Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Descriptiones y viajes”

<p>El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los rasgos fundamentales de la descripción medieval de algunos<br />animales exóticos y compararla con la descripción de estos mismos animales en la novela histórica. Del<br />cotejo entre textos medievales y actuales se intentará extraer conclusiones en torno al aprovechamiento,<br />a modo de herramientas, que hacen los escritores contemporáneos al mimetizar casi literalmente esas<br />descripciones medievalizantes de animales exóticos. Su objetivo sería obligar al lector moderno a tomar<br />una posición de lectura, produciendo efectos de identificación (con la poética del relato medieval) y a la<br />vez distanciamiento (respecto a las formas narrativas actuales).</p><p><br />Palabras clave: animales exóticos, bestiario, descriptio, relatos medievales de viaje, novela histórica.</p><p><br />The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental characteristics of the medieval description of several<br />exotic animals, and to compare it with descriptions of these animals in the contemporary historical<br />novel. From the comparison between medieval and contemporary works, conclusions about the tools<br />used by contemporary writers will be extracted. In particular, it will be shown how they benefit from<br />the imitation, almost literal, of the medieval-style descriptions of exotic animals. The intention of this<br />method, would be to constrain the modern reader to a reading perspective, by producing identification<br />effects (with the medieval poetics) as well as distancing (with respect to the current narrative forms).</p><p><br />Key Words: exotic animals, bestiary, descriptio, medieval travel narrative, historical novel</p>

Se suele subrayar la parquedad de las menciones de colores presentes en los textos medievales. Incluso una especialista de los relatos de viajes medievales franceses llegó a calificarlos de «mundos en blanco y negro». Sin embargo los relatos de viajes hispánicos medievales suelen aludir al cromatismo de numerosos objetos. ¿En qué medida el arte descriptivo de los relatos de viajes descansa en las menciones cromáticas y qué funciones cumplen éstas? ¿Cómo proceden los autores para comunicar al lector las impresiones visuales? ¿qué sensaciones intentan compartir? Más allá del simbolismo, la materialidad de los colores parece un elemento clave que corresponde al interés propio de los Occidentales medievales por las riquezas de los territorios lejanos y los elementos lujosos que las más veces se caracterizaban por unos colores intensos y expresivos.Il est couramment admis que la littérature médiévale n’abonde pas en adjectifs de couleurs. Au sujet des récits de voyages, Christiane Deluz a, par conséquent, parlé d’un monde en noir et blanc, affirmant que les couleurs en sont pratiquement absentes. La nature des descriptions que l’on trouve dans les récits de voyages médiévaux occidentaux tiendrait, selon elle, davantage du croquis ou du plan schématique que du tableau polychrome et détaillé. Il nous semble toutefois que cette affirmation doive être considérablement nuancée en ce qui concerne les récits de voyages médiévaux hispaniques dans lesquels ces précisions jouent un rôle particulièrement important. Au-delà du symbolisme, la matérialité des couleurs est un élément clé qui correspond à l›intérêt des occidentaux du Moyen Âge pour les richesses des territoires lointains.

The study of the facility permitted to determine that the implementation of the travel agency and the operator of tourism Sumak TourismRio in the city of Riobamba, in Chimborazo Province is possible or viable. Techiques of documentary and local investigations were used. In order to accomplish this investigation, a fundamental point of reference, the commercial viability of the project, was taken, which is based on the study of the market. This study was done considering the analysis of the demand. For this an instrument of investigation that in this case was the inquest guide was applied, which permitted the direct collection of information. On the other hand an analysis of the competition considering the local investigation was made considering the tourism organizations (travel agencies and operators of tourism) of the city of Riobamba which offer tourist products of similar characters. Furthermore the projection of the future demand and future competition, using the method of combined increment whose mathematatic method is: Cn=Co(1+i) . Also the unsatisfacatory existence, that is the confrontation of these factors considering un a difference. It is valid review the importance of the analysis of the demand, since it contributes to the definition of the description of the tourist. Considering all the information collected, the following was defined: the universe of the study shows different requirements in reference to tourist packets that the company offers, which permits economic benefits and by this means activate the economy of the city. Finally, it was shown that the sale of tourist packets Will permit the capitalization of the organization, producing a positive financial profit, since the investment produced will be recuperated in the first year of operation, producing an internal profit of 1,493%, an actual net amount of $2,625610.27(dollars) and a cost benefit of $104.19.

This paper addresses the sector of VFR tourism: visiting friends and relatives (VFR). The hypoth‑ esis is that tourism based on social ties facilitates integration in terms of social interaction and social iden‑ tification in the destination, in this case the city of Buenos Aires. The concept itself of VFR tourism is dealt with together with a description and attempted characterisation of the exact movement of this type of tour‑ ism over the last few years as a result of migratory movements with emphasis on social ties and practices. The emphasis is on the degree of social integration and identification occurring in this type of tourism. The methodology used is qualitative, based on semi‑structured interviews of key agents and is complemented with statistics designed to give fuller access to the comprehension of the context.

In this paper we analyze the representation of space in medieval travel books, examining the mythical, sacred and wonderful geography. First, we study the concept of space in the Middle Ages, reviewing the symbolism and perceptions that are forged with their society. Second, we analyze the mythical, sacred, and wonderful elements in the description of the geography of European travellers, considering their discourses and narrative intentions. Finally, the travellers describe the space as symbolic constructions in which real and imaginary perceptions merge. Therefore, travellers transmit geographic, historical, and religious knowledge, which is significant as an expression of their memory and cultural identity, and with which they define their representation of the world.

It is generally accepted that the first description of “platina” to appear in Europe was by a young Spanish naval officer, Antonio de Ulloa, whose famous work “Relación del Viaje a la América Meridional” was published in 1748. Important though this was, of even greater significance was the fact that the primary metallurgy of platinum must have been established much earlier, enabling it to be extracted, purified and manufactured. These processes appear to have been kept secret from other European countries, and until recently their details had not been deduced. Now manuscripts discovered in the Colombian Archives enable known methods of purification to be linked to the description of the primitive manufacturing process.

In this text, I analyze the descriptions and interpretations of various natural phenomena that appear in the Portuguese travel literature from of the 16th and 17th centuries: waterspouts, St. Elmo’s fire, bioluminescence, and lunar halos. This text employs D. João de Castro’s Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa as an outline, comparing Castro’s descriptions to those in Os Lusíadas, História trágico-marítima, and Antonio Pigaphetta’s The first voyage round the world, among others. By analyzing these historical and literary sources, I intend to show that the tone used in describing the natural phenomena can be a clear indication of each author’s purpose in his text — a microcosm of the approach adopted and of the arguments created by the author, reflecting his political or social outlook in sixteenth or seventeenth-century Portugal.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma proposta de análise do papel da linguagem/cultura na construção da(s) identidade(s) de um autor-viajante e, também, da identidade do outro. Acredita-se que tal proposta possa ser aplicada à literatura de viajante de uma maneira geral. De caráter eminentemente bibliográfico, tal proposta está baseada na descrição etnográfica enquanto realidade social apreendida a partir do “ver” (Laplantine, La description 1-128; Ferreira, Tradução etnográfica 55-91) e na relação desta com a tradução; nas três categorias de tradução propostas por Jakobson, a saber, intralingual, interlingual e inter-semiótica (63-72); e nas categorias de classificação de itens culturalmente marcados (ICE) elaboradas por Javier Franco (52-78). Como resultado, espera-se que tal proposta seja capaz de identificar as influências na construção da identidade do viajante e de seu “semelhante” estrangeiro.

ABSTRACT ∙ Information on the nesting of the Ochre‐breasted Tanager (Chlorothraupis stolzmanni) is limited, only brief nest and egg descriptions are available. This study was based on two nests monitored between February and June 2014, in Tatamá National Park, Colombia. Both nests consisted of a bulky and deep cup and were placed on epiphytes that grew on tree branches or on tree ferns. Two white eggs with reddish‐brown spots concentrated at the larger end were found in each nest. The parents spent 68.8 ± 15.4% of their daytime incubating, and conducted 4.6 ± 0.5 off‐bout trips per day (N = 8 days) that lasted 44.6 ± 5.1 min (N = 36 off‐bouts). Overall, our results showed that C. stolzmanni had a small clutch size and low nest attentiveness typical of related species and other tropical passerines. However, further studies are needed to better understand factors that might contribute to similarities and differences in the nesting behavior among Chlorothraupis species.RESUMEN ∙ Biología de anidación del Guayabero Ocre (Chlorothraupis stolzmanni) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia La información acerca del anidamiento Guayabero Ocre (Chlorothraupis stolzmanni) es limitada, sólo existe una breve descripción del nido y los huevos. Este estudio está basado en dos nidos monitoreados entre febrero a junio durante 2014, dentro del Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, Colombia. Estos nidos fueron copas voluminosas y profundas construidas entre epífitas que crecen sobre ramas de árboles y helechos arborescentes. En cada nido se encontraron dos huevos blancos con manchas color marrón rojizo, concentradas hacia el extremo más ancho. Durante la incubación, los padres realizaron 4,6 ± 0,5 (N = 8 días) viajes fuera del nido, los cuales tardaron 44,6 ± 5,1 min (N = 36 viajes). El porcentaje de atención al nido fue de 68,8 ± 15,4%. En general, nuestros resultados mostraron que C. stolzmanni presenta un pequeño tamaño de nidada y una baja atención al nido, típico de sus especies cercanas y otros passeriformes tropicales. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios que ayuden a comprender mejor los factores que contribuyen a las similitudes y diferencias del comportamiento de anidación entre las especies del genero Chlorothraupis.

SOMMAIRE Description, Prescription, et Planification Linguistiques Cet article considère le paradoxe apparent qui accompagne les efforts des linguistes qui tentent d'influencer, délibèrèment et systèmatiquement, le comportement linguistique d'une communauté, tout en s'efforçant d'éviter une accusation de prescriptivisme. La nature fortement normative de la grammaire traditionelle est comparée au relativisme linguistique qui caractérise une grande partie des études sociolinguistiques récentes. Un compromis est considéré comme indispensable car la planification linguistique ne peut pas être entièrement libre de jugements de valeurs. Le besoin d'une modernisation rapide dans les nations émergentes exige que le comportement linguistique ne soit pas laissé entièrement à des forces naturelles. Les linguistes descriptivistes ont un rôle à jouer dans ce processus à condition qu'ils ne s'associent pas à des projets gouvernementaux moralement répréhensibles. Il est à la fois possible et nécessaire d'atteindre un équilibre entre la promotion d'unités économiques viables et la préservation de la diversité linguistique. En collaboration avec les chercheurs en sciences sociales et les autorités gouvernementales, les linguistes sont les plus a même de mener à bien la tâche de planification linguistique. RESUMO Lingva priskribo, lingva preskribo kaj lingva planado La aŭtoro konsideras la sajnan paradokson malantaŭ la celoj de lingvistoj, kiuj penas influi, intence kaj sisteme, la lingvan konduton de komunumo, dume klopodante eviti akuzojn pri preskribismo. La artikolo komparas la normigan karakteron de tradicia gramatiko kun la lingva relativismo, kiu karakterizas multajn lastatempajn socilingvistikajn esplorojn, kaj taksas kom-promison neevitebla car lingvoplanado ne povas kaj ne devas esti sen valoroj. La bezono de rapida modernigo en evoluantaj nacioj postulas, ke oni ne lasu lingvan konduton pure kaj nure al naturaj fortoj. Priskribaj lingvistoj havas sian rolon en la procedo, kondice ke ili ne ligu sin al morale kondamnindaj registaraj projektoj. Oni devas trovi ekvilibron inter apogo de viv-kapablaj ekonomiaj unuoj kaj konservado de lingva diverseco. Kunlabore kun socisciencistoj kaj registaraj instancoj, lingvistoj estas unike kvalifikitaj al sukcesa plenumado de la lingvo-plana tasko.

Crónica del viaje que realizó un monje budista llamado Hwui Shan que arribó a la tierra del Fusang, probablemente Mesoamérica, entre 499 d. C. y 548 d. C. y que retornó a China con noventa años de edad. En el año 629 d. C. un grupo de historiadores oficiales de la corte de la dinastía Liang documentó el extraordinario viaje de los cinco monjes y sus descripciones de la tierra del Fusang. Extractos del Liáng Shū fueron también incluidos por Ma Taulin o Ma Twan-lin en su enciclopedia histórica llamada Wen-hsien t’ung-K’ao «Investigaciones de antiguallas» publicada por el emperador mongol Jintsung alrededor de 1321. Este artículo nos documenta además la resistencia oficial mexicana para abrirse a la posibilidad de iniciar investigaciones ciertas ya que las ofrecidas hieren cierto orgullo nacionalista de los antropólogos mexicanos e impiden profundizar mediante una investigación multidisciplinaria en la posibilidad de alguna interacción cultural asiática en MesoaméricaAbstractChronicle of the journey made by a Buddhist monk named Hwui Shan who arrived to Fusang, probably Mesoamerica, between AD 499 and AD 548 and returned to China when he was 90 years old. In AD 629, a group of official historians from the court of the Liang dynasty documented the extraordinary journey of five monks and their descriptions of the Fusang. Ma Taulin or Ma Twan-lin's historical encyclopedia called Wen-hsien t'ung-K'ao (“Investigations of Antiques”), published by Mongol emperor Jintsung around 1321, also included excerpts from the Book of Liang or Liáng Shū. This article also documents the Mexican official reluctance to be open to the possibility of initiating true research on this topic since the existing one hurts some kind of nationalistic pride of Mexican anthropologists and prevents to dig into, through multidisciplinary research, the possibility of some Asian cultural interaction in Mesoamerica.

The journey of Prof. Emil A. Rossmässler in 1853 in Spain and the type locality of Iberus angustatus (Rossmässler, 1854) (Gastropoda, Helicidae) We have identified the type locality of Helix Guiraoana var. angustata Rossmässler, 1854 as ‘located in the heights surrounding the Venta del Molinillo near the Sierra de los Dientes de la Vieja, Diezma, Granada’, from the description given by Rossmässler about his journey in the south east of Spain in 1853. The molecular analysis (COI and 16S) of a topotype collected live allowed us to confirm the identification of clade 4 of the genus Iberus proposed by Elejalde et al. (2008) with H. Guiraoana var. angustata, currently I. angustatus.

<p>As técnicas de pesquisa observação e descrição são fundamentais aos estudos geográficas. A análise da paisagem, natural ou cultural, sobretudo histórica, depende de registros documentais capazes de descrevê-la com riqueza de detalhes. Os relatos de mulheres viajantes do século XIX são compreendidos como importantes documentos históricos à análise da paisagem e da organização social do período. Compreende-se a literatura de viagem, principalmente para o viés humanista-cultural da Geografia, instrumento de análise de aspectos físicos, sociais e culturais. Realiza-se nesta pesquisa um levantamento bibliográfico dos relatos de viagem de mulheres viajantes estrangeiras que estiveram no Brasil durante o século XIX, alem do estudo de caso sobre as contribuições para a análise da paisagem contidas no diário de viagem “Uma Parisiense no Brasil”. Por fim, a análise espacial das informações obtidas a partir deste relato, de autoria de Adèle Toussaint-Samson, apresenta uma das possibilidades de resultado de pesquisas que utilizem relatos de mulheres viajantes estrangeiras do século XIX.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Observação; Descrição; Mulheres Viajantes; Século XIX; Literatura.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Observation and description are fundamental research techniques to geographical studies. The Analisys of landscape, natural or cultural, especially historical, depends on documental records that are able to describe it in great detail. The traveling women reports from the nineteenth century are important historical documents to analyze the landscape and social organization of the period. Travel literature is, especially to the humanistic and cultural bias of Geography, an instrument of analysis for physical, social and cultural aspects. This research carried out a bibliographical survey on foreing traveling women who visited Brazil during the nineteenth century. A case study on the travel diary “A Parisian in Brasil” by Adèle Toussaint-Samson was made, emphasizing its contribuitions to landscape analysis. Finally, the spatial analysis of the information from this report presents one of the possible results for researches using reports of foreign women travelers of the nineteenth century.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keyword</strong>: Observation, Description, Traveling Women, Nineteenth Century, Literature</p>

Teniendo en cuenta la cuestión en disputa sobre el encantamiento o el desencantamiento del mundo causado por la ciencia moderna, este artículo examina comparativamente la semántica del léxico en Journal of Researches y The Origin of Species de Charles Darwin utilizando estrategias de minería de textos. El objetivo es mostrar que existe un camino semántico directo, comenzando en Journal y culminando en Origin, que confirma una tendencia hacia un tipo de lenguaje desencantado empleado por Darwin en sus descripciones de la naturaleza. Esto queda demostrado por el análisis léxico y semántico de ambos textos. Taking into accountthe disputed question about enchantment or disenchantment of the world caused by modern science, this paper comparatively examines the semantics of the lexicon of Charles Darwin’s Journal of Researches and The Origin of Species using the software package Wordsmith Tools. Its aim is to show that there is a direct semantic path, starting with the Journaland culminating in the Origin, which confirms a tendency towards a gradually disenchanting, in a non-pejorative sense, type of language used by Darwin in his descriptions of nature. This is demonstrated by the lexical and semantic analysis of the texts.

En el canto XI de la Odisea se incluye por primera vez una descripción del pueblo de los cimerios en el marco del relato de un viaje al mundo de los muertos. En este artículo realizamos un análisis comparativo del pasaje homérico y de diversos textos de la literatura grecolatina a fin de mostrar cómo, a partir de Homero, los cimerios se convirtieron en un elemento tradicional del tema. Para ello, explicamos las semejanzas y diferencias en cuanto a la presencia, denominación, características y ubicación de este pueblo mítico en cada texto con respecto al modelo homérico. In canto Odyssey XI a description of the Cimmerian people is included for the first time as part of a journey to the netherworld’s narrative. In this paper a comparative analysis of the Homeric passage and of various texts from Greek and Latin literature is carried out in order to show how, since Homer, the Cimmerians became a traditional motive of this theme. For that purpose, the similarities and differences produced in terms of the presence, name, characteristics and location of this mythical town have been explained in each text regarding the Homeric model.

<p>A partir do relato que o escritor Eça de Queiros fez de sua viagem ao Egito em 1869, pode-se dizer que a descrição das cidades orientais, neste caso o Cairo e Alexandria, sofre a influência dos <em>topoi </em>do Ocidente sobre o Oriente, mas também das profundas transformações sofridas pelas cidades ocidentais no decorrer do século XIX.</p> <p>À partir du récit que l’écrivain Eça de Queiroz a fait de son voyage en Égypt en 1869, on peut dire que la description des villes orientales, dans ce cas Le Caire et Alexandria, est influencée par les <em>topoi </em>de l’Occident sur l’Orient, mais aussi par les profondes tranformations que ont vécu les villes occidentales au siècle XIX.</p>

The aim of our study is to give a panoramic view of the Hungarian emigration to the Caribbean and Central America during the nineteenth century, concentrating on travelers who arrived to the above mentioned region. We emphasize three distinguished figures, first trying to present briefly Sámuel Wass and Jenő Bánó. We dedicate the second part of the study to a more detailed description of the photographer, Pál Rosti’s journey to America and his work.

The taxonomic status and subgeneric arrangement of the genus Eurymeloe have been debated for decades. In this work, the internal taxonomy of Eurymeloe is redefined by recognising three subgenera: Eurymeloe for the former Eurymeloe brevicollis species group, Coelomeloe for Eurymeloe tuccia, and Bolognaia Ruiz, García-París, Sánchez-Vialas & Recuero, subgen. nov., to accommodate the species of the formerly recognised Eurymeloe rugosus species group. Additionally, a new species of the newly described subgenus Bolognaia is described from the Iberian Peninsula based on molecular and morphological traits. The new species, Eurymeloe (Bolognaia) orobatessp. nov., can be distinguished from all other species of Eurymeloe by the following combination of morphological traits: dispersed brownish setae over the body that are arranged in small tufts on the abdominal terga; a small, very transverse pronotum that presents a unique macrosculpture; a deeply and densely punctured integument of the head and pronotum; and the very rugose elytra. The characters displayed by E. orobates suggest that the species groups that were previously defined and recognised for Eurymeloe, and that are now integrated within the newly erected subgenus Bolognaia, are non-monophyletic.

La conservation des races animales domestiques menacées dans leurs effectifs est un élément de la gestion des ressources génétiques exploitables par l’agriculture. Les programmes de conservation comportent, outre des actions visant à assurer une place de ces races dans l’économie, un volet de gestion génétique. L’objet de ce dernier est d’éviter au sein de ce type de populations, dont les effectifs sont limités, une élévation trop rapide de la consanguinité et la réduction concomitante de la variabilité génétigue. Des outils de description de cette variabilité, comme les coefficients de parenté et de consanguinité ou les probabilités d’origine des gènes, permettent de raisonner les méthodes de gestion génétique, qui reposent sur l’uniformisation des tailles de descendance entre les reproducteurs, et la division des populations en groupes de reproduction. Les exemples de la race ovine Solognote et de la race bovine Parthenaise permettent d’illustrer l’efficacité de ces méthodes. Ils permettent également de souligner l’importance de définir des règles de gestion suffisamment simples pour être appliquées en pratique, et l’absolue nécessité qu’il y a de trouver des débouchés économiques viables pour ces races qui ont été délaissées par les systèmes de production habituels.

O objetivo do presente artigo é a análise dos discursos produzidos por L. M. Bratcher e divulgados nas páginas d’O Jornal Batista, mostrando os resultados de sua viagem realizada em 1935 pelo interior do país. A referida viagem tinha como principal meta a expansão evangélica para as religiões descritas nos textos em questão. Em suas descrições, o referido missionário procurava sensibilizar seus leitores acerca das futuras missões a serem implantadas entre os sertanejos na Amazônia. Eram usados interdiscursos relacionados a avivamentos, heroísmo, liberalidade e disponibilidade com o objetivo de angariar recursos humanos e financeiros para os projetos que estavam sendo desenvolvidos pela Junta de Missões Nacionais da Convenção Batista Brasileira. Faremos uso de uma análise expositiva e descritiva, narrando os eventos que eram relatados em seus diários, observando os contextos histórico, político e religioso no qual Bratcher estava inserido. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua com as discussões em torno da expansão missionária protestante no Brasil dentro dos campos analíticos da História e Ciência das Religiões. Palavras-chave: Bratcher – Missões – O Jornal BatistaAbstract: The objective of this article is the analysis of the speeches produced by L. M. Bratcher and published in the pages of the O Jornal Batista, showing the results of his trip in 1935 in the interior of the country. This trip had as main goal the evangelical expansion for the religions described in the texts in question. In his descriptions, the said missionary sought to sensitize his readers about the future missions to be implemented among the sertanejos in the Amazon. Interdiscourses related to revivals, heroism, liberality and availability were used in order to raise human and financial resources for the projects being developed by the National Missions Board of the Brazilian Baptist Convention. We will use an expository and descriptive analysis, narrating the events that were reported in his journals, observing the historical, political and religious contexts in which Bratcher was inserted. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the discussions about Protestant missionary expansion in Brazil within the analytical fields of the History and Science of Religions.Keywords: Bratcher - Missions – O Jornal Batista.Enviado: 20-07-2018 - Aprovado e publicado: 12-2018

As armações baleeiras representaram uma importante atividade econômica para o Brasil em meados do século XVIII e início do século XIX. O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar a condição político-administrativa-social da Armação Baleeira do Itapocoroia, situada no estado de Santa Catarina, a partir do relato do viajante Saint-Hilaire. Para tanto, utilizou-se como metodologia a análise do documento através de bibliografias sobre o tema e outras fontes do período. Por fim, pode-se perceber o caráter desbravador do pesquisador francês através da descrição geográfica do local. A partir disso, pode-se inferir que existiam três instâncias diferentes na organização da armação. São elas: a instância administrativa, a de caça e produção de derivados da baleia e a de moradia. Além disso, o trabalho desenvolvido por Saint-Hilaire é uma importante fonte para os estudos sobre a pesca da baleia no litoral catarinense, principalmente sobre a Armação de Itapocoroia.Palavras-chave: Armação Baleeira; Itapocoroy; Santa Catarina; Saint-Hilaire. AbstractWhaling stations represented an important economic activity for Brazil in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries. This article aimed to analyze the political-administrative-social condition of Whaling stations Itapocoroia, located in the state of Santa Catarina, based on the account of the traveler Saint-Hilaire. For that, the source analysis was used as methodology through bibliographies on the theme and other sources of the period. Finally, one can perceive the pioneering character of the French researcher through the geographical description of the place. From this, it can be inferred that there were three different instances in the organization of the frame. They are: the administrative, whaling and production of whale products and housing. In addition, the work developed by Saint-Hilaire is an important source of studies on whaling on the coast of Santa Catarina, mainly in Itapocoroia.Keywords: Whaling stations; Itapocoroy; Saint Catherine; Saint-Hilaire.

This paper investigates the translation of raw terrain and territory—rocks, streams, canyons, packs of wild dog and clusters of cyclamen—into two parallel, contrapuntal, and mutually referential forms of textualized landscapes: Israeli nature, landscape, and travel in Grossman's To the End of the Land and Palestinian landscape as figured in Raja Shehadeh’s renderings in Palestinian Walks: Forays into a Vanishing Landscape. By examining Shehadeh's and Grossman’s translations of the same topoi—olive groves, paths in woods, wildlife, wildflowers, wild dogs and their behaviors, streams, footpaths, memorials, walls, and checkpoints—this paper investigates how topographical facts on the map and on the ground— geomorphological, biological, and cultural features of terrain—are differentially translated, transformed and moved into distinctive national natures—the multiple ways in which natural landscapes and national identities are conflated. The paper argues that the cultural and psychological scars of Israeli and Palestinian historical relations over land, boundaries, and political control are saturate landscape descriptions and narratives of “walking the land.” A second question animates this analysis: How are Shehadeh’s and Grossman’s personal histories of “the situation” carried over and translated into these landscapes and travel narratives? Slavoj Zizek asserts “already inscribed into the perceived object itself, in the guise of its [the subject’s] 'blind spot,' …is the point from which the object itself returns the gaze. Sure the picture is in my eye, but I am also in the picture.” Might Zizek’s claim assist us in understanding how the poetics and politics of the Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories are translated into topography and moved, from one place to another, as we see and walk these lands in tropes painted by Grossman’s and Shehadeh’s hands? Resumen Este ensayo investiga la traducción del terreno y el territorio crudos—las rocas, los arroyos, los cañones, las hordas de perros salvajes y los ramilletes de ciclamen—a dos formas paralelas, contrapuntuales y mutuamente referenciales de paisajes textualizados: la naturaleza, el paisaje, y el viajar israelitas en Al Final de la Tierra de Grossman, y el paisaje palestino tal y como está figurado en las representaciones de Raja Shehadeh en Excursiones Palestinas: una incursión en un paisaje en vías de desaparecer. Al examinar las traducciones de Shehadeh y Grossman de los mismos topoi—los bosquecillos de oliva, los senderos en los bosques, la fauna, las flores silvestres, los perros salvajes y sus comportamientos, los arroyos, los senderos, los memoriales, las paredes y los lugares de inspección—este ensayo investiga cómo los hechos topográficos en el mapa y sobre la tierra—los aspectos geomorfológicos, biológicos y culturales del terreno—son traducidos diferencialmente, tranformados y movidos a las naturalezas nacionales distintivas y a los paisajes móviles. El ensayo argumenta que las cicatrices culturales y psicológicas de las relaciones históricas israelitas y palestinas sobre la tierra, las fronteras y el control político están saturadas en las descripciones de los paisajes y las narrativas de “caminando la tierra.” Una segunda cuestión motiva este análisis: ¿Cómo las historias personales de Shehadeh y Grossman de “la situatión” están transportadas y traducidas a estos paisajes y narrativas de viaje? Slavoj Zizek afirma que “ya inscrita dentro del objeto mismo disfrazado en el punto ciego’ del [sujeto]...es el punto del cual el objeto mismo devuele la mirada. Es cierto que la imagen está en mi ojo, pero yo tambíen estoy en la imagen.” ¿Puede que la afirmación de Zizek nos ayude a entender cómo la poética y las políticas de Israel y los territorios ocupados palestinos son traducidas a la topografia y movidos de un lugar a otro mientras vemos y caminamos por estas tierras en tropos pintados por las manos de Grossman y Shehadeh?

Em 1960, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), acompanhada de Jean-Paul Sartre, visitou as principais cidades do sudeste, nordeste e centro-oeste brasileiro na companhia dos seus anfitriões Jorge Amado e Zélia Gattai. Os relatos dessa viagem integram o terceiro volume de sua autobiografia intitulada A Força das Coisas (1963). Neste artigo investigo a composição de suas descrições do Brasil em estreito diálogo com duas dimensões narrativas: os debates históricos-políticos que marcaram a sua estadia no país, tais quais as noções de “Terceiro Mundo” e de países subdesenvolvidos, e os movimentos de independências das ex-colônias europeias; e os projetos de construção de si elaborados nas suas obras autobiográficas; gênero textual que será apresentado com o auxílio dos estudos teóricos de Philippe Lejeune (1991) e Leonor Arfuch (2010).*In 1960, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) and Jean-Paul Sartre visited the main cities in the southeast, northeast and central-west Brazilian regions, accompanied by their hosts in the country, Jorge Amado and Zélia Gattai. This trip reports are part of Beauvoir's autobiography, namely its third volume, entitled A Força das Coisas (1963). In this paper, my goal is to inquire the composition of the philosopher's descriptions and reports of Brazil in a narrow dialogue with two narrative dimensions: the historical-political debates that marked her time in the South-American country, such as the concepts of "Third-World", underdeveloped countries, and the independence movements of the former European colonies; as well as the projects of Simone de Beauvoir's self-representation in her autobiographic works; literary genre that will be addressed with the aid of Philippe Lejeune (1991) and Leonor Arfuch’s (2010) theoretical studies.

Resumo A obra A Viagem de Théo: Romance das Religiões, de autoria da filósofa Catherine Clément, narra a jornada espiritual do personagem Théodore Fournay (Théo), um jovem francês que sofre de uma grave doença e que, convidado por sua tia Marthe, viaja para diversos continentes, visitando templos e centros sagrados, adquirindo conhecimento sobre outras culturas e sobre algumas das religiões praticadas no mundo, em busca de uma ajuda espiritual. A obra demonstra a diversidade religiosa existente no mundo e de como o ser humano tem se dado conta disso, principalmente devido ao efeito da globalização. Essa diversidade tem gerado estudos e chamado a atenção de teólogos, antropólogos, cientistas da religião e de estudiosos de outros campos do conhecimento. Buscou-se, neste artigo, uma análise da obra A Viagem de Théo, apontando os elementos que remetem às ideias de pluralismo religioso e suas implicações. A obra aborda o divino por meio da linguagem literária e, por retratar aspectos de diversas religiões, aponta que o diálogo inter-religioso ou interfé envolve respeito e abertura para falar e ouvir, a aprender com o outro, a conscientizar de que o diálogo envolve pessoas e não determinada religião ou instituição religiosa. Tais premissas despertam uma reflexão sobre a forma de ser cristão pelo viés da polidoxia, que reconhece a diversidade dentro da religião cristã como também a pluralidade de comunidades religiosas e espirituais do mundo.Abstract Theo’s Journey: Romance of religions, authored by the philosopher Catherine Clément, narrates the spiritual journey of the character Théodore Fournay (Théo), a young French who suffers from a serious illness and, at the invitation of his aunt Marthe, they travel to different continents, visiting temples and sacred centers, acquiring knowledge about other cultures and some religious practiced in the world, seeking spiritual help. The book demonstrates the religious diversity that exists in the world and how human beings have become aware of it, mainly due to the effect of globalization. This diversity has generated studies and has drawn attention of theologians, anthropologists, scientists of religion and the theoristis from other fields of knowledge. Through this article we seek an analysis of the work The Theo’s Journey , pointing out the elements that refer to the ideas of Religious Pluralism and its implications. The Journey of Theo, which beyond the description of some aspects of various religions, approached the divine through literary language, and points out that interreligious or interfaith dialogue should be faced with respect and openness to talk and listen, learn from each other, aware that dialogue involves people, religious or otherwise, and not a particular religion or religious institution. Such premises arouse a reflection on the way of being Christian through the bias of polidoxy, which recognizes the diversity within the Christian religion as well as the plurality of religious and spiritual communities in the world.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar possíveis escolhas metodológica para estudos concernentes a problemáticas espaço e religião. Nesse sentido, utilizando de uma metodologia qualitativa e de uma observação participante, construímos possibilidades viáveis na leitura das dinâmicas do sagrado no espaço geográfico. Assim, tomamos como aporte teórico os estudos de Rosendahl (2012), Claval (1999) e Gertz (2014), no qual foi possível perceber que a utilização dessas metodologias para estudo de lugares sagrados nos leva a compreensão do cotidiano de devotos, e na descrição de paisagens e formas culturais de áreas. Palavras-chave: Devoção. Metodologia. Observação participante. Geografia da Religião. ABSTRACTThis article aims to present possible methodological choices for studies concerning problems space and religion. In this sense, using a qualitative methodology and a participant observation, we construct viable possibilities in the reading of the dynamics of the sacred in the geographic space. Thus, we take as theoretical contribution the studies of Rosendahl (2012), Claval (1999) and Gertz (2014), in which it was possible to perceive that the use of these methodologies to the study sacred places lead us to an understanding of the daily life of devotees, in the description of landscapes and cultural forms of areas.Key words: Devotion. Methodology. Participant observation. Geography of Religion. RESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo presentar posibles opciones metodológicas para estudios concernientes a las problemáticas espacio y religión. En este sentido, utilizando una metodología cualitativa y de una observación participante, construimos posibilidades viables en la lectura de las dinámicas del sagrado en el espacio geográfico. Así, tomamos como aporte teórico los estudios de Rosendahl (2012), Claval (1999) y Gertz (2014), en el cual fue posible percibir que la utilización de esas metodologías para el estudio de lugares sagrados nos llevan a la comprensión del cotidiano de devotos y en la descripción de paisajes y formas culturales de áreas.Palabras chave: Devoción. Metodología. Observación participante. Geografía de la Religión.

FROM THE CONTINENT TO THE COASTAL: an experience from the field work in geographic scienceDESDE EL CONTINENTE A LA COSTA: una experiencia de trabajo de campo en la ciencia geográficaO texto em discussão tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados teóricos e metodológicos de uma proposta de trabalho de campo desenvolvido na disciplina “Organização e Produção do Espaço Maranhense”, do Curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Humanas/Geografia, do Campus da Universidade Federal do Maranhão/Grajaú. Para o desenvolvimento da atividade de campo, em um primeiro momento foram feitas leituras de textos, discussão dos temas a serem desenvolvidos e elaboração do roteiro a ser seguido no percurso da ida ao campo e, num segundo momento, no campo, procedemos com a coleta de dados, informações, descrições e análises dos aspectos culturais, urbanos, sociais e físicos do estado do Maranhão, tomando por base a ilha de São Luís, capital do Estado do Maranhão.Palavras-chave: Espaço; São Luís/MA; Cultura.ABSTRACTThe aim of the present paper is to present the theoretical and methodological results of a fieldwork proposal developed in the course “Organization and Production of the Maranhão Space” of the Undergraduate Course in Human Sciences/Geography of the Campus of the Federal University of Maranhão/Grajaú. For the development of the field activity, we first read texts, discuss the themes to be developed and elaborate the route to be followed in the course of the trip to the field and, in a second moment in the field, proceed with the collection of data, information, descriptions and analyzes of the cultural, urban, social and physical aspects of the State of Maranhão, based on the island of São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão.Keywords: Space; São Luís/MA; Culture.RESUMEN El texto en discusión pretende presentar los resultados teóricos y metodológicos de una propuesta de trabajo de campo desarrollada en la disciplina "Organización y Producción del Espacio Maranhão", el Curso de Licenciatura en Humanidades/Geografía, el Campus de la Universidad Federal de Maranhão/Grajaú. Para el desarrollo de la actividad de campo, en un primer momento hubo lecturas de texto, discutiendo temas a desarrollar y elaboración de la hoja de ruta a seguir en el transcurso del viaje al campo y, en el segundo momento, en el campo, procedimos con la recopilación de datos, información, descripciones y análisis de los aspectos culturales, urbanos, sociales y físicos del estado de Maranhão, sobre la base de la isla de São Luís, capital del estado de Maranhão.Palabras clave: Espacio; São Luís/MA; Cultura.

A região central do estado de Minas Gerais, especificamente o Quadrilátero Ferrífero e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, é marcada pela ocupação em busca de riquezas minerais tais como diamante e ouro. Possui, ainda, relevância ecológica, o que levou a declaração desta região, pela Unesco em 2005, como Reserva da Biosfera da Serra do Espinhaço. Vislumbrou-se, nesse artigo, a caracterização e análise de processos de degradação ambiental em literatura de viagem de naturalistas estrangeiros que percorreram esta região no século XIX. Trabalhos de campo ocorreram em roteiros estabelecidos a partir da leitura das obras, com enfoque no entendimento da paisagem. Evidências de degradação ambiental pelo extrativismo mineral do ouro e diamante, apresentadas nas narrativas em áreas dos caminhos da Estrada Real, caracterizam-se pela supressão da vegetação nativa por meio de queimadas, mudança/desvio de cursos fluviais, uso de mercúrio para beneficiamento mineral além de ocorrência significativa de espécimes monotípicas invasoras, como o capim-gordura e a samambaia. O estudo, pela descrição analítica em relatos de naturalistas viajantes analisados no território da reserva da biosfera, permite um resgate memorial que vincula o ser humano à natureza, como parte de sua história ambiental.Palavras-chave: relatos de viajantes, mineração, mercúrio, queimadas, capim-gordura.AbstractThe central region of Minas Gerais state, specifically the Iron Quadrangle and the Southern Espinhaço Range, has a unique occupation history due to mineral riches such as diamond and gold. Furthermore, it has significant ecological relevance, which has led to the declaration of the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve by Unesco in 2005. To characterise and analyse the historical processes of environmental degradation of this region, the travel literature of foreign naturalists who travelled throughout the region in the 19th century was investigated. The research involved studying scripts produced from reading works, with a focus on the understanding of the landscape. Evidence of environmental degradation by gold and diamond extractivism is presented in several areas of the Estrada Real, characterised by the suppression of native vegetation by anthropic burning, change of river courses and use of mercury for mineral processing, in addition to a significant occurrence of invasive monotypic species, such as molasses grass and fern. From the analytical description in reports of travelling naturalists, the analysis of the reserve territory of the present study allows the recovery of part of a memory that binds human to nature as part of its environmental history.Keywords: travellers’ accounts, mining, mercury, burning, molasses grass.

A PRESENÇA DAS NARRATIVAS MÍTICAS DE ANCESTRALIDADE AFRICANA COMO ELEMENTOS DE INFORMAÇÃO E PRESERVAÇÃO DA MEMÓRIA A característica interdisciplinar da Ciência da Informação possibilita desenvolvermos estudos nessa direção. Nesse sentido, apresenta-se a proposta de trabalho de pesquisa, em andamento, análise dos mitos da tradição africana como elementos de informação e preservação na memória da Comunidade Quilombola Alcantarense de Itamatatiua, na Linha de pesquisa “Memória, Organização, Acesso e Uso da Informação”, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação da UFPB. Constituída pelos objetivos específicos de identificar, verificar como se dá a preservação e compreender os mitos presentes nessa Comunidade, e como possibilidade de contribuir também para a continuidade de estudos e pesquisas que retratem a história e memória negra. À luz da Teoria do Imaginário de Gilbert Durant adotamos a mitoanálise que permite a análise dos mitos concomitante com a metodologia qualitativa de abordagem etnográfica com o propósito de descrever, densamente, os dados da pesquisa recolhidos por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, observação direta e ficha de identificação. Para isso, destacamos a priori conceitos de informação, memória e preservação abordados na CI; a seguir, definições sobre memória; apresentamos também uma viagem concisa pela trajetória dos mitos e pela Teoria durandiana. Além de uma sucinta explanação sobre a história dos negros no Maranhão e uma descrição referente à Comunidade. A pesquisa encontra-se na fase de aprofundamento teórico e análise dos dados coletados, em que é possível identificarmos até o caminhar das análises deuses afros como Ogum nas falas dos personagens contribuintes a nossa pesquisa. THE PRESENCE OF MYTHIC NARRATIVE OF ARICAN ANCESTRY AS ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION AND MEMORY PRESERVAÇÃO The characteristic Interdisciplinary Information Science enables develop studies in this direction. In this sense, it presents the proposed research work in progress, examining the myths of the African tradition as elements of information in memory and preservation of the Community of Quilombola Alcantarense Itamatatiua, on line search "Memory, Organization, Access and Use of Information "of the Post-graduate in Information Science UFPB. Consisting of specific goals to identify, verify how the preservation and understanding the myths present in that Community, and also as a possibility to contribute to the continuity of studies and surveys that portray the history and memory black. In light of the Theory of the Imaginary by Gilbert Durant adopt the mitoanálise that allows the analysis of myths concomitant qualitative methodology of ethnographic approach in order to describe, thick, the survey data collected through semi-structured interviews, direct observation and identification form. We highlight a priori concepts of information, memory and preservation addressed in CI, the following definitions of memory, we also present a concise travel the path of the myths and the Theory durandiana. Besides a brief explanation on the history of blacks in Maranhao and a description referring to the Community. The research is at the stage of theoretical approaches and analyze data, identify where you can walk up to the gods of the analysis as Ogun afros in the speeches of the characters contributing to our research.

RESUMENEl estudio histórico de la religiosidad islámica se ha encontrado tradicionalmente con el problema de la escasez de fuentes. Además, siempre se ha estudiado a partir de las fuentes islámicas, obviando las cristianas. Si es cierto que para la Edad Media las fuentes cristianas no ofrecen demasiada información y están además viciadas por su carácter polémico, también lo es que para la Edad Moderna, con el surgimiento de un tipo de literatura sobre el islam que está alejado de la tradición polémica, disponemos de un buen número de importantes fuentes cristianas que merecen ser tenidas en cuenta en cualquier análisis histórico de la religiosidad islámica. Es el caso especialmente de la Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), cuyas descripciones y observaciones resultan de una riqueza sin precedentes.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Moderna, cinco pilares del islam, religiosidad, España, Argel.ABSTRACTTraditionally, the historical study of Islamic religiosity has been faced with the problem of the scant amount of sources. Moreover, it has always been approached on the basis of Islamic sources, disregarding the Christian ones. If for the Middle Ages Christian sources do not present much information about the subject and this is tainted by its polemical character, for the Early Modern Age, with the emergence of a new kind of literature about Islam that does not belong to the polemical tradition, we have at our disposal a good number of sources of information. This is particularly thecase of the Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), with descriptions and observations of an unprecedented quality. 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Taking as corpus of my work the articles published by Carme Laforet between 1948 and 1953 in the review Destino, untitled "Puntos de vista de una mujer”, and the cronicles about her journey to the United States in the fall of 1965, collected in the book Paralelo 35, I study an aspect almost unknown of the Spanis writer: her profile as Walker or voyeur in different cities, excursionist who seeks refuge in the Nature or traveller who visits the most relevant places of the USA. I analize how she projects her unprejudiced watch upon reality and life, taking as a guide only her curiosity or personal desires, and paying special attention to anything which stimulates her imagination and causes an impresión in mind and heart. I also analize the narrative aspects of these texts: scenes and descriptions, or small stories about an event, an experience, an unexpected encounter or sudden rememberings. We discover another Carmen Laforet: a woman who watches and hears contemporary life in its great variety. Tomando como corpus del trabajo los artículos que Carmen Laforet publicó de 1948 a 1953 en el semanario barcelonés Destino, en la sección titulada "Puntos de vista de una mujer", y las crónicas de su viaje a Estados Unidos en el otoño de 1965, recogidas en el libro Paralelo 35, estudio una faceta poco conocida de la autora: su perfil de paseante por diversas ciudades, de excursionista que se refugia en la naturaleza y de viajera que visita los más destacados enclaves de ese país norteamericano. Analizo en él cómo la escritora extiende una mirada desprejuiciada sobre la realidad y la vida que la rodea y envuelve, guiada por sus apetencias y gustos, por la curiosidad, atenta a detalles mínimos que estimulan su imaginación, a cualquier novedad o cambio que la impresione e impacte. También analizo la factura narrativa de los mismos: estampas y escenas o relatos articulados en torno a un suceso, una experiencia, un encuentro azaroso o los recuerdos personales. Vemos en ellos a una Carmen Laforet espectadora y oidora -e interlocutora- de la vida contemporánea, atenta siempre a captar esa realidad fluida y en constante movimiento que desfila ante sus ojos.

En este artículo se recoge una descripción somera de las grabaciones vascas realizadas durante el verano de 1913 por el etnólogo austríaco Rudolf Trebitsch, y se da cuenta, mayormente, de detalles bibliográficos sobre aquellas grabaciones. En aquel viaje realizado al País Vasco, Trebitsch efectuó grabaciones del euskera y grabaciones musicales. Gracias a Jose Maria Etxebarria, las grabaciones del euskera se encuentran ya transcritas, analizadas y traducidas, al castellano o al francés. El campo de la grabación musical, en cambio, lo he trabajado yo mismo. En el artículo se expone dónde han sido publicados aquellos trabajos de Jose Maria Etxebarria, así como los míos, y, además, se facilita información general sobre el viaje de Rudolf Trebitsch.Rudolf Trebitsch etnologo austriarrak 1913ko udan egindako euskal grabazioen azaleko deskribapena plazaratzen da artikulu honetan, gehienbat grabazio haiei buruzko zehaztasun bibliografikoak emanaz. Euskal Herrira egindako bidaia hartan, Trebitsch-ek euskararen grabazioak eta grabazio musikalak egin zituen. Jose Maria Etxebarriari esker, euskararen grabazioak dagoeneko transkribatuta, aztertuta eta itzulita daude, gaztelaniara edo frantsesera. Grabazio musikalen arloa, ordea, neuk landu dut. Jose Maria Etxebarriaren lan haiek eta nireak non argitaratu diren argitzen da artikulu honetan, eta, gainera, Rudolf Trebitsch-en bidaiari buruzko informazio orokorra ere ematen da bertan.This article compiles a brief description of the Basque recordings made during summer 1913 by the Austrian ethnologist Rudolf Trebitsch and generally gives bibliographic details of the recordings. On that journey to the Basque Country, Trebitsch made recordings of the Basque language and musical recordings. Thanks to Jose Maria Etxebarria, the Basque recordings have already been transcribed, analysed and translated into Spanish or French. On the other hand, I worked on the musical recording field myself. The article explains where work by Jose Maria Etxebarria has been published, as well as my own work, and it also provides general information on Rudolf Trebitsch’s journey.

Neste artigo, analisamos expressões da fauna marajoara, seus usos locais e as interações com homens e uma mulher de ciência do século XIX, descritos em narrativas dos viajantes Louis e Elizabeth Agassiz, Henry Bates, Alfred Russel Wallace e Príncipe Adalberto da Prússia. Pelos escritos, apreendemos uma multiplicidade de formas de narrar a fauna da região, destacando-se três distintas práticas: as caçadas; as descrições científicas e as descrições da paisagem, que evidenciam diferentes posições adotadas por estes viajantes na relação humano e não-humano. Ainda que atravessados pelo olhar científico do século XIX e a ânsia por classificar animais aos padrões ocidentais, os narradores contaminaram-se com o simbolismo dos modos de ser e viver no mundo marajoara, tornando-se agentes históricos de mediação e tradução cultural. Com isso, contribuíram para a elaboração de um modo de ver, sentir e pensar a região, disseminado em escala planetária. Palavras Chave: Amazônia Marajoara. Literatura de Viagem. Fauna.The Fauna Marajoara in narratives of travelers of the nineteenth centuryAbstractIn this article, we analyze expressions of the fauna of Marajós, their local uses and interactions with men and a woman science of the nineteenth century, described in narratives of the travelers Louis and Elizabeth Agassiz, Henry Bates, Alfred Russel Wallace and Prince Adalbert of Prussia. Through the writings, we apprehended a multitude ways of narrate the fauna of the region, highlighting three distinct practices: the hunts; the scientific descriptions and the descriptions of the landscape, which show different positions adopted by these travelers in human and nonhuman relationship. Despite crossed by the scientific view of the nineteenth century and the eagerness to classify animals to Western standards, the narrators got contaminated with the symbolism of the ways of being and living in marajoara world, becoming historical agents of mediation and cultural translation. And so, they contributed to the development of a way of seeing, feeling and thinking the region, spread on a global scale.Keywords: Marajoara Amazon. Travel Literature. Fauna.

Resumen El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro fue la ví­a de comunicación más importante del septentrión novohispano durante los siglos XVI al XVIII. Por él transitaron indí­genas, españoles y africanos, mercancí­as e ideas que permitieron el poblamiento de ciudades, villas, reales de minas, presidios, poblados misionales, estancias agrí­colas y ganaderas, pero ante todo la formación de la nueva cultura mestiza que caracteriza al norte. En este trabajo se estudian los orí­genes y los cambios de ruta que tuvo el Camino Real de Tierra Adentro a medida que se prolongó hacia el norte, debido tanto al auge minero como a la resistencia de los indios a la expansión española y las dificultades que los viajeros tuvieron para transportarse a causa de sus accidentes geográficos. Para ello se recurrió a fuentes documentales de diferentes repositorios, a descripciones de personajes de la época y a investigaciones de historiadores actuales sobre la misma temática. Palabras clave: camino, septentrión, plata, asentamientos, resistencia indí­gena. Abstract Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (Royal Road of the Interior Lands) was the most important road of communication during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries in the north of New Spain. It was transited by indigenous, Spanish and African people, goods and ideas that allowed the settlement of cities, towns, mining camps, jails, missionary settlements, agricultural and cattle ranches, but first of all, the formation of the new hybrid culture that characterizes north. This article examines the origins and route changes that had the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro as continued north, both due to the mining boom as the Indian resistance to Spanish expansion and the difficulties that travellers had to transport because of its geographical features. This article based on documentary sources from different repositories, resorted to character descriptions of the time and current historians research on the same topic. Keywords: Road, north, silver, settlements, indigenous resistance.

Description. La culture du cacaoyer en Guyane tend à se (re)développer et nécessite aujourd’hui des références technico-économiques adaptées. Objectifs. Réalisation d’une évaluation de la viabilité technico-économique de la cacaoculture et de la transformation de ses produits.Méthode. Modélisation des produits et des couts de l’exploitation d’un hectare selon deux modes de gestion différents et trois types de produits finis. Résultats. Le système de culture installé après défriche partielle d’une forêt demande moins de main-d’œuvre et de trésorerie que le système s’appuyant sur l’association au bananier qui, lui, permet un retour sur investissement avant maturité de la production cacaoyère. Pour être viables, les systèmes de culture ayant pour seule finalité la production de fèves fermentées et séchées nécessiteraient des rendements de l’ordre d’1 tonne·ha-1 pour des prix de vente planchers souvent supérieurs à 10 000 €·t-1, ce qui interroge fortement sur leur faisabilité. Pour la production transformée en bâton de cacao ou en chocolat, la viabilité économique serait plus facilement acquise, mais demanderait un investissement et une technicité qui ne sont pas forcément accessibles aujourd’hui à toutes les exploitations qui s’engagent dans la cacaoculture.Conclusions. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité de (re)considérer dans les régions ultramarines françaises : (i) la nature et l’usage des espèces associées aux cacaoyers ; (ii) le statut de culture principale ou non du cacaoyer dans les exploitations agricoles ; (iii) la diversification des produits du cacaoyer permettant de nourrir plusieurs marchés ; (iv) l’organisation collective de la filière naissante pour soutenir la production et la transformation ; (v) l’accompagnement technique et financier (ex : aides PAC) des agriculteurs se lançant en cacaoculture.

Research objectives (aims) and problem(s): This manuscript investigates the reproduction of the classic figure of the mentor/educator and how, in recent times, it has transformed into the archetype of the circumstantial father in video games. Research methods and structure of the article: Through the discourse analysis of the narrative of four popular video games: God of War, The Last of Us, Bioshock Infinite and The Walking Dead, we propose: identify the plot conflicts derived from the fact that the character is a father circumstantial and discern the identifying features of this pseudo-father figure from the structural patterns of the monomyth or hero's journey and relate its characteristics with those of the classic figure of the mentor/educator. Brief description of the context of the problem: Do video games show educational models in their stories? The characters in the audiovisual narrative are a representation of the particular and universal dimension of the environment and the social context of their time. This conception of multicultural humanity allows us to understand the potential of the narrative elements that are developed in different stories and stories, such as archetypes or tropes. In the video game industry in particular, the advances in animation techniques and the community's interest in social and human issues have meant greater depth in the construction of characters and the inclusion of figures away from conventional patterns. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: The findings allow us to conclude that there is a trend towards replacing the classic archetype of the mentor with the figure of the circumstantial father. Conclusions and/or recommendations: This new character moves away from the classic pattern of Joseph Campbell's hero's journey and is more similar to the characteristics of contemporary antiheroic characters. However, this new archetype bases its teaching on resilience and sacrifice, a relevant fact as it is a figure designed to educate and instill values in young people. Objetivos (fines) y problema(s) de la investigación: Este manuscrito investiga la reproducción de la clásica figura del mentor/educador y cómo, en los últimos tiempos, se transforma en el arquetipo del padre circunstancial en los videojuegos. Métodos de investigación y estructura del artículo: Mediante el análisis del discurso de la narrativa de cuatro populares videojuegos: God of War, The Last of Us, Bioshock Infinite y The Walking Dead, se plantea identificar los conflictos de la trama derivados del hecho de que el personaje sea un padre circunstancial y discernir los rasgos identificativos de esta figura seudopaterna a partir de los patrones estructurales del monomito o viaje del héroe y relacionar sus características con las de la clásica figura del mentor/educador. Problema de la investigación: ¿Los videojuegos muestran modelos educativos en sus historias? Los personajes en la narrativa audiovisual son una representación de la dimensión particular y universal del entorno y contexto social de su tiempo. Esta concepción de la humanidad multicultural nos permite entender el potencial de los elementos narrativos que se desarrollan en las diferentes historias y relatos, como los arquetipos o los tropos. En la industria de los videojuegos en particular, los avances de las técnicas de animación y el interés de la comunidad por temas sociales y humanos, han supuesto una mayor profundidad en la construcción de los personajes y la inclusión de figuras alejadas de los patrones convencionales. Resultados de la investigación y su impacto en el desarrollo de las ciencias de la educación: Los hallazgos permiten reflexionar sobre la posible existencia de una tendencia hacia la sustitución del arquetipo clásico del mentor por la figura del padre circunstancial. Conclusiones y/o recomendaciones: Este nuevo personaje se aleja del patrón clásico del viaje del héroe de Joseph Campbell y se asemeja más a las características propias de los personajes antiheroicos contemporáneos. Finalmente, este nuevo arquetipo basa su enseñanza en la resiliencia y el sacrificio, un dato relevante en tanto que se trata de una figura destinada a educar e inculcar valores en los jóvenes.

The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus spp., has a wide host range affecting many economically important crops (Castillo and Vovlas 2007). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in several countries, commonly used for the material of bioethanol, animal feed, and starch extraction (Howeler 2014). Soil samples were collected from a mono-cropping cassava farm located in the Houbi district, Tainan city, in Southern Taiwan in October 2021 in a routine soil survey, and there is no obvious above ground symptoms. The cassava is a local cultivar, the sampled tuber did not have lesions, but small brown lesions were present on the roots. Nematodes were extracted using the modified Baermann funnel method (Tsay et al. 2004) for 24 h. Root lesion nematodes were the dominant genera in this sample, containing over 20 individuals per 100 cm3 of soil. Females of the root lesion nematodes were picked, and surface-sterilized with 2000 ppm malachite green for 30 sec and streptomycin for 30 mins. After sterilization, a single female was transferred onto the carrot discs to establish a pure line (Coyne et al. 2014). After 2 months, nematodes were extracted from that pure culture for morphometric, molecular identification, and pathogenicity tests. The female has a moderately slender body, a low and flat lip region, a sclerotized head frame, and a short ventral overlap of the esophagus, monovarial, prodelphic, and post-uterine sac. The tail is conical and the tip is rounded or flattened. The body measures of 20 females were: body length 564.43 μm (511 to 619 μm), stylet length 18.64 μm (18.1 to 19.5 μm), tail length 32.43 μm (27.1 to 38.5 μm), post uterine sac length 12.79 μm (9.41 to 16.9 μm), and V value 85.16% (84.1 to 86.6%). Values of a, b, c, and c’ ratios were 22.32 (18.9 to 26.1), 6.11 (5.36 to 6.73), 17.55 (13.8 to 20.5), and 1.18 (0.92 to 1.5), respectively. All morphometric data were similar to the previous description of P. brachyurus (Castillo and Volvlas 2007). DNA was extracted from three nematodes of the pure cultures using Viagen DirectPCR lysis buffer, and used for PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA fragment and the D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA using primer sets D2A/D3B and 988F/2646R, respectively (Holterman et al. 2006; Subbotin et al. 2006). The sequence of 18S ribosomal RNA (OP020594) shared 99% similarity with the P. brachyurus sequence deposited in the GenBank database (KY424148), and the sequence of 28S rRNA (OP020593) also shared 99% similarity with several P. brachyurus sequences (e.g. KF712473, MG745329). Bayesian consensus trees, constructed from both 18S and 28S sequences revealed that the nematodes collected in this study are clustered together with P. brachyurus sequences from other countries(Subbotin, et al. 2008). Therefore, the nematodes collected from cassava were identified as P. brachyurus based on morphology, molecular data, and phylogenetic relationship. To determine the pathogenicity, three eight-week-old cassava plants (cv. TMS 60444) were planted in 12-cm-diameter pots filled with 600 cm3 of sterile peat moss: sand (1:1, W: W) and inoculated with 50 nematodes containing different stages. Two plants treated with water were used as the mock control. Seventy-five days after inoculation, nematodes in the soil were recovered using the modified Baermann funnel method for 24 h, and the nematodes inside the root were stained with acid fuchsin. The average reproduction factor (final population/initial population) was 3.93, thus confirming cassava as a host of P. brachyurus. P. brachyurus was previously reported on peanuts and bananas in Taiwan, and wasn’t a dominant species in the field. Finding this nematode on this cassava farm suggests this nematode might have a wider distribution than expected.

Images 1-6: Photographs by Rachelle Viader Knowles (2012)This article discusses the cross-cultural, augmented artwork Parallel Worlds, Intersecting Moments (2012) by Rachelle Viader Knowles and Judy Anderson, that premiered at the First Nations University of Canada Gallery in Regina, on 2 March 2012, as part of a group exhibition entitled Critical Faculties. The work consists of two elements: wall pieces with black and white Quick Response (QR) codes created using traditional beading and framed within red Stroud cloth; and a series of videos, accessible via scanning the beaded QR codes. The videos feature Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people from Saskatchewan, Canada telling stories about their own personal experiences with new technologies. A QR code is a matrix barcode made up of black square modules on a white square in a grid pattern that is optically machine-readable. Performance artist and scholar Rebecca Caines was invited by the artists to participate in the work as a subject in one of the videos. She attended the opening and observed how audiences improvised and interacted with the work. Caines then went on to initiate this collaborative writing project. Like the artwork it analyzes, this writing documents a series of curated experiences and conversations. This article includes excerpts of artist statements, descriptions of artists’s process and audience observation, and new sections of collaborative critical writing, woven together to explore the different augmented elements of the artwork and the results of this augmentation. These conversations and responses explore the cross-cultural processes that led to the work’s creation, and describe the results of the technological and social disruptions and slippages that occurred in the development phase and in the gallery as observers and artists improvised with the augmentation technology, and with each other. The article includes detail on the augmented art practices of storytelling, augmented reality (AR), and traditional beading, that collided and mutated during this project, exploring the tension and opportunity inherent in the human impulse to augment. Storytelling through Augmented Art Practices: The Creation of the WorkJUDY ANDERSON: I am a Plains Cree artist from the Gordon’s First Nation, which is located in Saskatchewan, Canada. As a Professor of Indian Fine Arts at the First Nations University of Canada, I research and continue to learn about traditional art making using traditional materials creating primarily beaded pieces such as medicine bags and drum sticks. Of particular interest to me, however, is how such traditional practices manifest in contemporary Aboriginal art. In this regard I have been greatly influenced by my colleague and friend, artist Ruth Cuthand, and specifically her Trading series, which reframed my thinking about beadwork (Art Placement), and later by the work of artists like Nadia Myer, and KC Adams (Myer; KC Adams). Cuthand’s incredibly successful series taught me that beadwork does not only beautify and “augment” our world, but it has the power to bring to the forefront important issues regarding Aboriginal people. As a result, I began to work on my own ideas on how to create beadworks that spoke to both traditional and contemporary thoughts.RACHELLE VIADER KNOWLES: At the time we started developing this project, we were both working in leadership roles in our respective Departments; Judy as Coordinator of Indian Fine Arts at First Nations University, and myself as Head of Visual Arts at the University of Regina. We began discussing ways that we could create more interconnection between our faculty members and students. At the centre of both our practices was a dialogic method of back and forth negotiation and compromise. JA: Rachelle had the idea that we should bead QR codes and make videos for the upcoming First Nations and University of Regina joint faculty exhibition. Over the 2011 Christmas holiday we visited each other’s homes, beaded together, and found out about each other’s lives by telling stories of the things we’ve experienced. I felt it was very important that our QR codes were not beaded in the exact same manner; Rachelle built up hers through a series of straight lines, whereas mine was beaded with a circle around the square QR code, which reflected the importance of the circle in my Cree belief system. It was important for me to show that even though we, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, have similar experiences, we often have a different approach or way of thinking about similar things. I also suggested we frame the black and white beaded QR codes with bright red Stroud cloth, a heavy wool cloth originating in the UK that has been used in North America as trade cloth since the 1680s, and has become a significant part of First Nations fabric traditions.Since we were approaching this piece as a cross-cultural one, I chose the number seven for the amount of stories we would create because it is a sacred number in my own Plains Cree spiritual teachings. As such, we brought together seven pairs of people, including ourselves. The participants were drawn from family and friends from reserves and communities around Saskatchewan, including the city of Regina, as well as colleagues and students from the two university campuses. There were a number of different age ranges and socioeconomic backgrounds represented. We came together to tell stories about our experiences with technology, a common cross-cultural experience that seemed appropriate to the work.RVK: As the process of making the beadworks unfolded however, what became apparent to me was the sheer amount of hours it takes to create a piece of “augmentation” through beading, and the deeply social nature of the activity. We also worked together on the videos for the AR part of the artwork. Each participant in the videos was asked to write a short text about some aspect of their relationship to technology and communications. We took the short stories, arranged them into pairs, and used them to write short scripts. We then invited each pair to perform the scripts together on camera in my studio. The stories were really broad ranging. My own was a reflection of the profound discomfort of finding a blog where a man I was dating was publishing the story of our relationship as it unfolded. Other stories covered the loss of no longer being able to play the computer games from teenage years, first encounters with new technologies and social networks, secret admirers, and crank calls to emergency services. The storytelling and dialogue between us as we shared our practices became an important, but unseen layer of this “dialogical” work (Kester).REBECCA CAINES: I came along to Rachelle’s studio at the university to be a participant in a video for the piece. My co-performer was a young woman called Nova Lee. We laughed and chatted and talked and sat knee-to-knee together to film our stories about technology, both of us focusing on different types of Internet relationships. We were asked to read one line of our story at a time, interweaving together our poem of experience. Afterwards I asked her where her name was from. She told me it was from a song. She found the song on YouTube on Rachelle’s computer in the studio and played it for us. Here is a sample of the lyrics: I told my daddy I'd found a girlWho meant the world to meAnd tomorrow I'd ask the Indian chiefFor the hand of Nova LeeDad's trembling lips spoke softlyAs he told me of my life twangs then he said I could never takeThis maiden for my wifeSon, the white man and Indians were fighting when you were bornAnd a brave called Yellow Sun scalped my little boySo I stole you to get even for what he'd doneThough you're a full-blooded Indian, son I love you as much as my own little fellow that's deadAnd, son, Nova Lee is your sisterAnd that's why I've always saidSon, don't go near the IndiansPlease stay awaySon, don't go near the IndiansPlease do what I say— Rex Allen. “Don’t Go Near the Indians.” 1962. Judy explained to Rachelle and I that this was a common history of displacement in Canada, people taken away, falling in love with their relatives without knowing, perhaps sensing a connection, always longing for a home (Campbell). I thought, “What a weight for this young woman to bear, this name, this history.” Other participants also learnt about each other this way through the sharing of stories. Many had come to Canada from other places, each with different cultural and colonial resonances. Through these moments of working together, new understandings formed that deeply affected the participants. In this way, layers of storytelling form the heart of this work.JA: Storytelling holds an incredibly special place in Aboriginal people’s lives; through them we learned the laws, rules, and regulations that governed our behaviour as individuals, within our family, our communities, and our nations. These stories included histories (personal and communal), sacred teachings, the way the world used to be, creation stories, medicine stories, stories regarding the seasons and animals, and stories that defined our relationship with the environment, etc. The stories we asked for not only showed that we as Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people have the same experiences, but also work in the way that a traditional story would. For example, Rachelle’s story taught a good lesson about how it is important to learn about the individual you are dating—had she not, her whole life could have been laid out to any who may have come across that man’s blog. My story spoke to the need to look up and observe what is around you instead of being engrossed in your own little world, because you don’t know who could be lifting your information. They all showed a common interest in sharing information, and laughing at mistakes and life lessons.Augmented Storytelling and Augmented RealityRC: This work relies on the augmented reality (AR) qualities of the QR code. Pavlik and Bridges suggest AR, even through relatively limited tools like a QR code, can have a significant impact on storytelling practices: “AR enriches an individual’s experience with the real world … Stories are put in a local context and act as a supplement to a citizen’s direct experience with the world” (Pavlik and Bridges 21). Their research shows that AR technologies like QR codes brings the story to life in a three dimensional and interactive form that allows the user a level of participation impossible in traditional, analogue media. They emphasize the different viewing possible in AR storytelling as: The new media storytelling model is nonlinear. The storyteller conceptualizes the audience member not as a consumer of the story engaged in a third-person narrative, but rather as a participant engaged in a first-person narrative. The storyteller invites the participant to explore the story in a variety of ways, perhaps beginning in the middle, moving across time, or space, or by topic. (Pavlik and Bridges 22) In their case studies, Pavlik and Bridges show AR has the “potential to become a viable storytelling format with a diverse range of options that engage citizens through sight, sound, or haptic experiences… to produce participatory, immersive, and community-based stories” (Pavlik and Bridges 39). The personal stories in this artwork were remediated a number of different ways. They were written down, then separated into one-line fragments, interwoven with our partners, and re-read again and again for the camera, before being edited and processed. Marked by the artists clearly as ‘Aboriginal’ and ‘non Aboriginal’ and placed alongside works featuring traditional beading, these stories were marked and re-inscribed by complex and fragmented histories of indigenous and non-indigenous relations in Canada. This history was emphasized as the QR codes were also physically located in the First Nations University of Canada, a unique indigenous space.To view this artwork in its entirety, therefore, two camera-enabled and internet-capable mobile devices were required to be used simultaneously. Due to the way they were accessed and played back through augmented reality technologies, stories in the gallery were experienced in nonlinear fashions, started part way through, left before completion, or not in sync with the partner they were designed to work with. The audience experimented with the video content, stopping and starting it to produce new combinations of words and images. This experience was also affected by chance as the video files online were on a cycle, after a set period of time, the scan would suddenly produce a new story. These augmented stories were recreated and reshaped by participants in dialogue with the space, and with each other. Augmented Stories and Improvised CommunitiesRC: In her 1997 study of the reception of new media art in galleries, Beryl Graham surveys the types of audience interaction common to new media art practices like AR art. She “reveals patterns of use of interactive artworks including the relation of use-time to gender, aspects of intimidation, and social interaction.” In particular, she observes “a high frequency of collective use of artworks, even when the artworks are designed to be used by one person” (Graham 2). What Graham describes as “collective” and “social,” I see as a type of improvisation engaging with difference, differences between audience members, and differences between human participants and the alien nature of sophisticated, interactive technologies. Improvisation “embodies real-time creative decision-making, risk-taking, and collaboration” (Heble). In the improvisatory act, participants participate in active listening in order to work with different voices, experiences, and practices, but share a common focus in the creative endeavour. Notions such as “the unexpected” or “the mistake” are constantly reconfigured into productive material. However, as leading improvisation studies scholar Ajay Heble suggests, “improvisation must be considered not simply as a musical or creative form, but as a complex social phenomenon that mediates transcultural inter-artistic exchanges that produce new conceptions of identity, community, history, and the body” (Heble). I watched at the opening as audience members in Parallel Worlds, Intersecting Moments paired up, successfully or unsuccessfully attempted to scan the code and download the video, and physically wrapped themselves around their partner (often a stranger) in order to hear the quiet audio in the loud gallery. The audience began to help each other through the process, to improvise together. The QR code was not always a familiar or comfortable object. The audience often had to install a QR code reader application onto their own device first, and then proceed to try to get the reader to work. Underfunded university Wi-Fi connections dropped, Apple ID logins failed, devices stalled. There were sudden loud cries when somebody successfully scanned their half of the work, and then rushes and scrambles as small groups of people attempted to sync their videos to start at the same time. The louder the gallery got, the closer the pairs had to stand to each other to hear the video through the device’s tiny speakers. Many people looked over someone else’s shoulder without their knowledge. Sometimes people were too close for comfort and behavior was negotiated and adapted. Sometimes, the pairs gave up trying; sometimes they borrowed each other’s devices, sometimes their phone or tablet was incompatible. Difference created new improvisations, or introduced sudden stops or diversions in the activities taking place. The theme of the work was strengthened every time an improvised negotiation took place, every time the technology faltered or succeeded, every time a digital or physical interaction was attempted. Through the combination of augmented bead practices used in an innovative way, and augmented technology with new audiences, new types of improvisatory responses could take place.Initially I found it difficult to not simplify and stereotype the processes taking place, to read it as a metaphor of the differing access to resources and training in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities, a clear example of the ways technology-use marks wealth and status. As I moved through the space, caught up in dialogic, improvisatory encounters, cross-cultural experiences broke down, but did not completely erase, these initial markers of difference. Instead, layers of interaction and information began to be placed over the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal identities in the gallery. My own assumptions were placed under pressure as I interacted with the artists and the other participants in the space. My identity as a relative newcomer to Saskatchewan was slowly augmented by the stories and experiences I shared and heard, and the audience members shifted back and forth between being experts in the aspects of the stories and technologies that were familiar, and asking for help to translate and activate the stories and processes that were alien.Augmented Art PracticesJA: There is an old saying, “if it doesn’t move, bead it.” I think that this desire to augment with the decorative is handed down through traditional thoughts and beliefs regarding clothing. Once nomadic we did not accumulate many goods, as a result, the goods we did keep were beautified though artistic practices including quilling and eventually beadwork (painting too). And our clothing was thought of as spiritual because it did the important act of protecting us from the elements, therefore it was thought of as sacred. To beautify the clothing was to honour your spirit while at the same time it honoured the animal that had given its life to protect you (Berlo and Phillips). I think that this belief naturally grew to include any item, after all, there is nothing like an object or piece of clothing that is beaded well—no one can resist it. There is, however, a belief that humans should not try to mimic perfection, which is reserved for the Creator and in many cases a beader will deliberately put a bead out of place.RC: When new media produces unexpected results, or as Rachelle says, when pixels “go out of place”, it can be seen as a sign that humans are (deliberately or accidently) failing to use the digital technology in the way it was intended. In Parallel Worlds, Intersecting Moments the theme of cross cultural encounters and technological communication was only enhanced by these moments of displacement and slippage and the improvisatory responses that took place. The artists could not predict the degree of slippage that would occur, but from their catalogue texts and the conversations above, it is clear that collective negotiation was a desired outcome. By creating a QR code based artwork that utilized augmented art practices to create new types of storytelling, the artists allowed augmented identities to develop, slip, falter, and be reconfigured. Through the dialogic art practices of traditional beading and participatory video work, Anderson and Knowles began to build new modes of communication and knowledge sharing. I believe there could be productive relationships to be further explored between what Judy calls the First Nations “desire to bead” whilst acknowledging human fallibility; and the ways Rachelle aims to technologically-augment conversation and storytelling through contemporary AR and video practices despite, or perhaps because of the possibility of risk and disruptions when bodies and code interact. What kind of trust and reciprocity becomes possible across cultural divides when this can be acknowledged as a common human quality? How could beads and/or pixels being “out of place” expose fault lines and opportunities in these kinds of cross-cultural knowledge transfer? As Judy suggested in our conversations, such work requires active engagement from the audience in the process that does not always occur. “In those instances, does the piece fail or people fail the piece? I'm not sure.” In crossing back and forth between these different types of augmentation impulses, and by creating improvisatory, dialogic encounters in the gallery, these artists began the tentative, complex, and vital process of cultural exchange, and invited participants and audience to take this step with them and to work “across traditional and contemporary modes of production” to “use the language and process of art to speak, listen, teach and learn” (Knowles and Anderson).ReferencesAdams, K.C. “Cyborg Hybrid \'cy·borg 'hi·brid\ n.” KC Adams, n.d. 16 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.kcadams.net/art/arttotal.html›. Allen, Rex. “Don't Go Near the Indians.” Rex Allen Sings and Tells Tales of the Golden West. Mercury, 1962. LP and CD.Anderson, Judy, and Rachelle Viader Knowles. Parallel Worlds, Intersecting Moments. First Nations University of Canada Gallery; Slate Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, 2012. Art Placement. “Ruth Cuthand”. Artists. Art Placement, n.d. 16 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.artplacement.com/gallery/artists.php›.Berlo, Janet Catherine, and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Campbell, Maria. Stories of the Road Allowance People. Penticton, B.C.: Theytus Books, 1995. Critical Faculties. Regina: University of Regina and First Nations University of Canada, 2012. Graham, Beryl C.E. “A Study of Audience Relationships with Interactive Computer-Based Visual Artworks in Gallery Settings, through Observation, Art Practice, and Curation”. Dissertation. University of Sunderland, 1997. Heble, Ajay. “About ICASP.” Improvisation, Community, and Social Practice. University of Guelph; Social Sciences Humanities Research Council of Canada, n.d. 16 Nov. 2011 ‹http://www.improvcommunity.ca/›.Kester, Grant. Conversation Pieces: Community and Communication in Modern Art. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Knowles, Rachelle Viader. 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In the 16th century Philippines, the marriage of the Church and the State was the dominant set-up by virtue of Spain’s quest for colonization and evangelization. Civil administrators and church missionaries were called to cooperate the will of the king. Inmost cases, their point of contact was also the area of friction because of their opposing intentions. The early Spanish missionaries in the 16th century Philippines were influenced by the teachings of Bartolome de Las Casas and Vitoria that ignited them to confront their civil counterparts who were after getting the wealth and resources of the natives at the expense of their dignity and rights. Since the King showed interest in protecting the rights of the Indians, Churchmen used legal procedures, reports and personaltestimonies in the Royal Court to create changes in the systems employed in the islands. The relationship between the Spaniards and the natives cannot be reduced to a monolithic relationship between the two races. The power dynamics should be viewed within the plethora of groups who were engaged in the discourse including the bishop of Manila, governor-general, encomenderos, adelantados, soldiers, religious orders, native leaders and even the common indios. Given the canvas of conflicting motives, the proponents of conquests and missionary undertakings grappled to persuade the Spanish Royal Court to take their respective stand on the disputed human rights and justice issues on the legitimacy of the conquest, tributes, slavery and forced labor. References Primary Documentary Sources Anales Ecclesiasticos de Philipinas: 1574-1682. Volume 1. Manila: Archdioceseof Manila Archives, 1994. Arancel. Quezon City: Archivo de la Provincia del Santo Rosario (APSR), MSTomo 3, Doc.3. Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson Alexander, eds. at annots. The Philippine Islands,1493-1898: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions ofthe Islands and Their Peoples, their History and Records of the CatholicMissions, as related in Contemporaneous Books and ManuscriptsShowing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditionsof Those Islands from Their Earliest Conditions with European Nationsto the Close of the Nineteenth Century. 55 Volumes. Cleveland: ArthurH Clark, 1903-1909. Hereinafter referred to as B and R. The followingprimary documents were used in this dissertation: Colin-Pastells. LaborEvangelica I. Historical Conservation Society. The Christianizationof the Philippines. Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1965. Keen, Benjamin, Editor. Latin American Civilization: History and Society, 1492to the Present. London: Westview Press, 1986. Las Casas, Bartolome. Historia de las Indias. Mexico, 1951. __________________. The Spanish Colonie. University Microfilms Inc., 1996.Licuanan, Virginia Benitez and Mira Jose Llavador, eds and annots. PhilippinesUnder Spain. 6 Volumes. Manila: National Trust for Historical and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines, 1996. Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands (1668). Translated byPaul S. Lietz. Chicago: Philippine Studies Program, 1960. National Historical Commission, Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos de Ultramar,Madrid, 1887. Navarette, Martin Fernandez D. Colleccion de los Viajes y descubrimientos queHicieron por mar los espanoles desde fines del siglo XV. Madrid: 1825-1837. Pastells, Pablo. Historia General de Filipinas in Catalogo de los DocumentosRelativos a las Islas Filipinas. Barcelona, 1925. Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. Tomo I. Madrid, 1943.San Agustin, Gaspar de. Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translatedby Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. Manila: San Agustin Museum, 1998. Zaide, Gregorio, eds. at annots. Documentary Sources of Philippine History. 14Volumes. Manila: National Bookstore, 1990. Secondary Sources Books Chan, Manuel T. The Audiencia and the Legal System in the Philippines (1583-1900). Manila: Progressive Printing Palace, Inc., 1998. Cunningham, Charles Henry. The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies: AsIllustrated by the Audiencia of Manila 1583-1800. Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1919. Cushner, Nicolas P. The Isles of the West: Early Spanish Voyages to thePhilippines, 1521-1564. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1966. _________________. Spain in the Philippines: From Conquest to the Revolution. Aberdeen:Cathay Press Ltd., 1971. De la Costa, Horacio. Jesuits in the Philippines. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1961. De la Rosa, Rolando V. Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans. Manila: USTPress, 1990. Fernandez, Pablo. History of the Church in the Philippines. Manila: NationalBookstore, 1979. Gutierrez, Lucio, O.P. Domingo Salazar, OP First Bishop of the Philippines: 1512-1594. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Press, 2001. Haring, C.H. The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Harcourt, Brace andWorld Inc., 1963. Keen, Banjamin. A History of Latin America, 5th Edition. Vol.1. Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company, 1996. Keller, Albert Galloway. Colonization. Boston: 1908. Luengo, Josemaria. A History of Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade (1565-1815). Bohol:Mater Dei Publications, 1996. Munoz, Honorio. Vitoria and the Conquest of America: A Study on the FirstReading on the Indians. Manila: UST Press, 1938. _____________. Vitoria and War: A Study on the Second Reading on the Indians oron the Right of War. Manila: UST Press, 1937. Noone, Martin. The Islands Saw It.1521-1581. Ireland: Helicon Press, 1982. Pitrie, Sir Charles. Philip II of Spain. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1963. Porras, Jose Luis. The Synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo,Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1990. Rafael. Vicente. Contracting Colonialism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1998. Santiago, Luciano P.R. To Love and To Suffer: The Development of theReligious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines, 1565-1898. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 2005. Scott, J.B. Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations. Oxford, 1934.Scott, William Henry. Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. Manila: De la Salle UniversityPress, 1991. Shumway, David. Michel Foucault. Virginia: G. K. Hall and Co., 1989. Simpson, Lesley Byrd. The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning ofSpanish Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Sitoy, Valentino Jr. The Initial Encounter: a History of Christianity in the Philippines,Vol. 1. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1985. Zafra, Nicolas. Readings in Philippine History. Manila. University of the Philippines, 1947. Zaide, Gregorio F. The Pageant of Philippine History Vol. 1. Manila: 1979. Articles Arcilla, Jose S. S.J., The Spanish Conquest. Kasaysayan: The Story of theFilipino People Vol. 3. Hongkong: C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, 1998. Bernal, Rafael. “Introduction.” The Colonization and Conquest of the Philippinesby Spain: Some Contemporary Source Documents. Manila: FilipinianaBook Guild, 1965. Burkholder, Mark A. “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin AmericanHistory and Culture Vol.5. Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. NewYork: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996. Burkholder, Susanne Hiles. “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin AmericanHistory and Culture Vol.5 Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum.New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996. De Jesus, Edilberto. “Christianity and Conquest: The Basis of Spanish SovereigntyOver the Philippines.” The Beginnings of Christianity in the Philippines.Manila: Philippine Historical Institute, 1965. Donovan, William. “Las Casas, Bartolome.” Encyclopedia of Latin American Historyand Culture Vol.3. Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. New York:Macmillan Library Reference, 1996. Gutierrez, Lucio. “Domingo de Salazar’s Struggle for Justice and Humanizationin the Conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14, 1975. ____________. “Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines (1512-1594): Defender of the Rights of the Filipinos at the Spanish Contact”Philippiniana Sacra XX, 1979. ____________. “Domingo de Salazar’s Memorial of 1582 on the Status of the Philippines:A Manifesto for Freedom and Humanization.” Philippiniana SacraVol. 21, No. 63, 1986. ___________. “Opinion of Fr. Domingo de Salazar, O.P. First Bishop of the Philippinesand the Major Religious Superiors Regarding Slaves.” PhilippinianaSacra Vol. 22, No. 64, 1986. ___________. “The Synod of Manila: 1581-1586.” Philippiniana Sacra Vol. XXV, No.74, 1990. Keith, Robert G. “Encomienda,Hacienda and Corregimiento in Spanish America:A Structural Analysis.” Hispanic American Historical Review 51:pp.110-116. Kirkpatrick, F. A. “Repartimiento-Encomienda.” Hispanic American HistoricalReview XIX: pp.373-379. Pastrana, Apolinar. “The Franciscans and the Evangelization of the Philippines(1578-1900).” Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas, 29, Jan-Feb 1965:pp.83-85. Quirk, Robert E. “Some Notes on a Controversial Controversy: Juan Gines deSepulveda and Natural Servitude.” Hispanic American Historical ReviewVol.XXXIV No.3 August 1954: 358. Ramirez, Susan S. “Encomienda.” Encyclopedia of Latin American History andCulture, Vol.2 Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. New York: MacmillanLibrary Reference, 1996. Schwaller, John F. “Patronato Real”. Encyclopedia in Latin American History andCulture, Vol.4. Edited by Barbara a. Tenenbaum. New York: MacmillanLibrary Reference, 1996. Scott. William Henry. “Why did Tupas betray Dagami?” Philippine Quarterly ofCulture and Society 14 (1986): p.24. Villaroel, Fidel. “The Church and the Philippine Referendum of 1599.” PhilippinianaSacra Vol.XXXV 2000: pp.89-128. Internet Source Hyperdictionary. http://www. hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/politics, accessedon 18 December 2004. Human Rights Watch World Report for Philippines, 2017 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/philippines. General References Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Volume 1-5. Edited byBarbara A. Tenebaum. New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996. Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People ,Vol. 3 The Spanish Conquest.Hongkong: Asia Publishing Company Limited, 1998. Unpublished Materials Cabezon, Antonio. An Introduction to Church and State Relations According toFrancisco Vitoria. Unpublished Thesis: University of Sto. Tomas, 1964. De la Costa, Horacio. Jurisdictional Conflicts in the Philippines During the XVIand the XVII Centuries. Harvard: Unpublished Dissertation, 1951.