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1
Gould, Philip. "The Pocahontas Story in Early America". Prospects 24 (październik 1999): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000314.
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Near the end of Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Thomas Jefferson offers a notably ambivalent assessment of Captain John Smith: “To his efforts principally may be ascribed [the colony's] support against the opposition of natives. He was honest, sensible, and well-informed; but his style is barbarous and uncouth. His history, however, is almost the only source from which we derive any knowledge of the infancy of the state” (177). Such ambivalence registers the degree to which late 18th-century ideologies of civility and refinement mediated historical accounts of Virginia's colonial past, and it begins to suggest an overlooked context for reconsidering the cultural meaning of the Smith–Pocahontas story during this era. For the episode traditionally has been read in terms of race and “the birth of the nation” (Jenkins, 10). While influential critics of Smith have extolled his enterprising “genius” and his “doctrine of hard work and self–reliance,” revisionist critiques of Smith's version of American heroism manage only to reproduce the same interpretive categories. Indeed, to revisionists, the Pocahontas story instances an ethnocentrism endemic to colonial encounters: Smith fails to recognize the huskanaw ceremony (whereby he is made a werowance to Powhattan); and Pocahontas's “self-abandonment” prefigures the doctrine of Manifest Destiny.
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Briggs, R. D., i R. C. Lemin Jr. "Delineation of climatic regions in Maine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, nr 6 (1.06.1992): 801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-109.
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As part of a project to develop a productivity-oriented site classification system for spruce and fir in Maine, multivariate analyses of meteorological data were used to partition the state into homogeneous climatic zones. Data were obtained for 63 weather stations reporting both temperature and precipitation in Maine during the period 1954–1983. Monthly means were computed for each variable over the period of record and summarized by four 3-month seasons. Eighty-two percent of the variation in the 37 variables was accounted for by the first three principal components. Cluster analysis identified eight homogeneous groups of weather stations. Results from the principal components analysis were spatially extrapolated across the state using stepwise regression to define the relationship between the first two principal components and the location variables latitude, longitude, and elevation. Principal component scores were predicted across the state along a grid composed of township line intersections. The Triangulated Irregular Network of ARCINFO, a geographic information system software package, was used to spatially summarize the predicted component scores into climagraphic maps. The combined results from cluster analysis and spatial extrapolation of the principal components analysis suggested the presence of four broad climatic regions, which were further subdivided into nine climatic zones. Overlap among the four regions and nine zones was evaluated with a jackknifed classification of a linear discriminant function. Ninety-four percent of the weather stations were correctly classified by climatic region, whereas 76% were correctly classified by climatic zone. The high degree of correspondence between climatic zones and biophysical regions reinforced results of the multivariate analyses.
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Zottoli, JD, JS Collie i MJ Fogarty. "Measuring the balance between fisheries catch and fish production". Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (11.06.2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13316.
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Balanced harvesting has been proposed as a fisheries management strategy to mitigate the impacts of fisheries removal on ecosystem structure. One definition of balanced harvest is that all species should be harvested in proportion to their annual production. However, most marine ecosystems lack comprehensive production estimates necessary to empirically measure the degree of balance. We developed and tested 2 new methods for estimating fish biomass production at the species level with limited data requirements. Application of our techniques to 4 ecological production units in the northwest Atlantic (Mid-Atlantic Bight, Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine, and western Scotian Shelf) from 1991-2013 provided a direct estimate of 1.9 million t yr-1 of total fish production. The degree of balance between catch and production distributions at the species level, assessed using the proportional similarity index, ranged from 0.34 to 0.83 on a scale from near 0 to 1. Increased balance was positively associated with yield in the Gulf of Maine (Spearman’s, p = 0.04). Increased balance was negatively associated with an ecosystem impact indicator in the Gulf of Maine (Spearman’s, p = 0.03) and Mid-Atlantic Bight (Spearman’s, p = 0.02). These case studies provide some evidence of benefit to humans and reduced ecosystem harm from more balanced harvest. More importantly, we provide a unique empirical metric of balanced harvest at the species level, and develop potential indicators and methods for ecosystem-based fisheries management.
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Annis, Eric R., Carl J. Wilson, Robert Russell i Philip O. Yund. "Evidence for thermally mediated settlement in lobster larvae (Homarus americanus)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, nr 11 (listopad 2013): 1641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0060.
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We examined the potential for bottom temperatures ≤12 °C to inhibit successful recruitment of planktonic lobster postlarvae to the benthos. In laboratory trials, postlarvae held at 11 °C exhibited higher mortality, slower development, and reduced size increase at molt relative to postlarvae held at 13 °C. We sampled at field sites within Machias Bay, Maine (mean bottom temperature 12.39 °C, 46.1 degree-days ≥12 °C) and at the mouth of the bay (mean bottom temperature 11.57 °C, 5.1 degree-days ≥12 °C), where temperature was influenced by the cold Eastern Maine Coastal Current (EMCC). We found significantly higher settlement at the warm inshore site but, the abundance of competent planktonic postlarvae was not significantly different between sites, indicating a disconnect between postlarval abundance and settlement. Regional sampling of newly settled lobsters revealed a pattern of higher settlement at inshore sites extending across a broader coastal region impacted by the EMCC. Our results suggest that small differences in water temperature may shape settlement patterns through either behavioral avoidance of colder settlement sites or elevated postsettlement mortality of postlarvae settling at colder sites.
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Matsa, David A., i Amalia R. Miller. "Who Votes for Medicaid Expansion? Lessons from Maine's 2017 Referendum". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 44, nr 4 (12.04.2019): 563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-7530801.
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Abstract Context: In November 2017, Maine became the first state in the nation to vote on a key provision of the Affordable Care Act: the expansion of Medicaid. Methods: This study merged official election results from localities across Maine with Census Bureau and American Hospital Association data to identify characteristics of areas that support Medicaid expansion. Findings: Places with more bachelor's degree holders more often vote in favor, whereas those with more associate's degree graduates tend to vote against. Conditional on education rates, areas with more uninsured individuals who would qualify for expanded coverage tend to vote in favor, while those with more high-income individuals tend to vote against. Also conditional on education rates, greater hospital employment is associated with support for expansion, but the presence of other health professionals, whose incomes might decrease from expansion, is associated with less support. Conclusions: Voting patterns are mostly consistent with economic self-interest, except for the sizable association of bachelor's degree holders with support for Medicaid expansion. Direct democracy can shift Medicaid policy: extrapolating to other states, the model predicts that hypothetical referenda would pass in 5 of the 18 states that had not yet expanded Medicaid at the time of Maine's vote.
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Ludman, Allan, John T. Hopeck i Henry N. Berry IV. "Provenance and paleogeography of post-Middle Ordovician, pre-Devonian sedimentary basins on the Gander composite terrane, eastern and east-central Maine: implications for Silurian tectonics in the northern Appalachians". Atlantic Geology 53 (16.03.2017): 063–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2017.003.
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Recent mapping in eastern and east-central Maine addresses long-standing regional correlation issues and permits reconstruction of post-Middle Ordovician, pre-Devonian paleogeography of sedimentary basins on the Ganderian composite terrane. Two major Late Ordovician-Silurian depocenters are recognized in eastern Maine and western New Brunswick separated by an emergent Miramichi terrane: the Fredericton trough to the southeast and a single basin comprising the Central Maine and Aroostook-Matapedia sequences to the northwest. This Central Maine/Aroostook-Matapedia (CMAM) basin received sediment from both the Miramichi highland to the east and highlands and islands to the west, including the pre-Late Ordovician Boundary Mountains, Munsungun-Pennington, and Weeksboro-Lunksoos terranes. Lithofacies in the Fredericton trough are truncated and telescoped by faulting along its flanks but suggest a similar basin that received sediment from highlands to the west (Miramichi) and east (St. Croix).Deposition ended in the Fredericton trough following burial and deformation in the Late Silurian, but continued in the CMAM basin until Early Devonian Acadian folding. A westward-migrating Acadian orogenic wedge provided a single eastern source of sediment for the composite CMAM basin after the Salinic/Early Acadian event, replacing the earlier, more local sources. The CMAM, Fredericton, and Connecticut Valley-Gaspé depocenters were active immediately following the Taconian orogeny and probably formed during extension related to post-Taconian plate adjustments. These basins thus predate Acadian foreland sedimentation.Structural analysis and seismic reflection profiles indicate a greater degree of post-depositional crustal shortening than previously interpreted. Late Acadian and post-Acadian strike-slip faulting on the Norumbega and Central Maine Boundary fault systems distorted basin geometries but did not disturb paleogeographic components drastically.
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Anderson, Dennis S., i Ronald B. Davis. "The vegetation and its environments in Maine peatlands". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, nr 10 (1.10.1997): 1785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-893.
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This study is based on relevés from 96 peatlands representing the typologic, environmental, and geographic variation of Maine peatlands, and on peat pore-water chemistry at a representative set of 51 of these peatlands. We give optima and tolerances of pH, Ca, P, NO3-N, NH4-N, and influence of upper on lower vegetational strata for the 73 most common vascular plant species, excluding sedges, which are presented elsewhere. The program TWINSPAN differentiated 30 plant communities. Environments of the first seven TWINSPAN divisions differed largely by Ca, pH, P, NH4, Fe, microrelief, substrate depth, degree of humification, and climate. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection entered pH, P, Na, Fe, Ca, Mg, and percent H2O as the minimum number of variables which best explains species variation. A CCA of the lower strata vascular plants demonstrated the importance of the upper strata (percent overstory) on species' distributions. Gradients of pH–alkalinity and percent overstory are primary in determining Maine's peatland vegetation. Other important gradients are percent H2O in upper peat, concentrations of lithic elements (P, Fe, Mn, Al, and Si) in pore water, and climate. Although these gradients partially covary, some of the variation in species' distributions can be attributed to independent aspects of individual gradients. Species richness across the range of peatland types is related to pH–alkalinity for vascular plants, and to percent H2O, microrelief, and percent overstory for bryophytes. Key words: plant communities, Maine, multivariate statistical analysis, peatlands, mires, vegetation.
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Bylinskaya, D. S., N. V. Zelenevsky i D. V. Vasiliev. "ANATOMICAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY OF THE HEART OF A MAINE COON CAT". International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, nr 3 (17.10.2022): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.3.170.
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The heart is the central and regulatory organ of the cardiovascular system, the study of the morphology of its bloodstream in humane and veterinary medicine is an important aspect for further diagnosis, prevention and treatment of heart pathologies. In all studied species, the heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary arteries, which, according to the species and breed features of the structure, can differ in the degree of their development. The study of the main branches of the coronary arteries and branches of the first and second order, together with their functional significance in the blood supply of a particular structure of the heart, is a topical area in modern veterinary morphology. The purpose of the study is to study the anatomical and topographic patterns of the left coronary artery of the heart of a Maine Coon cat. The object for the study was the corpses of Maine Coon cats at the age of three to five years. In total, five corpses of animals were studied, of which three cats (male) and two cats (females). The following research methods were used: fine anatomical preparation and making casts of heart vessels using Flexstep latex milk. In the course of the study, it was found that the blood supply to the heart of a Maine Coon cat occurs due to the right and left coronary arteries, the latter of which is dominant, from which it follows that this breed of cats has a left-coronal type of blood supply. In the region of the coronary sulcus, anastomotic branches depart from the branches of the left coronary artery, thanks to which the collateral path of blood supply to the heart of the Maine Coon cat closes. The interventricular septum of the heart is supplied with blood by the interventricular branch extending from the left coronary artery.
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Evans, Daniel M., W. Michael Aust, C. Andrew Dolloff, Ben S. Templeton i John A. Peterson. "Eastern Hemlock Decline in Riparian Areas from Maine to Alabama". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, nr 2 (1.06.2011): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.2.97.
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Abstract Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the Appalachian mountain range is threatened by the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Potential impacts on riparian systems are great because of eastern hemlock's role as a foundation species that influences site soil, vegetation, and stream characteristics. We installed permanent research sites at 49 locations in riparian areas, from Maine to Alabama, to survey eastern hemlock health, measure stand dynamics, and predict near-term forest composition without eastern hemlock. This report summarizes the initial stand measurements from summer of 2008. We found hemlock woolly adelgid present at 25 of 49 stands from Massachusetts to Georgia, and all of these stands had some degree of hemlock decline. New England states, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Alabama had good hemlock health and no sign of hemlock woolly adelgid. Eighteen of the 49 sites had no nonhemlock conifer species in the overstory, and 30 of 49 sites had less than 5 m2 ha−1 of nonhemlock conifers. Without eastern hemlock, 25 of the stands would have more than 90% hardwood in the overstory, many of which are in the mid-Atlantic and southern states at sites dominated by shrubs in the understory such as Rhododendron maximum. Competition from shrubs may hinder stand regeneration after disturbance by hemlock woolly adelgid. On the basis of the abundance of hardwood species and lack of conifer species present in the overstory at many infested hemlock-dominated stands, these sites may convert to hardwood-dominated stands, which will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
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Maguire, Douglas A., John C. Brissette i Lianhong Gu. "Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, nr 8 (1.08.1998): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-093.
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Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i)estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii)define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands.
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Punzi, P. E., J. Nye, J. E. Swasey i R. W. Thomas. "Career Advancement Comparison Between Ornamental Horticulture Associate Degree and Nondegree Programs". HortTechnology 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.114.
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This study was conducted to determine if there is a difference between the career advancement of alumni of ornamental horticulture associate (terminal) degree and nondegree programs. A survey of the alumni of three associate degree and three nondegree training programs was administered, using guidelines from career advancement validation research conducted at Alverno College, Milwaukee. Wis. (Ben-Ur and Rogers, 1994). Six programs were selected from North Carolina, Maine, Ohio, and southeastern Canada, including parts of Ontario and Quebec and all of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The programs were selected because of their perceived high reputations, as based on a survey sent to eight selected Longwood Gardens staff (Kennett Square, Pa.) and six professors in the Plant and Soils Science Department at the University of Delaware (Newark). Survey respondents were initially chosen based on their knowledge of the field of horticulture and of ornamental horticulture educational programs. The statistical analysis of the data did not support the presupposition that there would be a significant difference between the career advancement in favor of graduates from horticultural associate degree programs.
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McClenachan, Loren, Nicholas R. Record i Jesica Waller. "How do human actions affect fisheries? Differences in perceptions between fishers and scientists in the Maine lobster fishery". FACETS 7 (1.01.2022): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0030.
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The degree to which human actions affect marine fisheries has been a fundamental question shaping people’s relationship with the sea. Today, divergences in stakeholder views about the impacts of human activities such as fishing, climate change, pollution, and resource management can hinder effective co-management and adaptation. Here, we used surveys to construct mental models of the Maine lobster fishery, identifying divergent views held by two key stakeholder groups: lobster fishers and marine scientists. The two groups were differentiated by their perceptions of the relative impact of pollution, water temperature, and fishing. Notably, many fishers perceive the process of fishing to have a positive effect on fisheries through the input of bait. Scientists exhibited a statistically significantly stronger concern for climate change and identified CO2 as one of the dominant pollutants in the Gulf of Maine. However, fishers and scientists agreed that management has a positive impact, which appeared to be a change over the past two decades, possibly due to increased collaboration between the two groups. This work contributes to the goal of decreasing the distance between stakeholder perspectives in the context of a co-managed fishery as well as understanding broader perceptions of impacts of human activities on marine ecosystems.
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O’donnell, Kaitlyn, Joseph Elkinton, Charlene Donahue i Eleanor Groden. "Host Plant Effects on Winter Moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Larval Development and Survival". Environmental Entomology 48, nr 5 (25.07.2019): 1162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz085.
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Abstract The winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) is an invasive forest and agricultural pest in North America that causes severe defoliation to a wide range of host species. This study examines the differential larval densities, development, and survival on seven host species in midcoast Maine: red oak (Quercus rubra L., Fagales: Fagaceae), apple (Malus domestica L., Rosales: Rosaceae) and crab apple (Malus sp. L., Rosales: Rosaceae), red maple (Acer rubrum L., Sapindales: Sapindaceae), pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L., Rosales: Rosaceae), white birch (Betula papyrifera L., Fagales: Betulaceae), wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustiflolium L., Ericales: Ericaceae), and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericales: Ericaceae). We also explore the degree of synchrony between selected host plants and larval hatch and its effect on survival. We found that densities, development, and survival were significantly greater on red oak (Quercus rubra) and apple (Malus sp.) than on all other target species and were lowest on pin cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica). We found low larval densities in open, wild lowbush blueberry fields; however, larvae successfully fed and developed on wild lowbush blueberry in a laboratory setting. This suggests that winter moth is a potential pest to wild lowbush blueberry in Maine if the outbreak expands to include areas with wild lowbush blueberry production.
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Lautenschlager, Richard A. "Competition Between Forest Brush and Planted White Spruce in North-Central Maine". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, nr 4 (1.12.1995): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.4.163.
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Abstract This experiment was designed to examine competition between planted white spruce (2 + 2 transplants and paperpot seedlings) and natural conifer regeneration, ferns, fireweed, grasses and sedges, hardwood brush, herbs, red raspberry, and shrubs on a somewhat poorly and a well drained site three growing seasons after planting in north-central Maine. Only conifers, hardwood brush, and red raspberry, however, produced enough cover to allow comparison of their competitive potentials. When present 0.5-1.5 m above ground and within 0.5 m of a planted stem, conifers, hardwood brush, and red raspberry cover consistently decreased spruce growth. When cover was equal, hardwood brush caused greater growth reductions than red raspberry, but raspberry cover was more common. Spruce grew better on the well drained than on the somewhat poorly drained site. Competitive vegetation was much more abundant on the well drained site, and reduced spruce growth to a greater degree there than on the somewhat poorly drained site. The smaller paperpot seedlings suffered more from competition and browsing than did the larger 2 + 2 transplants. Controlling broadleaved competition on the better site increased spruce growth; competition control on the poorer site was less critical but even there the control of hardwood brush and dense conifers increased spruce growth. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):163-167.
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Blum, Barton M. "Variation in the phenology of bud flushing in white and red spruce". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, nr 3 (1.03.1988): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-048.
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Variation in bud flushing date as related to degree-day accumulation was determined among seed sources, families, and individual white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees in both a provenance study plantation and a progeny test of select trees on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in north central Maine. The primary purpose was to determine the feasibility of improving resistance to spruce budworm defoliation by selection for late bud flushing. Comparisons with native red spruce indicate that while some improvement in late flushing may be possible, it is unlikely that late flushing dates comparable with the mean for native red spruce can be achieved for white spruce.
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LaBonte, George A., i Robert J. Leso. "Cleaning Paper Birch in a Birch-Aspen Stand in Maine: A 34-Year Case History". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, nr 1 (1.03.1990): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.1.22.
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Abstract Periodic measurements were made for 34 years following cleanings in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen stand. The results demonstrate the value of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. At age 41, in the fall of 1985, the untreated control plot is an essentially pure aspen stand. The cleaned portion contains various proportions of birch, depending on the season of initial cleaning and degree of release. A mixture of the herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, was used to do part of the cleaning. The best results were obtained from a combination of a partial cleaning in July and August of 1951, followed by a total cleaning 7 years later, where the stand is now dominated by paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):22-23, March 1990.
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Walker, Judy P., MaryBeth Richards i Emma Budway. "Speech Therapy Telepractice Services in Fiji: A Multicultural Experience for Graduate Student Clinicians". Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, nr 6 (17.12.2021): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-21-00046.
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Purpose: The University of Maine Speech Therapy Telepractice Program provides speech therapy telepractice services to children with communication disorders at the International School Suva (ISS), Fiji. This partnership has fostered international engagement and multicultural experiences for graduate student clinicians in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders while filling a need for speech therapy services in Fiji. Despite infrastructure, scheduling, and COVID-19 issues, the benefits of this partnership have far outweighed the challenges. Clinical observations of the ISS children's responses have revealed excellent progress toward achieving therapy goals. Parents and school personnel have also reported a high degree of satisfaction with our services. The program has encouraged our graduate students to be resilient, out-of-the-box thinkers as they research a variety of multicultural issues and apply this new knowledge to the clinical programs of their clients. Conclusions: This article highlights the partnership between The University of Maine, Speech Therapy Telepractice Training Program and the ISS, Fiji, as an example for other academic programs that are interested in establishing international telepractice partnerships. A description of the telepractice clinical procedures and technology for service provision at the ISS is included, along with a discussion of the challenges and benefits for providing international speech therapy telepractice services. Two case examples illustrate the complexity of providing services to multilingual children with different cultural backgrounds.
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Jasti, Suresh, Michael E. Sieracki, Nicole J. Poulton, Michael W. Giewat i Juliette N. Rooney-Varga. "Phylogenetic Diversity and Specificity of Bacteria Closely Associated with Alexandrium spp. and Other Phytoplankton". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, nr 7 (lipiec 2005): 3483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3483-3494.2005.
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ABSTRACT While several studies have suggested that bacterium-phytoplankton interactions have the potential to dramatically influence harmful algal bloom dynamics, little is known about how bacteria and phytoplankton communities interact at the species composition level. The objective of the current study was to determine whether there are specific associations between diverse phytoplankton and the bacteria that co-occur with them. We determined the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial assemblages associated with 10 Alexandrium strains and representatives of the major taxonomic groups of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine. For this analysis we chose xenic phytoplankton cultures that (i) represented a broad taxonomic range, (ii) represented a broad geographic range for Alexandrium spp. isolates, (iii) grew under similar cultivation conditions, (iv) had a minimal length of time since the original isolation, and (v) had been isolated from a vegetative phytoplankton cell. 16S rRNA gene fragments of most Bacteria were amplified from DNA extracted from cultures and were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. A greater number of bacterial species were shared by different Alexandrium cultures, regardless of the geographic origin, than by Alexandrium species and nontoxic phytoplankton from the Gulf of Maine. In particular, members of the Roseobacter clade showed a higher degree of association with Alexandrium than with other bacterial groups, and many sequences matched sequences reported to be associated with other toxic dinoflagellates. These results provide evidence for specificity in bacterium-phytoplankton associations.
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Hawkins, Gwendolyn, Stephanie E. Burnett i Lois B. Stack. "Survey of Consumer Interest in Organic, Sustainable, and Local Container-grown Plants in Maine". HortTechnology 22, nr 6 (grudzień 2012): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.6.817.
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In 2008, we administered a survey to participants at four venues in Maine to determine: 1) the degree of interest in organically, sustainably, and locally grown plants; 2) whether respondents would pay more for these plants compared with conventional plants; and 3) which demographic groups expressed the greatest interest in organically, sustainably, or locally grown plants. Respondents were highly interested in organic and sustainable vegetable/herb and ornamental plants; median interest was 9 on a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 indicated low interest and 10 indicated high interest. They were less interested in locally grown plants; respondents’ median interest in local plants was 6 on the same scale. Survey respondents stated that they would pay 15% more (vegetable/herbs) or 10% more (ornamentals) for organic, sustainable, or local plants than they would for conventionally grown plants. Several demographic factors indicated that respondents were either willing to spend more money on nonconventional plants, or were at least more interested in these kinds of plants. Income and education were positively correlated with the amount of money respondents stated they would spend on nonconventional plants. Younger participants were more interested than older participants in sustainable and organic plants, but they were not willing to pay more for these plants than older participants. Similarly, women were more interested than men in nonconventional plants, but were not likely to spend more on them than men. This survey indicated that there is a strong market for organic and sustainable vegetable, herb, and ornamental plants. Growers could potentially charge 10% to 15% more for these plants than for conventionally grown plants. They would likely receive the highest premium for organic and sustainable plants from individuals with higher incomes and education levels.
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Shen, Richard V., Carol A. McCarthy i Robert P. Smith. "134. A Comparison of Lyme Carditis in Children and Adults, a Case Series". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (październik 2019): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.209.
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Abstract Background Lyme disease is a common entity in Maine, and Lyme carditis is an uncommon manifestation of this disease. This case series describes and compares the presentation, management, and outcomes of Lyme carditis in pediatric and adult populations. Methods Charts of pediatric and adult patients with heart block and positive Lyme serologies hospitalized in Portland, Maine between January 2010 and December 2018 were analyzed. Data on medical history, presentation, treatment, and outcomes are described. Results Ten children (range 7–17, mean 12.4 years) and 20 adults (range 22–81, mean 41.4 years) were admitted for Lyme carditis in the examined period. All cases presented between June and October. Twenty-seven (90%) were male, and 26 (87%) had no prior cardiac history. Of the adults, 1 (5%) reported using cocaine, 4 (20%) opioids, and 6 (30%) marijuana. Seventeen (57%) had outpatient evaluation prior to admission. Ten patients (59%) were not recognized as having Lyme disease. One case suspected to have Lyme was not initially treated with doxycycline. The most common alternative diagnoses were a viral illness and erythema multiforme. No coinfections were noted. Proportionately more children than adults had disseminated erythema migrans (40% vs. 20%) and fever (60% vs. 35%). First degree heart block was more prevalent in children (40%), and Mobitz type 2 heart block was more prevalent in adults (55%). Ten patients (30%) presented with syncope. More adults than children needed temporary pacing, 9 (45%) vs. 2 (20%). Children had shorter antibiotic durations compared with adults (mean 19.8 days vs. 23.6 days) Twenty-seven (90%) had improved heart block. Three adult patients (10%) required a pacemaker following hospitalization. Nine (90%) children and 14 (70%) adults were discharged with a PR 200-300ms. There was a single death in this series, which occurred after discharge to another state. Conclusion Cases tended to be in younger patients with male predominance. Most patients still had some degree of heart block on discharge. The majority of patients were evaluated prior to hospitalization but Lyme disease was suspected in only 41%. Improved recognition of early Lyme disease and more prompt treatment may lead to decreased complications of Lyme carditis. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Hazlett, Paul, Caroline Emilson, Greg Lawrence, Ivan Fernandez, Rock Ouimet i Scott Bailey. "Reversal of Forest Soil Acidification in the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada: Site and Soil Factors Contributing to Recovery". Soil Systems 4, nr 3 (27.08.2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030054.
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As acidic deposition has decreased across Eastern North America, forest soils at some sites are beginning to show reversal of soil acidification. However, the degree of recovery appears to vary and is not fully explained by deposition declines alone. To assess if other site and soil factors can help to explain degree of recovery from acid deposition, soil resampling chemistry data (8- to 24-year time interval) from 23 sites in the United States and Canada, located across 25° longitude from Eastern Maine to Western Ontario, were explored. Site and soil factors included recovery years, sulfate (SO42−) deposition history, SO42− reduction rate, C horizon pH and exchangeable calcium (Ca), O and B horizon pH, base saturation, and exchangeable Ca and aluminum (Al) at the time of the initial sampling. We found that O and B horizons that were initially acidified to a greater degree showed greater recovery and B horizon recovery was further associated with an increase in recovery years and lower initial SO42− deposition. Forest soils that seemingly have low buffering capacity and a reduced potential for recovery have the resilience to recover from the effects of previous high levels of acidic deposition. This suggests, that predictions of where forest soils acidification reversal will occur across the landscape should be refined to acknowledge the importance of upper soil profile horizon chemistry rather than the more traditional approach using only parent material characteristics.
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Gifford, Diane. "Getting My Feet Wet: A Student Educator's Perspective on a Successful Learning Experience". Journal of Experiential Education 20, nr 1 (maj 1997): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105382599702000108.
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I am a third-semester graduate student at the Audubon Expedition Institute (AEI), a college based in Belfast, Maine. This is a unique, fascinating, and sometimes crazy educational experience in which we travel around a different bioregion of the country each semester. Our method of transport is two converted school buses; we camp out every night and become strongly connected with the land around us. Our degree will be a master of science in environmental education; we study ecosystems and environmental and social issues through self-directed education. Our program emphasizes experiential and holistic education within a strong learning community, and sometimes we have the opportunity to turn unexpected events to our advantage. As a learning community we are each other's roommates, teachers, students, and peers. We cook and eat together and live in an intense, closely knit environment. This semester our community consists of 27 graduate students and four faculty.
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Derakhshan, Sahar, Christopher T. Emrich i Susan L. Cutter. "Degree and direction of overlap between social vulnerability and community resilience measurements". PLOS ONE 17, nr 10 (20.10.2022): e0275975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275975.
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An ongoing debate in academic and practitioner communities, centers on the measurement similarities and differences between social vulnerability and community resilience. More specifically, many see social vulnerability and community resilience measurements as conceptually and empirically the same. Only through a critical and comparative assessment can we ascertain the extent to which these measurement schemas empirically relate to one another. This paper uses two well-known indices—the social vulnerability index (SoVI) and the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC) to address the topic. The paper employs spatio-temporal correlations to test for differences or divergence (negative associations) and similarities or convergence (positive associations), and the degree of overlap. These tests use continental U.S. counties, two timeframes (2010 and 2015), and two case study sub-regions (to identify changes in measurement associations going from national to regional scales given the place-based nature of each index). Geospatial analytics indicate a divergence with little overlap between SoVI and BRIC measurements, based on low negative correlation coefficients (around 30%) for both time periods. There is some spatial variability in measurement overlap, but less than 2% of counties show hot spot clustering of correlations of more than 50% in either year. The strongest overlap and divergence in both years occurs in few counties in California, Arizona, and Maine. The degree of overlap in measurements at the regional scale is greater in the Gulf Region (39%) than in the Southeast Atlantic region (21% in 2010; 28% in 2015) suggesting more homogeneity in Gulf Coast counties based on population and place characteristics. However, in both study areas SoVI and BRIC measurements are negatively associated. Given their inclusion in the National Risk Index, both social vulnerability and resilience metrics are needed to interpret the local community capacities in natural hazards risk planning, as a vulnerable community could be highly resilient or vice versa.
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Smith, Richard G., Sonja K. Birthisel, Sidney C. Bosworth, Bryan Brown, Thomas M. Davis, Eric R. Gallandt, Ann Hazelrigg, Eric Venturini i Nicholas D. Warren. "Environmental Correlates with Germinable Weed Seedbanks on Organic Farms across Northern New England". Weed Science 66, nr 1 (24.08.2017): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.40.
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The northern New England region includes the states of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine and encompasses a large degree of climate and edaphic variation across a relatively small spatial area, making it ideal for studying climate change impacts on agricultural weed communities. We sampled weed seedbanks and measured soil physical and chemical characteristics on 77 organic farms across the region and analyzed the relationships between weed community parameters and select geographic, climatic, and edaphic variables using multivariate procedures. Temperature-related variables (latitude, longitude, mean maximum and minimum temperature) were the strongest and most consistent correlates with weed seedbank composition. Edaphic variables were, for the most part, relatively weaker and inconsistent correlates with weed seedbanks. Our analyses also indicate that a number of agriculturally important weed species are associated with specific U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones, implying that future changes in climate factors that result in geographic shifts in these zones will likely be accompanied by changes in the composition of weed communities and therefore new management challenges for farmers.
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Martin, C. Wayne. "Soil Disturbance by Logging in New England̶Review and Management Recommendations". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, nr 1 (1.03.1988): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.1.30.
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Abstract The extent and magnitude of soil disturbance caused by mechanized, whole-tree harvesting was studied on a central hardwood site in Connecticut, a northern hardwood site in New Hampshire, and a spruce-fir site in Maine. Twenty-nine percent of the soil surface at the central hardwood site was undisturbed, but only 8% on the other sites was undisturbed. Mineral soil was exposed on 8 to 18% of soil surfaces after cutting, with wheel ruts more than 30 cm deep occupying less than 3%. Mechanized whole-tree harvesting causes a greater proportion of soil disturbance than other harvesting systems and will affect advanced and subsequent regeneration to a greater degree. If deep rutting occurs on wet soils, equipment should be moved until drier conditions prevail; winter logging and conversion from wheel to track vehicles may be options for reducing impact. Skid trails should follow the land contours. Travel routes should be predetermined to reduce the surface area being compacted. Practices that expose infertile mineral soil should be minimized. North. J. Appl. For. 5:30-34, March 1988.
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Hernández-Filiberto, Lorena, Encarnación Roda-Robles, William B. Simmons i Karen L. Webber. "Garnet as Indicator of Pegmatite Evolution: The Case Study of Pegmatites from the Oxford Pegmatite Field (Maine, USA)". Minerals 11, nr 8 (23.07.2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080802.
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Almandine-spessartine garnets, from the Oxford County pegmatites and the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, record significant compositional variations according to the degree of evolution of their hosting rock. Garnets from the most fractionated pegmatites (Mt. Mica, Berry-Havey, and Emmons) show the highest Mn, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf values, followed by those from the intermediate grade pegmatites (Palermo No. 1) and, finally, garnets from the barren pegmatites show the lowest values (Perham and Stop-35). Iron, Ca, and Mg contents follow an inverse order, with the highest contents in the latter pegmatites. Major element zoning shows increasing Mn values from core to rim in most garnet samples, while trace element zoning is not systematic except for some crystals which show a core to rim depletion for most of these elements. Chondrite normalized HREE (Heavy Rare Earth Elements) spectra show positive slopes for garnets from barren pegmatites, both positive and negative slopes for those associated with the intermediate pegmatite, and negative or flat slopes in garnets from the highly fractionated pegmatites. Ion exchange mechanisms, including Fe2+−1Mn2+1, (Fe2+, Mn2+)−1Si−1Li1P1; and, (Y, Ho3+)2(vac)1(Fe2+, Mn2+)−3, could explain most of the compositional variations observed in these garnets. These compositional variations are the reflection of the composition of the pegmatitic magma (barren pegmatites originate from a more ferromagnesian magma than fractionated pegmatites); and of the coexisting mineral phases competing with garnets to host certain chemical elements, such as biotite, schorl, plagioclase, apatite, Fe-Mn phosphates, Nb-Ta oxides, zircon, xenotime, and monazite.
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Zachos, Louis G., i Brian F. Platt. "Actuopaleoichnology of a modern Bay of Fundy macro-tidal flat: analogy with a Mississippian tidal flat deposit (Hartselle Sandstone) from Alabama". PeerJ 7 (21.05.2019): e6975. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6975.
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Trace fossil zonation in the Hartselle Sandstone of Mississippian age (Chesterian: Visean-Serpukhovian) exposed on Fielder Ridge, Alabama is compared with modern macro-tidal flat ichnocoenoses on the Bay of Fundy at Lubec, Maine, and demonstrated to be analogous by sedimentologic and ichnotaxonomic criteria. The modern flat has minimal influence from either waves or freshwater influx, and can be divided into five distinct ichnocoenoses, characterized by surface traces (epichnia) and four sedimentologic facies defined by gross grain texture or hydrodynamic characteristics, but lacking significant surface traces. Several characteristics of tidal flat deposits in a fetch-limited, marine (i.e., non-estuarine), meso- to macro-tidal regime can be used to recognize similar environments as old as the late Paleozoic. These criteria include (1) limited influence of wind and waves on the depositional environment, (2) lack of significant freshwater influence and therefore any persistent brackish environments, (3) a distinct spatial distribution of microenvironments defined by substrate and exposure period, (4) high diversity of epichnial traces directly associated with microenvironments across the tidal flat, (5) generally low degree of reworking of traces by bioturbation but high degree of reworking by tidal currents, and (6) preservation of traces of predation and scavenging behavior on an exposed surface. These features, together with the regional depositional pattern of the Hartselle Sandstone interpreted as tide-influenced bars and shoals, support a meso- to macro-tidal interpretation of the depositional environment.
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Campana, Steven E., i Peter C. F. Hurley. "An Age- and Temperature-Mediated Growth Model for Cod (Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Larvae in the Gulf of Maine". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, nr 4 (1.04.1989): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-077.
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While field studies of larval fish growth require an easily parameterized growth model, simple relationships between size and age are seldom applicable to other populations and/or environments. The model presented here attempts to bridge the gap between simple age–length regressions and more sophisticated experiment-based models by incorporating a temperature term as a function of absolute growth rate. Growth is assumed to be logistic, with temperature influencing growth rate parabolically on a daily basis. The integrated form of the model provides an estimate of length-at-age of the larva. When fitted to a variety of independent cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) data sets collected in the Gulf of Maine, the model performed with minimal bias despite the absence of a food availability term. Larval age data were generated through validated otolith microstructure examinations, although the resolution limits of light microscopy introduced a small degree of bias (2–3 d) into the estimates. The daily temperature record was generated from a sinusoidal model using monthly mean temperatures. Since otolith microstructure examination and remote sensing of temperature are established techniques, this model may prove useful in other larval studies.
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Tong, Cindy B. S., Hsueh-Yuan Chang, Jennifer K. Boldt, Yizhou B. Ma, Jennifer R. DeEll, Renae E. Moran, Gaétan Bourgeois i Dominique Plouffe. "Diffuse Flesh Browning in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Fruit is Associated with Low Temperatures during Fruit Growth". HortScience 51, nr 10 (październik 2016): 1256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11179-16.
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Multiple types of flesh browning can occur as storage disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) fruit. Predicting its occurrence is hindered by differing definitions of the types of browning, incomplete understanding of their etiologies, and difficulty in assessing harvest maturity of ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit. In 2013, of ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit grown, harvested over multiple weeks, and stored in Maine, Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec, only the Quebec fruit developed diffuse flesh browning. A detailed comparison showed that the Quebec fruit differed in size, but not in other quality attributes, from fruit of the other locations. The Quebec fruit experienced lower temperatures during active fruit growth and were increasing in cell size up to harvest. Analyses of climate data from 2009 to 2015 indicated that accumulated growing degree-days (GDD) 50–60 day after full bloom (DAFB) could account for 31% of the variation in diffuse flesh browning, and seasonal GDD <500 are associated with a greater likelihood of injury. Fruit that exhibited diffuse flesh browning had higher magnesium and lower fructose levels than unaffected fruit. As these measurements were made after browning was assessed, the timing of the onset of these characteristics in relation to browning cannot be determined.
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Williams, D. Dudley, i Roberta R. Fulthorpe. "Using invertebrate and microbial communities to assess the condition of the hyporheic zone of a river subject to 80 years of contamination by chlorobenzenes". Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, nr 5 (1.05.2003): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-052.
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For over 80 years, chlorobenzenes were discharged into the Sebasticook River, Maine, from a woollen mill. Environmental conditions were assessed using invertebrate and bacterial techniques that were applied to river bed sediments at three contaminated and two reference sites. Invertebrate densities and species richness did not differ markedly among the impacted sites, one reference site, and data in the literature from clean waters. Paradoxically, the highest diversity and densities of invertebrates and their eggs occurred at the most contaminated site. Insect representation was low compared with other hyporheic zones. Although chlorobenzene concentrations were much greater than published limits for freshwater life, certain species (e.g., mayflies, caddisflies, and midges) were associated with high concentrations. The majority of variance in the faunal and microbial data was attributable to redox potential, ammonium levels, and downwelling, rather than to chlorobenzene. Genetic fingerprinting revealed a unique microbial community at the site most heavily contaminated with chlorobenzenes, but a high degree of similarity among the other two mill sites and the reference sites (although the latter proved subsequently to be contaminated with ketones and methyl chloride). There were no differences in taxonomic richness among sites.
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Miller, Timothy J., i Saang-Yoon Hyun. "Evaluating evidence for alternative natural mortality and process error assumptions using a state-space, age-structured assessment model". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, nr 5 (maj 2018): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0035.
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State-space models explicitly separate uncertainty associated with unobserved, time-varying parameters from that which arises from sampling the population. The statistical aspects of formal state-space models are appealing and these models are becoming more widely used for assessments. However, treating natural mortality as known and constant across ages continues to be common practice. We developed a state-space, age-structured assessment model that allowed different assumptions for natural mortality and the degree of temporal stochasticity in abundance. We fit a suite of models where natural mortality was either age-invariant or an allometric function of mass and interannual transitions of abundance were deterministic or stochastic to observations on Gulf of Maine – Georges Bank Acadian redfish (Sebastes fasciatus). We found that allowing stochasticity in the interannual transition in abundance was important and estimating age-invariant natural mortality was sufficient. A simulation study showed low bias in annual biomass estimation when the estimation and simulation model matched and the Akaike imformation criterion accurately measured relative model performance, but it was important to allow simulated data sets to include the stochasticity in interannual transitions of abundance-at-age.
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Vallance, Jeff, Susanne L. Lesniak, Lisa J. Belanger i Kerry S. Courneya. "Development and Assessment of a Physical Activity Guidebook for the Colon Health and Life-Long Exercise Change (CHALLENGE) Trial (NCIC CO.21)". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, nr 6 (listopad 2010): 794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.6.794.
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Background:We report the development and assessment of a physical activity (PA) guidebook called Step Up to the Challenge that is being used to support a PA behavior change intervention in a randomized trial examining PA and disease-free survival in colon cancer survivors.Methods:Content for the PA guidebook was constructed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Expert judges (N = 51) included oncologists, rehabilitation practitioners, colon cancer survivors, and TPB researchers. All expert judges completed the Maine Area Health Education Center checklist for evaluating written health information. A subset of TPB expert judges (n = 11) also assessed the degree of match between the guidebook content and TPB constructs.Results:Expert judges indicated that the PA guidebook achieved desirable attributes for organization, writing style, appearance, appeal, feasibility, and appropriateness. For the TPB assessment, all mean item-content relevance ratings indicated at least a “very good match” between the PA guidebook content and the TPB constructs.Conclusions:Our guidebook successfully targets the TPB constructs known to influence PA behavior change and contains suitable and appropriate written health information. This guidebook will be an integral component of the behavioral support program designed to determine the effects of PA on disease-free survival in colon cancer survivors.
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Birthisel, Sonja K., Eric R. Gallandt, Randa Jabbour i Francis A. Drummond. "Habitat and Time Are More Important Predictors of Weed Seed Predation than Space on a Diversified Vegetable Farm in Maine, USA". Weed Science 63, nr 4 (grudzień 2015): 916–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00057.1.
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Postdispersal weed seed predation is a significant source of weed mortality in agroecosystems. The magnitude of seed predation, however, is variable. Understanding the relative importance of factors driving variability in seed predation rates will increase the potential utility of seed predation to farmers. We conducted landscape-scale field experiments to quantify and compare the effects of space, time of sampling, and habitat on weed seed predation. Seed predation assays, with and without vertebrate exclosures, measured seed predation rates at spatially explicit sample sites across 8.5 ha of crop and noncrop habitats on a diversified organic vegetable farm in Maine. Total and invertebrate seed predation averaged 8% and 3% d−1, respectively. Vertebrate seed predators detected by motion-sensing cameras included small mammals and birds. A ground beetle,Harpalus rufipes, was highly dominant in pitfall traps, comprising 66% of invertebrate seed predators captured within crop fields. Seed predation was randomly distributed in space. However, time of sampling and habitat were highly significant predictors of seed predation. Variance partitioning indicated that habitat factors explained more variation than did time of sampling. Total seed predation was greater in crop and riparian forest habitats than in mowed grass, meadow, or softwood forest. Generally, invertebrate seed predation was greatest at sites with an intermediate degree of vegetative cover, whereas habitat type was the chief biotic determinant of vertebrate seed predation rates. These results suggest cover cropping and wetland conservation as practices that may bolster seed predation rates.
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Mullen, Steven F., Jan A. Janssens i Eville Gorham. "Acidity of and the concentrations of major and minor metals in the surface waters of bryophyte assemblages from 20 North American bogs and fens". Canadian Journal of Botany 78, nr 6 (1.06.2000): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-045.
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One hundred and thirty-five samples of surface water, associated with bryophyte plots distributed across 20 wetlands in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Alaska, Maine, Minnesota, and New York, were analyzed for pH and 11 elements, several of them seldom measured in wetlands. The overall order of elemental abundance was the following: Ca, Si, Na, Mg, Fe, K, Al, Mn, Sr, Ba, and Ti. Principal-components analysis of the pH and elemental chemistries of the water samples revealed seven subcategories that could be recognized as belonging to maritime and continental ombrotrophic bogs and poor, rich, and calcareous rich fens. The primary axis related to pH and the concentrations of alkaline earths, as well as to Si. The secondary axis segregated an unusual group of Alaskan fens; it was related mainly to Fe and Mn, and to a lesser degree Al and K. The tertiary axis separated maritime from continental bogs and was related chiefly to Na. The distribution of bryophyte species, most of them widespread in bogs and fens elsewhere, was most clearly related to pH and Ca concentration. As expected, many species exhibited narrow ranges of these chemical properties, whereas many others were widely distributed.Key words: mosses, peatlands, species diversity, water chemistry.
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Houser, Jeremy D., Adam H. Porter, Howard S. Ginsberg i Elizabeth M. Jakob. "Effect of phenology on agonistic competitive interactions between invasive and native sheet-web spiders". Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, nr 6 (czerwiec 2016): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0221.
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The phenologies of introduced relative to native species can greatly influence the degree and symmetry of competition between them. The European spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) (Linyphiidae) reaches very high densities in coastal Maine (USA). Previous studies suggest that L. triangularis negatively affects native linyphiid species, with competition for webs as one mechanism. We documented phenological differences between L. triangularis and three native species that illustrate the potential for the reversal of size-based competitive advantage over the course of the year. To test whether relative size influences interaction outcome, we allowed a resident spider to build a web and then introduced an intruder. We examined whether the outcomes of agonistic interactions over the webs were influenced by the species of the resident (invasive or native), the relative size of the contestants, and the species × size interaction. We found that the importance of relative size differed among species. In interactions between L. triangularis and each of two native species, size played a greater role than resident species on the outcome of interactions, suggesting that competitive advantage reverses over the season based on phenology-related size differences. Linyphia triangularis had a negative impact on the third species regardless of relative size.
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McCormick, Stephen D., Richard A. Cunjak, Brian Dempson, Michael F. O'Dea i Judith B. Carey. "Temperature-related loss of smolt characteristics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, nr 9 (1.09.1999): 1649–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-099.
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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that had previously been released as fry in tributaries of the Connecticut River were captured from 1993 to 1997 during their normal spring smolt migration 198 km from the mouth of the river. Smolts had peak levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance early in migration (early May), indicating physiological readiness to enter seawater. Significant decreases in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (29-66%) and salinity tolerance were seen in smolts at the end of the migratory period (late May and early June). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity occurred earlier in warm years and was directly related to the degree-days during migration (r2 = 0.75). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was found at the end of migration in warmer, southern rivers (Connecticut River and Penobscot River, Maine) but not in northern rivers (Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, and Conne River, Newfoundland). Both hatchery- and stream-reared fish held in the laboratory exhibited a more rapid loss of physiological smolt characteristics when held at higher temperature. The results indicate that late migrants in southern rivers lose physiological smolt characteristics due to high temperatures during spring migration. Delays in migration, such as those that occur at dams, may have negative impacts on smolt survival in warmer rivers.
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Mohebbi-Kalkhoran, Hamed, i Purnima Ratilal. "Automatic detection and classification of baleen and toothed whale calls via machine learning approaches over instantaneous wide areas in the Gulf of Maine received on a coherent hydrophone array". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, nr 4 (październik 2022): A295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016331.
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Large acoustic data sets are typically generated from ocean observations with a 160-element coherent hydrophone array and correspondingly larger volumes of acoustic detection events stem from coherent array processing. Beamforming enhances detection signal to-noise ratio, significantly improving detection ranges, as well as providing signal bearing. Here, we develop and train algorithms for the automatic detection and classification of baleen and toothed whale calls present in multiple beamformed spectrograms spanning 360 degree azimuths generated via the passive ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing technique in the following six categories for the Gulf of Maine: Fin, Sei, Minke, Humpback, unidentified baleen whale downsweep chirps, and general toothed whale encompassing echolocation clicks and whistles below 4 kHz. The classifiers include random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree applied to hand-engineered features, as well as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based model on the per-channel energy normalization transform (PCEN) applied directly to beamformed spectrogram imagery. Total accuracy of 95% and average F1-score of 85% are achieved using random forest classifier. The processing flow, including beamforming, PCEN extraction and call classification, run in real-time making the methods suitable for real-world applications, such as marine mammal monitoring and mitigation in ocean hydrocarbon prospecting and wind farm installations.
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Gong, Wenyi, Mingjiang Tao, Rajib B. Mallick i Tahar El-Korchi. "Investigation of Moisture Susceptibility of Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixes through Laboratory Mechanical Testing". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2295, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2295-04.
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Moisture can lead to serious damage and failures in hot-mix asphalt concrete pavements. This is an even greater concern for warm-mix asphalt because the much lower production temperatures may not completely dry the aggregates. In this Maine Department of Transportation study, the use of fracture energy parameters was evaluated to determine the influence of incomplete drying of mixes on their mechanical properties. Fracture energy–based parameters [energy ratio (ER); ratio of energy ratio (RER)] were determined from the following testing of mixes with fully and partially dried aggregates, some of which were subjected to moisture conditioning: resilient modulus, creep compliance, and indirect tensile strength (ITS) at 5°C. The results indicate that (a) resilient modulus, creep compliance, and ITS were all affected by the presence of moisture in mixes; (b) the trend and the degree of influence of moisture for different mechanical parameters were different; (c) the moisture conditioning process caused larger decreases in modulus and ITS values than did incomplete drying of aggregates; however, the same moisture conditioning process caused much larger decreases in modulus and ITS in mixes prepared with incompletely dried aggregates than did the counterparts prepared with fully dried aggregates; and (d) fracture energy–based parameters (ER and RER) appeared to be more-distinctive moisture effect and damage indicators than are the other parameters.
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Parker, S. J. "Homing Ability and Home Range of Yellow-Phase American Eels in a Tidally Dominated Estuary". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, nr 1 (luty 1995): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400015241.
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Yellow-phase American eels, Anguilla rostrata, were displaced 10–17 km between tidal fresh water and salinity-stratified water and followed to determine the degree of home site fidelity, swiftness of homing and whether environmental factors affect orientation or homing behaviour. Twenty-one eels were tracked continuously (eight eels displaced up the estuary, eight down the estuary and five controls) in the Penobscot Estuary, Maine, USA for 4–80 h each, while recording position every 20 min. Nine of the 16 displaced eels (56%) returned to their capture site either during the track or shortly afterwards. Three of the remaining seven eels made substantial progress towards their capture site within the time observed. Eels homed with equal frequency whether displaced up or down the estuary in an average of 220 h ±87 (SE). After release, no eel moved farther away from its capture site. The eels were active mostly at night but used only the appropriate tidal currents rather than directed swimming to move about their home range and to home. Control tracks provided a home-range estimate in this habitat of 6.7 ±1.6 km of estuary or 325 ±64 ha. Lunar phase or position of the moon did not appear to influence either homing behaviour or activity patterns. This study shows that orientation and homing to a specific site in eels occurs relatively quickly and with no initial errors in orientation.
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Campbell, Alan. "Migratory Movements of Ovigerous Lobsters, Homarus americanus, Tagged off Grand Manan, Eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, nr 11 (1.11.1986): 2197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-269.
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A total of 2139 ovigerous lobsters, Homarus americanus, were tagged and egg development recorded off Grand Manan, eastern Canada, during 1982–83. Recaptures during August 1982 to January 1984 totaled 1877, representing 1046 individuals including 457 that were captured 2–10 times. The single recapture data indicate that the majority (75%) of the lobsters moved < 15 km. Use of distance moved information from single recaptures of lobsters at liberty for long periods can be misleading, since exact distance moved between tag release–recapture points usually is unknown. Multiple recapture and depth at recapture data gave more information on the movements of the lobsters. Many lobsters showed seasonal shallow-deep migrations of > 20 km with recaptures in shallow (< 20 m) water during summer–fall and in deep (> 200 m) water during winter–spring. Many ovigerous females returned to the Grand Manan area the following summer. A few (7%) moved north > 30 km into the Bay of Fundy and south as much as 322 km along the coastline of Maine. Examination of the multiple recapture data between months indicated positive correlations between change in depth, distance moved, and water temperature. The seasonal depth migrations of ovigerous lobsters appear to be associated with maximizing temperatures which provide sufficient degree-days for completion of egg development. Also, hatching eggs in relatively warm shallow waters may confer a survival advantage for pelagic lobster larvae by decreasing development time to the benthic stage.
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Lyons, Anthony. "Rheological characteristics of platy kaolin". TAPPI Journal 18, nr 9 (1.10.2019): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.9.535.
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Platy kaolin can provide significant value in the coating of paper and paperboard. It can be used in multiple applications and can provide benefits such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) extension, smoothness improvement, improved print gloss or ink set rates, calendering intensity reduction, and improved barrier properties. It is not a pigment that can be simply substituted for traditional hydrous kaolin without some adjustment to the coating formulation. These adjustments can be as simple as reducing solids, but may require binder changes as well. The coater setup may need to be adjusted because of the unique rheological behaviors these pigments exhibit. The unique rheological characteristics of platy kaolin are explored here. Measurements of the water retention of platy kaolin containing coatings confirm that water retention is not reduced in comparison to more blocky kaolin pigments, despite the lower coating solids at which they need to be run. This means that the rheological characteristics are the most important in understanding the runnability. An extensive analysis reveals some unique behaviors that need to be understood when utilizing these materials. Viscoelastic measurements indicate that, for this binder system, Tan δ is mainly a function of solids. This may explain how weeping is initiated on a blade coater. The degree of shear thinning behaviors is investigated using the Ostwald de-Waele power law. The immobilization point was determined using the Dougherty-Krieger equation and related to the work of Weeks at the University of Maine on blade coater runnability. An indirect measure of particle shape and size synergy is also demonstrated using the Dougherty- Krieger equation parameters.
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Feng, Hui, Douglas Vandemark, Julia Levin i John Wilkin. "Examining the Accuracy of GlobCurrent Upper Ocean Velocity Data Products on the Northwestern Atlantic Shelf". Remote Sensing 10, nr 8 (1.08.2018): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081205.
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This study provides a regional coastal ocean assessment of global upper ocean current data developed by the GlobCurrent (GC) project. These gridded data synthesize multiple satellite altimeter and wind model inputs to estimate both Geostrophic and Ekman-layer velocities. While the GC product was mostly devised and intended for open ocean studies, the present objective is to assess whether its data quality nearer the coast is suitable for other applications. The key ground truth sources are long-term mean and time series observations on the Northwestern Atlantic (NWA) shelf derived from Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) and high frequency (HF) radar networks in both the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) and the Gulf of Maine (GoM). Results indicate that mean geostrophic currents across the MAB and the offshore GoM agree to roughly 10% in speed and 10 degree in direction with the in situ depth-averaged currents, with correlation levels of 0.5–0.8 at seasonal and longer time scales. Interior GoM comparisons at 5 coastal buoys show much less agreement. One likely source of GoM error is shown to be the GC mean dynamic topography near the coast. Comparison to near-surface MAB HF radar current measurements on the MAB shelf shows significant GC data improvement when including the surface Ekman term. Overall, the study results imply that application of GlobCurrent data may prove useful in coastal seas with broad continental shelves such as the MAB or Scotian shelf, but that large inaccuracies inside the GoM diminish its utility there.
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Carver, Joshua, i Sydney P. Springer. "Patient Attitudes Toward Deprescribing Among Community-Dwelling Older Mainers". Senior Care Pharmacist 39, nr 1 (1.01.2024): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2024.30.
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Background The excess use of medications has become an increasingly prevalent issue in health care. Deprescribing can be an important tool in combating polypharmacy. Objective To assess the attitudes of community-dwelling older persons in Maine toward their medications and the concept of deprescription. An additional aim of this research was to assess the association between the revised Patient Attitudes Toward Deprescribing Questionnaire (rPATDQ) domains by polypharmacy status. Methods Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing the rPATDQ. Authors recruited older Mainers via a longitudinal cohort study through the University of New England Center for Excellence in Aging in Health. Respondents were stratified by polypharmacy status (fewer than five medications, five or more medications). Results Total daily medications ranged from 1 to 30 (average of 8.6). Overall, 83.6% of respondents agreed/strongly agreed to the statement “If my doctor said it was possible, I would be willing to stop one or more of my regular medicines.” 70.6% agreed/ strongly agreed to the statement “Overall, I am satisfied with my current medicines.” Those with and without polypharmacy experienced low overall medication burden and a high belief in the appropriateness of their medications. There were no statistically significant differences between polypharmacy groups. Conclusion The results of this survey indicate that the factors affecting attitudes toward deprescribing are complex. While many indicated willingness to deprescribe at least one medication, there was a high degree of satisfaction with current medication regimens. This study highlights the need for further qualitative research to identify potential barriers to deprescribing.
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Frankland, Maria, i Catharine Biddle. "“They didn’t ask us!” School Counselor Perception of Involvement in Superintendent Decision Making During Crisis Schooling". Theory & Practice in Rural Education 13, nr 2 (27.10.2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2023.v13n2p1-28.
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Mental health and social-emotional development are fundamental to positive developmental outcomes. Students faced with the collective trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting rapid closure of school buildings in the spring of 2020 encountered unprecedented challenges to their physical and mental health. Structural barriers, coupled with a disproportionate shortfall of mental health professionals in rural settings, meant that rural students were at heightened risk of suffering negative psychological consequences. School districts emerged as a high-leverage source of institutional support, providing a variety of services to sustain the well-being of students and families. Superintendents were charged with reimagining the role of their schools in providing for these needs. This study used crisis decision theory as a framework to understand superintendent decision-making around mental health and social-emotional learning (SEL). Given their high degree of expertise around students’ mental health and social-emotional needs, school counselors might have been expected to serve as expert resources for superintendents during crisis decision-making around psychological needs. This statewide quantitative study sought to understand the role Maine school counselors played in the district-level response to crisis schooling as it pertained to students’ mental health and social-emotional development across geospatial contexts. Our data shows that school counselors’ perception of their involvement in superintendent decision-making was lowest where it was needed most: in rural school districts. This points toward inequitable opportunities for rural students to obtain the mental health and SEL support they needed during crisis schooling, threatening their future well-being and positive psychological development.
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Moran, Renae E., i Peyton Ginakes. "Low Temperature Tolerance of Peach Flower Buds and Shoot Tissues Is Differentially Influenced by Freezing and High Temperature Exposure". HortScience 59, nr 4 (kwiecień 2024): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17651-23.
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In northern temperate zones, peach trees are vulnerable to cold temperature injury in the fall, particularly as climate change prolongs warm weather in the fall and potentially delays the onset of cold acclimation. Four experiments evaluated how cold acclimation of flower buds and shoot phloem, cambium, and xylem is affected by exposure to varying temperatures in the fall. One-year-old peach shoots from trees grown in Maine, USA, were collected from October through November, exposed to 1, 3, or 6 days of low, high, and freezing temperatures, and subjected to stepwise controlled freezing to about −30 °C. Injury was visually quantified as oxidative browning of flower buds and shoot tissues. High temperature exposure, even of a single day, decreased cold tolerance of flower buds and shoot tissues until late November, when high temperatures only minimally decreased cold hardiness. In mid-November, increasing the duration of high temperature exposure from 1 to 3 days decreased cambium and phloem hardiness, but hardiness in flower buds was not further decreased by the longer duration of 3 days. By late November, hardiness in flower buds, cambium, and phloem was less responsive to high temperature, and was increased by prior exposure to 6 days of freezing. After high temperature, xylem lost hardiness to a small degree in mid-October and late November, but in mid-November this occurred in only one experiment. In this study, deacclimation during high temperature in the fall was greater in cambium and phloem than in flower buds and at times greater than in xylem.
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Prosser, Diann J., Jiani Chen, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Andrew B. Reeves, Rebecca L. Poulson, Jeffery D. Sullivan, Daniel McAuley i in. "Maintenance and dissemination of avian-origin influenza A virus within the northern Atlantic Flyway of North America". PLOS Pathogens 18, nr 6 (6.06.2022): e1010605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010605.
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Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors known as flyways. In a continental or global view, the study of virus movements within and across flyways is important to understanding virus diversity, evolution, and movement. From 2015 to 2017, we sampled waterfowl from breeding (Maine) and wintering (Maryland) areas within the Atlantic Flyway (AF) along the east coast of North America to investigate the spatio-temporal trends in persistence and spread of influenza A viruses (IAV). We isolated 109 IAVs from 1,821 cloacal / oropharyngeal samples targeting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American black ducks (Anas rubripes), two species having ecological and conservation importance in the flyway that are also host reservoirs of IAV. Isolates with >99% nucleotide similarity at all gene segments were found between eight pairs of birds in the northern site across years, indicating some degree of stability among genome constellations and the possibility of environmental persistence. No movement of whole genome constellations were identified between the two parts of the flyway, however, virus gene flow between the northern and southern study locations was evident. Examination of banding records indicate direct migratory waterfowl movements between the two locations within an annual season, providing a mechanism for the inferred viral gene flow. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for virus dissemination from other North American wild birds to AF dabbling ducks (Anatinae), shorebirds (Charidriformes), and poultry (Galliformes). Evidence was found for virus dissemination from shorebirds to gulls (Laridae), and dabbling ducks to shorebirds and poultry. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of IAV ecology in waterfowl within the AF.
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Moran, Renae E., Bryan J. Peterson, Gennaro Fazio i John A. Cline. "Low Temperature Tolerance of Apple Shoots Following Exposure to Warm Temperatures in Late Winter". HortScience 56, nr 6 (czerwiec 2021): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15665-20.
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The goal of this research was to evaluate resistance of apple rootstocks to late winter deacclimation during a 2-day exposure to warm temperatures in Maine. We measured the cold temperature tolerance of xylem, phloem, and cambium from 0 to −40 °C in 1- and 2-year-old shoot pieces from apple rootstock cultivars and advanced selections ‘M.9 T337’ (M.9), ‘M.7 EMLA’ (M.7), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9), ‘Geneva® 41’ (G.41), ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30), ‘Geneva 935’ (G.935), ‘Geneva 814’ (G.814), G.4013, G.5257, and Vineland 6 (V.6) after a 2-day exposure to warm (22 °C) or cold (2 to 4 °C) temperatures. Injury was measured on a 0 to 10 rating scale based on percentage of discolored cross-sectional xylem and phloem, and cambial length and circumference with brown discoloration, with 0 indicating no browning and 10 indicating browning in the entire tissue. Injury was also measured as intensity of browning on a scale of 0 (no browning) to 5 (dark brown to black). The weighted averages of the two ratings were used to calculate an index of browning. Genotypic variation occurred in the degree of deacclimation, which ranged from none to as much as 15 °C loss in hardiness. Two genotypes, ‘G.41’ and ‘M.9’, showed little change in hardiness in both years they were tested. Two genotypes, G.4013 and ‘G.814’, lost substantial hardiness in both years and may be vulnerable to late winter freeze-thaw events, but were among the hardiest before deacclimation. ‘G.935’ and G.5257 showed a small loss of hardiness, whereas ‘B.9’ lost hardiness in the cambium, but not the xylem, and V.6 lost hardiness after warm exposure, but showed almost no injury at temperatures as cold as −35 °C. The loss of hardiness of these four genotypes that were tested in only one year should be verified with additional testing because of the potential for yearly variation.
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Mahoney, Shane P., John A. Virgl i Kim Mawhinney. "Potential mechanisms of phenotypic divergence in body size between Newfoundland and mainland black bear populations". Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, nr 9 (1.09.2001): 1650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-122.
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Phenotypic variation in body size and degree of sexual size dimorphism of North American black bears (Ursus americanus) was quantified for populations from New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, Alaska, and the island of Newfoundland. Based on a model of island biogeography developed by Case, we predicted that body size should be larger in Newfoundland bears than in mainland populations. The presence of few large predators and minimal competition between herbivore prey on Newfoundland allow an appropriate test of the model (i.e., food availability for bears may differ between populations on the mainland and in Newfoundland). In addition, sexual-selection theory predicts that the coevolution of polygyny and large size will be coupled with an increase in sexual size dimorphism. Therefore, we also predicted that among the six populations, male body mass should scale hyperallometrically with female body mass (i.e., slope > 1). Analysis of deterministic growth curves indicated that bears from Newfoundland attained greater asymptotic body size than populations on the mainland, which supports our first prediction. On average, the relative difference in asymptotic body mass between females from the island and mainland populations was 55%, while the relative difference between males was 37%. However, we found that sexual size dimorphism did not increase disproportionately with body mass among the six populations, which refuted our second prediction. We discuss a range of abiotic and biotic selection pressures possibly responsible for larger body size in Newfoundland bears. We suggest that the ability to exploit seasonally abundant and spatially dispersed dietary protein by female and male black bears on the island has been and is still a primary environmental factor selecting for large body size in Newfoundland bears. Although the relationship between sexual size dimorphism and body size is tenuous (slope [Formula: see text] 1), it does suggest that (an)other adaptive mechanism(s), opposing sexual selection for extreme male size, explain(s) a large amount of the variation in sexual size dimorphism among black bear populations.
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Siegel, Robert D., Donna M. Bryant, Holley Stallings, Pamela Kadlubek, Laurel Borowski, Kathleen M. Castro i Steven B. Clauser. "Fertility preservation: Utilizing QOPI metrics in the quality improvement efforts of the NCI Community Cancer Centers Program (NCCCP)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2012): e16532-e16532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e16532.
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e16532 Background: The NCCCP is a consortium of 30 community based institutions funded by the NCI. Quality of care has been a priority of the NCCCP with participation in the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI) serving as a fundamental element in those efforts. QOPI provides both a metric for baseline assessment and a means for measuring improvement across the network. Participation in QOPI became required with expansion of the NCCCP in 2010. Utilizing QOPI methodology, we describe our efforts to optimize adherence to fertility preservation standards of care. NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E Methods: A data sharing agreement allows individual practice performance to be electronically forwarded to the NCI twice a year where it is aggregated with the other NCCCP QOPI participants. This allows for ongoing evaluation of group statistics as well as comparisons between participating institutions. Those practices scoring highest on individual parameters are queried for best practices. Results: In Spring 2011, 38 practices/23 NCCCP sites participated resulting in 2653 chart reviews. 258 charts were applicable to fertile individuals as defined by QOPI. 46 charts were in compliance with suggested standards (17.8%) compared with the national rate of 26.1%. Four practices performed well above the national average and became the NCCCP's leaders for establishing best practices. The NCCCP then embarked upon a process of defining barriers to compliance with the fertility preservation recommendations, created an assessment tool by which each practice could identify the degree it integrated fertility preservation into their care models, and began the process of integrating nationally available educational materials and speakers. QOPI metrics will be used to measure the impact of these interventions. Conclusions: QOPI is a useful tool for measuring quality within a network, identifying barriers to compliance with ASCO fertility preservation recommendations and assessing quality improvement efforts. This methodology has allowed us to proceed with quality initiatives despite the logistical challenges of working with institutions and physicians from Maine to Hawaii.
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Lounsbury, Natalie P., Bonnie B. Lounsbury, Nicholas D. Warren i Richard G. Smith. "Tarping Cover Crops Facilitates Organic No-till Cabbage Production and Suppresses Weeds". HortScience 57, nr 4 (kwiecień 2022): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16389-21.
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Small-scale vegetable farmers are interested in cover crops and reduced tillage, but scale-appropriate technology and equipment are necessary to expand these practices to the growing segment of small farms. We sought to determine the efficacy of tarps, an increasingly popular tool on small farms, to end overwintering cover crops and provide weed suppression for subsequent no-till cabbage production. In three fields over two seasons in Maine, we grew a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) cover crop, which we managed by a factorial combination of tillage (no-till, till) and tarping (tarp, no-tarp) in June, followed by a transplanted cabbage crop (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata) in July. Within each treatment, subplots were either weeded by hand or left unweeded. Cover crop biomass ranged from 2.8 to 4.5 Mg⋅ha−1. Mean cabbage weights in the novel no-till system (no-till/tarp) were greater than (year 1) or equal to (year 2) those in tillage-based systems (till/no-tarp and till/tarp). In year 1, the mean cabbage weight in weeded subplots was 48% greater in no-till/tarp than in till/no-tarp systems. In unweeded subplots, this difference was 270%, highlighting the efficacy of the no-till/tarp system to reduce the impact of weeds. In year 2, weed biomass was higher with all treatments than it was in year 1, and unweeded subplots failed to produce marketable heads (i.e., >300 g). The mean cabbage weight in weeded subplots was equal among no-till/tarp, till/tarp, and till/no-tarp systems. Tarping had a strong effect on weed biomass and weed community composition measured at the time of cabbage harvest in unweeded subplots. In year 1, weed biomass at the time of cabbage harvest with tarp treatments was less than half that with no-tarp treatments. Tarps effectively facilitated the cover crop mulch-based no-till system. We propose that this system is an adaptive strategy for farmers affected by climate change. However, both cover crop production and tarping shorten the growing season. We discuss tradeoffs and opportunity costs using the metric of growing degree days.