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Enblad, Lina, i Evelina Öhlander. "Deception and Self Deception : An investigation of Multi-level marketing distributors and their deceptive practices on social media". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158218.
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Background: Multi-level marketing (MLM) is a specific type of direct selling where distribution and sales are facilitated through various levels of independent distributors. The MLM industry has changed through social media and it has become a channel for the distributors to communicate with customers and potential distributors. The downside to this development is that Internet and social media has made lies and exaggerations, digital deception, more common. Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this research is to investigate deceptive social media practices done by distributors of MLM firms operating in Sweden and discuss them from an ethical perspective. 1. What characteristics drive distributors in MLM firms to participate in practices that can be perceived as deceptive? 2. What deceptive practices on social media by distributors can be identified? 3. How do former distributors view the ethics of their own practices versus the practices of other distributors? Is self deception an aspect to consider? Method: The study applies a qualitative method to an explorative, cross-sectional research design. The collection of empirical data was done by conducting 9 semi-structured interviews with former MLM distributors. Result: Characteristics that drive deceptive practices are training, authority, transferal of norms and validating behaviour. Six deceptive practices were identified: pretending to be consumers on other distributors’ posts, manipulating before and after pictures, lying and exaggerating about the benefits of the products, pretending to be potential recruits, falsely describing the benefits of the business opportunity and charging extra for shipping. Former distributors were more willing to blame other distributors for unethical behaviour than themselves, which may be due to self deception. Contribution of the study: This study contributes with a modern perspective of MLM distributors. It extends existing research of ethical issues within MLM and contributes with the addition of self deception to provide deeper understanding.
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McBain, Candice. "Deception and Deception Detection of Feigned Trauma Symptoms". Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/390064.
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Through this research project we assessed the ability of psychology students to enact and detect deception enacted through feigning symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychometric and psychophysiological testing are often used to assess the feigning or malingering of mental health disorders in forensic settings. However, clinicians do not always have these tools readily available to them. Therefore, we have focused our investigation on verbal and nonverbal behaviours that may be indicators of deception used to identify cases of feigning or malingering. Despite the large body of existing research on cues to deception, we currently have no reliable cues that proceed or accompany deception related to feigning or malingering a psychological disorder. Through a series of four studies we aimed to identify cues to deception that are exhibited when feigning symptoms of PTSD.
The aim of Study 1 was to examine: personality traits (i.e., Introversion / Extroversion and Psychoticism) that may moderate the ability to deceive; emotional and physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate variability [HRV]) associated with deception; and the influence of these variables on peoples’ confidence in their own ability to deceive. Our findings indicated that emotional and physiological arousal related to the thought of enacting deception correlated with emotional and physiological arousal related to stress. However, emotional arousal associated with stress or deception was not correlated with physiological arousal associated with stress or deception. Therefore, we were unable to identify a consistent pattern of emotional and physiological responding associated with the thought of being deceitful. In addition: deception confidence was not correlated to the physiological arousal (i.e., HRV) associated with deceit; Psychoticism had no impact on emotional or physiological arousal associated with deception or deception confidence; and Introversion / Extroversion was not correlated to physiological arousal associated with deception. However, people higher on Extraversion reported more subjective distress after thinking about enacting deception than people higher on Introversion. During this study we identified the trait of Psychoticism as needing further investigation.
Subsequently, in Study 2 we further examined deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism. We examined: verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and deceiving; verbal and nonverbal behaviours of deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism; and verbal and nonverbal behaviours of more and less credible deceivers. Deception confidence and perceived credibility (as judged by raters) were also considered. Most notably, we found that people smile less when deceiving. This is different to evidential deception research. Findings indicated that deceivers higher in Psychoticism displayed unique behavioural cues. However, Psychoticism did not moderate deception confidence or perceived credibility (as judged by raters).
In Study 3, we again examined verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and enacting deceit. We also assessed the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of differentially motivated deceivers, and people who were more and less prepared to deceive. Deception confidence and perceived credibility were again considered. Findings indicated that participants in this sample displayed less eye movements, raised their eyebrows less, were less facially expressive, smiled less, and pursed their lips more when deceiving. More motivated deceivers and more prepared deceivers displayed unique behaviours and motivated deceivers spent more time preparing to deceive. However, deception preparation did not impact deception confidence or perceived credibility.
The main aim of Study 4 was to examine the deception detection ability of psychology students, and the difference in deception detection ability between undergraduate and postgraduate psychology students. We also investigated the impact of law enforcement experience, legal experience, and psychology work experience on the ability to detect deception. Findings indicated: students were not better than chance (if we assume chance is 50%) at making lie / truth judgments; postgraduates were better deception detectors than undergraduates; experience with law enforcement and psychology work experience were positively correlated to deception detection ability; deception detectors were better able to identify deceivers who were less motivated to feign PTSD; confidence in people’s own ability to detect deception was not related to their actual ability to detect deception; and deception detectors did not rate truthtellers as more credible than deceivers.
Overall, we find that deception of mental health symptoms leads to different cues than those found in evidential research. We also conclude that Psychoticism may lead to differential behavioural cues when deceiving, as do motivation and preparation time. People are not good at detecting deceit, but experience with psychology and life experience seems to be predictors in the case of detecting feigned trauma symptoms. Methodological limitations of the current studies include: the failure of the deception task to evoke strong physiological arousal in Study 1; the lack of high psychoticism deceivers in Study 2; the disparity in the duration of the two videos used in experiments 2 and 3; the disparity in credibility scores of the more credible deceivers group between Studies 2 and 3; and the inclusion of only one independent rater in Studies 2 and 3. Additionally, in comparison to the financial remuneration often gained through successful feigning or malingering of PTSD, the financial incentive offered in Studies 2 and 3 is nominal. These limitations are addressed in the general discussion of this thesis.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Boddington, P. R. "Self-deception". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381766.
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Clarke, Bernard. "Self-deception". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110590/.
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There is a reflexive paradox (or set of paradoxes) associated with self-deception, and a variety of theories have been proposed in response, to explain self-deception. The study of reflexive paradoxes has been fruitful in the history of philosophy. Such a paradox may appear to be no more than a minor puzzle, which we will easily be able to mop up after having formulated solutions to more major problems. Sometimes the minor puzzle turns out to be surprisingly resistant to our "mopping up" operations; it may force us to re-think our major theories. For example the "truth-teller" paradox and other paradoxes of self-reference have been viewed initially as minor puzzles, while later on they have provoked major theories, e.g. theories of truth; in mathematics, Godel's theorem.
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Li, Li. "Sex Differences in Deception Detection". Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/261.
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While deception is a common strategy in interpersonal communication, most research on interpersonal deception treats the sex as irrelevant in the ability to detect deceptive messages. This study examines the truth and deception detection ability of both male and female receivers when responding to both true and deceptive messages from both male and female speakers. Results suggest that sex may be an important variable in understanding the interpersonal detection probabilities of truth and of lies. An interaction of variables including speakers’ sex, receivers’ sex, and whether the message is truthful or deceptive is found to relate to detection ability. Both women and men were found to be significantly less accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by men, especially when those statements are lies. On the other hand, both women and men were significantly more accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by women, especially when those statements are truthful. This may suggest that men are better deceivers than women, while women seem more transparent in exhibiting feelings about their messages whether being truthful or deceptive. In recalling real life deceptions discovered previously, women reported that they discovered significantly more lies from female sources than from men they knew. This finding may reflect the previous finding that discovering lies told by women is more likely than is discovering lies told by men.
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Near, Christopher R. "Deception in Super Bowl Advertisements: An Analysis of Deceptive Story Lines". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2388.pdf.
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Henson, Jayne R. "Texas hold'em : deception and deception detection in a poker game". Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1292993.
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This study introduces Texas Hold'em Poker as a research interest and discusses the use of poker in studying interpersonal deception. The first section reviews relevant literature in the study of deception and detection in order to answer: 1) What is the base rate of deceptive attempts for poker players? 2A) What types of tells are exhibited? 2B) What inconsistent nonverbal behavior does each player exhibit? This research also hypothesizes that bluffers will engage in consistent nonverbal behavior in bluffing and non bluffing sets. The second section describes the methods used. A videotaped poker game was recorded and analyzed. Twenty nonverbal behaviors were coded and frequency of behavior was calculated. The third section describes the results of the analysis: base rate, tells, and inconsistencies. Finally, the last section discusses the results, conclusions, limitations, and further avenues of study.Department of Communication Studies
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Martin, Charmine L. "Military deception reconsidered". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Jun%5FMartin.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Operations)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Arquilla, John. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 21, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45). Also available in print.
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White, David C. J. "Maintaining deception in a rewarding landscape; the pollination biology of deceptive orchids". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527630.
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Starke, Mary Lynn. "Self-deception and other-deception in personality assessment detection and implications /". Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2006. http://etd.umsl.edu/r1121.
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Arruda, A. T. M. "Self-deception and freedom". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371592.
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Brundell, Patrick Robert. "Deception and communication media". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27962/.
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Much research investigating deception and its detection has focused upon face-to-face communication, but over recent years the variety and extent of new communication media has changed the contexts in which deception might take place. Although work has attempted to characterise communication media, a much smaller body of research exists which has investigated the frequency with which people lie with different media and the detection of deceit under different communication media conditions. Through questionnaires and experimental studies, this work investigated the perceptions that both deceivers (senders) and those attempting to identify lies (receivers) have about communication media and how this relates to their observed behaviour. Results from questionnaire studies suggested that both the characteristics of deception and media influence people's perceived discomfort and believability when lying and the media choices they might make if they are planning to deceive. Some important factors appeared to be the seriousness of the deception, who senders are lying to, and the general frequency with which they use particular means to communicate. Communication media were judged to be similar and dissimilar to each other on a range of characteristics which may impact their appropriateness for deception and lie detection. There was evidence that media used at low frequency in daily life may be more likely to be chosen for deception. In laboratory studies, senders were found to lie more frequently using audio-only media compared to audio-video. There was evidence from experimental studies that detection of deceit was more successful when communication was audio only compared to audio-video. There was little consistent evidence that judgement biases varied between media conditions, but a truth bias was identified in experimental studies. No evidence was identified that interactivity between senders and receivers significantly influenced response biases or lie detection accuracy. A small corpus of messages recorded under audio-video and audio-only conditions were selected for their detectability or believability from two senders, and presented in modified formats to receivers. Stimuli had video removed or introduced, and were presented as audio-only, audio-video, text-only and video-only. The results suggested that detectability of audio-video and audio-only stimuli was dependent upon the condition stimuli were recorded under rather than presented. When messages were only seen and not heard or read, accuracy of lie detection was compromised. There was evidence that judging transcriptions could allow successful detection, but the accuracy of lie detection was typically lower than demonstrated in richer media conditions. These findings may imply that a combination of information channels and/or paraverbal information is important for accurate classification of honesty and lies. Limitations of the studies and directions for further research were discussed.
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Monroe, James D. "Deception: Theory and Practice". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7388.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis explores the history of U.S. Army deception and doctrine, and combines the insights gained with the various works on deception, cognitive psychology, communications, and decision-making in order to distill a concise handbook for deception practitioners. A longitudinal review of U.S. Army doctrine reveals a wide variation in the treatment of deception, from emphasized to ignored. This variation can be primarily explained by the U.S. preference for the cumulative destruction style of war and the perceived balance of power between the U.S. and its adversaries. This thesis strives to fill the current doctrinal gap by distilling the existing body of work to create a theory of deception in the military context. The theory presented provides a cogent structure, taxonomy, and lexicon, as well as, emphasis on how deception functions within the frameworks of communications and decision-making. Next, a synthesis of the practice of deception is presented, with a focus on deception planning and the essential elements of deception practice. Examples of U.S. use of deception from the Revolutionary War to Operation DESERT STORM are presented to provide illumination on the utility and use of deception. Finally, the thesis provides recommendations on how to organize for deception operations.
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Edmunds, Caroline Jane. "Children's understanding of deception". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367518.
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Zloteanu, M. "Emotions and deception detection". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1537296/.
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Humans have developed a complex social structure which relies heavily on communication between members. However, not all communication is honest. Distinguishing honest from deceptive information is clearly a useful skills, but individuals do not possess a strong ability to discriminate veracity. As others will not willingly admit they are lying, one must rely on different information to discern veracity. In deception detection, individuals are told to rely on behavioural indices to discriminate lies and truths. A source of such indices are the emotions displayed by another. This thesis focuses on the role that emotions have on the ability to detect deception, exploring the reasons for low judgemental accuracy when individuals focus on emotion information. I aim to demonstrate that emotion recognition does not aid the detection of deception, and can result in decreased accuracy. This is attributed to the biasing relationship of emotion recognition on veracity judgements, stemming from the inability of decoders to separate the authenticity of emotional cues. To support my claims, I will demonstrate the lack of ability of decoders to make rational judgements regarding veracity, even if allowed to pool the knowledge of multiple decoders, and disprove the notion that decoders can utilise emotional cues, both innately and through training, to detect deception. I assert, and find, that decoders are poor at discriminating between genuine and deceptive emotional displays, advocating for a new conceptualisation of emotional cues in veracity judgements. Finally, I illustrate the importance of behavioural information in detecting deception using two approaches aimed at improving the process of separating lies and truths. First, I address the role of situational factors in detecting deception, demonstrating their impact on decoding ability. Lastly, I introduce a new technique for improving accuracy, passive lie detection, utilising body postures that aid decoders in processing behavioural information. The research will conclude suggesting deception detection should focus on improving information processing and accurate classification of emotional information.
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Morgan, Catrin. "A taxonomy of deception". Thesis, Royal College of Art, 2014. http://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/1649/.
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This project argues that deceptions are worth studying as creative acts. The resulting discoveries are applied to discourses within contemporary narrative illustration. Almost all complex deceptions are texts composed of visual and verbal elements. This research is interested in those deceptions that appear in print and particularly those that involve the creation of a fictional author through a sustained text meant to be considered real by a particular audience. The deceptions concerning this research are not momentary; they exist as specially created artefacts and documents and are sustained over a substantial period of time. These deceptions are not necessarily created by artists or authors, they may be created by any person who utilises a particular methodology: the appropriation and collage of visual and narrative fragments to create the illusion of a seamless whole. The images in these deceptions respond to the Internet and fragmentary, circular or real time narrative in a way that mainstream illustration, as yet, does not. The research methodology is empirical; evidence of the deceptions’ dissemination and repetition is collected. These are the texts; the illustrated fictions analysed by the thesis. The taxonomy organises them according to their aesthetic characteristics, avoiding psychological speculation and focusing on their substance. The concept of ‘fake literature’ within literary theory and the increasing use of strategies amongst artists that question discredited notions of authenticity are also considered. Certain philosophical theories about the nature of language are used to clarify the discussion.
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Connell, Caroline. "Linguistic Cues to Deception". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32465.
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This study replicated a common experiment, the Desert Survival Problem, and attempted to add data to the body of knowledge for deception cues. Participants wrote truthful and deceptive essays arguing why items salvaged from the wreckage were useful for survival. Cues to deception considered here fit into four categories: those caused by a deceiversâ negative emotion, verbal immediacy, those linked to a deceiverâ s attempt to appear truthful, and those resulting from deceiversâ high cognitive load. Cues caused by a deceiverâ s negative emotions were mostly absent in the results, although deceivers did use fewer first-person pronouns than truth tellers. That indicated deceivers were less willing to take ownership of their statements. Cues because of deceiversâ attempts to appear truthful were present. Deceivers used more words and more exact language than truth tellers. That showed an attempt to appear truthful. Deceiversâ language was simpler than that of truth tellers, which indicated a higher cognitive load. Future research should include manipulation checks on motivation and emotion, which are tied to cue display. The type of cue displayed, be it emotional leakage, verbal immediacy, attempts to appear truthful or cognitive load, might be associated with particular deception tasks. Future research, including meta-analyses, should attempt to determine which deception tasks produce which cue type.
Revised file, GMc 5/28/2014 per Dean DePauwMaster of Arts
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Abu, Hammad Omar. "Euphemism: Sweet Talking or Deception?" Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2899.
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The aim of this paper is to shed light on euphemism in two different senses: sweet talking and deception. I shall treat euphemism from two different perspectives: the usual use of euphemism, sweet talking, in which it is used to maintain one's face and the orthophemistic sense, deception, where 'torture' is referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques". I shall analyze examples, taken from religious, cultural, political backgrounds, on each case. Moreover, I shall talk about taboo since it is usually associated with euphemism. I shall talk about the referential (semantic) and expletive (pragmatic) aspects of swearing expressions. In this essay, I shall show that euphemism can be used in two different senses: sweet talking and deception.
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Lee, Mei-yan Tiffany, i 李美恩. "The neural basis of deception". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44546324.
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Молдожонова, Юлія Михайлівна. "Organic cosmetics: benefit or deception". Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13099.
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Wilder, Terry L. "New Testament pseudonymity and deception". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU099071.
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This study provides afresh an answer to the question: "If there are pseudonymous letters in the New Testament, what can be said about their intention and reception?" A survey of scholarship shows the need for the present inquiry. Five primary areas are investigated. First, an examination of various Greco-Roman and Christian texts reveals that sometimes in antiquity pseudonymous documents were written with no intention to deceive (e.g. some of the Pythagorean literature). However, not every writing in antiquity was written in the same spirit. For, it is then shown that many writers in Greco-Roman antiquity, including early Christians, had scruples regarding literary property and pseudonymity. Second, a comparison of some Greco-Roman pseudepigraphal epistles with the disputed Pauline letters reveals that non-deceptive pseudonymity is possible for the latter works, if pseudonymous, in the light of the analogy of many of the former writings. Thus, contrary to the views of some scholars, a historical and analogous precedent exists for non-deceptive pseudo-Pauline letters, if present in the NT. Third, a study of the available documentary evidence indicates that the early Church (second-century onwards) generally did not accept apostolic pseudepigrapha, and suggests that it regarded such writings as deceptive. These responses to apostolic pseudepigrapha act as a background against which some of the alleged NT pseudepigrapha are later evaluated. Fourth, an examination of the early Church's understanding of apostolic authority shows the uniqueness of the apostolic office in the first and second centuries. This evidence is marshalled against the assumption that a discontinuity of attributes towards pseudepigrapha exists between the first and second-century Churches. It is suggested that apostolic authority may have provided the impetus to write under the names of the apostles, but that this practice was not acceptable. Finally, it is suggested that the use of the pseudonym may have been less appropriate in letters than in other genres.
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Gupta, Smita. "Modelling Deception Detection in Text". Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/922.
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Tan, Kheng Lee Gregory. "Confronting cyberterrorism with cyber deception". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FTan%5FK.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Neil C. Rowe, Dorothy E. Denning. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-70). Also available online.
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Erdie, Philip B. "Network-centric strategic-level deception". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sept%5FErdie.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.Thesis advisor(s): James Bret Michael, Raymond Buettner. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34). Also available online.
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Maithripala, Diyogu Hennadige Asanka. "Radar deception through phantom track generation". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3169.
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This thesis presents a control algorithm to be used by a team of ECAVs (Electronic Combat
Air Vehicle) to deceive a network of radars through the generation of a phantom track.
Each ECAV has the electronic capability of intercepting and introducing an appropriate
time delay to a transmitted pulse of a radar before transmitting it back to the radar, thereby
deceiving the radar into seeing a phantom target at a range beyond that of the ECAV. A radar
network correlates targets and target tracks to detect range delay based deception. A team of
cooperating ECAVs, however, precisely plans their trajectories in a way all the radars in the
radar network are deceived into seeing the same phantom. Since each radar in the network
confirms the target track of the other, the phantom track is considered valid. An important
feature of the algorithm achieving this is that it translates kinematic constraints on the
ECAV dynamic system into constraints on the phantom point. The phantom track between
two specified way points then evolves without violating any of the system constraints. The
evolving phantom track in turn generates the actual controls on the ECAVs so that ECAVs
have flyable trajectories. The algorithms give feasible but suboptimal solutions. The main
objectives are algorithm development for phantom track generation through a team of cooperating
ECAVs, development of the algorithms to be finite dimensional searches and
determining necessary conditions for feasible solutions in the immediate horizon of the
searches of the algorithm. Feasibility of the algorithm in deceiving a radar network through
phantom track generation is demonstrated through simulation results.
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Collard, Teresa Y. "Facial nonverbal communication and deception detection /". View online, 1986. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998880495.pdf.
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Chau, Raymond Tsz-hong. "Linguistic markers of deception: um andlike". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46631112.
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Vartapetiance, Anna. "Computational approaches for verbal deception detection". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807037/.
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Deception exists in all aspects of life and is particularly evident on the Web. Deception includes child sexual predators grooming victims online, medical news headlines with little medical evidence or scientific rigour, individuals claiming others’ work as their own, and systematic deception of company shareholders and institutional investors leading to corporate collapses. This thesis explores the potential for automatic detection of deception. We investigate the nature of deception and the related cues, focusing in particular on Verbal Cues, and concluding that they cannot be readily generalised. We demonstrate how deception-specific features, based on sound hypotheses, can overcome related limitations by presenting approaches for three different examples of deception – namely Child Sexual Predator Detection (SPD), Authorship Identification (AI) and Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection (IPD). We further show how our approaches result in competitive levels of reliability. For SPD we develop our approach largely based on the commonality of requests for key personal information. To address AI, we introduce approaches based on a frequency-mean-variance and a frequency-only framework in order to detect strong associations between co-occurring patterns of a limited number of stopwords. Our IPD approaches are based on simple commonality of words at document level and usage of proper nouns; document sections lacking commonality can be identified as plagiarised. The frameworks of the International Workshop on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship, and Social Software Misuse (PAN) competitions provided an independent evaluation of the approaches. The SPD approach obtained an F1 score of 0.48. F1 scores of 0.47, 0.53 and 0.57 were achieved in AI tasks for PAN2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. IPD yielded an overall accuracy of 91%. Through post-competition adaptations we also show how to improve the approaches and the scores and demonstrate the importance of suitable datasets and how most approaches are not easily transferable between various types of deception.
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Deeb, Haneen. "(In)consistencies as cues to deception". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inconsistencies-as-cues-to-deception(45e009d5-3170-480b-adc7-54a85f7b95bf).html.
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Detecting deception is a difficult task for laypeople and investigative practitioners. Recently, researchers have focused on developing new interview techniques to elicit verbal cues to deception. One of those cues is statement consistency, which has received limited empirical attention despite being one of the most frequently used verbal cues to deception by investigative practitioners. The aim of this thesis, introduced in chapter 1, is to extend the literature on statement consistency and to examine different types of statement consistency in various deception contexts. Chapter 2 describes the first experiment, which examined the effect ofchanging question format across two interviews on between statement consistency. Participants (N=150) provided free recall accounts of two events in a first interview. In the second interview, participants either freely recalled the events again or responded to specific questions presented sequentially (concerning on event at a time) or non-sequentially (concerning both events simultaneously). Liar's accounts featured fewer repetitions across interviews (less between-statement consistency) than truth-tellers' accounts, particularly when the questions were non-sequential. Interestingly, liars showed more within-statement consistency then truth-tellers. Chapter 3 discusses the Devil's Advocate approach, which was tested on pairs to examine within-group consistency. Pairs of participants (N=98) who shared strong opinions about a controversial topic were matched and permitted to prepare for individual interviews about their true or false opinions. They were asked an opinion-eliciting question for arguments supporting their opinions followed by a devil's advocate question for opposing arguments. Prepared truth-telling pairs were more consistent with each other in response to the opinion-eliciting question than to the devil's advocate question. As predicted, deceptive pairs were equally consistent in response to both questions. Chapter 4 presents the third experiment, which investigated the effects of counter-interrogation strategies and level of familiarity with the alibi setting on between-statement consistency. All participants (N=144) visited a restaurant for 10 minutes (high familiarity) or 30 seconds (low familiarity) and used it as an alibi in two interviews involving visuospatial tasks (i.e. drawing the restaurant on a layout of it). Liars who knew about the interview's visuospatial component prior to committing a mock crime provided significantly more salient and non-salient details in their visuospatial statements than truth-tellers and liars who did not possess this knowledge. The effect for non-salient details was particularly pronounced in the high familiarity condition. No differences emerged for statement consistency types between truth-teller and liars who did not know about the visuospatial component. Chapter 5 presents the results of a survey pertaining to police officers' perceptions of four statement (in)consistency types (within-statement inconsistency, between-statement inconsistency, within-group inconsistency, statement evidence inconsistency). Officers (N=71) in general were most likely to look for statement evidence inconsistency and least likely to look for within-statement inconsistency. This finding was explained by their belief that liars attempt to eliminate within-statement inconsistency more than any other types of inconsistency unless incriminating evidence is strategically disclosed during the interview. Chapter 6 discusses the overall results of the thesis. The results extend previous findings regarding liars' attempts to maintain statement consistency types. However, specific interview techniques may be implemented to increase differences between liars' and truth-tellers' consistency. Critically, familiarity with the reported event seems to assist liars (as well as truth-tellers) in providing consistent statements. As for counter-interrogation strategies, they seem to have a reverse effect on statement consistency as liars' efforts at maintaining a consistency type either fail or succeed at the expense of another consistency type. Hence, more research is needed to examine the effects of familiarity, counter-interrogation strategies and interview techniques on statement consistency types. Also, practitioners need to consider these factors and to assess all consistency simultaneously rather than separately to detect deception.
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Merritts, Richard Alan. "Online Deception Detection Using BDI Agents". NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/244.
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This research has two facets within separate research areas. The research area of Belief, Desire and Intention (BDI) agent capability development was extended. Deception detection research has been advanced with the development of automation using BDI agents. BDI agents performed tasks automatically and autonomously. This study used these characteristics to automate deception detection with limited intervention of human users. This was a useful research area resulting in a capability general enough to have practical application by private individuals, investigators, organizations and others. The need for this research is grounded in the fact that humans are not very effective at detecting deception whether in written or spoken form. This research extends the deception detection capability research in that typical deception detection tools are labor intensive and require extraction of the text in question following ingestion into a deception detection tool. A neural network capability module was incorporated to lend the resulting prototype Machine Learning attributes.
The prototype developed as a result of this research was able to classify online data as either "deceptive" or "not deceptive" with 85% accuracy. The false discovery rate for "deceptive" online data entries was 20% while the false discovery rate for "not deceptive" was 10%. The system showed stability during test runs. No computer crashes or other anomalous system behavior were observed during the testing phase. The prototype successfully interacted with an online data communications server database and processed data using Neural Network input vector generation algorithms within seconds
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Doll, Sadie. "Therapists' Perceptions of Deception in Psychotherapy". Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10160006.
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The literature to date on deception in psychotherapy is lacking in several areas, particularly in the exploration of therapists’ perceptions of being deceived in session. The current study explored the perceived frequency of client deception, therapists’ deception cue reliance, the content of perceived deception, detection confidence, perceived motivation to deceive, and the effect of the lie on several areas of treatment. Participants included psychologists who were generally representative of the population of practicing psychologists in the United States. Results indicated therapists significantly underestimate the frequency of client deception, relied on verbal information, and were generally confident in their detection ability. Results were mixed regarding the therapists’ understanding of their clients’ motivation for deception, but revealed the majority of therapists believed the lie negatively affected the therapeutic relationship. The current study’s limitations are explored as well as suggestions for future research to further the literature on deception in psychotherapy.
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Kim, Brian Hahn. "Building a theory of strategic deception". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Hesk, Jon. "Deception and democracy in classical Athens /". Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37695686n.
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Strömwall, Leif A. "Deception detection : moderating factors and accuracy /". Göteborg : Göteborg university, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39985519t.
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Parry, Melinda Ann. "Little Machiavellians: Deception in Early Childhood". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194285.
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The analyses in this dissertation were designed to identify 1) whether there is an age effect among three-, four-, and five-year-old preschool children for false-belief understanding, deceptive ability, and deception detection ability, 2) whether there is a gender effect among preschool children for false-belief understanding, deceptive ability, and deception detection ability, 3) whether there is a relationship between false-belief understanding, deceptive ability, and deception detection ability in preschool children, and 4) whether there is a relationship between peer acceptance and false-belief understanding, deceptive ability, and deception detection ability among preschool children. Participants were 78 (34 male, 44 female) preschool children of mixed ethnicity who were between three to five years of age. All subjects completed four tasks that assessed false-belief understanding, deceptive ability, deception detection ability, and peer acceptance. Results from the four-way repeated measures mixed-model analysis of variance (2 Gender x 3 Age x 2 False-Belief Understanding x 2 Deception) suggest that there is a task effect, age effect, gender effect, and false-belief understanding effect for deception among preschool children. Children received significantly higher scores on the deception detection ability task than they did on the deceptive ability task. This indicates that young children find deception detection to be easier than deceptive ability. In addition, this also provides evidence that deceptive ability and that deception detection are two separate constructs. This is further supported by the principal components analysis, which extracted two separate components for deception intelligence. In addition, three-year-old children perform significantly lower than four- and five-year-old children on deception tasks. However, there is not a significant difference between the performances of four- and five-year-old children on deception tasks. This supports previous research that four years of age appears to be the critical age for the emergence of Machiavellian Intelligence (Peskin, 1992; Peterson, 2003). Moreover, males perform significantly better on deception tasks than females. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between deception detection ability and peer acceptance. Children who obtain higher deception detection ability scores are ranked as being more liked by their peers.
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Fornaciari, Tommaso. "Deception Detection in Italian Court testimonies". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369179.
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Effective methods for evaluating the reliability of statements issued by witnesses and defendants in hearings would be extremely valuable to decision-making in Court and other legal settings. In recent years, methods relying on stylometric techniques have proven most successful for this task; but few such methods have been tested with language collected in real-life situations of high-stakes deception, and therefore their usefulness outside laboratory conditions still has to be properly assessed.
DeCour - DEception in COURt corpus - has been built with the aim of training models suitable to discriminate, from a stylometric point of view, between sincere and deceptive
statements. DeCour is a collection of hearings held in four Italian Courts, in which the speakers lie in front of the judge. These hearings become the object of a specific criminal proceeding for calumny or false testimony, in which the deceptiveness of the statements of the defendant is ascertained. Thanks to the final Court judgment, that points out which lies are told, each utterance of the corpus has been annotated as true, uncertain or false, according to its degree of truthfulness. Since the judgment of deceptiveness follows a judicial inquiry, the annotation has been realized with a greater degree of confidence than
ever before. In Italy this is the first corpus of deceptive texts not relying on ‘mock’ lies created in laboratory conditions, but which has been collected in a natural environment.
In this dissertation we replicated the methods used in previous studies but never before applied to high-stakes data, and tested new methods. Among the best known proposals
in this direction are methods proposed by Pennebaker and colleagues, who employed their lexicon - the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (liwc) - to analyze different texts or transcriptions of spoken language, in which deception could have been used, but collected in an artificial way. In our experiments, we trained machine learning models relying both on lexical features belonging to liwc and on surface features. The surface features were selected calculating their Information Gain, or simply according to the frequency they appear in the texts. We also considered the effect of a number of variables including the degree of certainty the utterances were annotated as truthful or not and the homogeneity of the dataset. In particular, the classification task of false utterances was carried out against the only utterances annotated as true, or against the utterances annotated as true and as uncertain together. Moreover subsets of DeCour were analysed, in which the statements were issued by homogeneous categories of subject, e.g. speakers of the same gender, age or native language. Our results suggest that accuracy at deception detection clearly above chance level can be obtained with real-life data as well.
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Fornaciari, Tommaso. "Deception Detection in Italian Court testimonies". Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2012. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/845/1/tfthesis.pdf.
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Effective methods for evaluating the reliability of statements issued by witnesses and defendants in hearings would be extremely valuable to decision-making in Court and other legal settings. In recent years, methods relying on stylometric techniques have proven most successful for this task; but few such methods have been tested with language collected in real-life situations of high-stakes deception, and therefore their usefulness outside laboratory conditions still has to be properly assessed.
DeCour - DEception in COURt corpus - has been built with the aim of training models suitable to discriminate, from a stylometric point of view, between sincere and deceptive
statements. DeCour is a collection of hearings held in four Italian Courts, in which the speakers lie in front of the judge. These hearings become the object of a specific criminal proceeding for calumny or false testimony, in which the deceptiveness of the statements of the defendant is ascertained. Thanks to the final Court judgment, that points out which lies are told, each utterance of the corpus has been annotated as true, uncertain or false, according to its degree of truthfulness. Since the judgment of deceptiveness follows a judicial inquiry, the annotation has been realized with a greater degree of confidence than
ever before. In Italy this is the first corpus of deceptive texts not relying on ‘mock’ lies created in laboratory conditions, but which has been collected in a natural environment.
In this dissertation we replicated the methods used in previous studies but never before applied to high-stakes data, and tested new methods. Among the best known proposals
in this direction are methods proposed by Pennebaker and colleagues, who employed their lexicon - the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (liwc) - to analyze different texts or transcriptions of spoken language, in which deception could have been used, but collected in an artificial way. In our experiments, we trained machine learning models relying both on lexical features belonging to liwc and on surface features. The surface features were selected calculating their Information Gain, or simply according to the frequency they appear in the texts. We also considered the effect of a number of variables including the degree of certainty the utterances were annotated as truthful or not and the homogeneity of the dataset. In particular, the classification task of false utterances was carried out against the only utterances annotated as true, or against the utterances annotated as true and as uncertain together. Moreover subsets of DeCour were analysed, in which the statements were issued by homogeneous categories of subject, e.g. speakers of the same gender, age or native language. Our results suggest that accuracy at deception detection clearly above chance level can be obtained with real-life data as well.
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Skidmore, Kristofer A., i Paul R. Ortiz. "Deception detection process and accuracy: an examination of how U.S. military officers detect deception in the workplace". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44671.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedResearch shows that humans are, on average, only slightly better-than-chance at deception detection. Meta-analysis conducted by Charles Bond and Bella DePaulo in their work Accuracy of Deception Judgments published by Personality and Social Psychology Review in 2006 yields an across-study average accuracy rate of 54%. Although prior research has failed to identify variables that have a large impact on accuracy, a recent set of studies focused on diagnostic utility (strategic questioning) leads us to expect substantial question effects producing levels of accuracy that differ substantially from chance. Recent research advocated for abandoning cue-based deception detection in favor of the idea of diagnostic utility. Specifically, this new line of research provides a basis for specifying the conditions under which questioning of honest and deceptive individuals yields levels of deception detection accuracy that depart substantially in both directions from the usual slightly-better-than-chance results that characterize past attempts. This thesis is a replication of these most recent diagnostic utility studies to determine if the methods are (1) generalizable to a new population and (2) useful in identifying specific questioning strategies relevant to Department of Defense and fraud investigation activities.
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Kun, Boris, i Will Whaley. "Deception detection process and accuracy: an examination of how international military officers detect deception in the workplace". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45212.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis replicates recent diagnostic utility studies to determine whether the original methods are (1) generalizable to a new population and (2) useful in identifying specific questioning strategies relevant to international militaries. Previous research shows that people are, on average, only slightly better-than-chance at detecting deception. In 2006, Personality and Social Psychology Review published Accuracy of Deception Judgments in which Charles F. Bond Jr. and Bella DePaulo identified that meta-analysis yields an across-study average accuracy rate of about 54%. New research has shifted from the historical cue-based deception detection paradigm in favor of the idea of diagnostic utility. Specifically, this new line of research provides a basis for demonstrating that the design of specific questions is vital in determining deceptive individuals. Currently, the research conducted thus far provides levels of deception detection accuracy significantly greater than the usual slightly-better-than-chance results that is characterized by historical research. Our findings from quantitative Study 1 demonstrated that international military officer participants detected deception at 70.8% for experts and 63.8% for non-experts. Finally, the authors’ qualitative Study 2 identified that participant’s claim to have utilized third-party information, physical information, and verbal/nonverbal clues most often when detecting deception in previous situations. These findings are in line with historical research.
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Acosta, David A. "The Makara of Hizballah deception in the 2006 Summer War". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Jun%5FAcosta.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Operations)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Hy Rothstein. "June 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-75). Also available in print.
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Hatz, Jessica L. "Do deceptive behaviors and lie detection abilities vary as a function of the method used for eliciting lies?" Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445040761&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jafarian, Jafar Haadi. "Cyber Agility for Attack Deterrence and Deception". Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10686943.
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In recent years, we have witnessed a rise in quantity and sophistication of cyber attacks. Meanwhile, traditional defense techniques have not been adequate in addressing this status quo. This is because the focus has remained mostly on either identifying and patching exploits, or detecting and filtering them. These techniques are only effective when intrusions are known or detectable. However, unknown (zero-day) vulnerabilities are constantly being discovered, and known vulnerabilities are not often patched promptly. Even worse, while defenders need to patch all vulnerabilities and intrusions paths against unknown malicious entities, the attackers only need to discover only one successful intrusion path in a system that is known and static. These asymmetric advantages have constantly kept attackers one step ahead of defenders.
To reverse this asymmetry in cyber warfare, we aim to propose new proactive defense paradigms that can deter or deceive cyber attackers without relying on intrusion detection and prevention and by offering cyber agility as a system property. Cyber agility allows for system configuration to be changed dynamically without jeopardizing operational and mission requirements of the system. In this thesis, we introduce two novel cyber agility techniques based on two paradigms of cyber deterrence and cyber deception. Cyber deterrence techniques aim to deter cyber threats by changing system configurations randomly and frequently. In contrast, cyber deception techniques aim to deflect attacks to fake targets by misrepresenting system configurations strategically and adaptively.
In the first part of this dissertation, we propose a multi-strategy, multi-parameter and multi-dimensional host identity mutation technique for deterring reconnaissance attacks. This deterrence is achieved by mutating IP addresses and anonymizing fingerprints of network hosts both proactively and adaptively. Through simulation and analytical investigation, we show that our approach significantly increases the attack cost for coordinated scanning worms, advanced network reconnaissance techniques, and multi-stage APT attacks.
In the second part, we propose a formal framework to construct active cyber deception plans that are goal-oriented and dynamic. Our framework introduces a deception logic that models consistencies and conflicts among various deception strategies (e.g., lies) and quantifies the benefit and cost of potential deception plans.
In the third part, we demonstrate and evaluate our deception planning framework by constructing an effective deception plan against multi-stage attacks. Through our experimentation, we show that the generated deception plans are effective and economical, and outperform existing or random deception plans.
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Patterson, Terri. "The Effect of Cognitive Load on Deception". FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/121.
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The current study applied classic cognitive capacity models to examine the effect of cognitive load on deception. The study also examined whether the manipulation of cognitive load would result in the magnification of differences between liars and truth-tellers. In the first study, 87 participants engaged in videotaped interviews while being either deceptive or truthful about a target event. Some participants engaged in a concurrent secondary task while being interviewed. Performance on the secondary task was measured. As expected, truth tellers performed better on secondary task items than liars as evidenced by higher accuracy rates. These results confirm the long held assumption that being deceptive is more cognitively demanding than being truthful. In the second part of the study, the videotaped interviews of both liars and truth-tellers were shown to 69 observers. After watching the interviews, observers were asked to make a veracity judgment for each participant. Observers made more accurate veracity judgments when viewing participants who engaged in a concurrent secondary task than when viewing those who did not. Observers also indicated that participants who engaged in a concurrent secondary task appeared to think harder than participants who did not. This study provides evidence that engaging in deception is more cognitively demanding than telling the truth. As hypothesized, having participants engage in a concurrent secondary task led to the magnification of differences between liars and truth tellers. This magnification of differences led to more accurate veracity rates in a second group of observers. The implications for deception detection are discussed.
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Jundi, Shyma. "Undercover and collective interviewing to detect deception". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/undercover-and-collective-interviewing-to-detect-deception(943ffd47-308c-4019-9486-0c771d313519).html.
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This thesis aims to examine whether undercover and collective interviewing can elicit cues to deceit. Undercover interviewing is when the suspect is not explicitly informed that they are being interviewed, and collective interviewing involves one interviewer interviewing multiple suspects. In Chapter 1, the thesis is introduced. Then Experiment 1 is described in which participants were covertly interviewed about their plans for an upcoming trip. Findings indicate significant verbal differences in truth tellers’ and liars’ responses. Experiment 2 is a lie detection study, which is carried out in order to determine whether these differences could be identified by lay observers. Observers were given transcripts of undercover interviews from Experiment 1. They could correctly determine veracity significantly better than chance level. Experiment 3 examines another short undercover interview. Participants were despatched on a mission to take photographs, with truth tellers aiming to promote the square to visitors and liars surveying the area for a place to plant a decoy device. When they finished taking photographs, each participant was approached by a mime artist who asked them if they had photographed him and if he could see the photos. Results showed that truth tellers were more likely than liars to admit to having photographed him, and to allow him to see the photos. When analysing the photos, truth tellers’ photographs were more open, appealing, included more people, and central than liars’ photographs. Suspicious features were more prominent in liars' photos and liars mentioned them more frequently. The collective interviewing manipulation is tested in Experiment 4a, in which suspects were interviewed in pairs about their recent activities. Pairs of truth tellers went to lunch in a nearby restaurant, whereas pairs of liars 'stole' money from a purse in an office and were asked to use the truth tellers' activities as an alibi. Results showed that liars looked at the interview more, and exhibited less gaze aversion than truth tellers. More liars than truth tellers developed a strategy prior to the interview. In Experiment 4b, the data from Experiment 4a is analysed to assess the verbal behaviour of the suspects when being interviewed collectively. Truth tellers interrupted each other more, corrected each other more, and added more information to each other’s accounts than liars. Experiment 5 is a combination study involving undercover and collective interviewing. Participants undertook a mission in pairs, where they photographed an animal enclosure in a park. Truth tellers did this to collect material for a promotional flyer, whereas liars acted as animal rights activists. Participants were interviewed covertly and formally in pairs. Results showed that liars had less overlap than truth tellers when their responses in the covert interview were compared to their responses in the formal interview. Liars were also less likely than truth tellers to mention the undercover interviewer in the formal interview. Chapter 8 is the General Discussion. Findings are summarised, and implications, future research and limitations are discussed. The overall conclusion is that undercover interviewing and collective interviewing elicit observable cues to deceit.
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Bradford, Deborah Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Detection of deception in the confessional context". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychology, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31160.
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The ability to successfully distinguish truthful and deceptive messages within forensic contexts is important to preserve the integrity of the legal system. Research has shown that confession evidence is highly persuasive at a trial level and that false confessions leading to wrongful convictions are problematic within the judicial system. Some recent research also suggests that that neither lay observers nor law enforcement professionals are able to successfully distinguish truths and lies in the context of confessions. Therefore, the present safeguards in the judicial system may be inadequate to detect a false confession and prevent subsequent wrongful convictions. The research presented in this thesis was designed to explore the effectiveness of methods of detecting deception within forensically relevant contexts, specifically confessions. Study One examined the impact of presentation modality and the effectiveness of indirect deception measures on credibility assessments of autobiographical accounts depicting truthful and deceptive confessions. The outcome of this study revealed that fact finders were unable to accurately classify truthful and deceptive confessions across presentation modalities and that indirect measures were unsuccessful in this context. In light of these findings, subsequent studies examined the validity of statement content analysis to discern truth from deception within the context of confessions. Study Two assessed evaluations of Criteria-based Content Analysis and the Aberdeen Report Judgment Scales, as applied by untrained observers to discriminate truthful and deceptive confessions. Findings revealed null effects and demonstrated that training in the application of content-based evaluations is an integral element of the valid application of such measures to detecting deception. Studies Three, Four and Five, therefore incorporated a comprehensive training program and focused on the application of a theoretically based method for detecting deception, the Aberdeen Report Judgement Scales, to the analysis of forensically relevant statements describing confessions, alibis and victimisation accounts. Overall, findings revealed some modest evidence for the application of this framework within deceptive contexts, however, account differences as a function of truth status were often rather small and assessments on many dimensions produced null findings. These results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications for discerning truths and lies within forensic contexts.
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Cumming, Anne Patricia. "Appointment in Samarra, studies in self-deception". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ28137.pdf.
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Goh, Han Chong. "Intrusion deception in defense of computer systems". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FGoh.pdf.
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Van, Heyde Genevieve Lynn. "Miscommunication and Deception in Chaucer's "Franklin's Tale"". Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1208533049.
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Shawyer, Andrea. "Investigative interviewing : investigation, counter fraud and deception". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496605.
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Due to highly publicised miscarriages of justice cases towards the end of the last century in the UK, legislation and associated practice developed in an attempt to achieve more ethical investigations. Investigative interviewing as a result was developed, and progressed over the years to become one of the most ethical and fair systems of interviewing in the world. The introduction of the PEACE model in the early 1990s provided structure and form for all police interviewers, and more recently in public sector fraud interviews, and became a framework to which all interviewers should adhere.
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Severyn, Stacie Noel. "Adapting Linguistic Deception Cues for Malware Detection". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1421025881.
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