Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Développement rural – Environnement”
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Gautier-Touchefeu, François. "Le developpement rural, le developpement durable et la gestion patrimoniale". Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT4023.
Pełny tekst źródłaBouillot, Pierre-Etienne. "Les évolutions du droit rural et le développement durable". Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT4015.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe concept of Sustainable Development aims to organize the human activities uniting its economic, environmental and social dimensions in order to satisfy the needs of present generations without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. It must be admitted that this concept is received by the legal corpus in a heterogeneous way; but, it is without a doubt useful for analyzing the Law, and specially for analyzing the Rural Law. Considering that agriculture is the human activity organized by this area of Law and also, that it is a central issue, since its main purpose is to produce food to satisfy the human needs. The Sustainable Development becomes a tool to analyze the Rural Law, its objectives, and its role in the society. In its own way, the Rural Land Law has developed ways to conciliate the economic, environmental and social stakes related to the uses of rural land. However, if formally the Sustainable Development makes some contributions to the Law regulating the agricultural activities; it lacks strong juridical links that would allow the conciliation of the three dimensions of the Sustainable Development. Indeed, the analysis of the Law regulating the agricultural activities in the light of the Sustainable Development reveals that this same Law follows the liberal economic logic, which does not consider the environmental and social values. The Sustainable Development as an analytical tool can be used as a guideline to drive the evolution of the Law. In this sense, the redefinition of the agricultural activities and the civil liability seem to be two points of convergence of the Law regulating the agricultural activities towards a Sustainable Development
Ducolombier, Crepineau Cécile. "Facteurs d'émergence des actions communales cas de la gestion de l'espace en montagne vosgienne". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL024N.
Pełny tekst źródłaAndré, Véronique. "Environnement menacé ou territoire géré ? : le Fouta Djalon (République de Guinée)". Bordeaux 3, 2002. https://hal.science/tel-04164980.
Pełny tekst źródłaSery, Johanna. "L'espace rural métropolisé face aux enjeux du « développement durable » : le cas de la communauté de communes Eure Madrie Seine, entre Paris et Rouen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100169.
Pełny tekst źródłaWithin half a century, in France, the municipalities so far regarded as rural have experienced a strong demographic evolution which have tripled, or even quadrupled, their population, causing a disorganisation of their spatial structure. Those territories have to link recent national legislation which now implements a "model of sustainable development ” and local socio-economic dynamics. The aim of this PhD thesis is to understand how spatial planning could accompany the ecological transition in these metropolitan rural areas. The district council Eure Madrie Seine, (CCEMS : 23, Municipalities, 28 663 habitants, 191,2 km²), between Paris and Rouen, offers an outstanding field for scale and temporality variations study mobilising local resources, including natural, human. This survey study also considers a new level of decision and trans-territorial cohesion where local stakeholders feel in the action various representations of sustainable development.The first objective of this research is to examine how territorial data oh this council district influences the definition of sustainable development at the local level (needs of the localities, spatial planning strategies of local stakeholders). The second objective is to determine how the legislation framework affects the implementation of sustainable development in rural metropolitan areas, and in particular to analyse the spatial consequences of this complex process. Based on the assumption that territory and ecological transition are interrelated, the aim is to explore territorial interest regarding sustainable development: local action included in a global legislation framework trough a necessary territorial equity
Ramanantseheno, Domoina. "La microfinance au service d’une agriculture durable, illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de Madagascar (région de l’Itasy)". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Less Advanced Countries, the agricultural sector is constituted not only by more than half of the rural population but also by over 60% of the active population. The majority of the poor rural people obtain their main resource incomes from the agricultural activities. The agricultural development could thus be considered as an attenuation factor of the poverty. However, the problem of the financial support toward the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries still remains an unsolved issue.If microfinance is considered to be a tool for reducing poverty in any activity sector where it is used, then the optimal effect of its implementation should be observed in the area where the majority of poor population is located. So, the agricultural sector of the Less Advanced Countries becomes a privileged field of this experimentation. The challenge that the microfinance has to face is not only to provide financial support to the farmers for allowing them to increase their productivity, but also to promote an agriculture contributing to the environment.As a result, the specific role of the microfinance in the field of agriculture, in particularly for the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries is questioned.Will the microfinance be able to present itself as an alternative for the issue of the financial support toward the family farms or will it be just an illusion?
Niyonkuru, Apollinaire. "Les bas-fonds du Bugesera (Burundi) : de l'inventaire au suivi par télédétection". Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe episodes of climatic severity, the impoverishment of the soil on slopes and the demographic pressure has led the Burundi peasants to conquer new, still humid fields in shallow lands in order to cultivate them. The chemical quality of these fields is good and water is available. They represent an interesting economic alternative for the Burundi peasants who can develop here a safety or revenue production (sorghum, corn, rice, bananas, sweet potato, market gardening). During the dry season, it is a grazing area, which offers also interesting possibilities for market gardening, arboriculture and out-of-season cultures. The agricultural development of these zones constitutes one of the possible answers to the current crisis of traditional production systems. However, the shallow lands, temporarily flooded zones and subject of an increasing exploitation, are fragile and easily degradable ecosystems. The intensive changes of soil occupation produce negative impacts on the environment, in particular on the degradation of the habitat of many species and the questioning of the ecological functions which they provide. By remote sensing using multi date satellite pictures (Landsat TM and ETM+ from 1984 and 2007), a highlighting and a monitoring of these changes have been made in the Bugesera area (province of Kirundo, Burundi). However, the possibility of operating at medium spatial resolution images is limited by the fragmentation of land in this agro-ecological zone of Bugesera. Consequently our methodological approach is based on post-classification that allows to quantify the changes and to indicate the nature of them. We could show that the cultivated shallow land surface increases to the detriment of marshy zones and lakes. The results show an increase of the cultivated marsh surfaces between 1984 and 2007 of about 8 % and a reduction of surface water of 0. 3% on regional scale while these percentages are respectively about 11 % and 7. 2% on a local scale (neighbourhood of Gacamirinda and Rwihinda lakes). Despite the problems of radiometric confusion, mainly caused by the split of the agricultural matrix, this study shows that the TM and ETM + images, used in conjunction with map data, provide useful information on changes to policy makers. The use higher spatial resolution images would refine results
Busca, Didier. "Agriculture et environnement : la mise en oeuvre négociée des dispositifs agri-environnementaux : effets d'organisation, enjeux de territoire et dynamique d'appropriation stratégique". Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20067.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe consequences of intensive agriculture on environment are subject to increasing public intervention since the 90's. These agri-environmental policies are confronted with agricultural interests and their efficiency is often criticized. This leads to question oneself on how they are implemented. This thesis studies the implementation of an agri-environmental regulation (the Program for Control of Agriculture-Originated Pollution) and an encouraging policy (Ferti-Mieux) in the Adour-Garonne region. Backed up with thorough interviews, the negotiated exchanges between public agents, agriculture professional organizations and the designated farmers are analyzed. Moreover, a quantitative approach analyzes the impact of local situations on the implementation of policies. The proposed argument is that the environmental objectives of the policies are adapted by negotiated arrangements on the implementation means. This adaptation process is the consequence of an dynamics of strategic appropriation of the policies, individually by the farmers and collectively by the professional organizations. Some modulations are noticed due to local agriculture and tourism stakes
Yavari, Ahmad. "Allocation des ressources naturelles renouvelables et le développement rural dans les milieux montagnards de l'Iran : exemple de modalités du développement rural et la dégradation des ressources naturelles végétales de l'Alborz central". Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10277.
Pełny tekst źródłaBa, Magatte. "Paysages et communautés rurales au Sénégal occidental : approche intégrée par cartographie assistée et télédétection satellitaire". Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA1012.
Pełny tekst źródłaJoubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l'agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l'émergence en milieu rural d'un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d'incidences sur l'environnement local". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576083.
Pełny tekst źródłaMilon, Jean. "Un outil de gestion du territoire, OEÏKOS : conceptualisation d’un instrument d’analyse et de gestion des espaces urbains et ruraux concourant au développement synergique de l’ensemble des niveaux de planification de l’aménagement du territoire". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010017.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs we approach the year 2000, cities are becoming an ever growing economic stake. The city, as a social meeting place, has become an economic product which is, at the same time, strategic and cultural. The city planners are confronted with barriers constituted by government rules and laws. That is why, those concerned seem to lack the strategic material necessary to achieve their goal. Decentralization and the failure of our urban development plans have revived discussions. On how to use space. In this context, we must redefine the means of structuring urban and rural space, beginning with the district and ending with the whole region. In order to fill in this void, it has become absolutely necessary to conceive and create a means of economic an physical analysis which covers the ecological problems, linked with the management of urban an country space, and this in accordance with the supply and demand of land. That is why, to meet the requirements of an urban economy, we must requalify our urban concepts and abandon "zoning", we must also elaborate a network of urban and rural porperty and then, integrate physical and economic references which identify each bit of land and last but not least, take into account a threedimensional aspect of our space. This concept will make it necessary to rewrite some of the principles regarding the size of our cities, centered around an efficient and active life between the different communities, these again are based on variable indicators that release available space to be used by and assigned to neighbouring bits of land. All the elements that make up this system will be called OEÏKOS
Erismann, Julie. "Développement hydro-agricole au sud-est du lac Alaotra (Madagascar). Histoire, limites et pespectives de la maîtrise de l'eau". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlaotra lake is the biggest body of fresh water in Madagascar and the vast plains surrounding it, have naturally become highly coveted by the various authorities over the course of it’s history and its colonization. Primarily based on rice cultivation, this region has benefited from numerous rural planning projects. As a result, the landscape as well as the relationship between the people and their land has been transformed. Over time, the combination of knowledges and know-how farmers, technicians and the research interest in this area, have made it Madagascar’s most significant rice granary. This geography thesis is structured around water management, an essential resource in a country based on rural economies. Through the study of the southeastern valleys, we will focus on showing the extent to which the hydro-agricultural planning allows us to consider better agricultural and territorial development and how, in a context of decentralization, the control and the appropriation of natural resources by local actors can lead to renewed management dynamics and procedures in their environment
Ny farihy Alaotra no fihebanandranomandry lehibe indrindra ao Madagasikara , ary ny tany lemaka midadasika manodidina azy no nanitona ny fitsiriritan’ireo manampahefana nifandimby tao amin’ny tantaran’ny fiorenamponenana.Ny fambolem-bary no votoatim-piainana ao amin’io faritany io , ary fanajariana marobe no efa nanova tanteraka ny endrikin’ny tany sy ny fonenana eo . Ny fandrindrana ny fahalalàna sy fahaiza-miasan’ny tantsaha, ny mahay taozavatra , sy ny finiavan’ny mpikarodalana no nahatonga azy ho « lavabarin’i Madagasikara ». Manodidina ny fanafolahana ny rano , andry ijoroan’ny toekarenan’ny antsaha , no namolavolàna ity tandro-kevitra fandinihantany ity. Avy eo amin’ny fikatsahana natao tao amin’ireo lohasaha ao Atsimo-atsinanan’Alaotra no niaingan’ny sainay hampiseho fa ny fanajariana ny rano sy asatany no hahafahana mihevitra ny fivoaram-bokatra amin’ny voly sy ny faritany ; ary koa ao anatin’ny fitsinjarampitondrana , dia hahitàna fa ny fandinihana sy ny fandraisana an-tanana ireo loharanon-karena velona ataon’ny mpiasa eo antoerana no mety hiteraka fampandrosoana sy fivaozan’ny fitantanana ny toe-ponenana manotolo
Joubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l’agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l’émergence en milieu rural d’un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d’incidences sur l’environnement local". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROF035/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis deals with the newly role given to the renewable energies in a still rural French area, The Charente Maritime, while here and there, two issues are at stake : the question of climate change as well as the dramatic decrease of fossil energy stocks, in a period more and more turning towards the implementation of environment protection measures.Our research makes a review of the different renewable energies. Firstly the ones already produced and used in Charente Maritime, secondly the ones whose implementation is planned and eventually those which are in a state of project. (hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass energies). The thesis is also about the potential of these energies expansion, about their consequences on environment, and in the way farmers, local representatives, association leaders and inhabitants view them.As a conclusion the thesis shows that environment results that we can draw from all these innovations is mixed : while the use of renewable energies reduce a little the dependence of Charentaises countries from fossil energies, the direct environment impact of these new energy sources appears ambiguous and especially contrasted. The study has been made in a quite little geographical area. It is all the same representative of the current changes in the French as well as the European countryside, the local and national specificities having been clearly underlined
Gandin, Jérôme. "Vers une gouvernance environnementale locale et participative : le cas des communautés du bassin versant transfrontalier de l'Usumacinta". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29681/29681.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaContemporary societies face major and complex issues, such as the growing social and economic inequalities and the higher pressure on ecosystems around the world. To resolve these issues, or at least mitigate the effects, current thinking and decision making must be taken to a deeper level . In this perspective, this research aims at providing a theoretical, practical and methodological framework, which may ensure a local development combining environmental sustainability, economic viability and social equity. The research focuses on the case study of the alianza comunitaria para el desarrollo sostenible de la cuenca del rio Usumacinta (ACOCUMRU). It critically seeks to demonstrate that this community-based initiative in environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the scale of the Usumacinta river basin appears as an innovative strategy to ensure sustainability of the livelihoods. The research is based on the following question: "To what extent a community-based initiative can implement efficient livelihood strategies, while national governments are failing in this field since the last decades?" To answer this question, the research is grounded in a multidisciplinary research in the theoretical field of Political Ecology and follows the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA). The perceptions of environmental changes and the expectations of local populations in terms of local development are analyzed through a set of mixed methods, which consist in a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, field observation and document review. The results show that this community-based initiative successfully gathered local populations around a common purpose and implemented benefit-shared projects, in spite of their cultural, social and economic differences as well as limited financial resources. As such, the ACOCUMRU enables local populations to move a step forward in the environmental protection and manage concrete and fruitful activities based on consensus and their own needs and expectations As a matter of fact, the ACOCUMRU triggers a social, economic and political dynamism, which defines the shape of a local environmental governance.
Las sociedades contemporáneas se enfrentan en las últimas décadas con grandes y complejos retos, como el aumento de las desigualdades sociales y económicas y el incremento de la presión sobre los ecosistemas a través del mundo. En este sentido, la solución, o por lo menos la mitigación de sus efectos, necesita un análisis profundo de los acercamientos que permiten la comprensión de estos retos y de las decisiones que los actores pueden tomar acerca de ellos. En esta perspectiva, esta tesis tiene como principal objetivo de proporcionar un marco, tanto teórico, práctico y metodológico, que pueda contribuir a la reflexión sobre el desarrollo local, en relación con la sostenibilidad ambiental, la viabilidad económica y la equidad social. Tomando la alianza comunitaria para el desarrollo sostenible de la cuenca del rio Usumacinta (ACOCUMRU) como caso de estudio, esta tesis pretende demostrar que la movilización de la población local de cara a la protección del medio ambiente y al desarrollo socioeconómico a través de la cuenca del Usumacinta constituye una estrategia innovadora que garantiza la sostenibilidad de sus medios de subsistencia. Así pues, la tesis responde a la siguiente pregunta: ¿hasta qué punto una iniciativa comunitaria a nivel de una cuenca internacional puede implementar estrategias eficaces de medios de vida sostenibles, dado que los gobiernos nacionales han fracasado en esta área en las últimas décadas? Para responder a esta interrogación, esta tesis se basa en una investigación multidisciplinaria en la línea del enfoque de los medios de vida sostenibles y se inscribe en el campo teórico de la ecología política. Las percepciones locales de los cambios ambientales y las expectativas de las comunidades en cuanto al desarrollo local han sido recolectadas por medio de una metodología que combina diversas técnicas: el cuestionario, la entrevista semi-estructurada, el grupo de discusión, la observación directa y la lectura de documentos. Los resultados muestran que esta iniciativa comunitaria ha sido un éxito. Por una parte, ha logrado reunir a la población local en torno a un objetivo común. En segundo lugar, ha permitido la elaboración de proyectos para el beneficio de la colectividad. A pesar de sus diferencias históricas, culturales, sociales y económicas, así como los recursos financieros limitados, los componentes de la población local han sido capaces de lograr consensos y de obtener medios para actuar a partir de sus propias necesidades y aspiraciones. Por último, su movilización en la ACOCUMRU ha promovido una dinámica económica, social y política, que muestra las posibilidades que presenta la gobernanza medioambiental local.
Olivier, Ducourtieux. "Du riz et des arbres – L'élimination de l'agriculture d'abattis-brûlis, une constante politique au Laos". Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409644.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'étude du système agraire de Phongsaly, petite région du Nord Laos, a permis d'appréhender la diversité et la rationalité des pratiques paysannes d'abattis-brûlis, qui se sont différenciées au cours de l'histoire récente du fait d'une intervention croissante de l'Etat. Les résultats locaux sont cohérents avec la revue de la bibliographie existante : la plupart des critiques de ce système de production s'avèrent infondées. Quand elles participent à la déforestation, ce qui n'est pas systématique, les agricultures d'abattis-brûlis en rotation n'y jouent qu'un rôle limité ; l'exploitation forestière et les agricultures pionnières en sont les principales causes. La complexité et la logique des systèmes agraires d'abattis-brûlis sont classiquement méconnues par les groupes sociaux tiers. Les pratiques des essarteurs, généralement des montagnards et de minorités ethniques, sont évaluées par des habitants des plaines en fonction de leurs préoccupations et des utilités qu'ils assignent à la forêt et la montagne. Les scientifiques n'apportent que rarement un éclairage rigoureux et objectif dans ces débats au sein desquels abondent trop souvent les lieux communs. L'agriculture paysanne contribuant souvent positivement à la gestion de l'environnement, il convient de la revaloriser. Les politiques agricoles devraient donc prendre en compte les savoirs et l'expérience des paysans pour la gestion durable des ressources naturelles. L'unique possibilité pertinente est l'association des paysans à l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre des interventions publiques.
Avice, Bertrand. "L'écotourisme sur la façade orientale du massif du Piton de la Fournaise, Île de la Réunion-océan Indien : définition, enjeu et stratégie d'aménagement dans le cadre d'un développement durable". La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_02_Avice.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDucourtieux, Olivier. "Du riz et des arbres : L'élimination de l'agriculture d'abattis-brûlis, une constante politique au Laos". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001617.
Pełny tekst źródłaLuquiau, Clotilde. "La nature écartelée : tourisme, environnement et développement dans la basse Kinabatangan à Bornéo (Sabah, Malaisie)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100021.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe lower Kinabatangan is a protected area in which villagers, oil palm owners, tour operators and environmentalist NGOs cohabit. Ecotourism is supposed to participate in conservation and local development. Tourism is the third activity after logging and oil palm plantations. A “wildlife sanctuary” has been created to ensure the preservation of fauna and flora. After a deconstruction of the word “nature” I analyse the way local people use its resources to sustain their everyday lives. I show that, while they are entering the consumer society, they encounter a social, economic and ontological transition. Thanks to the study of the expansion of the land used for commercial agriculture, I aim to prove that constraints push the local communities in a limited area which has progressively become a shelter for biodiversity. I emphasize the convergence of the imaginaries of tourism and environmentalism as well as their discrepancies in terms of practices. Then, I analyse the spatial diffusion of tourism according to the types of activities organised. I argue that tourism and conservation initiate a major shift to the place belonging to the animals as well as a social change. This enables to scrutinize the analyses of the conflicts giving thus the ability study the creation of institutions ad hoc, unequally adapted to the local context
Huyghe, Marie. "Habiter les territoires ruraux. Comprendre les dynamiques spatiales et sociales à l'oeuvre, évaluer les perspectives d'évolution des pratiques de mobilité des ménages". Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1805/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhat is rural today? Based on a comprehensive and inductive approach of the rural households’ ways of living, our research shows the influence of the rural area’s features and of the households’ profile (in particular their spatial origin, their seniority in the area and their life project) on their daily practices. They are underlain by easy and cheap car-mobility, which could evolve as a result of three phenomena (rarefaction of fossil energy; stronger injunctions to sustainable development; public policies that incite to develop only the territories that are served by public transport). Our research evaluates the households’ leeway in terms of mobility practices and their potential for transition towards more sustainable practices. Thanks to the analysis of an action-research project we highlight the role of a lever of “personalized accompaniment” in terms of behavioral evolution and propose some prescriptive elements in favor of global mobility policies
N'Diaye, Mohamadou-Mansour. "Coûts de la désertification au Sénégal". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010033.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince 1968, first year of important alteration in the ecosystem of the Senegal's part of the Sahel, a slow but regular decrease in natural resources has been observed. This study sumps up informations about the negative incidences of the desertification in a society wich is essentialy based on farming activities. Morever, after describing the interconnecting cause at the origin of deflections like drought and desertification, we will attempt an analysis in terms of cost not only of the ecological side but also of the social and economic spheres. With this aim, qualitative and quantitative estimation we were able to establish reveals the entrance in a major economical and ecological crisis in senegal. The treatment of the phenomenon implemented by the state is also the subject of a detailed analysis wich, according to us, is necessary to get an overall view of the cost concept. The persistance of desertification despite, some realisations, point out the limit of the spot policy wich has been implemented until this day. Thus, an contributory analysis is formulating for another system of regulation operating at differents levels of organisation. We are living one size vision of the nuisance to fight, for a multidimensional…
Coulibaly, Djakalidja. "Politique agricole et développement dans le sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire : logiques marchandes et logiques écologiques". Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIE0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaNdiaye, Amma. "Etude comparée des stratégies de développement durable en Afrique subsaharienne basées sur la valorisation d'une agro-ressource spécifique : le cas de la spiruline". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIME007.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a context of major questioning about polluting industrial processes and mobilising non-renewable resources, structural modifications in order to set up sustainable production methods and to establish the economical growth in a long-term base, are namely necessary for african countries in their development stratégies.In this way, spirulina valorisation, a renewable resource, for multiple use and with outstanding properties, belongs in this logical.Besides its therapeutic values and nutritional qualities, spirulina is not only safe for environment, but also it presents interest due to photosynthesis.In terms of socio-economics, spirulina could bring significant response to underdevelopment problems, and namely malnutrition and poverty. Indeed, its valorisation permit to generate regular incomes to the persons who work in and also, permit financial empowerment of vulnerable population groups.Nowadays, spirulina valorisation spread accross Africa but continuity and succes of spirulina projects depend on various challenges to be met.Therefore, the aim of this work is to demonstrate in what way, how and under which conditions, sustainable development strategies based on spirulina valorisation can be a vector of development for Subsahara Africa countries
Xandé, Xavier. "Valorisation d'alimentation non conventionnels par une race locale dans un contexte de système d'élevage alternatif de type polyculture-élevage : exemple de la canne à sucre valorisée par le porc créole de Guadeloupe". Antilles-guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0220.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research work of this thesis 1 aimed at providing the professionals with technical and scientific references on a sustainable and integrated farming system, based on the use of a local breed -the Creole pig- and on local crop -the sugar cane. The first wor has consisted in measuring the nutritive and energy value of the sugar cane products (molasses, ground sugar cane, suga cane juice) on the Creole pig. This study shows that there are great disparitles in the digestive and metabolic use of the nutrients according to the sugar cane form allowance. In fact, the characterization of the ground cane nutritive value must take into accunt its chemical composition but also the interpersonal differences in the feeding behaviour of the animals. The second experiment shows that the growth performance and carcass traits vary highly according to the sugar cane form allowance; the very low performance cbtained with the ground sugar cane are in relation with ils high fibre· content which limits its Ingestibillty and reduces the nutrients and energy digestibility. However the organoleplic and gustative quality of the meat (fresh or processed) on average higher with ground sugar cane fed pigs. The third experiment has not permitted to show the positive effect of molasses on the growth performance of ground sugar cane fed pigs. As a conclusion, this research thesis brings very original information on the possible use of the sugar cane as an energy source to feed the Creole pig, especially ln a mixed farrning system context
Sery, Johanna. "L'espace rural métropolisé face aux enjeux du « développement durable » : le cas de la communauté de communes Eure Madrie Seine, entre Paris et Rouen". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100169/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWithin half a century, in France, the municipalities so far regarded as rural have experienced a strong demographic evolution which have tripled, or even quadrupled, their population, causing a disorganisation of their spatial structure. Those territories have to link recent national legislation which now implements a "model of sustainable development ” and local socio-economic dynamics. The aim of this PhD thesis is to understand how spatial planning could accompany the ecological transition in these metropolitan rural areas. The district council Eure Madrie Seine, (CCEMS : 23, Municipalities, 28 663 habitants, 191,2 km²), between Paris and Rouen, offers an outstanding field for scale and temporality variations study mobilising local resources, including natural, human. This survey study also considers a new level of decision and trans-territorial cohesion where local stakeholders feel in the action various representations of sustainable development.The first objective of this research is to examine how territorial data oh this council district influences the definition of sustainable development at the local level (needs of the localities, spatial planning strategies of local stakeholders). The second objective is to determine how the legislation framework affects the implementation of sustainable development in rural metropolitan areas, and in particular to analyse the spatial consequences of this complex process. Based on the assumption that territory and ecological transition are interrelated, the aim is to explore territorial interest regarding sustainable development: local action included in a global legislation framework trough a necessary territorial equity
Florent, Luc. "Quelle gouvernance pour les activités pédestres ? : un enjeu pour le développement des territoires". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50377-2007-Florent.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAznar, Olivier. "Services environnementaux et espaces ruraux - Une approche par l'économie des services". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011365.
Pełny tekst źródłaGorra, Diane-Grace. "«L' or blanc » mythe ou réalité : la problématique cotonnière en Afrique de l'Ouest". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0128.
Pełny tekst źródłaField of cotton is an activity of primary sector. Whish has, and continues to be the hall mark of development economies as it was the case in Europe, USA, Brazil and China. Countries with environmental conditions allowing cotton cultivation have developed agricultural sectors and crafts, with further industrial processing sectors of great importance. Cotton has become organized into hierarchy although his organization responsible for distortions and competition for the monopole. Cotton path may be divided in two blocks: the North block with USA has a quasi total control and a challenger: China. The other block is constituted by West African cotton producers. In view of the development of unregulated liberalism in Africa through structural adjustment policies and general privatization, we decided to study the system of cotton cultivation in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Togo. We aimed to focus the potential of cotton cultivation to become a highly specialized, diversified and development strategy. Protectionism is arising in the North block and there is a need for further investigation of the actual policies policies for cotton agriculture. Thus the actual collaboration policies between North and African block are primary beneficial for the industrial sector at the detriment of the small Africans producers of the primary sector. This highlight that the "White Gold" is an important business even if some branches remain heavily subsidized in certain countries of the North creating ipso facto dependence towards this monoculture in countries of the south where it is and still remains as a product said or "pension". So we have to ask the question: White Gold myth or reality ?
Lhoutellier, Louise. "Les ressorts et effets de la participation locale à la conservation de la nature (Madagascar) : éthnographie des pratiques de leadership dans les projets de développement associés". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100180.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the surrounding area of the Ranomafana National Park (Madagascar), the projects implemented by NGOs that primarily deal with nature conservation and development increasingly value debates and the fact that the views of the different actors involved are confronted prior to political decisions. New places officially dedicated to local participation are created, in particular in the regional capital located at 50 km from the Park, making possible the encounter between NGO employees and representatives of the forestry administration and of local people. This study analyses the mediation carried out by leaders between different places of participation, with a particular focus on the cultural and linguistic interaction modes associated with local ways of exercising power. Because they change the access to resources, projects may question the established social statuses: villagers perceive them as a potential cause of conflict, and consequently contrary to the fihavanana rule, a value based on mutual aid among co-residents. In front of the difficulty to give rise to a large mobilisation for projects, the leaders try to gain the villagers’s confidence by translating the project into the language of the village. Leaders are urban people who came back to the village, and take advantage of the skills acquired in the cities for their task of mediation between the village and the projects. They use formal verbal interaction patterns, and redistribute aid to active members that they make responsible for being in charge of the projects and their functioning
Ribeiro, De Oliveira Josilene. "« De la campagne, d’accord, mais pas bête ! » : réciprocité, dons et luttes symboliques dans le tourisme à Areia (état de Paraiba – Brésil)". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe theme of this thesis is the symbolic battles between towns people and ‘peasants’ in the context of the re-elaboration of rurality. The general aim is to analyze the reinterpretation process of countryside practices by the 'peasants' participation in the tourism development in the city of Areia - state of Paraíba. The qualitative research has an eminently ethnographic character, focusing on the observation of social relations in the Chã de Jardim Community and the small landowners reconversion strategies. The data were produced and collected through observation and structured and semi-structured interviews with craftsmen, workers of the Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, members of Adesco, tourism entrepreneurs in Areia, and representatives of intermediary bodies - a role played by entities such as Senar, Sebrae,PBTur, Cooperar, Atura, among others involved in modelling the tourism in rural areas. In addition, an exploratory survey was carried out among the customers of the restaurant through questionnaires and by monitoring excursions, which allowed to draw a profile and identify the demands of the consumers. The analysis links “native” (produced by the people studied) and analytical categories, keeping in perspective the symbolic exchanges between the smalllandowners and the other agents. The solidarities and games of interest which mark the relations between them, at the micro and macro social levels, are discussed by the theory of the gift of Marcel Mauss, the sociology of domination of Pierre Bourdieu, and the notion of hierarchical reciprocity of Marcos Lanna. This study defends the thesis that the participation of the small landowners in the production of the tourist offer is made possible by means of alliances at the internal and external level, established on the basis of the exchange of gifts,following the principle of hierarchical reciprocity. On the one hand, the exchanges of giftswith other agents tend to promote social recognition and raise the self-esteem of the smalllandowners; and, on the other hand, it generates internal differentiation and new hierarchies,“naturalizing” the subordination and symbolic domination of the employees towards their peasant bosses. In this sense, the symbolic battles are understood as daily struggles for recognition and dignity, aiming to overcome the process of inferiorization and invisibility towhich 'peasants' and other groups, poorly placed in the social space, are submitted in their relationship with the dominant classes. For a long time "kept invisible", these struggles could only emerge through the implementation of public policies to confront rural poverty,stimulating rural education and rural development actions, which, in addition to improving the living conditions of the rural population, allowed the emergence and the strengthening of local leaderships. Far from being a one-directional movement that results in a real restructuring of positions in the social space, the observed solidarities and battles between the agents reveal themselves as a complex and ambiguous process, full of contradictions in which different levels of reciprocity are established, whether within the community microsystem orin the exchanges between the ‘peasants’ and the town entrepreneurs, the intermediary bodies or the consumers, forming what could be considered an extended circuit of circulation of giftsin the tourism market in Brejo Paraibano
O tema da presente tese são as lutas simbólicas entre citadinos e sitiantes, no contexto dere elaboração da ruralidade. O objetivo geral é analisar o processo de ressignificação daspráticas camponesas a partir da participação dos sitiantes no desenvolvimento do turismo nomunicípio de Areia, na Paraíba. A pesquisa qualitativa tem caráter eminentemente etnográfico, privilegiando a observação das relações sociais na Comunidade Chã de Jardim eas estratégias de reconversão dos sitiantes. Os dados foram produzidos e coletados por meioda observação e de entrevistas semidirigidas ou dirigidas, realizadas com as artesãs, ostra balhadores do Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, os membros da Adesco, os empre endedores deturismo, em Areia, e os representantes das instâncias intermediárias – papel ocupado porentidades como o Senar, o Sebrae, a PBTur, o Cooperar, a Atura, dentre outras implicadas naformatação do turismo no espaço rural. Complementarmente, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória junto aos clientes do Restaurante, por meio de questionários e do acompanhamento de excursões, o que permitiu traçar um perfil e identificar as demandas do público consumidor. A análise articula categorias nativas e analíticas, mantendo em perspectiva as trocas simbólicas entre os sitiantes e os outros agentes. As solidariedades e osjogos de interesse que marcam as relações entre eles são tratados a partir da teoria da dádiva,de Marcel Mauss, da sociologia da dominação, de Pierre Bourdieu, e da noção de reciprocidade hierárquica de Marcos Lanna. Defende-se a tese que a participação dos sitiantesna produção da oferta turística viabiliza-se por meio de alianças, nos planos interno e externo,estabelecidas com base na troca de dons, seguindo o princípio da reciprocidade hierárquica.Por um lado, as trocas de dádivas com outros agentes tendem a promover o reconhecimento social e elevar a autoestima dos sitiantes; e, por outro lado, tendem a gerar diferenciação interna e novas hierarquias, naturalizando a subordinação e a dominação simbólica dos empregados aos patrões. Desse modo, as lutas simbólicas são compreendidas como lutas cotidianas por reconhecimento e dignidade, que visam à superação do processo deinferiorização e invisibilidade às quais os sitiantes e outros grupos mal posicionados noespaço social são submetidos na relação com as classes dominantes. Por muito tempo “invisibilizadas”, essas lutas só puderam ganhar a cena a partir da implantação de políticas públicas de enfrentamento à pobreza rural, do estímulo à educação no campo e de ações de desenvolvimento rural, que, além de elevar as condições de vida da população rural,permitiram a emergência e o fortalecimento de lideranças locais. Longe de ser um movimentoem sentido único, que resulte em uma verdadeira reestruturação das posições no espaço social, as solidariedades e lutas observadas entre os agentes revelam-se um processo complexo e ambíguo, pleno de contradições, dentro do qual se estabelecem diferentes níveisde reciprocidade, seja dentro do microssistema comunitário, sejam nas trocas entre os sitiantese os empre endedores do município, as instâncias intermediárias ou os consumidores,formando o que poderia ser considerado um circuito ampliado de circulação de dádivas nomercado turístico no Brejo Paraibano
Henderson, Rita Isabel. "The dismembered family : youth, memory, and modernity in rural southern Chile". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9686.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis tells a story of the supposed loss of political and citizen culture in post-dictatorship Chile. Focusing on the learning of civic behaviour among the country’s youngest political generation, now in its twenties, I question the taken-for-granted nature of this sense of loss. Given that members of this generation were either children or not yet born at the time of the 1990 democratic transition, they have largely learned from others about recent state repression and democratic reconciliation. This is amplified in sectors of the rural South, where much of what younger generations know about the conflicted past, including colonialism, revolutionary socialism, and fascism, has not been communicated through deliberate or verbal instruction, but transmitted indirectly as cultural tastes and habits that nevertheless influence political decisions. Through analysis of inter-generational transmissions of perspectives on the contested past, this thesis explores micro-level processes by which certain kinds of political behaviour are learned within families and small community networks. These are often in tension with lessons transmitted in public domains, such as in schools and among civic associations. Such tensions raise important questions about uneven membership in the national community, especially in a neoliberal era in which the restructuring of social services and of control over natural resources have transformed relationships between the rural poor and dominant society emanating from urban centres. Among Chile’s youngest political generation, in what ways do situated understandings of the contested past and its impacts on the current distribution of power in the country, shape budding political identities? I broach this question through ethnographic analysis of the means by which youth acquire and express knowledge about history and its lingering influence on civic life today. Observations draw on over two years of anthropological fieldwork in three localities of the southern countryside impacted by industrial interventions in nearby rivers. These include the contamination of one from a pulp mill, and the proposed hydroelectric damming and diversion of several others. Industrial activities offer backdrops for assessing emergent political identities, as well as for identifying what the learning of political behaviour communicates about citizenship in Chile today.
Esta tesis narra la historia de la supuesta pérdida de la cultura política y ciudadana en Chile después de la dictadura militar. Enfocándome en el aprendizaje de la conducta cívica en la generación política más joven, ahora veinte añeros, cuestiono la naturaleza de esta sensación de pérdida que se ha tomado por sentada. Dado que los miembros de esta generación eran niños y niñas o aún no habían nacido en la época de transición democrática en los 1990s, en su mayoría han sabido a través de otros acerca de la reciente represión estatal y la reconciliación democrática. Esto es amplificado en los sectores rurales del Sur, donde mucho de lo que las generaciones jóvenes saben acerca del controversial pasado, incluyendo el colonialismo, el socialismo revolucionario, y el fascismo, no ha sido comunicado a través de instrucciones deliberadas o verbales, sino que ha sido transmitido indirectamente como gustos, preferencias, y hábitos culturales que aún así tienen influencia en las decisiones políticas. A través del análisis intergeneracional de transmisión de perspectivas sobre el controvertido pasado, esta tesis explora los procesos a nivel micro por los cuales ciertos tipos de comportamientos políticos son aprendidos dentro de las familias y pequeñas redes comunitarias. Éstas muchas veces están en tensión con las lecciones transmitidas en ámbitos públicos, tales como las escuelas y entre las asociaciones civiles. Tales tensiones hacen surgir cuestionamientos importantes acerca de la integración desigual en la comunidad nacional, especialmente en una era neoliberal en la cual la re-estructuración de los servicios sociales y de control sobre los recursos naturales ha transformado las relaciones entre los pobres rurales y la sociedad dominante que emana de los centros urbanos. ¿De qué maneras los aprendizajes situados acerca del controvertido pasado y sus impactos en la actual distribución del poder en el país forman identidades políticas en la generación política más joven de Chile? Abordo esta pregunta a través del análisis etnográfico de los medios por los cuales la juventud adquiere y expresa el conocimiento de la historia y su persistente influencia en la vida cívica de hoy. Las observaciones se dieron durante dos años de trabajo antropológico de campo en tres localidades del área sureña rural impactada por intervenciones industriales en los ríos aledaños. Éstas incluyen la contaminación por parte de una planta procesadora de celulosa, y la propuesta para construir una represa hidroeléctrica, primer paso para la multiplicación de muchas otras contempladas en el mismo lugar. Las actividades industriales ofrecen el escenario contextual para el estudio de las identidades políticas emergentes, como también para identificar qué es lo que comunica el aprendizaje del comportamiento político acerca de la ciudadanía en Chile actual.
Niang, N'Déry. "L'irrigation en question: problèmes socio-économiques de développement rural et régional, les implications du barrage de Diama et les aménagements hydro-agricoles sur la vallée du fleuve Sénégal". Phd thesis, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063199.
Pełny tekst źródłaLarouche, Ursula. "Entre le développement durable et l’acceptabilité sociale : pour une éthique de la gestion des ressources naturelles : le cas d’Arianne Phosphate inc". Thèse, 2016. http://constellation.uqac.ca/4155/1/Larouche_uqac_0862N_10314.pdf.
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