporarily irreversible, so development will not resume, even under favourable conditions, until some intrinsic changes have been completed. Our analysis recognises four stages in diapause. The first is induction, typically brought about by environmental signals (although diapause may be genetically programmed independently of the environment). These environmental signals typically do not have an immediate effect on development, but we recognise a second phase, which we call the diapause pathway, in which worms have been induced to enter diapause at a later developmental stage. Surprisingly, entry into the diapause pathway may under some circumstances be reversible. The third stage is diapause development, a period during which development is suspended, but some ill-understood process must be completed prior to the fourth stage, emergence from diapause. Although diapause development is complete, resumption of development may be further delayed because of conditions in the host or in the environment: the worm is once more capable of development, but development is prevented by unfavourable conditions extrinsic to the worm. These may include the immune state of the host or the total parasite burden in animal hosts.
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Liu, Yan, Long Su, Ruijuan Wang, Xiaoyan Dai, Xiuxue Li, Yuqing Chang, Shan Zhao i in. "Comparative 4D Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Bombus terrestris Provides Insights into Proteins and Processes Associated with Diapause". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, nr 1 (26.12.2023): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010326.
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Diapause, an adaptative strategy for survival under harsh conditions, is a dynamic multi-stage process. Bombus terrestris, an important agricultural pollinator, is declining in the wild, but artificial breeding is possible by imitating natural conditions. Mated queen bees enter reproductive diapause in winter and recover in spring, but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we conducted a comparative 4D label-free proteomic analysis of queen bees during artificial breeding at seven timepoints, including pre-diapause, diapause, and post-diapause stages. Through bioinformatics analysis of proteomic and detection of substance content changes, our results found that, during pre-diapause stages, queen bees had active mitochondria with high levels of oxidative phosphorylation, high body weight, and glycogen and TAG content, all of which support energy consumption during subsequent diapause. During diapause stages, body weight and water content were decreased but glycerol increased, contributing to cold resistance. Dopamine content, immune defense, and protein phosphorylation were elevated, while fat metabolism, protein export, cell communication, signal transduction, and hydrolase activity decreased. Following diapause termination, JH titer, water, fatty acid, and pyruvate levels increased, catabolism, synaptic transmission, and insulin signaling were stimulated, ribosome and cell cycle proteins were upregulated, and cell proliferation was accelerated. Meanwhile, TAG and glycogen content decreased, and ovaries gradually developed. These findings illuminate changes occurring in queen bees at different diapause stages during commercial production.