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1

Xie, Xianghua. "Defect detection in random colour textures". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425096.

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Afghah, Seyedeh Sajedeh. "MODELING SKYRMIONS, DEFECT TEXTURES, AND ELECTRICAL SWITCHINGIN LIQUID CRYSTALS". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532952208004472.

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Mahyaoui, Camille. "Exploitation des textures de phases cristal-liquides pour diverses applications optiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP118.

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Les cristaux liquides sont utilisés pour leurs propriétés électro-optiques depuis les années 1970, que ce soit dans les écrans LCDs ou pour des applications moins répandues telles que le vitrage actif. L'industrie verrière s'intéresse particulièrement à cette dernière. La technologie actuellement commercialisée exploite une matrice polymère dans laquelle sont dispersées des gouttelettes de cristal liquide en phase nématique. Sous l'effet d'une tension électrique, le vitrage passe d'un état diffusant à transparent. Cependant, la transparence de ce second état n'est pas optimale, ce qui a motivé la recherche d'autres solutions techniques. Il a été montré récemment que la phase smectique A pouvait également être utilisée pour concevoir un prototype de vitrage actif : un type de défauts topologiques (coniques focales) est généré en phase smectique A et polymérisé pour être maintenu en phase nématique. Grâce à cette étape, l'échantillon passe réversiblement d'un état diffusant à un état transparent lorsqu'une tension est appliquée. Ce système appartient à la famille des PSLCs (Polymer Stabilised Liquid Crystals). Dans cette thèse, nous avons optimisé les paramètres de polymérisation (concentration en monomère, photoinitiateur, puissance UV) pour maximiser le contraste entre l'état transparent et l'état diffusant. La relation entre les propriétés électro-optiques et la microstructure des échantillons a aussi été étudiée. Le principe a ensuite été étendu à une autre phase cristal liquide, très proche formellement de la phase smectique A : la phase nématique twist-bend (NTB). Cette phase présente une grande diversité de défauts topologiques, ce qui nous a permis de non seulement montrer qu'il était possible d'utiliser la phase NTB pour le vitrage actif mais également de développer un réseau de diffraction commandable électriquement. Pour cette dernière application, la « rope-like texture » de la phase NTB a été polymérisée afin d'être maintenue en phase nématique, laquelle est connue pour s'aligner réversiblement sur le champ électrique. Nous sommes ensuite revenus à la phase smectique A qui, bien que déjà très étudiée, présente encore des propriétés peu exploitées. Nous avons cherché à exploiter le réseau quasi-hexagonal de coniques focales obtenu par simple dépôt par spin-coating. Nous avons montré que ce réseau peut être utilisé pour confiner des nanoparticules (3 nm - 10 nm). La méthode fonctionne pour plusieurs types de nanoparticules (or, quantum dots). Une étude approfondie de l'état d'agrégation des nanoparticules et de leur localisation dans la matrice cristal liquide a été conduite. Deux populations de nanoparticules ont été mises en évidence : des agrégats de dimension micrométrique flottant en surface du cristal liquide et localisés sur les défauts et des nanoparticules adsorbées sur le substrat. Une évolution de la répartition des particules adsorbées a été observée sur des temps longs : un réseau nid d'abeilles apparaît en quelques mois. Enfin, les propriétés optiques des deux types de défauts observés en phase smectique A en conditions d'ancrage hybride ont été étudiées : les coniques focales (qui apparaissent dans les échantillons d'épaisseur supérieure à 1,5 µm) et les « défauts linéaires » (observés dans les échantillons d'épaisseur inférieure à 1,5 µm). Les coniques focales diffusent la lumière et confèrent à l'échantillon un aspect occultant tandis que les défauts linéaires diffractent la lumière, rendant l'échantillon coloré. Nous avons montré d'une part que les propriétés diffusantes des coniques focales sont d'autant plus importantes que la couche de cristal liquide est épaisse et d'autre part que les défauts linéaires se comportent bien comme un réseau de diffraction. La structure de ces deux types de défauts a été étudiée par microscopie optique. Un modèle à partir de cyclides de Dupin a été proposé pour les coniques focales mais la structure des défauts linéaires n'est pas encore complètement élucidée
Liquid crystals have been used for their electro-optical properties since the 1970s, both in LCD screens and for less widespread applications such as smart glass. The glass industry is particularly interested in the latter. The technology currently on the market uses a polymer matrix in which droplets of liquid crystal in the nematic phase are dispersed. Under the effect of an electrical voltage, the glass switches from a scattering to a transparent state. However, the transparency of this second state is not optimal, which has prompted the search for other technical solutions. It has recently been shown that the smectic A phase can also be used to design a smart glass prototype: a type of topological defect (focal conic domains) is generated in the smectic A phase and polymerised to be maintained in the nematic phase. Thanks to this step, the sample reversibly changes from a scattering state to a transparent state when a voltage is applied. This system belongs to the family of PSLCs (Polymer Stabilised Liquid Crystals). In this thesis, we optimised the polymerisation parameters (monomer concentration, photoinitiator, UV light intensity) to maximise the contrast between the transparent and scattering states. The relationship between the electro-optical properties and the microstructure of the samples was also studied. The principle was then extended to another liquid crystal phase that is formally very close to the smectic A phase: the twist-bend nematic (NTB) phase. This phase exhibits a wide variety of topological defects, enabling us not only to show that the NTB phase can also be used for smart glass applications, but also to develop an electrically tunable diffraction grating. For the latter application, the ‘rope-like texture' of the NTB phase was polymerised to be maintained in the nematic phase, which is known to align reversibly along the electric field. We then revisited the smectic A phase, which has already been extensively studied, but whose properties have not yet been fully investigated. In particular, we sought to make use of the quasi-hexagonal lattice of focal conic domains that is obtained by simple spin-coating deposition. We have shown that this lattice can be used to confine nanoparticles (3 nm - 10 nm). The method works for several types of nanoparticles (gold, quantum dots). An in-depth study of the aggregation state of nanoparticles and their location in the liquid crystal matrix was carried out. Two populations of nanoparticles were identified: micrometre-sized aggregates floating on the surface of the liquid crystal and localised on the defects, and nanoparticles adsorbed on the substrate. An evolution in the distribution of adsorbed particles was observed over long periods: a honeycomb lattice appeared in a few months. Finally, the optical properties of the two types of defects observed in the smectic A phase under hybrid anchoring conditions were studied: focal conic domains (which appear in samples thicker than 1.5 µm) and ‘linear defects' (observed in samples thinner than 1.5 µm). The focal conic domains scatter light and give the sample a hazy appearance, while the linear defects diffract visible light, giving the sample a structural colour. We have shown that the scattering properties of the focal conics are enhanced the thicker the liquid crystal layer, and that the linear defects behave as a diffraction grating. The structure of these two types of defects was studied using optical microscopy. A model based on Dupin's cyclides was proposed for focal conic domains. The structure of linear defects has not yet been fully elucidated
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4

Song, Keng Yew. "Surface defect detection on textured background". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844113/.

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This thesis addresses the problem of defect detection on complex textural surfaces. In general, whether the texture to be inspected is regular or random, in image terms it is characterized by local variations in pixel grey level values. These normal variations render the problem of texture defect detection extremely difficult as defects are often manifested by grey level changes and their detection requires more than mere pixel comparisons. In the thesis, classical techniques on texture representation are studied and various existing texture defect detection algorithms are reviewed. Three novel algorithms have been developed to tackle the problem of defect detection on random or regular textures. The first two are devoted to the problem of crack detection and the third algorithm is devoted to the problem of detecting regional defects. For texture crack detection, a cojoint spatial and spatial frequency representation, that is, wigner distribution is proposed to model the inspected texture surface. A detailed analysis of the wigner distribution, its properties and the effect of windowing on its crack detection performance are carried out. Two postprocessing methods, ie, probabilistic relaxation labelling and linear filtering are incorporated into the crack detection algorithm to refine the results. The potential of the Wigner model has also been explored by modifying the crack detection algorithm so as to detect other types of defects. For real world applications, an efficient crack detection algorithm based on a new distribution is proposed. The algorithm is shown to produce comparable results but in much shorter time. For regional defect detection, a hybrid chromato-structural approach to colour texture representation is proposed where combined colour texture information is extracted from various chromatic classes associated with the inspected surface. In the approach, a unified defect detection framework which combines a new colour clustering scheme, morphological smoothing and blob analysis are used to capture the relevant combined colour texture information. With this framework, good defect detection results are obtained and presented in this thesis.
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5

Pathak, Ajay Kumar. "Automated defect detection in textured materials". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23295168.

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Ngan, Yuk-tung Henry. "Motif-based method for patterned texture defect detection". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b40203608.

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Ngan, Yuk-tung Henry, i 顏旭東. "Motif-based method for patterned texture defect detection". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40203608.

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Ngan, Yuk-tung Henry, i 顏旭東. "Patterned Jacquard fabric defect detection". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30070880.

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Piepmeier, Jenelle Armstrong. "Textural analysis for defect detection in automated inspection systems". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19108.

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Barrett, Heather A. "A COMPARATIVE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATION OF DEFECTS AND TEXTURES IN CRYPTOMELANE". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375787636.

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Figueras, Puig Jordi. "Defects and the vortex liquid state in superconducting textured YBa2Cu307". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3349.

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En els superconductors d'elevada temperatura crítica (entre els que s'inclou el compost YBa2Cu3O7 estudiat en aquesta tesis), el moviment de les línees de camp magnètic (vòrtex) que penetren en el material es veu altament incrementada per les altes temperatures d'operació d'aquests materials superconductors. Aquest moviment dels vòrtex genera dissipació en forma d'una resistència elèctrica.
Addicionalment, aquests vòrtex estan sotmesos a diverses interaccions que en determinen el seu comportament dinàmic, on destaquen la importància de la energia repulsiva entre vòrtex, i la influència de defectes microstructurals on les propietats superconductores estan deteriorades. Aquests defectes microstructurals poden, en determinades condicions actuar com a llocs preferencials per als vòrtex, comportant-se així com a centres d'ancoratge que en milloren les propietats superconductores. L'estudi de la influència de la microstructura en el moviment de vòrtex, en mostres texturades de YBa2Cu3O7, on existeix una elevada diversitat de defectes, ha estat l'objectiu d'aquesta tesis.
Aquest estudi ha requerit l'estudi de mostres amb característiques microstructurals clarament diferenciades i d'una sistemàtica de mesura que permeti distinguir els efectes de cada un dels defectes. Els principals resultats d'aquest estudi han estat:
1.- El sistema YBa2Cu3O7 ha estat comparat amb altres sistemes similars, el NdBa2Cu3O7 i els efectes del dopatge YBa2(Cu1-xMgx)3O7. La influència del dopatge en la anisotropia ha estat emprat per a investigar l'evolució del diagrama de fases magnètic en funció del contingut de Mg.
2.- Per a la posterior comparació amb mostres amb una gran diversitat de defectes, hem estudiat les propietats d'una mostra monocristal·lina.
3.- S'ha determinat i quantificat la influència dels principals centres d'ancoratge presents en mostres texturades. En aquest sentit, hem determinat:
3.1.- L'existència d'una ampliació de l'estat sòlid dels vòrtex quan els vòrtex s'orienten paral·lelament als centres d'ancoratge. Aquest fenòmen ha estat determinat tant en defectes planars (plans de macla), com en defectes lineals (les dislocacions). Així mateix, també ha estat observat una ampliació de l'estat sòlid per a les inclusions de partícules esfèriques de Y2BaCuO5 per a totes les direccions del camp magnètic, demostrant d'aquesta manera que actuen com a centres d'ancoratge lineal en una longitud de l'ordre del seu radi.
3.2.- Ha estat demostrat que els defectes puntuals no són capaços de modificar la posició de la transició sòlid-liquid en el diagrama de fases magnètic.
4.- També s'ha determinat la influència de determinats defectes microstructurals (microesquerdes, defectes d'apilament) que donen lloc a una reducció de la correlació dels vòrtex al llarg de la direcció del camp magnètic, donant lloc a una ampliació de l'estat líquid dels vòrtex, demostrant d'aquesta manera que determinats defectes microstructurals poden tenir efectes detrimentals per a l'ancoratge dels vòrtex.
La influència dels diferents defectes en aquestes mostres amb una elevada complexitat microstructural ha estat comparada amb els resutats obtinguts de la literatura en mostres "netes" i els diversos models teòrics existents per a mostres amb una baixa diversitat de defectes.
Finalment, tot aquest estudi de la influència d'aquests defectes en la dinàmica de vòrtex en mostres texturades de YBa2Cu3O7 ens ha permès determinar l'existència d'una nova transició en el sistema YBa2Cu3O7 on la tensió lineal del vòrtex es perd.
In High Temperature Superconductors (where the system considered in this thesis, YBa2Cu3O7 is included), the motion of the magnetic flux lines (vortex) present in the sample is strongly enhanced by the high temperatures of operation of these superconducting materials. The motion of these vortices generates dissipation in the form of an electrical resistance.
Furthermore, different interactions act over vortices, thus modifying their dynamic behavior. In particular, it is worth to mention the repulsive vortex-vortex interaction and the influence of microstructural defects where the superconducting properties are suppressed. These microstructural defects may, under certain circumstances, act as preferential sites for vortices, and thus, become pinning centers improving the superconducting properties. The study of the influence of the defects in textured samples of YBa2Cu3O7, where a high density of defects exists, is the goal of this thesis.
This study has required the study of samples with microstructural characteristics clearly differentiated and systematic measurements capable to distinguish the effects of each one of the main defects. The main results of this work are:
1.- The system YBa2Cu3O7 has been compared with similar systems: NdBa2Cu3O7 and the influence of Mg doping YBa2(Cu1-xMgx)3O7. The influence of doping in the anisotropy has been considered to investigate the evolution of the phase diagram with the content of Mg.
2.- We have studied the superconducting properties of a clean single crystals, in order to compare these results with those obtained in textured samples with a high diversity of defects.
3.- We have determined and quantized the influence of the main pinning centers present in textured samples. We have seen:
3.1.- A widening of the vortex solid state when vortices are parallel to the pinning centers. This phenomenon has been observed in planar defects (twin boundaries) and linear defects (in plane dislocations). It has also been observed a widening of the solid state due to the inclusions of Y2BaCuO5 spherical particles for all the directions of the magnetic field, thus demonstrating that they act as linear pinning centers for a length of the order of their radius.
3.2.- That point-like pinning centers are not capable to modificate the position of the solid-liquid transition in the magnetic phase diagram.
4.- We have also determined the influence of certain microstructural defects (microcracks and stacking faults) leading to a reduction in the vortex correlation along the direction of the magnetic field, promoting a widening of the vortex liquid state, thus demonstrating that microstructural defects also may have detrimental effects on vortex pinning.
The influence of the different microstructural defects in samples with a high degree of microstructural complexity has been compared with the results obtained in the literature in clean samples and the theoretical models existing in samples with a low density of defects.
Finally, this study of the influence of defects on vortex dynamics in textured YBa2Cu3O7 has enabled to determine the existence of a new transition in the system YBa2Cu3O7 where the vortex line tension is lost.
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Dando, Owen Robert. "Topological defects in low-energy string gravity". Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4496/.

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Cosmologists are interested in topological defects as a possible source for the primordial density perturbations which seeded structure formation through gravitational instability. In this thesis, the gravitational properties of various topological defects are studied in the context of low-energy string theory, a likely modification of Einstein gravity at the high energy scales prevalent in the early universe. We consider in turn global monopole, local monopole, global cosmic string and global texture defects, allowing for an arbitrary coupling of defects to the string theory dilaton. For global defects we find the following behaviour. If the dilaton is massless, this modification to general relativity generically destroys the global good behaviour of the monopole and cosmic string, making their spacetimes singular. For the texture non-singular spacetimes exist, but only for certain values of the matter-dilaton coupling, dependent on the gravitational strength of the defect; in addition, this non-singular behaviour exists only in a certain frame. In the case of a massive dilaton, the metric behaviour of these defects is similar to that found in Einstein gravity, though we find they generically induce a long-range dilaton cloud. For the local monopole, which we study only in the presence of a massless dilaton, a rich variety of behaviour is found. For particular parameter values the local monopole spacetime approximates that of an extremal dilaton black hole.
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Smith, Melvyn Lionel. "The integration of innovative vision and graphic modelling techniques for surface inspection". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387938.

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Caulier, Yannick. "Surface defect classification based on one-dimensional sensors and structured illumination". Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991379101/04.

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Zhong, Zhengye [Verfasser]. "In situ tensile investigations on AA 7020-T6 using synchrotron diffraction for texture, lattice strain and defect density studies / Zhengye Zhong". Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078695237/34.

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Escofet, Soteras Jaume. "Caracterització, reconeixement de patrons i detecció de defectes en textures periòdiques mitjançant anàlisi d'imatges. Aplicació a teixits textils". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6746.

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La forta exigència de qualitat a que són sotmesos els productes actuals fa que els processos d'inspecció i control industrial ocupin, cada vegada més, un lloc destacat en la seva fabricació. La indústria relacionada amb els materials de superfície texturada i periòdica (malles metàl·liques, plàstics, paper, làmines, roba, etc.) no és aliena a aquest problema i, en l'actualitat, està esmerçant molts esforços en aquest camp. Un cas representatiu dels materials anteriors, que presenta una ampla problemàtica en quan a inspecció i control així com una elevada exigència de qualitat en l'acabat, és el teixit tèxtil.
La majoria de defectes que es produeixen en el procés productiu d'un material tèxtil, com en tants altres materials i productes industrials, són detectats encara per inspectors humans. La seva feina és, en general, molt repetitiva i rutinària i, moltes vegades, el consum de temps que hi dediquen és molt elevat. A més cal fixar l'atenció en petits detalls situats en un camp extens, que sovint es troba en moviment, el que acaba produint fatiga visual en l'operari.
En les últimes dècades, gràcies al gran desenvolupament tecnològic que hi ha hagut, estem assistint a una sèrie d'avenços, molt ràpids i de gran abast, en el món dels processos d'automatització i control. A conseqüència d'això, cada vegada el procés de producció és més ràpid, el que requereix que el control de qualitat també ho sigui.
L'interès industrial en automatitzar les operacions d'inspecció és cada vegada més gran.
A tall d'exemple la fira tèxtil internacional que reuneix més interès i expectació a nivell mundial, ITMA-99, celebrada aquest any a París, mostrava en els seus stands diferents productes dedicats a l'automatització dels processos d'inspecció i control de qualitat.
Entre les ofertes d'aquesta fira cal citar una gran varietat d'instruments i dispositius: sensors òptics per inspeccionar la qualitat del fil en temps real en processos de filatura, espectrecolorímetres acoblats a l'estampadora i a la màquina de tintar per determinar amb més precisió el color, cameres lineals i cameres 2-D ultraràpides per detectar fils trencats en ordidors. En el camp del tissatge s'ha començat a veure en aquesta fira un sistema d'inspecció format per un conjunt (10 o 12) de cameres 2-D, situades damunt del teler, que detecta defectes locals que es poden produir en la roba durant el procés de producció. Des de la penúltima fira (ITMA-94) ha sigut novetat una màquina de repassar automàtica, on un sistema digital de processat format per 4 cameres i un potent ordinador, permet detectar una més ampla varietat de defectes locals i amb una velocitat nominal que pot arribar fins a 300 metres de roba per minut. Malgrat tot, les novetats aportades per la fira presenten grans limitacions: preu elevat, infrastructura complexa en la captació i processat de la imatge i, els resultats que s'obtenen només han estat validats per casos limitats (teixit de plana i d'un sol color). A més, si es té en compte que molts processos de producció són de tirada curta, canviant constantment el tipus d'article del teler, es necessita un sistema que sigui robust i versàtil, capaç de treballar amb diferents lligaments i colors i que el seu cost sigui més baix que el dels productes actuals.
Revisant la última dècada, la més rellevant en el desenvolupament d'aquestes tecnologies, s'observa un clar increment en l'aplicació de tècniques de processat digital de la imatge a l'anàlisi de mostres texturades [Brzakovic-1992]. En el cas de la inspecció de materials tèxtils Chetverikov [Chetverikov-1988] desenvolupà un procés d'inspecció automàtica en teixits tèxtils que combina l'anàlisi de textures i la segmentació d'imatges. Neubauer [Neubauer-1992] segmentà defectes en mostres reals amb l'ajut d'una camera lineal i una xarxa neuronal. Siew et al. [Siew-1988] mesuraren les característiques texturals en catifes a partir d'estadístiques de primer i segon ordre aplicades als nivells de grisos de la imatge. Zhang i Bresse [Zhang-1995] detectaren i classificaren nusos, carreres i trencades mitjançant l'autocorrelació i operacions de morfologia matemàtica. Tsai et al. [Tsai-1995] detectaren i classificaren exactament quatre classes de defectes en teixits tèxtils utilitzant matrius de co-ocurrència i xarxes neuronals. Xu [Xu-1997] mesurà la rugositat en les superfícies de catifes a partir de la dimensió fractal de la imatge. Mitjançant tècniques combinades de filtrat Gaussià, umbralització, equalització de l'histograma i autocorrelació Kang et al. [Kang-1999] determinaren densitats lineals de fils en els direccions de trama i ordit per teixits de plana.
La inspecció de materials texturats quasiperiòdics i, en particular els tèxtils, mitjançant tècniques de processat òptic-digital de la imatge és un camp d'investigació relativament poc treballat i que presenta un interès renovat. En aquest apartat es troben poques contribucions entre les que cal destacar Kang et al. [Kang-1999] que trobaven directament, a partir de la llum transmesa pel teixit, el punt de creuament dels fils en teixits de plana i Ciamberlini [Ciamberlini-1996] que operava amb la TF òptica de la llum transmesa pel teixit.
Les eines que actualment estan al mercat són insuficients i es centren principalment en la resolució d'un aspecte: la detecció de defectes locals. En la literatura no és troben plantejaments generals que abastin des de models i procediments per caracteritzar les estructures fins a mecanismes que determinin la seva evolució o resistència davant d'agressions, la detecció de defectes globals en l'estructura i la detecció de defectes locals. Creiem que aquest plantejament general, que pot ser vàlid per a una gran varietat de materials, és també necessari. En aquest treball s'han aplicat, principalment a materials tèxtils, un conjunt d'eines inspirades en aquest plantejament.
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Niyonzima, Jean de dieu. "Topological defects in smectic A liquid crystal thin films". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS660.pdf.

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En raison de leur nature omniprésente et polyvalente, les défauts topologiques suscitent un grand intérêt depuis plus d'un siècle dans différents domaines de recherche tels que la cosmologie, la biologie et la physique de la matière condensée. Ils jouent un rôle important dans la détermination des propriétés dynamiques et statiques des matériaux qui les hébergent. Les défauts topologiques des cristaux liquides Smectic A se sont révélés capables d'attirer, de piéger et d'orienter les nanoparticules dans différents réseaux au cœur de leurs défauts. Cependant, la structure locale des défauts topologiques reste en général mal connue. Les films minces de cristaux liquides smectiques confinés qui peuvent conduire facilement à la formation de défauts topologiques sont utiles dans ce cadre car ils permettent d'utiliser la diffusion des rayons X pour les étudier avec une résolution sans précédent. En utilisant la diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles en incidence rasante (GISAXS) sur la ligne de faisceau SIXS du Synchrotron Soleil, nous avons étudié la structure interne d'un réseau de défauts topologiques smectiques orientés dans des films minces de cristaux liquides smectiques A de 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphényle (8CB) confinés entre deux ancrages antagonistes forts imposés par le substrat d'alcool polyvinylique (planaire unidirectionnel) et l'air (perpendiculaire). Ces films sont composés de couches smectiques superposées en hémicylindres aplatis. Nous avons déterminé théoriquement la relation entre l'intensité de Bragg intégrée, la largeur maximale à mi-hauteur du pic diffusé et le nombre de couches smectiques qui tournent au sein des hémicylindres. Cela nous a permis de reconstruire avec précision la structure interne de ces films minces. Nous avons démontré que trois types différents de défauts topologiques coexistent à l'intérieur de ces films minces smectiques, des dislocations, des disinclinaisons et des joints de grains topologiques bidimensionnels tous orientés dans la direction parallèle à l'axe des hémicylindres. Les couches smectiques qui relient tous ces défauts présentent une dilatation anormalement forte de la distance inter-couches à proximité du centre de courbure des hémicylindres. Une minimisation de l'énergie élastique conduit à une relation quantitative entre cette distance et le rayon de courbure des couches smectiques en parfait accord avec les données expérimentales. Cette dilation est à l'origine non seulement de la formation des dislocations mais aussi de la formation d'un chevron au milieu des hémicylindres. Nous avons ensuite analysé l'évolution des structures en fonction de l'épaisseur du film. Nous avons constaté que c’est essentiellement la zone de disinclinaison qui gère le changement de structure quand l'épaisseur augmente à cause de la nécessité de diminuer l'énergie de surface du film smectique. Cela nous a permis de montrer en particulier comment la taille du cœur de disclinaison peut être contrôlée par l'épaisseur du film smectique
Due to their ubiquitous and versatile nature, the topological defects have been the subject of a great interest for over a century in different research areas such as cosmology, biology and condensed matter physics. They are important in the determination of dynamic and static properties of the material that host them. Smectic A liquid crystal topological defects have been shown to be able to attract, trap and orient nanoparticle into different networks in their defect cores. However, their intimate structure remains elusive. Liquid crystals are laboratory systems to study topological defects. The confined smectic liquid crystal thin films that can lead to the formation of topological defects are useful since they allow for the use of X-ray scattering to study the defects at an unprecedented resolution. Using Grazing Incident Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) on the SIXS beamline of Soleil Synchrotron facility, we studied the internal structure of an array of oriented smectic topological defects in thin smectic-A liquid crystal films of of 4-n-octyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) confined between two strong antagonistic anchoring imposed by Polyvinyl alcohol substrate (planar unidirectional) and air (homeotropic). We studied a film of 180 nm thickness and found that it is composed of smectic layers superimposed into flattened hemicylinders. We have theoretically determined the relationship between the integrated Bragg intensity, the Full width at Half maximum of the scattered peak and the number of scattering rotating smectic layers. This allowed us to reconstruct with precision the internal structure of these thin smectic films. We have evidenced that three different kinds of topological defects coexist inside these thin smectic films, dislocations, disclination and 2D topological grain boundaries, all oriented in the direction parallel to the axis of the hemicylinders. The rotating smectic layers that connect these defects display an unusually strong increase of their interlayer spacing close to the hemicylinder curvature center. A minimization of the elastic energy leads to a quantitative relationship between the interlayer spacing and the curvature radius of the smectic layers in perfect agreement with the experimental data. This interlayer spacing appears to be not only at the origin of the dislocation formation but also at the origin of a chevron formation in the middle of the hemicylinders. We have then analyzed the evolution of the structures as a function of the film thickness. We found that it is essentially the disinclination zone that manages the change in structure as the thickness increases due to the need to decrease the surface energy of the smectic film. This allowed us to show in particular how the size of the disclination core can be controlled by the thickness of the smectic film
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18

Hardian, Rifan. "Interplay between structure, texture, and reactivity in MOFs in the case of amorphous, defective, and composite materials". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0419/document.

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Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) sont constitués de clusters métalliques connectés dans les ligands organiques. L'objectif principal de ma thèse était de caractériser la texture, la structure et la réactivité des MOFs dans le cas de systèmes présentant des défauts, amorphes et composites.La première étude est centrée sur les propriétés de la famille Fe-BTC et ce travail a été réalisé en collaboration avec l'Université d'Utrecht et l'Université d'Oxford. Une étude comparative entre le MIL-100(Fe) et son homologue commercial Basolite F300 (BASF) qui est amorphe ont été évaluées par l’adsorption de méthanol et d'autres techniques de caractérisation. De plus, les deux matériaux ont été testés pour être utilisés comme support pour l'imprégnation des métaux.Dans la deuxième étude, le broyage à la bille est utilisé comme stratégie de modification post-synthèse de MOFs. Le matériau ZIF-8 a été sélectionné de cas car il s'agit d'un MOF disponible dans le commerce (Basolite Z1200) et qui est en train de devenir de référence dans ce domaine. Ce chapitre examiner des propriétés flexibles, de la texture, de la structure, et la réactivité.Les MOFs UiO-66 et MOF-808 sont également analysées. Ces études ont été réalisées en collaboration avec l'Université Technique de Munich. UiO-66 contenant différents défauts d'ingénierie sont examinées. Nous avons démontré que les mesures d’adsorption de vapeur peuvent être un outil précieux pour accéder à la chimie des défauts. Le deuxième système est la série MOF-808 qu’une étude complète est présentée allant des diverses stratégies de synthèse de MOFs défectueux et composites jusqu'à leur propriété d'adsorption et de réactivité
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that constructed from metal clusters connected with organic linkers. The main objective of my PhD was to characterize the texture, structure, and reactivity of MOFs materials with a particular focus on defective, amorphous and composite materials. The first study is centered on the properties of the Fe-BTC family and this work was realized in collaboration with Utrecht University and the University of Oxford. A comparative study between crystalline MIL-100(Fe) and its commercial counterpart amorphous Basolite F300 (BASF) were studied by using methanol adsorption to predict the reactivity. Other characterization methods are introduced to investigate both materials which were further tested to be used as supports for metal-impregnation. In the next study, ball-milling was employed as a post-synthesis strategy for MOF modification. This ZIF-8 material was selected since it is commercially available (Basolite Z1200) and is becoming one of the reference materials in this area. Extensive studies including flexibility, textural, structural, as well as reactivity of different milling products is presented. Zirconium-based MOFs (UiO-66 and MOF-808) were also examined in this thesis. These studies were performed in collaboration with TU Munich. UiO-66 series containing engineered defects are first examined. We demonstrated that vapor adsorption measurement is a valuable tool to access the chemistry of the defects. The second studied system is MOF-808 series, where a comprehensive study is presented starting from synthesis strategies of defective and composite MOFs up to adsorption properties and reactivity
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19

Adel, Mouloud. "Détection de défauts de placages d'okoumé par traitement d'images couleur et analyse de texture". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL010N.

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L’objectif de cette étude est de fournir une meilleure caractérisation des défauts de surface de bois par l'utilisation du traitement d'images couleur et de l'analyse de texture, en vue de l'automatisation du procédé de découpe de placage d'okoumé. Une première partie est consacrée à l'évaluation des différentes essences de couleur. L’élaboration d'une méthode de comparaison permet de montrer expérimentalement que les coordonnées d'Otha offrent le meilleur compromis, et que dans le cas de l'okoumé, l'information couleur peut être considérée comme bidimensionnelle. Certains défauts d'aspects de surface de placage d'okoumé ne peuvent être localisés que par l'utilisation de méthodes de caractérisation de texture. À cet effet, différentes techniques d'analyses de texture ont été testées pour localiser ces zones défectueuses. La technique d'extraction de l'énergie de texture, introduite par Laws, a été retenue. Pour mieux assimiler le processus d'inspection visuelle de surface de placage, une enquête statistique sur la pertinence d'attributs de traitement d'images est menée auprès d'experts en défauts du bois. Cette démarche a mis en évidence des corrélations entre l'œil des experts et certains attributs. Enfin pour supporter l'ensemble de la chaine de traitement des images de défauts de placage, une architecture matérielle spécialisée est construite autour de processus rapides du signal (DSP)
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20

Missaoui, Amine. "Dynamics of topological defects in freely floating smectic liquid crystal films and bubbles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS207.

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L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier la dynamique des défauts topologiques dans les cristaux liquides (LC). Parmi le large éventail de choix possibles, nous nous intéressons à la phase cristalline liquide thermotropique smectique-C. La propriété unique de cette phase LC permet de former des films librement suspendus, qui sont supportés sur un support et délimités par un ménisque, et des bulles flottant librement. Les études dans ces systèmes en suspension sont d'une part moins influencées par les conditions limites qui existent dans le cas des cellules LC et d'autre part plus faciles à interpréter grâce à la géométrie bidimensionnelle de ces films et bulles. L'objectif consiste à exploiter les propriétés des films et des bulles en suspension libre de la smectique-C pour l'étude de la dynamique des défauts topologiques
The aim of the thesis is to study the dynamics of topological defects in liquid crystals (LC). Among the wide range of possible choices, we are interested in the thermotropic smectic-C liquid crystalline phase. The unique property of this LC phase allows to form freely suspended films, that are supported on a holder and bounded by a meniscus, and freely floating bubbles. The studies in these suspended systems are on the one hand less influenced by the boundary conditions that exist in the case of the LC cells and on the other hand easier to interpret thanks to the two-dimensional geometry of these films and bubbles. The aim of the PhD consists in exploiting the properties of smectique-C freely suspended films and bubbles for the study of the dynamics of topological defects
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21

Souza, Aline Pereira de. "Processos cognitivos analógicos como recursos de presença em argumentação : uma proposta para a interpretação e produção textuais /". Araraquara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150990.

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Orientador: Antônio Suárez Abreu
Banca: Beatriz Arruda Doná
Banca: Ana Carolina Sperança Criscuolo
Banca: Maria Sofia de Toledo
Resumo: As projeções, como a metáfora, a personificação, a comparação, a metonímia e a parábola, geralmente são apresentadas aos alunos na escola apenas como figuras de linguagem de uso restrito ao universo literário. Entretanto, pretendemos mostrar que tais projeções são presentes em nossa comunicação diária e utilizadas em larga escala em muitos gêneros, tanto de forma natural, explicitando sua presença no pensamento (cf. LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980), quanto proposital (cf. GIBBS, Jr. 2015 e STEEN, 2015). Desses gêneros, escolhemos três para compor nosso corpus: títulos de matérias jornalísticas, dissertações argumentativas bem avaliadas da FUVEST e do ENEM e memes de Facebook, que são os principais gêneros a que estão expostos os alunos do Ensino Médio. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o uso e, principalmente, a funcionalidade desses processos cognitivos de projeção de base analógica em três gêneros diferentes e cotidianos para o nosso público-alvo, para reforçar a importância comunicativa e social que a presença de projeções tem nesses textos. A partir dessa análise foi delineada uma estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem da produção/compreensão desses textos, pois acreditamos que compreender as projeções como um processo cognitivo e analógico pode ajudar consideravelmente os estudantes a desenvolver suas habilidades de leitura, compreensão e produção textual. A hipótese que defendemos é que as projeções são bastante frequentes em muitos gêneros e têm importante fun... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Projections, such as metaphor, personification, comparison, metonymy, and parable, are usually presented to students at school only as language-use figures restricted to the literary universe. However, we intend to show that such projections are present in our daily communication and used on a large scale in many genres, both in a natural way, explaining their presence in thought (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1980), and intentional (GIBBS, Jr 2015 and STEEN, 2015). Of these genres, we chose three to compose our corpus: journal titles, wellevaluated argumentative dissertations from FUVEST and ENEM and Facebook's memes, which are the main genres to which high school students are exposed. This research aims to analyze the use and, mainly, the functionality of these cognitive processes of analogical projection in three different and everyday genres for our target audience, to reinforce the communicative and social importance that the presence of projections has in these texts. From this analysis, a teaching-learning strategy of the production / comprehension of these texts was delineated, because it is believed that understanding the projections as a cognitive and analogical process can considerably help students to develop their reading, comprehension and textual production skills. The hypothesis that we defend is that projections are quite frequent in many genres and have an important argumentative function. We also believe that such texts are consumed precisely because of the projections contained in them, since they make them more attractive and can mean much, saying little. Our main objectives, therefore, were: to understand the functionality and sense effects of the projections used in the chosen texts and to verify how the mastery and the awareness of these concepts can help students better understand the texts that surround them and produce better written texts. The analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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22

Selmi, Mayada. "Textures à la surface libre de cristaux liquides smectiques : étude en géométrie films librement suspendus et sur substrats structurés". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0098/document.

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Ces travaux concernent l’étude expérimentale des textures se développant dans les ménisques de films smectiques de cristaux liquides thermotropes. Ces fluides complexes nous servent de système modèle pour l’étude des couplages élasto-capillaires qui se manifestent dans certaines conditions par des déformations périodiques de l’interface cristal liquide-air. Dans un premier temps, à partir de l’étude détaillée de la topographie de l’interface par une méthode interférométrique, nous caractérisons les différents types de structures, puis, identifions les principaux paramètres impliqués dans le processus d'apparition des défauts dans le ménisque de films libres suspendus. Ces résultats nous servent de base pour discuter des mécanismes physiques qui génèrent les différents types de défauts observés. Nous regardons en particulier, comment la diminution d’épaisseur de couche associée à une transition de phase va induire une instabilité mécanique responsable de l’apparition des ondulations de l’interface. Dans un deuxième temps, afin d’aller plus loin dans la compréhension des mécanismes, nous avons utilisé des films minces de cristaux liquides déposés sur des substrats solides microstructurés par des plots fabriqués par des techniques photolitographiques. Une telle géométrie permet de générer un ménisque autour de chaque plot et surtout de faire varier un plus grand nombre de paramètres comme par exemple l’ancrage sur le substrat via un traitement chimique de surface. L’ensemble de nos résultats apportent un éclairage nouveau sur la caractérisation et la compréhension des déformations spécifiques aux ménisques de fluides complexes
The present work is an experimental study of the textures that appear in the meniscus of free standing smectic films with thermotropic liquid crystals. These complex fluids serve as model systems to investigate elasto-capillary phenomena which, under certain conditions, manifest themselves through periodic deformations of the liquid crystalair interface. In the first part of the thesis, we focus our attention on meniscus structures whose interfacial topographies are thoroughly characterized thanks to an in-house optical interferometry technique. Our study allows us to identify the main parameters involved in the development of meniscus structures and to discuss the physical mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for their formation. In particular, we show how a phase transition-induced layer shrinkage triggers a mechanical instability leading to interfacial undulations of the smectic free surface. In the second part of the manuscript, we address the case of thin liquid crystal films deposited on solid patterned solid substrates. The latter consist of regular arrays of microposts fabricated through photolithographic techniques. Such a geometry allows a meniscus to be formed around each micropost and makes it possible to examine the influence of other parameters such as the anchoring conditions on the solid substrate. The results gathered so far are able to shed some light on the characterization and the understanding of the specific deformations and textures that appear in the menisci of complex fluids
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Sinkora, Miarka. "Quels impacts des facteurs agronomiques et technologiques sur les déterminants biologiques de la texture des purées de tomates ? : Focus sur les variétés, la réduction des intrants au champ et l’itinéraire technologique à l’usine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AVIG0608.

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La tomate est un des fruits les plus consommés au monde, reconnu pour ses qualités nutritionnelles, et en particulier sa forte teneur en caroténoïdes. Le changement climatique et les sècheresses qu’il engendre amènent à repenser les méthodes de production, en diminuant les intrants. Dans le cas de la tomate d’industrie, destinée à la transformation, une approche intégrée depuis le champ jusqu’à la purée est nécessaire pour définir les effets des conduites à bas intrants sur les fruits et les purées de tomate, mais aussi leur interaction avec le procédé de transformation et la variété. Nous avons montré que la diminution de l’irrigation, et dans une moindre mesure de l’azote, modifient peu les caractéristiques biochimiques du fruit, augmentent la viscosité des purées et augmentent l’efficience de l’eau des cultures. Ces données sont prometteuses pour diminuer la consommation d’eau mais soulignent aussi l’importance de maitriser le déficit en particulier en cas de canicule. Un déficit modéré, jusqu’à 70% des besoins en eau semble possible. La viscosité des purées est avant tout modifiable par le choix variétal et par le procédé de transformation. Nous avons montré que la variété et le procédé modifient la viscosité par des mécanismes différents et que la quantité, la nature et la conformation des pectines jouet un rôle majeur dans la viscosité des purées. De plus nous avons mis en évidence des phénomènes d’agglomération de particules pouvant participer à la viscosité. Enfin, nos travaux ouvrent des perspectives sur le lien entre la structure du fruit et la structure et la viscosité des purées, et sur la manière dont le déficit hydrique peut modifier ce lien
Tomato is one of the most consumed fruit in the world, recognized for its nutritional qualities, and in particular its high carotenoid content. Climate change and the droughts it causes are leading us to a retconsider the production methods, by reducing inputs. In the case of processing tomatoes, intended for processing, an integrated approach from the field to the puree is necessary to define the effects of low-input practices on the fruits and tomato purees, but also their interaction with the processing method and the variety. We have shown that the reduction of irrigation, and to a lesser extent of nitrogen, has little effect on the biochemical characteristics of the fruit, increases the viscosity of purees and increases the water efficiency of crops. These data are promising for reducing water consumption but also underline the importance of controlling the deficit, particularly in the case of heat waves. A moderate deficit, up to 70% of water needs seems possible. The viscosity of purees can be modified by the choice of variety and by the transformation process. We have shown that the variety and the process modify the viscosity by different mechanisms and that the quantity, the nature and the conformation of pectins play a major role in the viscosity of the purees. In addition, we observed particle agglomeration phenomena that can contribute to viscosity. Finally, our work opens perspectives on the link between the structure of the fruit and the structure and viscosity of purees, and on the way the water deficit can modify this link
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24

Aurand, Rémy. "Intégration d'approches génétique et écophysiologique pour l'analyse du dialogue protéines-gènes / environnement dans l'élaboration et le maintien de la texture du fruit de tomate". Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0648/document.

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La texture du fruit, caractère complexe de qualité, est un critère majeur pour le consommateur mais aussi pour la filière. Au cours de cette thèse, la texture a été analysée par une approche globale et intégrative combinant des approches écophysiologique et protéomique. Les objectifs étaient : 1) d’améliorer la compréhension de la texture des fruits charnus, 2) d’évaluer les effets des interactions génotype x apports en eau sur cette variable, 3) d’identifier par une approche globale sans à priori les variables clés sous-jacentes à la texture et 4) de proposer une approche intégrative permettant de construire un réseau de régulation multi-échelles pouvant être intégré dans un modèle prédictif. Les fruits de six génotypes contrastés pour la texture (3 parents et 3 QTL-NILs), cultivés en serre sous deux conditions hydriques (témoin et réduction des apports d’eau (-40%)), ont été phénotypés pour la fermeté au stade expansion cellulaire, fruit rouge et une semaine à 20°C après récolte, par des méthodes instrumentales (compression, pénétrométrie) et sensorielles. Divers caractères anatomiques, histologiques et biochimiques ont été analysés en parallèle ainsi que les variations du protéome du fruit (électrophorèse bidimensionnelle et spectrométrie de masse). L’analyse statistique a mis en oeuvre deux méthodes : 1) l’Analyse de Co-inertie Multiple, analyse multi-tableaux basée sur un critère de covariance, qui permet le traitement simultané d’un très grand nombre de données ; 2) l’inférence de réseau, basée sur la recherche de dépendances conditionnelles entre variables. Les résultats montrent qu’une réduction des apports d’eau est possible moyennant une baisse de rendement de 20% pour une production de tomate hors sol, baisse essentiellement liée à la réduction de la taille des fruits due à un moindre grandissement cellulaire. En revanche, la qualité des fruits est améliorée par une augmentation des taux de matières sèches, de vitamine C, de sucres ainsi qu’une augmentation de la fermeté pour certaines lignées QTL-NILs. Le déficit hydrique a induit la variation de 128 spots protéiques en interaction avec le génotype et le stade de développement. Le déficit hydrique affecte essentiellement le stade fruit rouge et les effets sont faibles par rapport aux effets génétiques. L’analyse des données des différents niveaux d’échelles en co-inertie multiple, a montré l’existence d’une structure commune aux différentes échelles qui suggère bien une régulation globale de l’ensemble des variables observées en réponse au génotype et au déficit hydrique. L’analyse des corrélations et l’inférence graphique de réseaux ont permis de mieux structurer l’ensemble des informations et de sélectionner les variables fortement impliquées dans le déterminisme génétique de la texture du fruit afin de construire un schéma multi-échelles de régulation. Enfin ces résultats ont permis de proposer plusieurs modèles statistiques prédictifs de la fermeté des fruits charnus, basés sur des variables protéomiques, biochimiques et/ou histologiques, qui pourront être couplés au modèle fruit virtuel, permettant de prédire les effets de l’environnement sur l’évolution de la texture des fruits
Tomato fruit texture is one of the most critical quality traits for both the consumer and the production chain. In this work, texture was analyzed via an integrative approach combining ecophysiology and proteomics. The aims were 1) To improve knowledge of the texture of fleshy fruit, 2) To evaluate the effects of genotype x water deficit interactions, 3) To identify by a holistic approach without a priori key variables underlying texture and 4) To propose an integrative approach to build a network of multi-scale controls which could be integrated into a predictive model. Fruits from six texture contrasted genotypes (3 parents and 3 QTL-NILs), greenhouse grown under two water conditions (control and decreased water supply by 40%), were analyzed for firmness at cell expansion, at red ripe stage and after 7-days post-harvest storage at 20°C, by instrumental (compression, penetrometer) and sensory methods. Several anatomical, histological and biochemical traits were analyzed as well as changes in fruit proteome (two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). Statistical analysis implemented two innovative methods: 1) multiple co-inertia analysis, multi-table analysis based on a criterion of covariance, which allows the simultaneous processing of large datasets, 2) inference network, based on the research of conditional dependencies among variables. Results showed a tomato production is possible by reducing the water supply and accepting a lower yield (20%), due to reduced fruit size by limiting cell enlargement. Fruit quality was improved by increasing solids content, vitamin C, sugars and increased firmness for some QTL-NILs. Water deficit was associated with the variation of 128 protein spots in interaction with genotype and stage factors. The effects of water deficit were mainly detected at the red ripe stage and remained low compared to genetic effects. The analysis of data from different levels in multiple co-inertia, showed a common structure at different scales, which suggests a good overall control of the measured variables. Correlation analysis and graphical inference networks helped selecting key-variables involved in the genetic determinism of fruit texture, to draw a multi-scale control scheme variable. Finally, these results were used to propose several statistical models to predict the firmness of fleshy fruits, based on proteomic, biochemical and / or histological data, which can be coupled to the virtual fruit model, to predict environmental effects on fruit texture
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25

Dutraive, Marie-Sophie. "Etude des propriétés électriques du dioxyde d'étain. Nature des défauts et influence du mode d'élaboration". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842723.

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Ce travail de thèse sur le dioxyde d'étain a permis de mettre en évidence les liens qui peuvent exister entre les défauts du matériau (défauts intrinsèques ou de surface) et la conductivité électrique. Pour cela, nous avons tout d'abord étudié l'évolution de la texture et de la morphologie en fonction de la température de calcination. Puis, pour différentes températures de frittage des échantillons de SnO2, nous avons étudié les variations de conductivité électrique en fonction de la température de mesure, sous différentes atmosphères gazeuses. Cette étude est poursuivie par des mesures de conductivité, dans des conditions isothermes, et sous pressions de gaz rigoureusement controlées (O2, H2O,) à l'aide d'un système de mesure développé spécialement. Ceci nous permet, apres l'étude expérimentale des espèces adsorbées en surface et des propriétés catalytiques du SnO2 envers l'éthanol, le monoxyde de carbone et le méthane, d'aborder les défauts de ce matériau et la modélisation des phénomènes observés. Nous avons proposé deux types de modélisation pour interpréter les variations de conductivité observées (lois de pression). Le premier modèle tient compte des défauts intrinsèques du SnO2. Le second modèle, développé par un aspect cinétique, intègre les défauts de surface (espèces adsorbées). Ces modèles sont ensuite moyennés par la prise en compte de la texture du dioxyde d'étain.
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26

HSU, GEA-HAU, i 許嘉豪. "Defect Inspection on Complex Textures". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58063445538220082679.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工程技術研究所自動化及控制學程
88
Defect segmentation of complicated textures is a challenging problem in automatic inspection. In this paper, we use two methods in texture defect inspection. First, we use wavelet transform (WT) and the co-occurrence matrices to extract features of texture images, and apply them to locate the defects on textile fabrics. From experimental results, we obtain 84% accuracy rate. This method can be extensively applied to the automatic surface defect inspection of other material, such as wood and metal. Second, the fractal analysis method with the fractional Brownian motion (FBM) model has been successfully used in the characterization of many “natural” textures. In using this method, the most important procedure is to measure the fractal parameter H (or the Hurst coefficient), which can be treated as texture features when applied to classification problems. A Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) is considered to be the optimal estimator for the fractal parameter H, we apply the MLE method and the FBM model to analyze image textures, and we use the same procedure to make an inspection of surface defects, such as textile fabrics. From the experimental results, we find that the fractal theory provides an effective method to analyze the morphology of image textures.
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27

Huang, Tse Yun, i 黃哲韻. "Defect detection in stochastic textures using Fourier reconstruction". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59807923155124387880.

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碩士
元智大學
工業工程研究所
89
In this research we present a global approach for the automatic inspection of defects in randomly textured surfaces. The propose method does not rely on local features of textures. It is based on a global image restoration scheme using the Fourier transform. Since a stochastic texture has the surface of random irregularities, the spread of frequency components in the power spectrum space is isotropic and forms the shape approximate to a circle. A fine textured surface results in a large spread radius, whereas a coarse one yields a smaller spread radius. The power magnitude is generally decreased as the frequency component is away from the circular center in the spectrum space. By finding an adequate radius in the spectrum space, and setting the frequency components outside the selected circle to zero, we can remove the periodic, repetitive patterns of any stochastic texture using the inverse Fourier transform. In the restored image, the homogeneous region in the textured image will have an approximately uniform gray level, and the defective region will be distinctly preserved. A statistic process control scheme is therefore used to set up the control limits for discriminating between defects and homogeneous patterns. The experiments on a variety of stochastic textures including sandpaper, castings , leather, and carpets have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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28

Kuo, Chih-Chia, i 郭志嘉. "Defect detection in inhomogeneous textures using 3D Fourier reconstruction". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58498082057614238320.

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碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
90
The purpose of this research aims at the use of machine vision for automatic inspection of defects in inhomogeneous textures such as the sputtered glass substrates of touch panels. The proposed method does not rely on local features of textures. It is based on a global image reconstruction scheme using the 3D Fourier transform. Since a single inhomogeneous texture image does not show homogeneity everywhere in its 2D image, we use a sequence of faultless 2D images to construct a 3D image (the original 2D x-y plane and the additional time-axis) so that the homogeneity of textures can be observed from its time frame. The method of surface defect inspection is carried out by the 3D Fourier transform of the 3D image and the reconstruction technique of the 3D inverse Fourier transform. By finding an adequate radius in the 3D power spectrum space, and setting the frequency components outside the selected cylinder to zero, we can remove the periodic, repetitive patterns of textures in the time axis. In the reconstructed image, the inhomogeneous region in the original image will have an approximately uniform gray level, and yet the defective region will be distinctly preserved. Experiments on glass substrates in the sputtering process have shown that if each 2D reference image has homogeneity character in its time frame, then our proposed method will have promising results for detecting defects in inhomogeneous textures.
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29

Chao, Shin-Min, i 趙新民. "Defect detection in inhomogeneous textures of ITO glass using nonlinear diffusion". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19399359511720753167.

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碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
91
The purpose of this study is to discuss the use of machine vision in automatic defects inspection in inhomogeneous textures. These inhomogeneous textures include materials such as sputtered glass substrates of touch panels. These textures have similarities in some regions while not in the whole image. Therefore, good processing effect cannot be achieved on these textures by using traditional processing methods. The proposed method is based on the nonlinear diffusion, in which the edge preserving smoothing filter is dependent on image gradient. This method can smooth the edges in textured regions and, in the meantime, preserve the borders between regions. After the nonlinear diffusion process being done, the inhomogeneous region in the original image will have an approximate uniform gray level, and yet the shape of defective region will be distinctly preserved. The factors that we found affecting diffusion process result include diffusivity function, diffusivity parameter and iteration times. In this paper, we have analyzed the effects of these factors in order to obtain the best effectiveness. Experiments are performed on sputtered glass substrates of touch panels which lead to our conclusion. The experimental results have shown that our proposed method will have promising results for detecting defects in inhomogeneous textures.
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30

Hui-Wen, Chien. "Wavelet-based Texture Defect Inspection". 2004. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0009-0112200611303123.

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31

Chien, Hui-Wen, i 簡慧文. "Wavelet-based Texture Defect Inspection". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98791777670168730035.

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碩士
元智大學
通訊工程學系
92
Defects are detected in homogeneously texture. The way is to find un-homogenous texture. Texture analysis plays an important role in texture defect inspection. In this thesis, we present a coarse-to-fine approach for automatic vision-based inspection system that detects local defect from a textural image. We take advantage of multi-resolution of the wavelet transforms. Furthermore, we divide image into non-overlapping sub-blocks and extract a set of four effective feature vectors (ENT, CON, ASM and IDM) from gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of sub-block. Finally, we choose Mashalanobis distance as a classifier to discriminate if the sub-block belongs to defect region. We use statistical textures and structural textures to confirm the feasibility of our approach. Fourier transform and Gabor transform are often used ways to detect defect in textural image. We will discuss and analyze each method. Our experimental images have 40 patterns. The experimental results show our approach to detecting a local defect takes about 449.739ms and its accurate rate is about 97.286%.
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32

Chen, Pu-Chung, i 陳普中. "A Research and Analysis on Texture Defect Localizationand Image RetrievalA Research and Analysis on Texture Defect Localization and Image Retrieval". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98120426630288103272.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
93
In the era of industry automation, machine equipments have replaced traditional manpower in many production processes for better efficiency. To ensure the quality, if the production process is complex, many checkpoints are generally established such that defects can be detected and damage can be reduced, or even prevented completely. In the early days, human inspection, which not only is labor intensive but also time consuming, is the main tool in quality control. With the improvements in machine vision techniques, machines have gradually taken over this task from human again. As a result, a lot of research efforts have been devoted in improving the accuracy and the speed of defect detection in recent years. In nature, the defect detection is to find the black sheep in a bunch of supposedly identical objects. In this research, we are trying to locate a special region which has some different characteristics in a background which has some identifiable pattern throughout the target image. Unlike the conventional defect detection techniques which generally only tell the target is defect or not, our research is trying to reveal the location of the defect additionally. Based on a Neighboring Gray Level Dependence Matrix, we are able to develop a new technique which can achieve the aforementioned goals in a texture image. In general, texture can be classed into random, structural, and deterministic based on its nature. In our research, we are concentrated on the detection and localization of the defects in a structural texture. Special efforts have been devoted on reducing the possible misfire when the image, and hence the texture, is rotated. Comparing to the conventional techniques, our techniques has much better detect rates while only much less computational cost and needed.
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33

Lee, Chia-wei, i 李家瑋. "The Application of Texture Analysis on Defect Detection". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e26gqs.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
94
The rapid development in automation techniques in the last few decades has drastically changed the land scope of the industrial world. The highly automated machines can produce with previously unimaginable speed. One of the problems with this production speed is that if there is any fault on any part of the production process and if it is not detected soon enough, quite a lot of defected product can be spewed out of from the machine in a very short while, and hence causes tremendous losses. Frequent human inspection can partly relieve only part of the problem, because it needs highly trained skills and is generally not very reliable. The recent development in machine vision techniques seems able to provide a more reliable alternative. Many research efforts have been devoted in this area, and many encouraging results has been published. As a result, to design a defect detection and localization system which based on the texture analysis theory is possible nowadays. This thesis is to design a system is to detect and locate defects by comparing the pre-selected reference and the input image. Many traditional texture analysis techniques such as statistics-based method (namely, GLCM and NGLDM) and Fourier analysis based method are thoroughly examined, analyzed. Based on our findings, we developed a phase correlation technique which can handle image rotation problem effectively. An hence the system we designed is able to detect and locate defects efficiently even if the input image is rotated.
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34

Liao, Yu-sheng, i 廖育昇. "Color Filter Defect Inspection by Removing Directional Texture". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62271411396730128005.

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碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
96
Color filter is one of the important components in TFT-LCD. At present, the defect inspection of color filter is always done by artificial inspection. However, the decision of color filter defect strongly depends on subjective judgment of the inspector. Since the difference of the subjective cognition among these inspectors, it is difficult to achieve the uniform inspection quality. Besides, inspectors may affect the inspection result due to languid sense. Therefore, in order to guarantee the output quality of color filter panel, it is necessary to introduce the machine vision technique which can raise inspection efficiency. Since the color filter panel involves regular grid texture which consist of vertical lines and horizontal lines, its defects will be inspected with difficulty. For this reason, we use Fourier transform to filter these components which stand for spatial line patterns in frequency spectrum. In addition, we match Gaussian low-pass filter to retain the largest number of the flaws response to achieve our objective. In the past on the selection of low-pass filter, most of the studies through artificial adjustment and comparison to determine better cutoff frequency range of low-pass filter. In this thesis, we inspect the energy distribution in power spectrum and decide cutoff frequency automatically from distribution characteristic. Furthermore, we propose a method to calibrate the image deflection and reduce the wrong interpretation of results.
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35

Köhler, Laura. "Exciting helimagnets". 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73766.

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Chiral magnets such as MnSi, FeGe or Cu2OSeO3 exhibit a non-centrosymmetric lattice structure which lacks inversion symmetry. The resulting Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction originating from weak spin-orbit coupling stabilizes smooth modulated magnetic textures, namely helices and skyrmions. In this thesis, we study the properties of helimagnets which are systems with a magnetic helix as ground state. First, we examine the consequences of the helical texture for spin wave excitations, so-called helimagnons. We investigate magnon-focusing effects, i.e. magnon flow in very specific directions, which result from flat bands occurring in the helimagnon band structure when the momentum component perpendicular to the helix axis is large. We show that the softness of the Goldstone mode leads to a large dissipation even at very small frequencies cut off only by magnetocrystalline anisotropies or by a magnetic field. Finally, we discuss that dipolar interactions induce non-reciprocal behavior of the spectrum at finite fields and momenta, i.e. the spectrum is not symmetric under reversing the momentum anymore. We calculate the Brillouin light scattering cross section and compare it to experimental results obtained by N. Ogawa [1]. Then, we consider reorientation processes of the helix axis due to an applied magnetic field. We compare the results to magnetic force microscopy measurements in Cu2OSeO3 performed by P. Milde et al. [2]. Afterwards, we point out that the skyrmion lattice orientation has singular points, i.e. points where the orientation is not determined, as a function of the magnetic field direction which is a consequence of the Poincaré-Hopf theorem. Afterwards, we turn to excitations in the form of the basic defects in helimagnets: disclinations and dislocations. Due to the lamellar nature of the helimagnetic texture, analogies to liquid crystals can often be used. We present an analytic parameterization of dislocations transferred from smectic liquid crystals and illustrate that dislocations carry a topological skyrmion charge. We examine dislocation motion in the presence of weak pinning due to random impurities. We derive a Thiele-Langevin equation for the dislocation position which effectively describes one dimensional motion. When reducing the system to two dimensions, this reveals ultra slow anomalous Sinai diffusion which may explain the very long time scales observed in several experiments [3,4]. Eventually, we present our work on domain walls in helimagnets. In magnetic force microscopy experiments performed by P. Schoenherr [5], we have identified three domain wall types. At small angles between the two domains, curvature walls appear. At intermediate angles, one can observe zig-zag disclination walls and at large angles, dislocation walls occur. We present analytical descriptions for curvature and dislocation walls, which we compare to micromagnetic simulation results obtained by J. Masell [5], and comment on the non-trivial topology of helimagnetic domain walls. [1] N. Ogawa, L. Köhler, M. Garst, S. Toyoda, S. Seki, and Y. Tokura, In preparation (2019). [2] P. Milde, E. Neuber, P. Ritzinger, L. Köhler, M. Garst, A. Bauer, C. Pfleiderer, H. Berger, and L. M. Eng, In preparation (2019). [3] A. Dussaux, P. Schoenherr, K. Koumpouras, J. Chico, K. Chang, L. Lorenzelli, N. Kanazawa, Y. Tokura, M. Garst, A. Bergman, C. L. Degen, and D. Meier, Nature Communications 7, 12430 (2016). [4] A. Bauer, A. Chacon, M. Wagner, M. Halder, R. Georgii, A. Rosch, C. Pfleiderer, and M. Garst, Physical Review B 95, 024429 (2017). [5] P. Schoenherr, J. Müller, L. Köhler, A. Rosch, N. Kanazawa, Y. Tokura, M. Garst, and D. Meier, Nature Physics 14, 465 (2018).:Introduction 1. Introduction to chiral magnets 1.1. Helimagnets 1.1.1. Magnetic phase diagram of chiral magnets 1.2. Skyrmions 1.2.1. Topology 1.2.2. Magnetic skyrmions 1.2.3. Skyrmion motion 1.2.4. Emergent electrodynamics 1.3. Model for chiral magnets 2. Spin waves in helimagnets 2.1. Linear spin wave theory for helimagnons 2.1.1. Fluctuations in the harmonic approximation 2.1.2. Spectrum at small momenta and fields 2.1.3. Frequency broadening from Gilbert damping 2.2. Magnon-focusing effects 2.3. Enhanced local dissipation 2.3.1. Global static susceptibility in the limit k, k' → 0 2.3.2. Local damping 2.4. Non-reciprocity 2.4.1. Non-reciprocity of the spectrum 2.4.2. Brillouin light scattering cross section 3. Orientation of magnetic order 3.1. Helix reorientation transition in MnSi 3.1.1. Effective Landau potential for the helix pitch 3.1.2. Experimental results 3.2. Helix reorientation in Cu2OSeO3 3.3. Skyrmion lattice orientation 4. Disclinations and dislocations 4.1. Liquid crystals 4.1.1. Types of liquid crystals 4.1.2. Energetics of liquid crystals 4.2. Disclinations 4.2.1. Elasticity theory for disclinations 4.3. Dislocations 4.3.1. Volterra process and Burgers vector 4.3.2. Elasticity theory for dislocations 4.3.3. Mermin-Ho relation in helimagnets 4.3.4. Topological skyrmion charge 5. Dislocation motion 5.1. Thiele approach for one helimagnetic dislocation 5.1.1. Motion in the presence of pinning 5.1.2. Corrections from elastic deformations 5.2. Dislocation diffusion 5.2.1. Sinai diffusion and toy model simulations 5.2.2. Susceptibility with Sinai diffusion 5.2.3. Dislocation string 6. Domain walls 6.1. Experimental and numerical methods 6.2. Domain wall types in helimagnets 6.3. Energetics of helimagnetic domain walls 6.3.1. Curvature wall 6.3.2. Dislocation wall 6.4. Topological domain wall structures 7. Discussion and outlook Appendix A. Details on helimagnons B. Formalism of linear-spin wave theory in helimagnets C. Deviations from the helix Bibliography List of Figures Index Danksagung
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36

Chang, Chih Hsiang, i 張智翔. "Combining STFT and Gabor Wavelet Network In The Texture Defect Detection Application". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bd2fe9.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
95
The recent rapid developments in DSP techniques, such as filter design and pattern recognition have made decent feature extraction possible. As a result, in many automatic-process based mass productions, combining machine vision and image processing have gradually replaced human in defect inspection. Gabor filters are known to have excellent feature extraction capability if they are designed and implemented carefully. In texture defect detection, with all possible different texture structures and possible rotation angles, even they are so slightly altered from one another, the well known general Gabor method must be adjusted accordingly to prevent from severe sensibility suffering. For this reason, in our research, a new technique, by considering the Gabor filter as the only neuron of a single layer GWN(Gabor Wavelet Network) has been developed. In order to reduce the training cost, STFT has been used in estimating the frequency and orientation characteristics of the texture roughly, and the results are used as the initial values of the GWN. The performance of this scheme has been evaluated on a variety of textures with various defects and orientations. The results have shown the effectiveness of this new technique.
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37

SHARMA, MONIKA. "AUTOMATED TEXTURE DEFECT DETECTION USING THE NON-EXTENSIVE ENTROPY WITH GAUSSIAN GAIN". Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14881.

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Inefficient processes in industries can cost a lot of time, money and customer satisfaction. Quality assurance is a very important aspect for industries. As a result, to improve their processes and become more efficient at the global level, they have started to automate their certain tasks for which humans were generally considered to perform them. And one such popular task is Industrial Inspection . As a result, intelligent visual inspection systems are developed to ensure high quality of products in production lines. Advancement in image processing and computer vision techniques has led to the development of Automated Visual Inspection Systems. These systems are required in industries to inspect the manufactured products, so as to identify any discrepancies in them. Thus, they play an important role in industries by ensuring that only good quality products enter into the market because selling defective products in market can lead to large losses for goods manufacturing industry. One such industry is Textile Industry where these systems are of great importance. They identify defects occurring in textile cloth. Several algorithms have been developed based on different approaches so as to identify defects in texture patterns. Presence of complex defects is a major hurdle for many such algorithms and that is why new ideas keep on emerging to develop more efficient algorithms which can identify such type of defects in texture patterns. On the same lines, this major project report presents a new algorithm based on a new approach to identify complex defects in texture in a more efficient and accurate manner.
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38

Eggebrecht, Tim. "Lichtinduzierte magnetische Defekte in ultradünnen Filmen". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E34C-3.

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39

Lee, Po Dong, i 李柏東. "APPLYING THE THEOREM OF TEXTURE "TUNED" MASKS ON THE DEFECTS AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION FOR THE STATIC PLAIN WEAVE". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14594182200054085590.

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40

Contreras, Ruiz Marina. "Use of ultrasound for the characterization and correction of textural defects in dry-cured ham". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/153142.

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[EN] Dry-cured ham is a product highly appreciated by consumers, nevertheless, there are a large number of manufacturing process-related parameters, as well as ham intrinsic factors, that compromise its final quality. One of the main problems in the quality of dry-cured ham is the appearance of textural defects, in particular, the development of pastiness. This defect is characterized by an excessive softness and loss of elastic behavior of the ham and when tasted, it provokes a feeling similar to the mouth-coating sensation produced by a flour-water paste during the mastication process. Pastiness also makes slicing difficult and promotes the adhesiveness between slices. Currently, the methods available to measure ham pastiness are time-consuming and destructive. For this reason, the seek of faster and non-destructive technologies capable of detecting pastiness is of great importance. In this sense, different technologies such as near infrared spectroscopy, X-rays or ultrasound, that have been previously tested for the nondestructive characterization of different meat products, could be of interest for the detection of ham pastiness. Different approaches, such as the use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) or the application of low-temperature long-time thermal treatments (LTLT) at the end of the ham manufacturing, have been previously addressed for the correction of pastiness in dry-cured ham. Notwithstanding, the high cost and the long time required for the HHP and LTLT treatments, respectively, highlights the need for moderate cost and faster alternatives. In this context, the main goals of this thesis were to determine the feasibility of using low intensity ultrasound to non-destructively detect the appearance of pastiness during ham manufacturing and to characterize the level of pastiness in the final product, as well as to explore the feasibility of mild ultrasonic assisted thermal treatments to correct this textural defect. To meet the goal of ham pastiness characterization and correction, a customized drycured ham manufacturing was designed and carried out in order to obtain hams with different levels of pastiness with no remarkable differences on the salt content. During ham manufacturing, the feasibility of using contact ultrasound to monitor the appearance of pastiness was addressed. The ultrasonic velocity was measured in the raw ham, at the end of the salting and post-salting stages, 3 times during the drying-maturation and once the manufacturing was finished. At the end of the manufacturing, the pastiness level (high, medium and no pasty) was also sensory evaluated by an expert panel. As the manufacturing progressed, a progressive increase in the ultrasonic velocity, from 1536 m/s in the raw ham to 1713 m/s in the final dry-cured ham, was found. Notwithstanding, the increase in the ultrasonic velocity was not related with the pastiness defect, probably because the ham texture changes linked to pastiness were masked by the great influence of the compositional changes (salt gain and moisture loss) on the ultrasonic velocity. Therefore, the ultrasonic velocity was not an effective parameter to detect the appearance of pastiness in hams during manufacturing, neither to classify them according to its pastiness level at the end of the manufacturing. Contact ultrasound was also used to monitor the compositional and textural changes taking place along the ham post-salting stage. For this purpose, another batch of hams was salted and post-salting times from 7 to 56 days were tested. During post-salting, the hams were weighted and the ultrasonic velocity was measured every 2 days. Each 7 post-salting days, the composition and the textural properties of a different ham were destructively analyzed. The ham weight loss during the post-salting stage was satisfactorily (r=0.95) described by the increase in the ultrasonic velocity. Moreover, the salt distribution and the moisture loss in the internal parts of the ham were satisfactorily related (r=0.93 and r=0.86, respectively) with the increase in the ultrasonic velocity. The variation in the ham hardness during post-salting was negligible and hence, the velocity increase was mainly attributed to the compositional changes, being barely affected by the changes in texture. The hams obtained after the customized manufacturing were sliced and the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation were measured on the Biceps femoris muscle with the aim of nondestructively finding out its pastiness level. Furthermore, in order to better analyze this textural defect, the composition, protein degradation, instrumental texture and microstructure of the hams were analyzed. Pasty samples presented the highest proteolysis index (38.7% compared to 33.1% for non-pasty hams), exhibited the more relevant structural degradation (merged myofibril structures and appearance of large gaps) and consequently, were the softest (5.4 N of hardness compared to 16.7 N for non-pasty hams) and presented the most intense viscous behavior (0.434 compared to 0.372 for non-pasty hams), although a high degree of experimental variability was found. The non-destructive assessment performed with ultrasound revealed that ultrasonic attenuation could be successfully applied for the grading of dry-cured ham slices according to its pastiness level. Thus, the greater the pastiness, the higher the ultrasonic attenuation, being the average attenuation coefficient for high, medium and no-pasty samples 48.2, 45.4 and 43.1 Np/m, respectively. Notwithstanding, the ultrasonic velocity was similar in all the ham samples, regardless its pastiness level. As observed in whole hams, the ultrasonic velocity was not a satisfactory parameter to detect pastiness in sliced ham, since the large influence of the composition on the ultrasonic velocity added to a similar salt and moisture content of the samples, regardless its pastiness level, led to a similar velocity for the different pastiness levels. Air-coupled ultrasonic techniques in both through-transmission and pulse-echo modes were developed for the characterization of dry-cured ham texture. The non-invasive nature of aircoupled ultrasound allows a contactless measurement, which makes easier its industrial implementation compared to conventional ultrasound techniques for high speed applications without material surface alteration and cross-contamination between food items. As for corrective actions of the texture defects in dry-cured ham, mild thermal treatments in two different heating media (water and air) were evaluated. Furthermore, the feasibility of intensifying these mild thermal treatments with the assistance of power ultrasound was considered. For that purpose, commercial vacuum-packed dry-cured ham slices were heated in a liquid medium, with and without ultrasonic assistance, at different temperatures (40, 45 and 50 ºC), measuring the temperature in the Biceps femoris and in the Semimembranosus muscles. Regarding the treatments in air, commercial vacuum-packed dry-cured ham cylinders were used. In the first set of experiments, ham was heated at a constant air velocity (2 m/s) until different temperatures (40, 45 and 50 ºC) were reached. While in the second set of experiments, ham was treated at constant air temperature (50 ºC) at different air velocities (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 m/s). In both sets, the treatments were performed with and without power ultrasound application, measuring the temperature in the center of the cylinder. Thermal treatments were extended until a target temperature of 5 ºC lower than the medium (water-air) heating temperature was reached, thus, holding temperature stage did not exist and the treatments only considered the heating one. The heating kinetics of the ham treated in both water and air heating media were mathematically described by means of a heat conduction model. Once the heating finalized, the textural changes of ham (hardness and elastic behavior) were evaluated. The experiments showed that power ultrasound application sped up the heat transfer, significantly (p<0.05) shortening the heating time and increasing the apparent thermal diffusivity up to 51 and 37% for water and air heat treatments, respectively. For the thermal treatments using water, the increase in temperature during the heating brought about a lower ultrasonic intensification (the apparent thermal diffusivity was increased by 51% at 40 ºC compared to the 21% at 50 ºC). On the contrary, in experiments with air, the higher the temperature, the greater the ultrasonic enhancement (the apparent thermal diffusivity was increased by 5% at 40 ºC compared to the 38% at 50 ºC). The effect of the ultrasound application decreased as the air velocity increased, being minimal when the air velocity was the highest (the apparent thermal diffusivity was increased by 21% at 1 m/s compared to the 5% at 6 m/s). As regards the changes in the textural properties of ham after the mild thermal treatments at short times, an increase in hardness and elastic behavior was observed. Finally, the texture correction in dry-cured ham with different levels of pastiness was tackled. For this purpose, vacuum-packed dry-cured ham slices with high, medium and no pastiness were heated in a liquid medium at 40 and 50 ºC for a longer time (5 h, including heating and holding stages) than heating experiments, with and without the assistance of power ultrasound during the heating phase. The texture (hardness, elastic behavior and adhesiveness) and the microstructure of the ham was evaluated in both treated and control samples. After the mild thermal treatments, the texture of ham was improved since the hardness was increased (102%) and the viscous behavior diminished (11%). On average, the increase of hardness at 50 ºC was 159% higher than at 40 ºC, while the decrease of the viscous behavior was 13.5% larger at 50 ºC compared to 40 ºC. The ham adhesiveness was also enhanced independently of the treatment temperature, with a 55% reduction being observed. The application of power ultrasound during the heating phase did not involve any additional textural change. Likewise, after the thermal treatments, the microstructure of hams with pastiness notably changed, experiencing a severe shrinkage of the myofibrils, which contributed to explain the reported textural changes. In conclusion, pastiness is a relevant and highly complex textural defect in dry-cured ham. The use of contact ultrasound and the measurement of the ultrasonic attenuation could be considered a potential technology to non-destructively detect and characterize pastiness in sliced dry-cured ham. Future work should focus on extending this approach to identify pasty whole hams, considering for this purpose the use of air-coupled ultrasound. Moreover, the use of mild thermal treatments in liquid or gas media could be a feasible method to correct the defective texture of dry-cured hams and the application of power ultrasound during the heating phase could be a relevant means of speeding up the thermal treatments.
[ES] El jamón curado es un producto muy apreciado por los consumidores, sin embargo, existen numerosos parámetros relacionados con el procesado, así como factores intrínsecos del jamón, que comprometen su calidad final. Uno de los principales problemas de calidad del jamón curado es la aparición de defectos de textura, concretamente, el desarrollo de pastosidad. Este defecto se caracteriza por una textura excesivamente blanda y un comportamiento menos elástico del jamón. A nivel sensorial, provoca una sensación de recubrimiento en boca similar a la masticación de una pasta de harina y agua. La pastosidad también dificulta el loncheado y promueve la adhesividad entre lonchas. Actualmente, los métodos disponibles para caracterizar la pastosidad requieren mucho tiempo y son destructivos. Por esta razón, la búsqueda de tecnologías más rápidas y no destructivas capaces de detectar la pastosidad es de gran importancia. En este sentido, distintas tecnologías como espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano, rayos-X o ultrasonidos, que han sido ensayadas previamente para la caracterización no destructiva de diferentes productos cárnicos, podrían ser de interés para la detección de pastosidad en jamón. Diferentes alternativas, como el uso de altas presiones hidrostáticas (HHP) o la aplicación de tratamientos térmicos de larga duración a baja temperatura (LTLT) al final del proceso de elaboración del jamón, han sido abordadas previamente para la corrección de pastosidad en jamón curado. Sin embargo, el elevado coste y el largo tiempo requerido para los tratamientos HHP y LTLT, respectivamente, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de encontrar alternativas con un coste moderado y más rápidas. En este contexto, los principales objetivos de esta tesis fueron determinar la viabilidad de la utilización de ultrasonidos de baja intensidad para detectar de manera no destructiva la aparición de pastosidad durante el proceso de elaboración de jamón curado y caracterizar el nivel de pastosidad en el producto final, así como explorar la viabilidad de tratamientos térmicos moderados asistidos por ultrasonidos de alta intensidad para corregir dicho defecto de textura. Para cumplir el objetivo de caracterizar y corregir el defecto de pastosidad en jamón, se diseñó y se llevó a cabo un proceso de elaboración para obtener jamones con distintos niveles de pastosidad sin diferencias considerables del contenido en sal. Durante el procesado, se abordó la viabilidad de utilizar ultrasonidos por contacto para monitorizar la aparición de la pastosidad. Así, la velocidad ultrasónica se midió en el jamón fresco, al final de las etapas de salado y postsalado, 3 veces durante el secado-maduración y una vez terminado el proceso de elaboración. Al final del procesado, también se evaluó el nivel de pastosidad (alto, medio y sin pastosidad) en el jamón loncheado por un panel experto. A medida que avanzó el proceso de elaboración, se observó un aumento progresivo de la velocidad ultrasónica, de 1536 m/s en jamón fresco hasta 1713 m/s en jamón curado. Sin embargo, el aumento en la velocidad ultrasónica no se relacionó con el defecto de pastosidad, probablemente porque los cambios de textura del jamón vinculados con la pastosidad fueron enmascarados por la gran influencia de los cambios composicionales (ganancia de sal y pérdida de humedad) en la velocidad ultrasónica. Así, la velocidad ultrasónica no fue un parámetro útil para detectar la aparición de pastosidad en jamón durante su procesado ni para clasificar los jamones según su nivel de pastosidad al final del procesado. Los ultrasonidos por contacto también se utilizaron para monitorizar los cambios composicionales y texturales que tienen lugar a lo largo de la etapa de postsalado del jamón. Para ello, se saló otro lote de jamones y se evaluaron distintos tiempos de postsalado, desde 7 hasta 56 días. Durante el postsalado, los jamones se pesaron y se midió su velocidad ultrasónica cada 2 días. Cada 7 días de postsalado, se analizó destructivamente la composición y las propiedades texturales de un jamón. La pérdida de peso de los jamones durante la etapa de postsalado fue descrita satisfactoriamente (r=0.95) por el aumento de la velocidad ultrasónica. Además, la distribución de sal y la pérdida de humedad en el interior del jamón se relacionaron de forma satisfactoria (r=0.93 y r=0.86, respectivamente) con el aumento de la velocidad ultrasónica. La variación en la dureza del jamón durante el postsalado fue no significativa y, por ello, el aumento de la velocidad ultrasónica se atribuyó principalmente a los cambios de composición, siendo apenas afectada por los cambios de textura. Los jamones obtenidos con distintos niveles de pastosidad después del proceso de elaboración, se cortaron y se midió la velocidad y la atenuación ultrasónica del músculo Biceps femoris con el objetivo de averiguar de forma no destructiva su nivel de pastosidad. Además, con el fin de analizar mejor este defecto de textura, se analizaron el índice de proteólisis, la microestructura, la textura instrumental y la composición de los jamones. Las muestras pastosas presentaron el índice de proteólisis más alto (38.7% comparado con el 33.1% de los jamones no pastosos), mostraron la degradación estructural más relevante (estructuras miofibrilares fusionadas y aparición de grandes huecos) y, en consecuencia, fueron las más blandas (5.4 N de dureza en comparación con los 16.7 N de los jamones no pastosos) y presentaron el comportamiento viscoso más intenso (0.434 comparado con el 0.372 de los jamones no pastosos), aunque se encontró una gran variabilidad experimental. La evaluación no destructiva llevada a cabo mediante ultrasonidos reveló que la atenuación ultrasónica se podría aplicar con éxito para la clasificación de las lonchas de jamón curado según su nivel de pastosidad. Así, cuanto mayor fue la pastosidad, mayor fue la atenuación ultrasónica, siendo el coeficiente de atenuación promedio de las muestras con alta, media y sin pastosidad de 48.2, 45.4 y 43.1 Np/m, respectivamente. Sin embargo, la velocidad ultrasónica fue muy similar en todas las muestras de jamón, independientemente de su nivel de pastosidad. Como se observó en los jamones enteros, la velocidad ultrasónica no fue un parámetro útil para cuantificar el defecto de pastosidad en jamón loncheado, ya que la gran influencia de la composición en la velocidad ultrasónica sumada al contenido similar de sal y humedad de las muestras, independientemente de su nivel de pastosidad, dio lugar a una velocidad similar en todos los niveles de pastosidad. Se desarrollaron dos técnicas de ultrasonidos acoplados por aire, tanto en modo transmisión-recepción como en pulso-eco, para caracterizar la textura de jamón curado. El carácter no invasivo de los ultrasonidos acoplados por aire permite llevar a cabo medidas sin contacto, facilitando su aplicación a nivel industrial en comparación con las técnicas ultrasónicas convencionales, ya que pueden realizarse medidas a mayor velocidad, sin alterar la superficie del material y evitando la contaminación cruzada entre alimentos. En cuanto a las medidas de corrección de defectos texturales en jamón curado, se evaluaron tratamientos térmicos moderados en dos medios de calentamiento diferentes (agua y aire). Además, se consideró la viabilidad de intensificar dichos tratamientos mediante la aplicación de ultrasonidos de alta intensidad (o de potencia). Para ello, se calentaron lonchas de jamón curado comercial envasadas al vacío en medio líquido, con y sin la aplicación de ultrasonidos, a diferentes temperaturas (40, 45 y 50 ºC), midiendo la temperatura en los músculos Biceps femoris y Semimembranosus. Respecto a los tratamientos en aire, se utilizaron cilindros de jamón curado comercial envasado al vacío. En el primer set de experimentos, el jamón se calentó a velocidad de aire constante (2 m/s) a diferentes temperaturas (40, 45 y 50 ºC); mientras que, en el segundo experimento, el jamón se calentó a temperatura de aire constante (50 ºC) a distintas velocidades (1, 2, 3, 4 y 6 m/s). En los dos sets, los tratamientos se llevaron a cabo con y sin la aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia, midiendo la temperatura en el centro del cilindro. Los tratamientos térmicos se prolongaron hasta alcanzar la temperatura objetivo, definida como 5 ºC por debajo de la temperatura del medio de calentamiento (agua o aire). Así, no se llevó a cabo una fase de mantenimiento de la temperatura y sólo se consideró la fase de calentamiento de los tratamientos térmicos. Las cinéticas de calentamiento del jamón tratado tanto en agua como en aire se describieron matemáticamente considerando que la transferencia de calor estuvo únicamente controlada por conducción. Una vez finalizado el calentamiento, se evaluaron los cambios texturales del jamón (dureza y comportamiento elástico). Los experimentos mostraron que la aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia aceleró la transferencia de calor, reduciendo significativamente (p<0.05) el tiempo de calentamiento y aumentando la difusividad térmica aparente hasta un 51 y 37% en los tratamientos térmicos en agua y aire, respectivamente. En el caso de los tratamientos térmicos en agua, el aumento de la temperatura durante el calentamiento provocó una intensificación ultrasónica menor (la difusividad térmica aparente aumentó un 51% a 40 ºC comparado con el 21% a 50 ºC). Por el contrario, en las experiencias en aire, cuanto mayor fue la temperatura, más efectiva fue la aplicación de los ultrasonidos (la difusividad térmica aparente incrementó un 5% a 40 ºC comparado con el 38% a 50 ºC). El efecto de la aplicación de los ultrasonidos disminuyó con el aumento de la velocidad del aire, siendo mínimo con la velocidad de aire más alta ensayada (la difusividad térmica aparente aumentó un 21% a 1 m/s comparado con el 5% a 6 m/s). En cuanto a los cambios de las propiedades texturales del jamón después de los tratamientos térmicos moderados limitados a la fase de calentamiento, se observó un aumento en su dureza y en su comportamiento elástico. Por último, se abordó la corrección de textura en jamón curado con distintos niveles de pastosidad. Para ello, se calentaron lonchas de jamón con alta, media y sin pastosidad envasadas al vacío en medio líquido a 40 y 50 ºC durante tiempos más largos (5 h, incluyendo las fases de calentamiento y mantenimiento) que en las experiencias sólo de calentamiento, con y sin la aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia únicamente durante la fase de calentamiento. La textura (dureza, comportamiento elástico y adhesividad) y la microestructura del jamón se evaluaron tanto en las muestras tratadas como en las control. Después de los tratamientos térmicos moderados, la textura del jamón se vio mejorada puesto que su dureza aumentó (102%) y su comportamiento viscoso disminuyó (11%). En promedio, el aumento de la dureza a 50 ºC fue un 159% mayor que a 40 ºC, mientras que la disminución del comportamiento viscoso fue un 13.5% mayor a 50 ºC que a 40 ºC. La adhesividad del jamón también se vio disminuida, independientemente de la temperatura de tratamiento, observándose una reducción media del 55%. La aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia durante la fase de calentamiento no implicó ningún cambio textural adicional. Asimismo, después de los tratamientos térmicos, la microestructura de los jamones con alta pastosidad cambió notablemente, experimentando una severa contracción de las miofibrillas, lo cual contribuyó a explicar los cambios de textura mencionados. En conclusión, la pastosidad es un defecto textural relevante y muy complejo en jamón curado. El uso de ultrasonidos por contacto y la medida de la atenuación ultrasónica podría considerarse a nivel industrial para detectar y caracterizar de forma no destructiva la pastosidad en lonchas de jamón curado. Futuros trabajos deberían estar orientados a la aplicación de esta tecnología para la identificación de jamones pastosos enteros, considerando para ello el uso de ultrasonidos acoplados por aire. Además, el uso de tratamientos térmicos moderados en medio líquido o gaseoso podría ser un método viable para corregir la textura defectuosa de jamones curados y la aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia durante la fase de calentamiento podría considerarse para acelerar los tratamientos térmicos.
[CA] El pernil curat és un producte molt apreciat pels consumidors, no obstant això, existeixen nombrosos paràmetres relacionats amb el processament, així com factors intrínsecs del pernil, que comprometen la seua qualitat final. Un dels principals problemes de qualitat del pernil curat és l'aparició de defectes de textura, concretament, el desenvolupament de pastositat. Aquest defecte es caracteritza per una excessiva blanor i una pèrdua del comportament elàstic del pernil. A nivell sensorial, provoca una sensació de recobriment en boca similar a la masticació d'una pasta de farina i aigua. La pastositat també dificulta el tallat i promou l'adhesivitat entre rodanxes. Actualment, els mètodes disponibles per a mesurar la pastositat requereixen molt de temps i són destructius. Per aquesta raó, la cerca de tecnologies més ràpides i no destructives capaces de detectar la pastositat és de gran importància. En aquest sentit, diferents tecnologies com espectroscòpia d'infraroig pròxim, raigs-X o ultrasons, que han sigut assajades prèviament per a la caracterització no destructiva de diferents productes carnis, podrien ser d'interés per a la detecció de pastositat en pernil. Diferents alternatives, com l'ús d'altes pressions hidroestàtiques (HHP) o l'aplicació de tractaments tèrmics de llarga duració a baixa temperatura (LTLT) al final del procés d'elaboració del pernil, han sigut abordades prèviament per a la correcció de pastositat en pernil curat. No obstant això, l'elevat cost i el llarg temps requerit per als tractaments HHP i LTLT, respectivament, posa de manifest la necessitat de trobar alternatives amb un cost moderat i més ràpides. En aquest context, els principals objectius d'aquesta tesi van ser determinar la viabilitat de la utilització dels ultrasons de baixa intensità per a detectar de manera no destructiva l'aparició de pastositat durant el procés d’elaboració de pernil curat i caracteritzar el nivell de pastositat en el producte final, així com explorar la viabilitat de tractaments tèrmics moderats assistits per ultrasons d’alta intensitat per a corregir aquest defecte de textura. Per a complir l'objectiu de caracteritzar i corregir el defecte de pastositat en pernil, es va dissenyar i es va dur a terme un procés d'elaboració configurat per a obtindre pernils amb diferents nivells de pastositat sense diferències considerables del contingut en sal. Durant el processament, es va abordar la viabilitat d'utilitzar ultrasons per contacte per a monitorar l'aparició de pastositat. La velocitat ultrasònica es va mesurar en el pernil fresc, al final de les etapes de salat i postsalat, 3 vegades durant l'assecat-maduració i una vegada acabat el procés d'elaboració. Al final del processament, el nivell de pastositat (alta, mitjana i sense pastositat) també es va avaluar per un panell expert. A mesura que va avançar el procés d'elaboració, es va trobar un augment progressiu de la velocitat ultrasònica, anant des de 1536 m/s en pernil fresc fins a 1713 m/s en pernil curat. No obstant això, l'augment en la velocitat ultrasònica no es va relacionar amb el defecte de pastositat, probablement perquè els canvis de textura del pernil vinculats amb la pastositat van ser emmascarats per la gran influència dels canvis composicionals (guany de sal i pèrdua d'humitat) en la velocitat ultrasònica. Així, la velocitat ultrasònica no va ser un paràmetre efectiu per a detectar l'aparició de pastositat en pernil durant el seu processament ni per a classificar els pernils segons el seu nivell de pastositat al final del processament. Els ultrasons per contacte també es van utilitzar per a monitorar els canvis composicionals i texturals que tenen lloc al llarg de l'etapa de postsalat del pernil. Per a això, es va salar un altre lot de pernils i es van avaluar diferents temps de postsalat, des de 7 fins a 56 dies. Durant el postsalat, els pernils es van pesar i es va mesurar la seua velocitat ultrasònica cada 2 dies. Cada 7 dies de postsalat, es van analitzar destructivament la composició i les propietats texturals d'un pernil diferent. La pèrdua de pes dels pernils durant l'etapa de postsalat va ser descrita satisfactòriament (r=0.95) per l'augment de la velocitat ultrasònica. A més, la distribució de sal i la pèrdua d'humitat a l'interior del pernil es van relacionar de manera satisfactòria (r=0.93 i r=0.86, respectivament) amb l'augment de la velocitat ultrasònica. La variació en la duresa del pernil durant el postsalat va ser mínima i, per això, l'augment de la velocitat ultrasònica es va atribuir principalment als canvis de composició, sent a penes afectada pels canvis de textura. Els pernils obtinguts després del procés d'elaboració configurat per a obtindre pernils amb diferents nivells de pastositat, es van tallar i es va mesurar la velocitat i l'atenuació ultrasònica del múscul Biceps femoris amb l'objectiu d'esbrinar de forma no destructiva el seu nivell de pastositat. A més, amb la finalitat d'analitzar millor aquest defecte de textura, es van analitzar la composició, la degradació proteica, la textura instrumental i la microestructura dels pernils. Les mostres pastoses van presentar l'índex de proteòlisis més alt (38.7% comparat amb el 33.1% dels pernils no pastosos), van mostrar la degradació estructural més rellevant (estructures miofibrilars fusionades i aparició de grans buits) i, en conseqüència, van ser les més blanes (5.4 N de duresa en comparació amb els 16.7 N dels pernils no pastosos) i van presentar el comportament viscós més intens (0.434 comparat amb el 0.372 dels pernils no pastosos), encara que es va trobar una gran variabilitat experimental. L'avaluació no destructiva duta a terme mitjançant ultrasons va revelar que l'atenuació ultrasònica es podria aplicar amb èxit per a la classificació de les rodanxes de pernil curat segons el seu nivell de pastositat. Així, com més gran va ser la pastositat, major va ser l'atenuació ultrasònica, sent el coeficient d'atenuació mitjà de les mostres amb alta, mitjana i sense pastositat 48.2, 45.4 i 43.1 Np/m, respectivament. No obstant això, la velocitat ultrasònica va ser molt similar en totes les mostres de pernil, independentment del seu nivell de pastositat. Com es va observar en els pernils sencers, la velocitat ultrasònica no va ser un paràmetre satisfactori per a detectar el defecte de pastositat en pernil tallat a rodanxes, ja que la gran influència de la composició en la velocitat ultrasònica sumada al contingut similar de sal i humitat de les mostres, independentment del seu nivell de pastositat, va donar lloc a una velocitat similar en tots els nivells de pastositat. Es van desenvolupar dues tècniques d'ultrasons acoblats per aire, tant en manera transmissió-recepció com en pols-eco, per a caracteritzar la textura de pernil curat. El caràcter no invasiu dels ultrasons acoblats per aire permet dur a terme mesures sense contacte, facilitant la seua aplicació a nivell industrial en comparació amb les tècniques ultrasòniques convencionals, ja que poden realitzar-se mesures a major velocitat, sense alterar la superfície del material i evitant la contaminació creuada entre aliments. Quant a les mesures de correcció de defectes texturals en pernil curat, es van avaluar tractaments tèrmics moderats en dos medis de calfament diferents (aigua i aire). A més, es va considerar la viabilitat d'intensificar aquests tractaments mitjançant l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència. Per a això, es van calfar rodanxes de pernil curat comercial envasades al buit en medi líquid, amb i sense l'aplicació d'ultrasons, a diferents temperatures (40, 45 i 50 °C), mesurant la temperatura en els músculs Biceps femoris i Semimembranosus. Respecte als tractaments en aire, es van utilitzar cilindres de pernil curat comercial envasat al buit. En el primer set d'experiments, el pernil es va calfar a velocitat d'aire constant (2 m/s) fins que es van aconseguir diferents temperatures (40, 45 i 50 °C). Mentre que, en el segon, el pernil es va calfar a temperatura d'aire constant (50 °C) a diferents velocitats (1, 2, 3, 4 i 6 m/s). En els dos sets, els tractaments es van dur a terme amb i sense l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència, mesurant la temperatura en el centre del cilindre. Els tractaments tèrmics es van prolongar fins a aconseguir la temperatura objectiu, definida 5 °C per davall de la temperatura del medi de calfament (aigua o aire); així, no es va dur a terme una fase de manteniment de la temperatura i només es va considerar la fase de calfament dels tractaments tèrmics. Les cinètiques de calfament del pernil tractat tant en aigua com en aire es van descriure matemàticament mitjançant un model de conducció de calor. Una vegada finalitzat el calfament, es van avaluar els canvis texturals del pernil (duresa i comportament elàstic). Els experiments van mostrar que l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència va accelerar la transferència de calor, reduint significativament (p<0.05) el temps de calfament i augmentant la difusivitat tèrmica aparent fins a un 51 i 37% en els tractaments tèrmics en aigua i aire, respectivament. En el cas dels tractaments tèrmics en aigua, l'augment de la temperatura durant el calfament va provocar una intensificació ultrasònica menor (la difusivitat tèrmica aparent va augmentar un 51% a 40 °C comparat amb el 21% a 50 °C). Per contra, en les experiències en aire, com més alta va ser la temperatura, més efectiva va ser l'aplicació dels ultrasons (la difusivitat tèrmica aparent va incrementar un 5% a 40 °C comparat amb el 38% a 50 °C). L'efecte de l'aplicació dels ultrasons va disminuir amb l'augment de la velocitat de l'aire, sent mínim amb la velocitat d'aire més alta assajada (la difusivitat tèrmica aparent va augmentar un 21% a 1 m/s comparat amb el 5% a 6 m/s). Quant als canvis de les propietats texturals del pernil després dels tractaments tèrmics moderats a temps curts, es va observar un augment en la seua duresa i en el seu comportament elàstic. Finalment, es va abordar la correcció de textura en pernil curat amb diferents nivells de pastositat. Per a això, es van calfar rodanxes de pernil amb alta, mitjana i sense pastositat envasades al buit en medi líquid a 40 i 50 °C durant temps més llargs (5 h, incloent les fases de calfament i manteniment) que en les experiències només de calfament, amb i sense l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència durant la fase de calfament. La textura (duresa, comportament elàstic i adhesivitat) i la microestructura del pernil es van avaluar tant en les mostres tractades com en les control. Després dels tractaments tèrmics moderats, la textura del pernil es va veure millorada perquè la seua duresa va augmentar (102%) i el seu comportament viscós va disminuir (11%). En mitjana, l'augment de la duresa a 50 °C va ser un 159% major que a 40 °C, mentre que la disminució del comportament viscós va ser un 13.5% major a 50 °C que a 40 °C. L'adhesivitat del pernil també es va veure disminuïda, independentment de la temperatura de tractament, observant-se una reducció del 55%. L'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència durant la fase de calfament no va implicar cap canvi textural addicional. Així mateix, després dels tractaments tèrmics, la microestructura dels pernils amb alta pastositat va canviar notablement, experimentant una severa contracció de les miofibrilles, el que va contribuir a explicar els canvis de textura esmentats. En conclusió, la pastositat és un defecte de textura rellevant i molt complex en pernil curat. L'ús d'ultrasons per contacte i la mesura de l'atenuació ultrasònica podria considerar-se una tecnologia potencial per a detectar i caracteritzar de forma no destructiva la pastositat en rodanxes de pernil curat. Futurs treballs haurien d'estar orientats a l'aplicació d'aquesta tecnologia per a la identificació de pernils pastosos sencers, considerant per a això l'ús d'ultrasons acoblats per aire. A més, l'ús de tractaments tèrmics moderats en medi líquid o gasós podria ser un mètode viable per a corregir la textura defectuosa de pernils curats i l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència durant la fase de calfament podria ser una forma rellevant d'accelerar els tractaments tèrmics.
Gracias a la Universitat Politècnica de València por concederme la beca para realizar mis estudios de doctorado, así como a los proyectos de investigación en los que he participado (RTA2013-00030-C03-02 y RTA2017-00024-C04-03)
Contreras Ruiz, M. (2020). Use of ultrasound for the characterization and correction of textural defects in dry-cured ham [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/153142
TESIS
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"Caracterització, reconeixement de patrons i detecció de defectes en textures periòdiques mitjançant anàlisi d'imatges. Aplicació a teixits textils". Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1999. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net/TDX-0803104-133405/.

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Armstrong, Brian M. "Understanding the effects of gas cell size, distribution and dough density on textural defects in extrusion-formed breadsticks". 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47147845.html.

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Streszczenie:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-102).
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"Uma Reflexão Sobre as Possibilidades de Leitores Críticos nos Meios de Comunicação de Massa Tanto Visuais Quanto Textuais". Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2002. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/8945.pdf.

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