Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Description, etc., 1865”

This article focuses on the early period of French detective fiction (1860s), when the “roman policier” notion has not yet been formulated (In use was the notions “courtroom novel”, i.e. “roman judiciaire”). Émile Gaboriau acted as the founder of this genre through his series of novels about Monsieur Lecoq [starting with the novel – “The Lerouge Case” (“L’Affaire Lerouge”, 1865)]. His novels incorporate the criminal narrative features and social, psychological, historical, and political constructs. The author of the article analyses little-known literary works of the similar theme, written in the same period and far less known, such as the novels: “The Drama of the Rue de la Paix» (“Le Drame de la Rue de la Paix”) by Louis Marc Adolphe Belot and “The Crime Factory!” (“La Fabrique de crimes!”) by Paul Henri Corentin Féval (both written in 1866), as well as the stories: “The Black Pearl” (“La Perle noire”) by Victorien Sardou, 1861 and “The Killer of Albertine Renouf” (“Le Meurtrier d’Albertine Renouf. Les Derniers jours de Don Juan”) by Henri Laurent Rivière, 1865. All of them are indicative of the increased interest in criminal plots among the readership of the 1860s and, in a varying degree, have laid the basis for the new genre paradigmatics (crime, investigation process, investigating agency, interaction between a professional detective and an amateur one, wrong and right crime versions, etc.). The author of the article reach a conclusion that the activation of the description by the authors of the plot of Edgar Allan Poe’s canonical short story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is combined with solely “feuilletonistic” narrative resources (including melodramatic ones) were extensively used in the detective fiction, and the extremes of fashion for criminal plots were exposed to parody in Belot and Féval’s works.

JULIUS DÖRING. A 19TH-CENTURY NORTH LITHUANIA INVESTIGATORErnestas Vasiliauskas SummaryAn artist, a painting restorer, an art critic, an art pedagogue, a member of the intelligentsia, a historian, an archaeologist, a regional investigator, a librarian, a museum curator, and a traveller, Julius Friedrich Dцring (1818–1898) (Fig. 1) was born on 19(31) August 1818 in Dresden. He began to study art at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts in 1830, moving in 1845 to Jelgava (Mitau), the seat of Courland Governorate, where he actively participated in the city’s public and cultural life until his death. He was a drawing and calligraphy teacher at Jelgava Gymnasium (1859–1890) and other education in­stitutions. He was also involved with the Courland Society for Literature and Art (Kurländischen Gesellschaft für Lit­eratur und Kunst; hereinafter the Society) as a member from 1857, assistant librarian from 1859, librarian from 1860, and clerk during 1865–1893, the Courland Provincial Museum (Kurländischen Provinzial Museum) (Fig. 3) as a clerk, librar­ian (1865–1893), and member (1865–1898), and the Rīga Art Society as a member from its founding in 1871. In old age J. Dцring outlived his wife, Luise, and eldest son, Manfred, who both died in 1897. He passed away at 80 on 26 Septem­ber 1898 and, like his wife, was buried in the so-called cem­etery of St John’s Church in Jelgava (Fig. 4). It was levelled to the ground in the second half of the 20th century and the location of the grave of J. Dцring, the prominent investigator, remains unknown as do the graves of other prominent figures. J. Dцring also visited Lithuania (Kaunas Governorate at that time) more than once. In 1845 on the road from Ger­many to Courland and in 1847 and 1852 on the road to Germany and Italy he passed through Joniškis, Meškuičiai, Šiauliai, Bubiai, Tauragė, and Tilžė. In 1876 and 1877 he travelled by train through Mažeikiai, Papilė, Šiauliai, and Radviliškis as well as around Panevėžys County (Pasvalys, Moliūnai, Naujamiestis, Skaistakalnis (Jasnagurka), etc.). In 1884 he visited Griežė, in 1882 and 1886 the vicinity of Pasvalys, and 1887 Skuodas, Apuolė, Puodkaliai (presen-ting the results of these trips in the Society’s annual publica­tion), Joniškėlis, etc. J. Dцring’s investigations into Lithuania’s past (mainly in the north and several described objects in central Samogitia) spanned 12 years (1876–1887) and are specifically linked with locating Semigallian Raktė and Sidabrė Castles, Cu­ronian Griežė and Apuolė Castles, seven hillforts (Apuolė, Ąžuolpamūšė, Griežė I and II, Šimonys, Papušiai, and Puod­kaliai), two burial grounds (Griežė, Papušiai), sacred sites, and 15th–17th-century fortifications (Moliūnai) as well as small-scale archaeological excavations or field surveys in 1882 at Ąžuolpamūšė hillfort and in 1884 at Griežė Cemetery (together with Carl Boy). In addition he described an impor-ted winged brooch (Ger. Flügelfibel (Typ Garbsch 238r) mit profiliertem Bügelknopf) found at Adakavas, listed the finds from Griežė cemetery, and wrote commentaries for an arti­cle by Tadeusz Dowgird about the investigations and finds at Paluknys. His contribution in this area is unquestionable; the information he provides about the condition of the sites at that time is an important comparative source for their condition today. J. Dцring also created plans of some of the objects he had visited (Apuolė, Griežė, Moliūnai, Papušiai, and Puodka­liai) and some he had not (Kalnelis) (Figs. 5–14). Some of the objects, judging from his journal entries and publications in 1876–1877, 1882, 1884, and 1886–1887, he had visited, the location of others (Kalnelis/Sidabrė) he iden­tified using orally obtained information. The objective to identify the location of castles mentioned in written sources is connected with an investigation into the boundaries of the tribes that lived in the territory of the then (1881) Courland Governorate during the 12th–13th centuries (Fig. 15).A total of 14 of the publications ascribed to him are spe­cifically devoted to Lithuania* (one each in 1878, and 1883 and two each in 1876, 1881–1882, 1884, and 1886–1887). 1876–1878 and 1881–1887 should be considered his most productive period while information about his activities in 1879–1880 and 1885 is unknown (Table 2–3). In investigating his publications it is seen that the ge­ography of the objects J. Dцring visited and described en­compasses those North Lithuanian localities, where Ger­man landlords (e.g. von Behr, Bistram, Ropp and Keizer­lyng) (Table 1) (Fig. 2) had manors or German pastors (e.g. J. Lieventhal) worked in the Lutheran parishes. These Ger­mans were at the same time members of the Society, who provided investigators with information about the objects in their vicinity and assisted (sponsored (?)) field surveys. In fact, due to a lack of information at that time about spe­cific groups of archaeological sites (hillforts and especially the settlements at their feet) and a lack of a critical attitude towards the information provided in sources, in some cases searches were made for fortifications where none had existed in actuality, the area occupied by settlements was greatly ex­panded without any grounds (in the case of Curonian Griežė), and the location of the same castle given somewhat different names in different sources was identified in different places (in the case of Semigallian Raktė). It is natural that due to a lack of archaeological material, investigators have relied too much on the conclusions of linguists in deciding com­plex questions of ethnogenesis, which is how the term Finno- Curonian (Ger. finische Kuren, kurischfinnischen Einwohner) became established instead Curonian, but the Balts (for whom such concepts are not used) settled in the East Baltic only in the second half of the 1st millennium. In analysing the articles it was noted that he should be considered an advocate of the theory of Germanic migra­tions into the East Baltic region (Ger. Kulturträger) and he was well acquainted with the investigations of contempo­rary archaeologists (Oskar Montelius, Johannes Reinhold Aspelin, etc.). It is interesting that in his publications he never uses the territorial description ‘Kaunas Governorate’, preferring in­stead to use the concept, ‘Lithuania’. J. Dцring’s contribution to Latvian and Lithuanian ar­chaeology and historical geography are undeniable; the re­sults of his investigations into the past were used by inves­tigators working in the second half of the 19th century and later and they have not lost their importance even today....

The article deals with the concept ‘tea’ in two works by Fyodor Dostoevsky – the novels The House of the Dead (1860–1861) and Crime and Punishment (1865–1866).In these works, the concept ‘tea’ includes both traditional representations – ‘tea as an element of everyday life’, ‘tea as part of a meal’, ‘tea as an attribute of friendship and communication’ – and new ones created by Dostoevsky, such as ‘tea for thought’, ‘tea as medicine and a source of strength’, ‘tea as a source of spiritual balance’). An important representation for the psychological line of the works is ‘tea as a chronometer’ – when the heroes check their internal clock with the tea time, as well as with the temperature of tea as it is becoming cold. The paper gives particular attention to the representation ‘tea as a marker of wealth’. In the novel The House of the Dead it is presented through the scenes where guests are being entertained to tea and through descriptions of the quality of the drink, in the novel Crime and Punishment – through the representation ‘tea as luxury’.The paper establishes the role of the concept ‘tea’ in conveying the main author's idea in the works by Dostoevsky. Along with other concepts presented in the text, such as wine, tobacco, food, cards etc., tea in The House of the Dead is intended to show readers the contrast between freedom and prison, contributes to the translation of the idea of freedom as absolute value. Meant to depict a special state of life – on the border of the light and darkness, life and death, wealth and poverty, the representations of the concept ‘tea’ in Crime and Punishment greatly contribute to the depiction of Raskolnikov's mental state, fit into the semantics of St. Petersburg of Dostoevsky.

The article describes the activities of Konstantin Vysotsky (1836–1886), who was first to open a photographic studio (1866), a lithographic studio (1867), a printing house (1869), and a newspaper (1879) in Tyumen. The first consideration of Vysotsky in the context of the history of the media and their transformations/revolutions contributes to the novelty of the research. It allows for a description of his experience of media transformations in a Siberian regional town of the second half of the 19th century in a systematic way, as opposed to the local and fragmentary descriptions which existed in science until now. The research methodology is integrative in nature: the study of book printing as a cultural practice in connection with economic, social and cultural transformations within the boundaries of cultural history (F. Barbier) is combined with contextual and intertextual approaches, bibliological and structural-typological analysis. The research material contains Vysotsky’s book, photographic, lithographic, and newspaper heritage stored in the Russian National Library, Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve, I.Ya. Slovtsov Museum Complex (Tyumen), and the Digital Collection of the University of Tyumen entitled K.N. Vysotsky and the Media Culture of Tyumen. Vysotsky is presented both as an object and a subject of the economic, technological, social, and cultural transformations of the city. He was actively and creatively changing it. Based on the analysis of Vysotsky’s journalistic and publishing activities, his role in the history of the Tyumen shipping company and railway is revealed. The connection between Vysotsky and the landscape transformations of the city is shown. The idea that Vysotsky’s figure can be interpreted in the context of the phenomenon of new people in Russia in the 1860s–1870s is introduced. It is shown that the Tyumen generation of new people (N.M. Chukmaldin, K.N. Vysotsky, I.A. Kalganov, etc.) with their daily practices (reading, self-education, movement towards “light and will”, a new order in servant-master relations) was being formed largely under the influence of Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s novel What Is to Be Done? Tales of New People (1863), Nikolai Yadrintsev’s ideas of Siberian renovation, Ivan Turgenev’s interpretation of the image of Don Quixote (Hamlet and Don Quixote, 1860). Intertextual connections of the system of motifs revealing the image of new people in Nikolai Chukmaldin’s memoirs Notes on My Life (1902) and Chernyshevsky’s novel are presented. It is established that the first book published by Vysotsky, Charter of the Estate Manager Club in Tyumen, actually became a message about a new life of the city which Vysotsky and Chukmaldin addressed to the people of Tyumen. Another finding is the logic of Vysotsky’s professional development from photography to book printing. The author discusses the structure of the Vysotsky printing house repertoire dominated by documentary and non-fiction genres (road books, statutes, reports, calendars, catalogs, etc.). The complementarity of the book and visual (photographic and lithographic associated with the graphosphere) portraits of Tyumen created by Vysotsky contributed to a new hyper-reality which appeared in the city.

The article examines the creative history of short stories from the Russian history of Apollon Maikov on the basis of epistolary sources and archival materials. The idea of the work emerged in the author’s mind in a discussion with Fyodor Dostoevsky: in letters of 1867–1869 they reflected on Russia’s past and future, the work on the translation of the “Tale about Igor’s Campaign,” the need to create a textbook living history, the central event of which would be the spread of Christianity in Russia. In correspondence with Maikov, Dostoevsky outlined the concept of epics as a literary genre capable of expressing the essence of Russian history and “serving to revive the self-consciousness of the Russian people” and delineated the turning points of history that determined the future of the country. Maikov conceived another version of the description of Russia’s past — a cycle of ten to twelve historical short stories “for children and the people.” He recorded the plan of the work point by point in papers dating from 1868, and outlined it to Dostoevsky in an April letter for 1869. In separate short stories, he intended to reveal the deeds of Alexander Nevsky, Metropolitans Peter and Alexy, Dmitry Donskoy, Ioann III, Ivan the Terrible, Ermak, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Peter I, Catherine II, Suvorov, the events of 1812, the Crimean War and the liberation of the peasants. The author planned to tell the reader about the main events of Russian history and the patriots of Russia, to reveal the supreme destiny of its historical path, the prerequisites for the formation of the Russian national character, to highlight the idea of unity and integrity of all Russian territories. To realize the idea, Maikov processed chronicle legends, epics, folklore sources (for example, anecdotes about Peter I), the works of historians (I. D. Belyaev, K. P. Pobedonostsev, etc.). He thought out the plots in detail, worked through them repeatedly (which is confirmed by the preserved cycle plans for 1868 and 1881), but released from print only two short stories in 1869 (the second story includes four separate plots). Neither Dostoevsky nor Maikov succeeded in carrying out their plans for historical works. But their plans testify to a common understanding of the historical path of Russia — the path of preserving the Orthodox Christian truth in the struggle for identity and independence. Conscious of their moral duty to the fatherland, they considered it their duty to convey to readers the need to feel Russian and the right to be proud of the history of this great country.

Importance. The study of the processes that took place on the Russian Empire outskirts, contributes to their further consideration and comparison with similar processes that took place in the center, as a Russian history comprehensive research is connected with the history of its different regions. Dependent estates types in the East Caucasus and their liberation from feudal dependence in the second half of the 19th century are considered. The importance of the research is determined by the importance of substantiating the peasant reform process, its connection with the various factors that pushed for the implementation of the reform in the territory. The purpose of the research is to identify the negative and positive aspects that influenced the fate of the East Caucasus peoples and the region development in connection with the reform. Materials and Methods. The object of the research is different types of dependent class in the East Caucasus. The methods of description, synthesis, objectivity principle, historical-comparative method, etc. are used when considering the topic of the research. Archival materials and published sources are involved. Results and Discussion. The categories of dependent people in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Daghestan are categorized, and their rights also described. It is noted that the work on the liberation of dependent estates in the Caucasus began in 1866, while the serfdom issue in the Terek region was completed by the end of 1867 and in the Daghestan region – in 1868. Conclusion. The peasant reform carried out by the Russian authorities in the East Caucasus was half-hearted and partial. Having granted freedom to some categories of dependent estates, which was positive in the reform, it did not solve the land issue. In addition, in the Daghestan region peasants dependent on beks received freedom only in 1913.

Au cours du XIXe siècle, le développement du travail en air comprimé est à l’origine des premières observations cliniques attribuables aux effets de l’élévation de la pression sur l’organisme. En parallèle, la plongée en scaphandre devient une activité routinière. La conséquence est que de nombreux cas d’accidents de désaturation sont rapportés en milieu subaquatique. La première description s’intéressant à cette pathologie chez des scaphandriers, ayant fait l’objet d’une publication en 1869, est le fait de Le Roy de Méricourt, médecin de Marine, qui relate l’activité de pêcheurs d’éponges, utilisant des scaphandres de plongée. Le document de Le Roy de Méricourt constitue une référence essentielle qui a guidé le travail expérimental de grand physiologiste Paul Bert. Ces premières études sont toujours d’actualité, bien que peu à peu oubliées.

The Kłosy [The Ears of Grain] Polish weekly magazine (1865–1890) devoted some space to the history of culture, literature, the issues of scientific progress, travels, and descriptions of foreign countries. The paper discusses texts referring to matters of the ancient Near East as published in that journal. It includes a review and analysis of press materials dealing with various themes and includes the following: notes, reviews, announcements, articles, digressive travel reports, fiction, etc. They were presented in the context of the specificity of this kind of press and understanding of 19th-century intellectual needs. The more prominent or characteristic publications are generally discussed, while the summary presents statistical reflections on the distribution and formal transformations.

This study is concerned with the immigration of Galician Jews to Hungary. The first section examines the newspapers in circulation in the counties along the border and asks: What rhetorical devices did they use, and what commonplaces did they employ to justify their stereotypical and biased lines of argument in relation to the coexistence of Jews and established local societies. This section is followed by a description of the central government’s efforts to regulate migration. The study concludes with a study of the different types of migration (temporary, circular, repetitive, etc.) and provides an opportunity to interpret the contradiction between statistical data and contemporaries’ perception of “reality.”

The article considers emergence of writers-raznochintsy of young generation (N. Uspensky, A. Levitov, F. Reshetnikov, N. Pomyalovsky etc.) in the Russian Literature of the 1860s. These writers brought “the bad writing” as “a new word” in the Russian Literature. The subject of research is model of literary and domestic behavior of this generation of “folk-writers” and its difference from the model of behavior of writers-raznochintsy of previous generation based on sample of a “new man”. Features of socio-cultural and domes- tic behavior are as follows: 1) in spite of certain centers of attention to themselves (“Contemporary”, “Russian word”), these writers have not become part of the journal-editorial communities and, as a rule, did not develop general ideas; 2) the declaration of independence was “supported” by alienation from the way of life adopted in the circle of the magazine raznochintsy intelligentsia; their way of life was ostentatiously marginal; 3) the new generation is characterized by “Bohemian”, wandering life, begging, alcohol abuse and other manifestations of “asociality”. In the end we draw a conclusion that the literary reputation of carriers of new word about common people by a man of the common people created at the initial stage by criticism, and then supported by self-description called to literary life the phenomenon of “folk-writer”; the literary niche was created deliberately according to the theory of social realism as a new direction in the post Gogol’s period of literature development.

Fisheries independent data on relatively unstudied nekton communities were used to explore the efficacy of new tools to be applied in the investigation of shallow coastal coral reef habitats. These data obtained through concurrent diver visual and acoustic surveys provided descriptions of spatial community distribution patterns across seasonal temporal scales in a previously undocumented region. Fish density estimates by both diver and acoustic methodologies showed a general agreement in ability to detect distributional patterns across reef tracts, though magnitude of density estimates were different. Fish communities in southeastern Florida showed significant trends in spatial distribution and seasonal abundance, with higher estimates of biomass obtained in the dry season. Further, community composition shifted across reef tracts and seasons as a function of the movements of several key reef species.

L'œuvre de Nerval, parce que profondément liée à la vie de l'écrivain même, est abordée via les matériaux autobiographiques qui la constituent. La multiplication des descriptions, se développant sur le mode pictural, marque cette tentative de traduire les images en mots et les mots en images. Amorçant le mouvement de sémiose, les tropes indiquent une démarche de lecture pluri-directionnelle. Dévoilant ses propres mécanismes de constitution par la valeur métatextuelle qu'entretiennent ses composants, le texte s'offre au lecteur chargé de le (re)construire. L'oblicité des connexions intratextuelles, la reproduction des mêmes principes en ses différents niveaux, la récurrence au cœur de laquelle le texte se construit, sont figurés dans le texte avec les images du cercle et de la spirale, qui interviennent comme métaphores de son fonctionnement. L'écheveau sémiotique que dégage l'activité de (re)lecture trace les couloirs circulaires du labyrinthe que le lecteur arpente
The work of Nerval, because it is profoundly linked to the life of the author, is approached by the autobiographical materials which constitute it. The multiplication of descriptions developing on the pictorial mode, characterize this attempt to translate the pictures into words and the words into pictures. Starting with the movement of semiose, the tropes indicate a form of multi directional reading. Unveiling its own mechanisms of composition by the metatextual value maintained by its components, the text introduces itself to the reader responsible for reconstructing it. The obliquity of the intra-textual connections, the reproduction of the same principles in its different levels, the reoccurence at the heart of which the text builds itself, are drawn in the text with the images of the circle and of the spiral, which intervene like metaphors of its function. The semiotique skein which frees the act of reading traces the circular corridors of the labyrinth navigated by the reader

Letters of 1869–1872 of the famous figure of the Bulgarian Renaissance Spiridon Nikolayevich Palauzov to the outstanding researcher and collector of manuscript books Aleksey Yegorovich Viktorov, stored in the Russian State Library’s manuscripts department, are published in full for the first time. The value of these epistolary documents for Russian and Slavic literature of the 19th century lies in the fact that they contain little-known information on the history of research, attribution and publication of handwritten monuments such as “The Life and Praise of Saint Philothei of Athens”, “The Commendation of Saint Euthymius of Tarnovo” by Gregory Tsamblak, the Service of Holy Venerable Theodosius of Tarnovo, and the writings of Saint Clement of Ohrid and Tsar Simeon I the Great, the Great Menaion Reader was compiled in the 1530s–1540s under the supervision of Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, etc. An introductory article gives a brief description of the letters. The text of the epistolary documents is provided with historical, literary and real commentary.

The article summarizes the results of a long-term study of the poetic activity of P.A. Vyazemsky (1792–1878), reflected in his lifetime publications, autobiographical, memoir and epistolary materials preserved in the writer’s archive. The works of the poet were published many times, including “Complete works” in 12 volumes (1878–1896). However, none of these publications, including Soviet ones, fully reflect Vyazemsky’s poetic legacy (even if we sum up such publications). In addition, the 12-volume collection contains some works of other authors mistakenly placed there. The existing bibliographies of the poet’s texts published by M.N. Longinov (1862), S.I. Ponomarev (1879), and D.D. Yazykov (1904) are also full of lacunae, inaccuracies, and contradictions. System accounting and textual interpretation of manuscripts (autographs, lists) of Vyazemsky’s poems and his poetic sketches in the Ostafyevsky archive (RSALA) and other archives make it possible to significantly supplement the idea of the writer’s late work and literary and social position, to clarify his authorship in relation to a number of controversial texts in this regard (“For the current war”, “Who needs whom more?”, “Rampant life in carlsbad we are...” etc.). It is necessary to take into account the poetic inserts in translated and original dramatic works written by Vyazemsky alone or in collaboration with V.L. Pushkin and A.S. Griboyedov. The result of a comprehensive study of the totality of direct and indirect evidences on Vyazemsky’s work was the authors “alphabetical index of P.A. Vyazemsky works,” which includes about 1350 bibliogrammes that demonstrate variations of names and the first lines of particular poems, information about their first publications or archival sources, and the necessary historical and literary commentary on them.

The review analyzes the travelogues of Vladan Djordjević, Travel Traces by Vladan Djordjevic (Book One, Belgrade, 1865), Mita Rakić, From New Ser- bia (1881), Metropolitan Mihailo Jovanović, Christian Shrines in the East (1886), Dragomir Brzak, From Avala to Bosphorus (1895), Branislav Nušić, Kosovo - description of the country and the people (1902-03), Grigorij Božović, Lines and cuts (1928), Wonderful angles (1930), as well as Stanislav Krakov, Through southern Serbia (1926). Special attention is paid to the artistic display of the endowments of the Holy King Milutin (such as the monasteries Gračanica and Banjska, St. George in Old Nagoričanin, but also small churches dedicated to Joachim and Anna in the Studenica monastery complex, as well as the monastery Prohor Pčinjski when restored by King Milutin, and among the monastery of the Holy Archangels in Jerusalem near the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is also en- dowed). Milutin's famous endowment of the Mother of God Ljeviska in Prizren at that time was turned into a mosque and therefore is not described in detail in the travelogues. The saintly cult of King Milutin and his grave site in the church of the "Holy King" in Sofia, which was built in 1865, etc., were also pointed out.

The article “Human capital and its role in modern business” is aimed at determining the importance of human capital and its role in modern business, as well as its importance in developing the economy and society. The article also describes three levels of the competitiveness of human capital, such as nano, micro and macro levels, which form a multi-level cone of the competitiveness of human capital. The article highlights how important, under the conditions, is raise knowledge and form those professionals who will be able to invent, introduce and generate new innovative products, technologies and services, in particular regarding the role of marketing and marketers in the evolution of modern business. The article analyzes the education system in the world and gives a description of the 10 best educated countries, among which South Korea is ranked first, while the best education system in terms of efficiency is in Switzerland, Denmark, etc. The article also mentions the education system of Georgia, which has the best position in the Caucasus region. The paper analyzes the role of investment in education and provides the dynamics of statistical data for 2016-2023. The article focuses on who is a marketer and what role he has in business development, from which it is clear that this is a person who can promote the organization's products and services, develop effective marketing strategies, increase sales to meet customer needs, and thereby strengthen the company's financial stability and place in the market. The article provides an analysis of the results of the research, from which it is clear that 27.3% of the interviewed respondents believe that the level of qualification of marketers is inadequate, therefore, in their opinion, attention should be paid to the training of qualified specialists, in particular: improving the skills of developing marketing strategies; knowledge of foreign languages and issues of studying competition in the field. The article focused on the theoretical and practical experience of today's marketers, and the results in this regard are as follows: It is less possible to get practical experience in Georgia - 9.1%; Marketers often do not have enough experience - 18.5%; Successful marketers have good knowledge and skills -18.5%. Marketers working in modern successful companies really have theoretical and practical marketing experience - 53.9%. The article presents important considerations related to the company's interest in training highly qualified marketers: Usually, the company should be very interested in this, but in reality pays inadequate attention to the issue of raising their qualifications; As time goes by, companies are more aware of the need and necessity of marketing, so we believe that the company should constantly take care of raising their qualifications; The company is not interested in that; The company is rarely interested in that. Based on all of the above, in our opinion, it is important for the best marketer to have the following skills: Willingness to continuously study new marketing strategies; To know their customers and markets; To demonstration time management skills; To withstand a large workload; To study and understand their competitors; To set precise and effective goals; To constantly develop their skills. Considering the fact that most companies want to have business relations with foreign partners in order to strengthen their financial stability, it is necessary for a marketer to be proficient in a foreign language at a B2 level. Article in Georgian.