Artykuły w czasopismach: „Deep eutectic solvent-based systems”

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Liu, Xiangwei, Qian Ao, Shengyou Shi i Shuie Li. "CO₂ capture by alcohol ammonia based deep eutectic solvents with different water content". Materials Research Express 9, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 015504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac47c6.

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Abstract The existing CO2 absorption by deep eutectic solvents is limited by the unavoidable water absorption problem during use. In this study, we prepared three deep eutectic solvents with different alcohol aminations and added different water contents to discuss the effect of water content on the absorption of carbon dioxide by deep eutectic solvents. All deep eutectic solvents have a low melting point at room temperature as a liquid and have high thermal stability, where the choline chloride-diethanolamine deep eutectic solvents have a high viscosity. Anhydrous choline chloride-monoethanolamine deep eutectic solvents have the largest CO2 absorption, reaching 0.2715 g g−1, and the absorption of CO2 by anhydrous choline chloride-N-methyldiethanolamine deep eutectic solvents is only 0.0611 g g−1. Water content inhibited the absorption of CO2 in primary amine and secondary amine systems, whereas it enhanced the absorption of CO2 in tertiary amine systems, which was related to the reaction process of deep eutectic solvent and CO2.

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Majová, Veronika, Silvia Horanová, Andrea Škulcová, Jozef Šima i Michal Jablonský. "Deep eutectic solvent delignification: Impact of initial lignin". BioResources 12, nr 4 (21.08.2017): 7301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7301-7310.

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This study aimed to resolve the issue of the lack of detailed understanding of the effect of initial lignin content in hardwood kraft pulps on pulp delignification by deep eutectic solvents. The authors used Kappa number of the concerned pulp, intrinsic viscosity, and selectivity and efficiency of delignification as the parameters of the effect. The pulp (50 g oven dry pulp) was treated with four different DESs systems based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine:lactic acid (1:9); the results were compared to those reached by oxygen delignification. The results showed that the pulp with a higher initial lignin content had a greater fraction of easily removed lignin fragments.

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Vuksanovic, Jelena, Nina Todorovic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic i Ivona Radovic. "Experimental investigation and modeling of thermophysical and extraction properties of choline chloride + DL-malic acid based deep eutectic solvent". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, nr 11 (2017): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170316054v.

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The ability of non-toxic and biodegradable deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride + DL-malic acid in mole ratio 1:1, for the breaking of the azeotropes heptane + methanol and toluene + methanol by means of liquid? ?liquid extraction was evaluated. Ternary liquid?liquid equilibrium experiments were performed at 298.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Densities, viscosities and refractive indices of DES + methanol and water + DES systems were experimentally determined over a wide temperature range and at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the viscosities of DES + glycerol mixture were - determined at temperatures up to 363.15 K to check how much the addition of glycerol decreases high viscosities of DES. The results indicate that the addition of small amounts of water or glycerol as a third component significantly decreases the viscosity of the investigated deep eutectic solvent. Based on the selectivity and distribution ratio values, the extraction ability of the investigated deep eutectic solvent, in comparison with the conventionally used solvents, yields promising results. Non-random two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) models were satisfactorily applied for correlation of experimental phase equilibrium data for two ternary mixtures.

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Dugoni, Greta Colombo, Maria E. Di Pietro, Monica Ferro, Franca Castiglione, Steven Ruellan, Tarek Moufawad, Leila Moura, Margarida F. Costa Gomes, Sophie Fourmentin i Andrea Mele. "Effect of Water on Deep Eutectic Solvent/β-Cyclodextrin Systems". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, nr 7 (marzec 2019): 7277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00315.

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Schuur, Boelo, Thomas Brouwer i Lisette M. J. Sprakel. "Recent Developments in Solvent-Based Fluid Separations". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12, nr 1 (7.06.2021): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102620-015346.

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The most important developments in solvent-based fluid separations, separations involving at least one fluid phase, are reviewed. After a brief introduction and discussion on general solvent trends observed in all fields of application, several specific fields are discussed. Important solvent trends include replacement of traditional molecular solvents by ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents and, more recently, increasing discussion around bio-based solvents in some application fields. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive systems are discussed; the most significant developments in this field are seen for CO2-switchable and redox-responsive solvents. Discussed fields of application include hydrocarbons separations, carbon capture, biorefineries, and metals separations. For all but the hydrocarbons separations, newly reported electrochemically mediated separations seem to offer exciting new windows of opportunities.

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Park, Tae-Joon, i Sang Hyun Lee. "Deep eutectic solvent systems for FeCl3-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of 3-octylthiophene". Green Chemistry 19, nr 4 (2017): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02789j.

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Teixeira, Gabriel, Dinis O. Abranches, Liliana P. Silva, Sérgio M. Vilas-Boas, Simão P. Pinho, Ana I. M. C. L. Ferreira, Luís M. N. B. F. Santos, Olga Ferreira i João A. P. Coutinho. "Liquefying Flavonoids with Terpenoids through Deep Eutectic Solvent Formation". Molecules 27, nr 9 (20.04.2022): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092649.

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The formation of deep eutectic solvents (DES) is tied to negative deviations to ideality caused by the establishment of stronger interactions in the mixture than in the pure DES precursors. This work tested thymol and menthol as hydrogen bond donors when combined with different flavonoids. Negative deviations from ideality were observed upon mixing thymol with either flavone or flavanone, two parent flavonoids that only have hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) groups, thus forming non-ionic DES (Type V). On the other hand, the menthol systems with the same compounds generally showed positive deviations from ideality. That was also the case with the mixtures containing the more complex hydroxylated flavonoid, hesperetin, which resulted in positive deviations when mixed with either thymol or menthol. COSMO-RS successfully predicted the behavior of the solid-liquid phase diagram of the studied systems, allowing for evaluation of the impact of the different contributions to the intermolecular interactions, and proving to be a good tool for the design of DES.

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Abdallah, Maha M., Simon Müller, Andrés González de Castilla, Pavel Gurikov, Ana A. Matias, Maria do Rosário Bronze i Naiara Fernández. "Physicochemical Characterization and Simulation of the Solid–Liquid Equilibrium Phase Diagram of Terpene-Based Eutectic Solvent Systems". Molecules 26, nr 6 (23.03.2021): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061801.

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The characterization of terpene-based eutectic solvent systems is performed to describe their solid–liquid phase transitions. Physical properties are measured experimentally and compared to computed correlations for deep eutectic solvents (DES) and the percentage relative error er for the density, surface tension, and refractive index is obtained. The thermodynamic parameters, including the degradation, glass transition and crystallization temperatures, are measured using DSC and TGA. Based on these data, the solid–liquid equilibrium phase diagrams are calculated for the ideal case and predictions are made using the semi-predictive UNIFAC and the predictive COSMO RS models, the latter with two different parametrization levels. For each system, the ideal, experimental, and predicted eutectic points are obtained. The deviation from ideality is observed experimentally and using the thermodynamic models for Thymol:Borneol and Thymol:Camphor. In contrast, a negative deviation is observed only experimentally for Menthol:Borneol and Menthol:Camphor. Moreover, the chemical interactions are analyzed using FTIR and 1H-NMR to study the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the systems.

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Marchel, Mateusz, Ana Sofia Coroadinha i Isabel M. Marrucho. "Novel Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems for Efficient Extraction of Pepsin". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, nr 33 (22.07.2020): 12400–12408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02673.

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Farias, Fabiane Oliveira, Helena Passos, João A. P. Coutinho i Marcos R. Mafra. "pH Effect on the Formation of Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, nr 49 (19.11.2018): 16917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04256.

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Nahar, Yeasmin, i Stuart C. Thickett. "Greener, Faster, Stronger: The Benefits of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer and Materials Science". Polymers 13, nr 3 (30.01.2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030447.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). In the context of polymer science, DES systems not only offer an appealing route towards replacing hazardous volatile organic solvents (VOCs), but can serve multiple roles including those of solvent, monomer and templating agent—so called “polymerizable eutectics.” In this review, we look at DES systems and polymerizable eutectics and their application in polymer materials synthesis, including various mechanisms of polymer formation, hydrogel design, porous monoliths, and molecularly imprinted polymers. We provide a comparative study of these systems alongside traditional synthetic approaches, highlighting not only the benefit of replacing VOCs from the perspective of environmental sustainability, but also the materials advantage with respect to mechanical and thermal properties of the polymers formed.

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Dindarloo Inaloo, Iman, i Sahar Majnooni. "Carbon dioxide utilization in the efficient synthesis of carbamates by deep eutectic solvents (DES) as green and attractive solvent/catalyst systems". New Journal of Chemistry 43, nr 28 (2019): 11275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02810b.

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Mannu, Alberto, Marco Blangetti, Salvatore Baldino i Cristina Prandi. "Promising Technological and Industrial Applications of Deep Eutectic Systems". Materials 14, nr 10 (12.05.2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102494.

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Deep Eutectic Systems (DESs) are obtained by combining Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) and Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBDs) in specific molar ratios. Since their first appearance in the literature in 2003, they have shown a wide range of applications, ranging from the selective extraction of biomass or metals to medicine, as well as from pollution control systems to catalytic active solvents and co-solvents. The very peculiar physical properties of DESs, such as the elevated density and viscosity, reduced conductivity, improved solvent ability and a peculiar optical behavior, can be exploited for engineering modular systems which cannot be obtained with other non-eutectic mixtures. In the present review, selected DESs research fields, as their use in materials synthesis, as solvents for volatile organic compounds, as ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations and as active solvents and cosolvents in organic synthesis, are reported and discussed in terms of application and future perspectives.

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Othman, Zetty Shafiqa, Mamoru Koketsu, Nurul Huda Abd Karim, Saiful Irwan Zubairi i Nur Hasyareeda Hassan. "Interaction Study of Binary Solvent Systems Ionic Liquid and Deep Eutectic Solvent with Rotenone". Sains Malaysiana 47, nr 07 (31.07.2018): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4707-15.

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Meng, Jiaojiao, Yuzhi Wang, Yigang Zhou, Jing Chen, Xiaoxiao Wei, Rui Ni, Ziwei Liu i Fangting Xu. "Development of different deep eutectic solvent aqueous biphasic systems for the separation of proteins". RSC Advances 9, nr 25 (2019): 14116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00519f.

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Škulcová, Andrea, Lucia Kamenská, Filip Kalman, Aleš Ház, Michal Jablonský, Katarína Čížová i Igor Šurina. "Deep Eutectic Solvents as Medium for Pretreatment of Biomass". Key Engineering Materials 688 (kwiecień 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.17.

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In the field of green chemistry is the study of new solvent systems the great challenge. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent the principles of green chemistry. Currently are preferred these new types of chemicals suitable for the selective removal of extractives, lignin or polysaccharides from biomass. Biomass is selectively treated to the individual fractions, of which is possible with following purification to obtain products in higher yields and purity. In this work are describes various deep eutectic solvents, which can be used for pretreatment of biomass.

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Souza, Giselle A. L., Luciana Y. A. Silva i Patricia F. M. Martinez. "Vapour-liquid equilibria of systems containing deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and glycerol". Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 158 (lipiec 2021): 106444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2021.106444.

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Yu, Wang, Chaoyun Wang, Yongjian Yi, Wanlai Zhou, Hongying Wang, Yuanru Yang i Zhijian Tan. "Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent systems as a pretreatment for nanofibrillation of ramie fibers". Cellulose 26, nr 5 (25.02.2019): 3069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02290-7.

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Xue, Jing, Jing Wang, Daoshuo Feng, Haofei Huang i Ming Wang. "Processing of Functional Composite Resins Using Deep Eutectic Solvent". Crystals 10, nr 10 (24.09.2020): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100864.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)—a promising class of alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs) that have freezing points lower than the individual components—are typically formed from two or more components through hydrogen bond interactions. Due to the remarkable advantages of biocompatibility, economical feasibility and environmental hospitality, DESs show great potentials for green production and manufacturing. In terms of the processing of functional composite resins, DESs have been applied for property modifications, recyclability enhancement and functionality endowment. In this review, the applications of DESs in the processing of multiple functional composite resins such as epoxy, phenolic, acrylic, polyester and imprinted resins, are covered. Functional composite resins processed with DESs have attracted much attention of researchers in both academic and industrial communities. The tailored properties of DESs for the design of functional composite resins—as well as the effects of hydrogen bond on the current polymeric systems—are highlighted. In addition to the review of current works, the future perspectives of applying DESs in the processing of functional composite resins are also presented.

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Pishro, Khatereh Ali, Ghulam Murshid, Farouq Sabri Mjalli i Jamil Naser. "Measurement of CO2 Solubility in Amine Based Deep Eutectic Solvents". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, nr 9 (2020): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.9.1287.

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The climate change assumes the warming of the climate systems due to increase of global average temperature to the observed increase of the greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the most important GHG. The processes of CO2 capture are gaining a great attention on the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO2 emission and reducing its concentration in ambient air. In this study, we report a new deep eutectic solvents (DESs) made of monoethanolamine hydrochloride-diethylenetriamine exhibits a great candidate for CO2 capture. We developed solubility and physical properties studies at different pressures and temperatures, and regression model was well in agreement with the calculated αCO2 values with R-square: 0.976. The strong properties of DESs in CO2 capture make them as a suitable solvent for absorption CO2 to replace the conventional amine based scrubbing technology and are worth for further exploration.

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Balakrishnan I, Jawahar N, Senthil Venkatachalam i Debosmita Datta. "A brief review on eutectic mixture and its role in pharmaceutical field". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, nr 3 (6.07.2020): 3017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2398.

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Eutectic mixture (EM) is as a mixture of more than one substance that does not interact individually to create a new entity but in a particular ratio that exhibits a lower range of melting point than it had in individual. EM should be formulated in such a way that it should have major advantages in pharmaceutical industries. EM can be a mixture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), or different ratios of APIs and excipients, or various excipients. Deep eutectic solvents containing APIs (API-DES) considered as an innovative approach to form different APIs in the liquid state. This new approach of liquid form is versatile and plays an important role in drug delivery. The selection of ideal hydrogen bond-donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond-acceptor (HBA) is an essential parameter. Ionic liquids (IL), derivatives of deep eutectic solvents (DES) have got much attention since it can replace harmful organic solvent by their extraordinary properties. Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDESs) are considered to be an exceptional option in the advancement of biomedicine. This can be utilized for improvising drug solubility, bioavailability as well as drug permeation through the skin. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) can be considered as an alternate option, replacing harsh solvents. It has special characteristics of better biodegradability and biocompatibility. These NADES mainly used to separate and purification of natural compounds. This review focuses on the eutectic mixture and its application in the area of drug delivery systems, and pharmaceutical and pharmacological fields.

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Fedorov, A. Y., i A. V. Levina. "The possibility of using DES based on polypropylene glycol 425 and tetrabuthylammonium bromide in the extraction processes of transition metals". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012024.

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Abstract Traditionally, the method of liquid extraction is used to extract metals from aqueous. This work is devoted to the combination of perspective alternative for hazardous solvents (aqueous two-phase systems based on water-soluble polymers) and the novel deep eutectic solvents in the non-ferrous metals extraction processes. In this work, the synthesis of deep eutectic solvent based on a water-soluble polymer (PPG-425) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) by stirring for 10 minutes at 80° C has been shown. The obtained results showed not only the possibility of using DES in the metal extraction process, but the selectivity to the Fe(III) and Zn(III), the distribution coefficients were 71.64 and 25.17 respectively. The metal concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol. This work shows the perspectives of using DESs in the metal extraction processes.

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Li, Na, Yuzhi Wang, Kaijia Xu, Qian Wen, Xueqin Ding, Hongmei Zhang i Qin Yang. "High-performance of deep eutectic solvent based aqueous bi-phasic systems for the extraction of DNA". RSC Advances 6, nr 87 (2016): 84406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17689e.

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DES-based ABSs were initially applied to extraction and back extraction of DNA. The remarkable performance on selective separation of DNA and protein was evaluated. The binding characteristics and mechanism of extraction process were investigated.

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Pal, Chandra Bhushan T., i Girirajsinh C. Jadeja. "Microwave-assisted extraction for recovery of polyphenolic antioxidants from ripe mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using lactic acid/sodium acetate deep eutectic mixtures". Food Science and Technology International 26, nr 1 (29.08.2019): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013219870010.

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The present study investigates recovery of polyphenolic compounds from ripe mango ( Mangifera indica L.) peel using deep eutectic solvents based on microwave-assisted extraction method. Lactic acid/sodium acetate/water (3:1:4) screened out from eight different types of deep eutectic solvent systems was used as extractant. A Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology was applied to optimize the effect of microwave power (W), time (min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g−1) on polyphenol extraction. The optimized conditions determined were power of 436.45 W, time of 19.66 min, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 59.82 mL g−1. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was 56.17 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dw, 683.27 µmol ascorbic acid equivalent g−1 dw, and 82.64 DPPHsc%, respectively. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed mangiferin as the prominent phenolic compound in the mango peel extracts. Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction showed remarkable effects on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds as revealed from scanning electron microscopy analysis. Rancimat test results revealed that the oxidative stability almost doubled upon addition of purified mango peel extracts to the sunflower oil and thus paving way for the use of mango peel waste as a potential source of antioxidants.

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Abranches, Dinis O., Nicolas Schaeffer, Liliana P. Silva, Mónia A. R. Martins, Simão P. Pinho i João A. P. Coutinho. "The Role of Charge Transfer in the Formation of Type I Deep Eutectic Solvent-Analogous Ionic Liquid Mixtures". Molecules 24, nr 20 (14.10.2019): 3687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203687.

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It was recently shown that tetramethylammonium chloride presented negative deviations to ideality when mixed with tetraethylammonium chloride or tetrapropylammonium chloride, leading to a strong decrease of the melting points of these salt mixtures, in a behavior akin to that observed in the formation of deep eutectic solvents. To better rationalize this unexpected melting point depression between two structurally similar compounds devoid of dominant hydrogen bonding capability, new solid–liquid equilibria data for tetramethylammonium-based systems were measured and analyzed in this work. Molecular dynamics was used to show that the strong negative deviations from ideality presented by these systems arise from a synergetic share of the chloride ions. A transfer of chloride ions seems to occur from the bigger cation in the mixture (which possesses a more disperse charge) to the smaller cation (tetramethylammonium), resembling the formation of metal–chloride complexes in type I deep eutectic solvents. This rearrangement of the charged species leads to an energetic stabilization of both components in the mixture, inducing the negative deviations to the ideality observed. The conclusions presented herein emphasize the often-neglected contribution of charge delocalization in deep eutectic solvents formation and its applicability toward the design of new ionic liquid mixtures.

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Soares, Maria I. L., Ana L. Cardoso i Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo. "Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reactions in Sustainable Media". Molecules 27, nr 4 (15.02.2022): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041304.

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Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction is one of the most powerful strategies for the construction of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems, in most cases with high regio- and stereoselectivity. In this review, an insight into the most relevant advances on sustainable Diels–Alder reactions since 2010 is provided. Various environmentally benign solvent systems are discussed, namely bio-based derived solvents (such as glycerol and gluconic acid), polyethylene glycol, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical carbon dioxide, water and water-based aqueous systems. Issues such as method’s scope, efficiency, selectivity and reaction mechanism, as well as sustainability, advantages and limitations of these reaction media, are addressed.

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Protsenko, V. S. "Electrodeposition of electrocatalytic coatings in systems based on deep eutectic solvents: a review". Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, nr 2 (marzec 2021): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-135-2-4-22.

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This review systematizes literature data on the use of electrochemical systems based on the novel generation of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, for electrodeposition of coatings exhibiting improved electrocatalytic properties. It is shown that most published works on the topic are connected with deposition of coatings based on noble metals and iron family metals as well as their alloys and composites. The main advantages of the use of deep eutectic solvents for electrochemical synthesis of electrocatalysts are as follows: the possibility to prepare nanostructured coatings having compositions, structures and surface morphologies that cannot be achieved when using water electrolytes (including deposition of very electronegative metals); the size- and shape-controlled synthesis of deposited nanocrystals, which ensures improved electrocatalytic behavior; no need to use toxic and expensive additives, stabilizers, precursors, surfactants, etc.; and environmental issues (low hazard and fast biodegradability of the constituents of deep eutectic solvents). The prospects of creation of new high-efficient electrocatalytic coatings from electrolytes based on deep eutectic solvents are considered.

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Bezold, Franziska, Maria E. Weinberger i Mirjana Minceva. "Computational solvent system screening for the separation of tocopherols with centrifugal partition chromatography using deep eutectic solvent-based biphasic systems". Journal of Chromatography A 1491 (marzec 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.059.

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Jokić, Stela, Silvija Šafranko, Martina Jakovljević, Ana-Marija Cikoš, Nikolina Kajić, Filip Kolarević, Jurislav Babić i Maja Molnar. "Sustainable Green Procedure for Extraction of Hesperidin from Selected Croatian Mandarin Peels". Processes 7, nr 7 (20.07.2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070469.

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The peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin cultivars of different Croatian varieties (Zorica rana, Chahara, Okitsu, Kuno) were extracted using 15 different choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) at 50 °C for 30 min and with 20% water addition. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to determine the most suitable DES for the extraction of hesperidin in the samples. The screening results indicated that choline chloride: acetamide (1:2) provided the most efficient hesperidin extraction (112.14 mg/g of plant), while choline chloride:citric acid (1:1) solvent showed the lowest hesperidin yield (1.44 mg/g of plant). The Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize extraction parameters for each variety of mandarin peel, including extraction time, temperature and water content on hesperidin extraction. The results indicated that hesperidin content in mandarin peels was completely variety-dependent. Being a novel and efficient green media for hesperidin extraction, deep eutectic solvents could also serve as promising solvent systems for the production of extracts rich in bioactive compounds.

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Skowrońska, Dorota, i Katarzyna Wilpiszewska. "The Effect of Montmorillonites on the Physicochemical Properties of Potato Starch Films Plasticized with Deep Eutectic Solvent". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 24 (16.12.2022): 16008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416008.

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In the paper, the method of obtaining the potato starch nanocomposites plasticized with a deep eutectic solvent is described. The deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and malic acid (CM, molar ratio 1:1) was used as the plasticizer. The effect of the sodium and calcium montmorillonite (MMTNa, MMTCa respectively) addition on the properties of potato starch films was investigated. The thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties were determined. Moreover, a moisture absorption test was performed. The starch gelatinization temperature increased in the presence of montmorillonite. The values of glass transition determined by DMTA depended on the nanofiller type. For the systems containing MMTCa, they generally decreased with its content (although still lower than reference samples). The obtained nanocomposites showed improved mechanical and barrier properties. The highest values of tensile strength and Young’s modulus were noted for the system containing 1% MMTNa. The XRD revealed that only the films with MMTNa exhibited intercalation. The homogeneity of the samples decreased with increasing nanofiller concentration. This was probably due to the occurrence of choline chloride-montmorillonite interactions, which were more favored than clay-starch interactions.

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Gachuz, Edwin J., Martín Castillo-Santillán, Karla Juarez-Moreno, Jose Maya-Cornejo, Antonio Martinez-Richa, Andreu Andrio, Vicente Compañ i Josué D. Mota-Morales. "Electrical conductivity of an all-natural and biocompatible semi-interpenetrating polymer network containing a deep eutectic solvent". Green Chemistry 22, nr 17 (2020): 5785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02274h.

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Biobased and conductive semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) consisting of crosslinked poly(itaconic acid) and containing the polysaccharide inulin were prepared taking advantage of the deep eutectic systems (DESs) chemistry.

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Bezold, Franziska, Maria E. Weinberger i Mirjana Minceva. "Assessing solute partitioning in deep eutectic solvent-based biphasic systems using the predictive thermodynamic model COSMO-RS". Fluid Phase Equilibria 437 (kwiecień 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2017.01.001.

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Chen, Jiayi, Mengjun Zhu, Mingtao Gan, Xiuli Wang, Changdong Gu i Jiangping Tu. "Rapid Electrodeposition and Corrosion Behavior of Zn Coating from a Designed Deep Eutectic Solvent". Metals 13, nr 1 (14.01.2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010172.

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This work aimed to develop a new type of deep eutectic solvent containing high concentrations of zinc ions as an electrolyte to improve the electrodeposition rate for zinc plating. Two typical deep eutectic solvent systems, choline chloride (ChCl)–urea and ChCl–ethylene glycol (EG), were combined to prepare a stable electrolyte at room temperature with a zinc ion concentration up to 2 M. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of the electrolyte at different temperatures were conducted. The effects of key electrodeposition parameters (bath temperature and current density) on the morphology, structure, and corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited on mild steel were investigated. It was found that the crystal orientation of the as-deposited zinc particle is related to the electrodeposition temperature and current density. The experimental results show that the zinc coating deposited at 60 °C and the current density of 4 mA·cm−2 exhibited the most compact and crack-free morphology, thus had the optimum corrosion resistance property.

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Fiskari, Juha, Rita Ferritsius, Sinke H. Osong, Anders Persson, Tomas Höglund, Peter Immerzeel i Magnus Norgren. "Deep eutectic solvent delignification to low-energy mechanical pulp to produce papermaking fibers". BioResources 15, nr 3 (17.06.2020): 6023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6023-6032.

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A novel process based on low-energy mechanical pulp and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was evaluated with the goal of producing fibers suitable for papermaking. Ideally, these fibers could be produced at much lower costs, especially when applied to an existing paper mill equipped with a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production line that was threatened with shutdown due to the decreasing demand for wood-containing paper grades. The efficiency of DES delignification in Teflon-coated autoclaves and in a specially designed non-standard flow extractor was evaluated. All tested DESs had choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor. Lactic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, or urea acted as hydrogen bond donors. The temperatures and times of the delignification tests were varied. Chemical analysis of the pulp samples revealed that DESs containing lactic acid, oxalic acid, or urea decreased the lignin content by approximately 50%. The DES delignification based on [Ch]Cl and urea exhibited good hemicellulose retention while DES systems based on organic acids resulted in varying hemicellulose losses. The [Ch]Cl / urea mixture did not appear to be corrosive to stainless steel, which was another advantage of this DES system.

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Bellou, Myrto G., Elena Gkantzou, Anastasia Skonta, Dimitrios Moschovas, Konstantinos Spyrou, Apostolos Avgeropoulos, Dimitrios Gournis i Haralambos Stamatis. "Development of 3D Printed Enzymatic Microreactors for Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions in Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Media". Micromachines 13, nr 11 (11.11.2022): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111954.

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In this study, 3D printing technology was exploited for the development of immobilized enzyme microreactors that could be used for biocatalytic processes in Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-based media. 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) microwell plates or tubular microfluidic reactors were modified with polyethylenimine (PEI) and lipase from Candida antarctica (CALB) was covalently immobilized in the interior of each structure. DESs were found to have a negligible effect on the activity and stability of CALB, and the system proved highly stable and reusable in the presence of DESs for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB). A kinetic study under flow conditions revealed an enhancement of substrate accessibility in the presence of Betaine: Glycerol (Bet:Gly) DES, while the system was not severely affected by diffusion limitations. Incubation of microreactors in 100% Bet:Gly preserved the enzyme activity by 53% for 30 days of storage at 60 °C, while the buffer-stored sample had already been deactivated. The microfluidic enzyme reactor was efficiently used for the trans-esterification of ethyl ferulate (EF) with glycerol towards the production of glyceryl ferulate (GF), known for its antioxidant potential. The biocatalytic process under continuous flow conditions exhibited 23 times higher productivity than the batch reaction system. This study featured an effective and robust biocatalytic system with immobilized lipase that can be used both in hydrolytic and synthetic applications, while further optimization is expected to upgrade the microreactor system performance.

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Moni Bottu, Heleena, Angelica Mero, Elena Husanu, Serge Tavernier, Christian S. Pomelli, Annelies Dewaele, Nathalie Bernaert, Lorenzo Guazzelli i Lorraine Brennan. "The ability of deep eutectic solvent systems to extract bioactive compounds from apple pomace". Food Chemistry 386 (sierpień 2022): 132717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132717.

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Lu, Ping, Peizhuo Sun, Qiang Ma, Huaneng Su, Puiki Leung, Weiwei Yang i Qian Xu. "Rationally Designed Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Enabling Higher Performance for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries". Processes 10, nr 4 (26.03.2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040649.

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Redox flow batteries hold promise as large-scale energy storage systems for off-grid electrification. The electrolyte is one of the key components of redox batteries. Inspired by the mechanism involved in solvents for extraction, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) is demonstrated, in which glycerol is introduced into the original binary ethaline DES. Redox pairs (active substance) dissolved in the solvent have low charge transfer resistance. The results show that the viscosity of the solvent with the ratio of choline chloride to ethylene glycol to glycerol of 1:2:0.5 decreases from 51.2 mPa·s to 40.3 mPa·s after adding the redox pair, implying that the mass transfer resistance of redox pairs in this solvent is reduced. Subsequent cyclic voltammetry and impedance tests show that the electrochemical performance with the ternary DES as the electrolyte in redox flow batteries is improved. When the ratio of 1:2:0.5 ternary DES is used as the electrolyte, the power density of the battery (9.01 mW·cm−2) is 38.2% higher than that of the binary one (6.52 mW·cm−2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further indicates that the introduction of glycerol breaks the hydrogen bond network of the solvent environment where the redox pair is located, unraveling the hydrogen bond supramolecular complex. Rational solvent design is an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of redox batteries.

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Pereira, Joana, Maria Miguel Castro, Filipa Santos, Ana Rita Jesus, Alexandre Paiva, Filipe Oliveira i Ana Rita C. Duarte. "Selective terpene based therapeutic deep eutectic systems against colorectal cancer". European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 175 (czerwiec 2022): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.04.008.

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Bergua, Fernando, Ignacio Delso, José Muñoz-Embid, Carlos Lafuente i Manuela Artal. "Structure and properties of two glucose-based deep eutectic systems". Food Chemistry 336 (styczeń 2021): 127717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127717.

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Melethil, Krishnakumar, Munusamy Sathish Kumar, Chun-Ming Wu, Hsin-Hui Shen, Balaraman Vedhanarayanan i Tsung-Wu Lin. "Recent Progress of 2D Layered Materials in Water-in-Salt/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid Electrolytes for Supercapacitors". Nanomaterials 13, nr 7 (2.04.2023): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071257.

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Supercapacitors are candidates with the greatest potential for use in sustainable energy resources. Extensive research is being carried out to improve the performances of state-of-art supercapacitors to meet our increased energy demands because of huge technological innovations in various fields. The development of high-performing materials for supercapacitor components such as electrodes, electrolytes, current collectors, and separators is inevitable. To boost research in materials design and production toward supercapacitors, the up-to-date collection of recent advancements is necessary for the benefit of active researchers. This review summarizes the most recent developments of water-in-salt (WIS) and deep eutectic solvents (DES), which are considered significant electrolyte systems to advance the energy density of supercapacitors, with a focus on two-dimensional layered nanomaterials. It provides a comprehensive survey of 2D materials (graphene, MXenes, and transition-metal oxides/dichalcogenides/sulfides) employed in supercapacitors using WIS/DES electrolytes. The synthesis and characterization of various 2D materials along with their electrochemical performances in WIS and DES electrolyte systems are described. In addition, the challenges and opportunities for the next-generation supercapacitor devices are summarily discussed.

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Oliveira, Filipe, Filipa Santos i Ana Rita C. Duarte. "Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems towards the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Colorectal Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges". Molecules 26, nr 22 (20.11.2021): 7022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227022.

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What if a new technology based on therapeutic deep eutectic systems would disrupt the current treatment of major economic and socially burden diseases? The classical definition of eutectic systems is that they are the combination of two or more compounds that interact via hydrogen bonds, from which results a melting temperature depression in comparison with that of its individual components. Therapeutic deep eutectic systems are defined as eutectic systems in which at least one of the individual components is an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or a eutectic system in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient is dissolved. Current literature reports on tuberculosis have been mostly based on the most common anti-tuberculosis drugs prescribed. Using eutectic systems based on naturally occurring molecules known for their anti-microbial activity may also present a promising therapeutic strategy able to cope with the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and prevent the appearance of multidrug resistance strains. With regards to colorectal cancer, literature has been unravelling combinations of terpenes with anti-inflammatory drugs that are selectively cytotoxic towards colorectal cancer cells and do not compromise the viability of normal intestinal cells. This technology could contribute to preventing tumor growth and metastasis while providing a patient compliance therapeutics, which will be crucial to the success of overcoming the challenges presented by cancers.

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Wilpiszewska, Katarzyna, i Dorota Skowrońska. "Starch plasticization with choline dihydrogencitrate-based deep eutectic system". Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 24, nr 3 (1.09.2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2022-0022.

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Abstract Two-component deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline dihydrogencitrate and glycerol or urea were tested as starch plasticizers. Thermal analysis techniques were applied to characterize the properties of starch/DES systems. The X-ray diffractometry measurements revealed a significant decrease in crystallinity indicating that used DES exhibited the ability to penetrate the ordered regions of potato starch, which is a necessary feature of a true plasticizer. However, the differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic thermal analysis results surprisingly showed an increase of Tg of starch materials indicating chemical crosslinking at elevated temperature. The eutectic solvents based on choline dihydrogencitrate could act as a plasticizer and a simultaneously crosslinking agent.

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Lionetto, Francesca, Alessia Timo i Mariaenrica Frigione. "Cold-Cured Epoxy-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Resins Containing Deep Eutectic Solvents". Polymers 11, nr 1 (22.12.2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010014.

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The development of improved cold-cured resins, to be used as either adhesives or matrices for FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) composites employed in the construction industry, has become the focus of several academic and industrial research projects. It is expected that the use of nano-structured organic–inorganic hybrid materials could represent a realistic alternative to commercial epoxy-based resins due to their superior properties, especially in terms of higher durability against: moisture, temperatures, harsh environments, and fire. In this context, organic–inorganic epoxy hybrids were synthesized by a modified sol–gel method without the addition of water. The experimental formulations were prepared starting from a mixture of a silane-functionalized epoxy resin, alkoxysilane components and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on a blend of choline chloride and urea. The latter was added in two different loads in order to analyze in depth its effect as a promoter for an effective dispersion of silica nano-phases, formed through hydrolysis and condensation reactions, into the cross-linked epoxy network. The produced formulations were cold-cured for different time spans in the presence of two hardeners, both suitable for a curing process at ambient temperature. In this first part of a wider experimental program, several analyses were carried out on the liquid (rheological and calorimetric) and cold-cured (calorimetric, thermogravimetric, dynamic-mechanical, flexural mechanical, and morphological) systems to evaluate and quantify the improvement in properties brought about by the presence of two different phases (organic and inorganic) in the same epoxy-based hybrid system.

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Nam, Nguyen Nhat, Hoang Dang Khoa Do, Kieu The Loan Trinh i Nae Yoon Lee. "Design Strategy and Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials". Nanomaterials 13, nr 7 (24.03.2023): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071164.

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The first report of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was released in 2003 and was identified as a new member of ionic liquid (IL), involving innovative chemical and physical characteristics. Using green solvent technology concerning economical, practical, and environmental aspects, DESs open the window for sustainable development of nanomaterial fabrication. The DESs assist in different fabrication processes and design nanostructures with specific morphology and properties by tunable reaction conditions. Using DESs in synthesis reactions can reduce the required high temperature and pressure conditions for decreasing energy consumption and the risk of environmental contamination. This review paper provides the recent applications and advances in the design strategy of DESs for the green synthesis of nanomaterials. The strategy and application of DESs in wet-chemical processes, nanosize reticular material fabrication, electrodeposition/electrochemical synthesis of nanostructures, electroless deposition, DESs based nano-catalytic and nanofluidic systems are discussed and highlighted in this review.

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Alhadid, Ahmad, Liudmila Mokrushina i Mirjana Minceva. "Influence of the Molecular Structure of Constituents and Liquid Phase Non-Ideality on the Viscosity of Deep Eutectic Solvents". Molecules 26, nr 14 (11.07.2021): 4208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144208.

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Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DES) have recently been used as green alternatives to conventional solvents in several applications. In addition to their tunable melting temperature, the viscosity of DES can be optimized by selecting the constituents and molar ratio. This study examined the viscosity of 14 eutectic systems formed by natural substances over a wide range of temperatures and compositions. The eutectic systems in this study were classified as ideal or non-ideal based on their solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) data found in the literature. The eutectic systems containing constituents with cyclohexyl rings were considerably more viscous than those containing linear or phenyl constituents. Moreover, the viscosity of non-ideal eutectic systems was higher than that of ideal eutectic systems because of the strong intermolecular interactions in the liquid solution. At temperatures considerably lower than the melting temperature of the pure constituents, non-ideal and ideal eutectic systems with cyclohexyl constituents exhibited considerably high viscosity, justifying the kinetic limitations in crystallization observed in these systems. Overall, understanding the correlation between the molecular structure of constituents, SLE, and the viscosity of the eutectic systems will help in designing new, low-viscosity DES.

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Silva, Eduardo, Filipe Oliveira, Joana M. Silva, Ana Matias, Rui L. Reis i Ana Rita C. Duarte. "Optimal Design of THEDES Based on Perillyl Alcohol and Ibuprofen". Pharmaceutics 12, nr 11 (20.11.2020): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111121.

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Therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) have dramatically expanded their popularity in the pharmaceutical field due to their ability to increase active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) bioavailability. However, their biological performance has not yet been carefully scrutinized. Herein, THEDES based on the binary mixture of perillyl alcohol (POH) and ibuprofen (IBU) were prepared using different molar ratios. Our comprehensive strategy includes the characterization of their thermal and structural behavior to identify the molar ratios that successfully form deep eutectic systems. The in vitro solubility of the different systems prepared has demonstrated that, unlike other reported examples, the presence of the terpene did not affect the solubility of the anti-inflammatory agent in a physiological simulated media. The biological performance of the systems was studied in terms of their antimicrobial activity against a wide panel of microorganisms. The examined THEDES showed relevant antimicrobial activity against all tested microbial strains, with the exception of P. aeruginosa. A synergistic effect from the combination of POH and IBU as a eutectic system was verified. Furthermore, the cytotoxic profile of these eutectic systems towards colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro cell models was also evaluated. The results provide the indication that the cell viability varies in a dose-dependent manner, with a selective THEDES action towards CRC cells. With tunable bioactivities in a ratio-dependent manner, THEDES enhanced the antimicrobial and anticancer properties, representing a possible alternative to conventional therapies. Therefore, this study provides foreseeable indications about the utility of THEDES based on POH and IBU as strong candidates for novel active pharmaceutical systems.

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Khandelwal, Sarita, Yogesh Kumar Tailor i Mahendra Kumar. "Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as eco-friendly and sustainable solvent/catalyst systems in organic transformations". Journal of Molecular Liquids 215 (marzec 2016): 345–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.015.

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Zainal-Abidin, Mohamad Hamdi, Maan Hayyan, Gek Cheng Ngoh i Won Fen Wong. "Doxorubicin Loading on Functional Graphene as a Promising Nanocarrier Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems". ACS Omega 5, nr 3 (15.01.2020): 1656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03709.

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Alibade, Aggeliki, Olga Kaltsa, Eleni Bozinou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Dimitrios Palaiogiannis, Stavros Lalas, Arhontoula Chatzilazarou i Dimitris P. Makris. "Stability of microemulsions containing red grape pomace extract obtained with a glycerol/sodium benzoate deep eutectic solvent". OCL 29 (2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2022023.

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The valorization of red grape pomace is significant as grape is one of the most cultivated fruits worldwide and generated by-product quantities are enormous. For this purpose, numerous encapsulation techniques have been developed. However, the studies on microemulsions composed with deep eutectic solvent extracts are very limited. In this study, red grape pomace extract (RGPE) was first prepared by deep eutectic solvent extraction and characterized by HPLC analysis. Rutin, quercetin, catechin and caftaric acid were identified as the main non-pigment phenolic compounds. The RGPE was further encapsulated in microemulsions (MEs) following a low-energy approach using a mixture of low molecular weight surfactants, and the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed. The physical and antioxidant stability of MEs containing 3–15 wt% RGPE was investigated for a period of 30 days. MEs were stable at an ambient temperature of 25 or 37 °C. The radical scavenging activity of encapsulated RGPE was improved up to 13% compared to the free extract. Our results indicate that microemulsions provide protection of valuable phenolic constituents especially under elevated temperature conditions and can therefore be used as systems for applications in nutraceuticals or cosmetics.

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McGaughy, Kyle, i M. Toufiq Reza. "Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of Deep Eutectic Solvent-Aromatic-Aliphatic Ternary Systems: Experimental Study with COSMO Model Predictions". Processes 9, nr 7 (5.07.2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071169.

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Common solvents used for aromatic extraction from aliphatics typically degrade into toxic compounds, while green alternatives perform poorly compared to the state-of-the-art solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a novel solvent type made of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). DES have been applied in various applications, including advanced separations. In this study, DES were studied experimentally and using the Conductor-like Screening Model (COSMO) to separate benzene from cyclohexane as model compounds for an aromatic:aliphatic system. Both equilibrium and kinetic studies were performed to determine the liquid liquid equilibrium (LLE) and mass transfer rate for the DES-based separation. Selected HBAs including tetrabutylammonium bromide (N4444Br), tetrahexylammonium bromide (N6666Br), choline chloride (ChCl), and methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (METPB) were paired with HBDs including ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (Gly). COSMO was used, with adjustments to reflect DES specific interactions, to predict the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE). COSMO results showed that ChCl and N6666Br-based DES extracted too little benzene or too much cyclohexane, respectively, to be considered for experimental evaluation. Overall, the COSMO model predictions for LLE of EG-based DES were very accurate, with root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) below 1% for both N4444Br:EG and METPB:EG. The glycerol systems were less accurately modeled, with RMSD’s of 4% for N4444Br:Gly and 6% for METPB:Gly. The lower accuracy of glycerol system predictions fmay be due to limitations in COSMO for handling glycerol’s influence on polarizability in the DES that is not seen in EG-based DES. Mass transfer kinetics were determined experimentally for DES and the results were fit to a first order kinetics model. METPB:Gly had the highest mass transfer coefficient at 0.180 min−1, followed by N4444Br:EG at 0.143 min−1. N4444Br:Gly and METPB:EG had the lowest mass transfer coefficients at 0.096 min−1 and 0.084 min−1, respectively. It was found that mass transfer rate was not directly related to maximum benzene solubility, as N4444Br:EG and METPB:Gly had the highest and lowest benzene removal, respectively, but had similar mass transfer coefficients.

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