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Gerber, James, i Thomas Passananti. "The US Panic of 1907 and the Coming of the Mexican Revolution". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 37, nr 1 (2021): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2021.37.1.35.
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Speculation about the causal relationship between the US panic of 1907 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 has generated many hypotheses. We review the hypotheses of contemporary observers and recent historians. Our analysis begins with a timeline of events in both countries and then examines the available data for activities that are theoretically possible avenues for the international transmission of economic events, including trade and investment. Mexican wages, banking, and government debt levels are also examined for signs of stress. We conclude that the US panic and recession had little effect on revolutionary conditions in Mexico.
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Alexander, Polunov. "“The White Tsar-Warrior”: Perception of the Russian Empire and its Ruler by the Peoples of Asia and Africa in the Late Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Century". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 2 (27.05.2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-2-151-160.
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Strengthening of the ties between different parts of the world, intensification of the colonial policy of Western powers increased in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century the interest of the peoples of Asia and Africa to Russia and its ruler. The latter was often perceived in the mythologized way, as a defender of all the weak and oppressed who relied on colossal military power and spiritual unity with his people. The formation of such image was facilitated by the stories of Russian diplomats and travelers, and by the trips of the people from distant countries to the “empire of tsars”. The strengthening of the ties with the peoples of Asia and Africa was also stimulated by the widespread ideas in the Russian society that Russia had a moral debt, an obligation to help the oppressed. The defeat of Russia in the war against Japan and the socio-political upheavals associated with the revolution of 1905–1907 dealt a heavy blow to such ideas and the policy pursued by Russia.
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Savelov, Vjacheslav V. "Yu. A. Sidorov and Mystical Anarchism (on the basis of lifetime publications)". Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 61 (2021): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-61-252-267.
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Based on two only lifetime publications, the paper examines the history of Yu. A. Sidorov`s (1887–1909) perception and discussion of ideas of the “mystical anarchism”. In the almanac Chrysopras (1906) Sidorov published two poems that were obviously influenced by the slogans of this movement. I study parallels between these debut poems and the texts of authors related to the movement, in particular, between the poem Dreamer, you sent a revelation to the world… and Georgy Chulkov's article On the confirmation of personality (1906). The study proves that a number of young writers (not only Yu. Sidorov, but also V. Grigoriev, E. Kazakov) were striving to declare their solidarity with slogans of the moment on the pages of the almanac Chrysopras, ideologically close to the Moscow Vesy. In the second lifetime publication, his review (Russkaya Mysl, 1, 1909) on the book of essays by Chulkov The Cover of Isis (1908), Sidorov showed new sharply critical and subverting attitude to the movement. I try to find the reason for Sidorov's new skeptical position to these principles and slogans. The paper showed it to be the poet’s disappointment with the results of the 1905–1907 revolution and his turn towards monarchist sentiments, with subsequent support of the ideology within symbolism that was promoted by the Moscow magazine Vesy. The author pays particular attention to the parallels between Sidorov's polemic attacks against Chulkov and similar invectives against him by the Vesy magazine collaborators (Zinaida Gippius, Andrey Bely, Boris Sadovskoy, etc.)
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Lee, Moon-key. "Types and characteristics of the National debt repayment movement prospectus written and distributed at Daegu in 1907". DAEGU HISTORICAL REVIEW 155 (30.05.2024): 79–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.17751/dhr.155.79.
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Cotarelo, Lucía. "Entre la tradición castellana y el lesbianismo queer: amor y erotismo en la poesía de Ana María Martínez Sagi". Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 57, nr 3 (październik 2023): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvs.2023.a924216.
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Abstract: Love, corporality, and eroticism, oscillating in their ethical and aesthetic configuration between tradition and modernity, are present throughout the seven decades of poetic production of the Catalan poet Ana María Martínez Sagi (1907–2000). It is so in her pre-war work, Caminos (1929) and Inquietud (1932) and, more prominently, in her work of exile and return to the homeland, on which this paper focuses on. Although Sagi's love poetry demonstrates her complex and contradictory debt to both the Castilian love tradition and modern poetics, it is through her approach to eroticism, the corporality and the subject's identity from where she definitively distances herself from them. She approaches heterodox spaces that destabilize that normative framework in which the critics of her time placed her. In her aesthetics, in her heritage, and worldview, Sagi demonstrates great modernity and relevance as a renovator, since the 1930s, of an alternative intimacy: profoundly queer.
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Shannon, Brent. "“THE TERRIBLE MÄELSTROM OF DEBT”: CREDIT, CONSUMPTION, AND MASCULINITY IN OXBRIDGE FICTION, 1841–1911". Victorian Literature and Culture 44, nr 2 (10.05.2016): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000686.
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In 1907, writer and Oxford graduate Lionel Portmanbegan his novelThe Progress of Hugh Rendal: A 'Varsity Storywith an impassioned attack on the university system of fees and credit. “An unrighteous anomaly it seems that on entering Oxford University the first thing you have to do is to pay money,” Portman protests,Once entered, apparently, you may owe it to the limit of your taste. The shops smile “Credit;” the streets sing of it, the breezes whisper “Put it down”; the whole spirit of the place assumes it as a matter of course; and that so sweet a symphony should begin on so harsh a chord appears an outrage unpardonable. But so in the wisdom of most colleges it is ordained. Thirty pounds, “caution money,” must be paid to the Bursar before he will write your name in his book of the Elect. And till this is paid, be your other debts what they may, you cannot owe to College or University. (1)Upon enrolling in Oxford, the novel's earnest freshman hero Hugh is immediately subjected to a “baptism of debt,” and, by the end of his first year, he agonizes over the £58 in bills he owes to his grocer and other merchants (2, 102). Portman suggests that young undergraduates from families of modest means were ill-equipped to negotiate the consumer temptations that characterized the university experience and often met with painful – even disastrous – financial consequences. “What undergraduate,” the novelist asks his readers, “finding himself for the first time in the sublime position of having unlimited credit if very limited cash gives a thought to that distant but inevitable sunset, when he is informed that ‘The accounts of Mr. ––– have been placed in our hands for collection,’ etc., etc.?” (30).
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Cardow, Andrew, i William Robert Wilson. "The establishment of savings banks in colonial New Zealand 1840-1907". Journal of Management History 22, nr 4 (12.09.2016): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2016-0034.
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Purpose This paper aims to highlight the reasons for the establishment of savings banks in New Zealand, with a primary thesis being that savings banks in New Zealand were intended to operate in a similar way to those in the UK. That is, to provide banking services to the working classes and supply revenue to a cash-strapped government. Savings banks were reasonably successful in meeting the needs of their depositors but provided little revenue to the government. This gives rise to a secondary thesis that, when the Government was presented with the opportunity to establish the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB), they did so with revenue in mind. Design/methodology/approach Contemporaneous scholarly discussion along with newspaper, primary sourced bank and government archives builds an interpretation of why savings banks were established in New Zealand. This interpretation is presented in the form of a narrative, which tells the story of the rise of private savings banks in New Zealand and their eventual stagnation when the POSB was introduced. Findings Savings banks in New Zealand were initiated by Governor Grey primarily to provide an alternative source of development funding. New Zealand savings banks, initially modelled on UK and New South Wales variants, also appear to have been designed to meet the needs of the working classes, with deposits limited to £50 a year and a maximum balance set of £100 in total. However, as the requirement to invest in Government debt was removed from their founding legislation, they mainly provided mortgages to their local communities. To some extent, this situation was remedied in 1867 when the POSB was established, as it was required to invest as directed by the Government. Originality/value The narrative highlights the importance of savings banks and the POSB to both the people and government of New Zealand. This research adds to the discussion surrounding the purpose of savings banks and details the contributions made by both savings banks and the POSB in colonial New Zealand. As previous publications were in the main commissioned by various savings banks, this work provides an independent academic analysis of the first savings banks in colonial New Zealand in the period from the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 until New Zealand became a dominion in 1907.
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Fedoseev, Roman V. "Dynamics of Operations of the State Noble Land Bank on the Territory of the Samara Province in the late XIX – early XX century". Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 19, nr 3 (30.09.2019): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.047.019.201903.263-273.
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Introduction. The nobles-landowners were in a difficult situation after the reforms of the middle of the XIX century. They lost the opportunity to use free labor in the form of their serfs, were in dire need of money, both for the purpose of hiring freelance workers and for the modernization of their economies. As a result, many of them used the services of actively created in this period of land credit institutions that issued loans at high interest rates and on unfavorable terms and, as a result, causing the ruin of the nobles-landowners. In connection with the above, the creation of a system of state noble land lending was an important tool to support the noble land ownership, being a powerful deterrent to the process of reducing the noble land ownership and at the same time providing the necessary funds for the modernization of estates. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical information contained in the reports of the Samara branch of the State Noble Land Bank, as well as archival data extracted from the Fund of the credit institution, located in the vaults of the Russian state historical archive. Results. According to the results of the analysis of data on the Samara province, the main indicators of the State Noble Land Bank, their dynamics, as well as the features of the studied processes were demonstrated. Noted and statistically confirmed reduction in lending after the revolution of 1905–1907, which caused a revision of agricultural policy. The uneven distribution of loans in the counties of the considered province was shown, which was primarily due to the different number of noble land ownership in them. It is revealed that the share of the Noble Bank in the studied province was more than 95 % of the total number of loans issued by land credit institutions secured by land ownership. Discussion and Conclusions. The preferential nature of lending allowed the State Noble Land Bank to concentrate in its hands almost the entire amount of debt of the local nobility of the Samara province. The Bank had pledged a large part of the land ownership of the nobility, a large part of the debt of the nobility of the land were in the State Noble Land Bank.
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Killingray, David. "Transatlantic Networks of Early African Pentecostalism: The Role of Thomas Brem Wilson, 1901–1929". Studies in World Christianity 23, nr 3 (grudzień 2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0193.
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Proto-Pentecostalist ideas in Britain owe a debt to the activities of the Gold Coast businessman Thomas Brem Wilson (1865–1929), who settled in London in 1901. His recently discovered diaries and personal papers detail his commercial interests and activities in West Africa and his relationships with a number of fellow Africans living in London. The diaries also record Brem Wilson's transatlantic involvement with J. A. Dowie's faith healing Catholic Apostolic Church in London and Zion City, Illinois, which he visited in 1904; evangelistic work among his African friends in London and in the Gold Coast; and his personal and financial relations with Alexander Boddy. In 1908 Brem Wilson helped found the first black-led Pentecostal church in Britain, where he was a pastor for the rest of his life.
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Zulumyan, Burastan S. "Poetry Collection of Marietta Shaginyan “First Meetings”". Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, nr 1 (30.03.2021): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-154-170.
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The article is devoted to the initial period of creativity of the poet of the Silver Age Marietta Shaginyan in 1906-1909, when the poetry collection “First Meetings” (1909) was created, her acquaintance and friendship with V. Khodasevich, A. Bely, Z. Gippius. The structure and poetics of the debut collection, the originality of the creative manner and the principles of symbolist aesthetics are analyzed. Reminiscences from V. Bryusov’s poetry are revealed. The title of the collection and the epigraph “The Great Feast of the First Meetings”, preceding the cycle, is a line from the poem “At Noon” from the cycle “From Hell Expelled” “Wreath”, the intertextual correspondent of structure and composition is the poetry collection “Urbi et Orbi”. Here we can talk about the creative interpretation of symbolism, and the last cycles of the collection Ynterieurs and The Enchanted Castle, written after they met in 1908, bear the direct influence of the poetry of Z. Gippius.
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Oh, Yong-won. "A Study on the Awareness of the Reality and Contemplative World of Hongwa Lee Doo-hun". Yeongnam Toegye Studies Institute 33 (31.12.2023): 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.33213/thlj.2023.0.33.173.
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The aim of this study is to investigate, from multiple perspectives the life and contemplative world of HongWa(弘窩) Li Doo-hun(李斗勳, 1856~1918) who was born in Seongju, Gyeongbuk, Korea and active mainly in Goryeong, Seongju, Geochang, and Hapcheon during the late period of the 19th century and the early period of the 20th century. The man, a scholar out of government office, dedicated his whole life to studying and writing literary works, carrying out independence activities, during the turbulent times of the intervention in domestic affairs from foreign powers and the deprivation of national sovereignty by the Japanese imperialism.
After having joined Hanju academic circles, at the age of 20 years, he held Ganghoe(講會), Hayangeumjur(鄕飮酒禮), Gyeolgye(結契) and others, together with his colleagues, to create the academic atmosphere. Also, he actively confronted the deprivation of national sovereignty and domestic affairs from foreign powers. In February 1896, Li stated ｢Pogocheonhamun(布告天下文)｣ which requested western powers to strictly judge the atrocities of the Japanese imperialism, based on the international law of Mangukgongbeop(萬國公法). He prepared and completed its draft, before sending it to the American, British, and Russian legations in Seoul. With Eulsaneukyak(乙巳勒約) (Japan-Korea Treaty) signed in 1905, he and his colleagues made a written appeal of Cheongjujeoksinpaneukyakso(請誅賊臣罷勒約疏)｣ led by Lee Seung-hui to the king to repeal the treaty. As Gukchaebosang- undong(National Debt Redemption Movement) was proposed on January 29, 1907, he undertook the role as the leader of Goryeong area.
Hong Wa Li Doo-hun was active, cultivating the acquaintance of his colleagues from Jumunpalhyeon School to publish Ganghoe(講會), Gangron(講論), Gyeolgye(結契), scripts that his mentors had recorded during his life, and travel essay. The purpose of these activities can be examined according to three aspects as follows. The first purpose is to build up solidarity between colleagues, for Hanju academic circles that faced crisis. The second and third purposes are to secure the framework the academic work of the mentor and to expand the extension of Hanju-Hakpa
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Anzzolin, Kevin. "El Diablito Rojo, el Centenario y la clase obrera en la encrucijada de discursos". Bibliographica 7, nr 1 (7.03.2024): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iib.2594178xe.2024.1.438.
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Mediante el análisis detallado de uno de los periódicos obreros más notables del Porfiriato, El Diablito Rojo, veremos cómo fueron criticados los planes porfiristas para el Centenario, que tenían el mismo afán monumentalista de la época. A través de los editoriales y, sobre todo, de las portadas –en varias ocasiones eran litografías del renombrado artista José Guadalupe Posada–, esta publicación promovió otra visión de México. El periódico se imprimió durante un par de años (1900-1901) y tuvo una pausa antes de volver a publicarse tres años más (1908-1910). Aunque su objetivo fue dar voz a la clase obrera, al examinar con mayor detalle los números dedicados a la crítica del Centenario, se nota una marcada desatención al ámbito social del proletariado. Por eso, aquí se argumentará que el ejemplo de El Diablito Rojo también debe analizarse a la luz del pensamiento de Antonio Gramsci, teórico italiano que planteó que las normas culturales vigentes de una sociedad son impuestas desde arriba, es decir, por la clase hegemónica.
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Dimand, Robert W. "Fisher and Veblen: Two Paths for American Economics". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002467.
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In the early years of the twentieth century, two outspoken and brilliant American economists, Thorstein Veblen and Irving Fisher, offered sharply-contrasting visions of how the discipline of economics should be transformed. Each taught at a leading university and had added prominence as a journal editor, but pursued economic inquiry in ways alien to senior colleagues at his university and in the profession at large. Despite the gulf separating their approaches to economics, they had been doctoral students of the same mentor, William Graham Sumner of Yale, and had each been deeply influenced by Sumner. This paper uses the exchange on neoclassical capital theory between Veblen and Fisher in the Political Science Quarterly in 1908 and 1909 to illuminate their approaches to economics and to question why the American economics profession came to follow Fisher's path–even though Veblen, unlike Fisher, attracted devoted disciples and was considered in American social thought (excepting academic economists) as the standard-bearer of “the New Economics.” Despite Veblen's antipathy to those aspects of Fisher's work that became dominant in mainstream economics, there was a close affinity between Veblen's Theory of Business Enterprise (1904) and Fisher's debt-deflation theory of depressions, which remained (until very recently) outside the mainstream and has been taken up by such heterodox economists as Hyman Minsky.
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Mugarura, Norman. "Law as an equalizer". International Journal of Law and Management 58, nr 6 (14.11.2016): 602–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of the paper is to examine the law and how it has been utilised in fostering proper functioning of global markets within member countries and globally. The term “law” in this context refers to international law, whose primary function is to regulate activities of sovereign States and organisations created by a group of States. The Statute of the International Court of Justice 1907, which has been ratified as a treaty by all UN nations, provides the most authoritative definition of the sources of international law to date (Schachter, 1991). Under Article 38 of Statute of the International Court of Justice 1907, there four main sources of international law such as treaties, international customs, general principles of law recognised by civilised nations and judicial decisions of International Court of Justice and other internationally accepted tribunals. They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed and sustained. The term “global Village” was coined by a Canadian scholar by the name of Marshall McLuhan to describe the contraction of the globe into a village because of advances in internet communication technology and increased consciousness and enhanced transport systems (McLuhan, 2003). The current “global village” is manifested by the growing interconnectedness of economies which has enhanced the ability of states to interact economically, politically and socially. It operates in a way that seems to defy common definitions such as delimitations of national borders and states. The global system has created shared synergies such as free movement of workers, capital, good and services. However, it has created varied challenges for individual states given that challenges in one part of the globe can easily navigate into the system to infest other countries including those that have nothing to do with its causes. This dichotomy is highlighted by the debt crisis in the Eurozone member countries which has been simmering since 2009 but has recently bubbled to the surface by the crisis in Greece. The challenges in Greece as well in other deeply integrated countries have not been confined within individual countries or regions but have had a domino effect farther afield due to the growing interconnectedness of economies. There are dualities in the global system manifested by the fact that developed countries are endowed with the means, and, therefore, they have requisite capacity to harness the law and markets easily as opposed to their counterparts in least developed countries (LDCs), where this leverage is non-existent. Less-developed economies are so described because they lack requisite capacity and cannot compete as efficiently as their counterpart in developed countries. This has translated into ambivalence and half-heartedness in some states attitude to embrace market discipline wholeheartedly. The foregoing challenges have been exacerbated by the tenuous legal systems, lack of robust infrastructure, oversight institutions and corruption, especially in the LDCs cohort. The paper utilises empirical data to evaluate the role of law in fostering the relationship between states and markets. In other words, are the rules governing global markets effectively working to ensure a harmonious co-existence of markets, states and various stakeholders? Can the recent global crises such as the debt crisis in Greece mean that the global village is in quandary? Is there any village that is devoid of challenges or they are part and parcel of life? The paper utilises empirical examples in both developed and developing countries to evaluate the current state of the contemporary global village in search for answers to the foregoing nagging questions. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a selective review approach in analysing the most appropriate materials for inclusion in its analysis. It is an empirical study based on the most recent global developments such as the global financial crisis, the debt crisis in European Union (EU) to gains insights into the interplay of the relationship between law and markets and the occasional disharmony between these two regulatory domains. Findings The issues examined in this paper provide significant insights into the dynamics of the global village, law and markets. It has delineated that for markets to work effectively, the state needs to remain in the loop and to keep an arm’s length relationship with the market because it will have to come in to pick the pieces when things go wrong. The law cannot be pushed to the sidelines because it will have to provide the instruments for states and markets to operate efficiently within their respective regulatory domain. There is no state, including North Korea (not as open as other economies in Asia), which can close its door entirely to markets. Experience has demonstrated that law is more than rules which govern societies but a way of life such that a society is as developed as is its legal system. The State needs to use the leverage of the law and to take centre stage for markets to remain viable and relevant. Recent crises such as the debt crisis in Greece or the global financial crisis before provide lessons for proponents of the global market system to learn so that it can proportionately distribute benefits and not challenges. Research limitations/implications The global market system has imposed varied challenges on states at the scale never envisaged before. Some of the theoretical premises relating to the paper were based on secondary data sources and were evaluated based on a small sample of cases. The author, therefore, extrapolated that the law seems to have been relegated to the sidelines to not interfere with markets. The paper has evaluated the current global market system in the context of contemporary challenges in Europe and in other regions; it would have been better to explore examples from other regions. It is evident that the state and the market are two sides of the same coin – they are embedded in each other, and their relationship complimentary and will have to co-exist. They need to work in tandem because the market needs the state and the state needs the market. Meanwhile, both the state and the market need the law as an equalizer to ensure they are regulated according to engendered rules. It appears that the disharmony between the state and the market is because of the fusion of law and politics which often results in overlapping interests. The recent global financial crisis and the frantic efforts of EU government to bail out debt distressed countries like Greece have implied that governments will need to maintain an arms-length relationship with markets. When the state lets its hands off, literally speaking, in the author’s view, markets will veer off course. Practical implications The global system has created shared synergies such as free movement of workers, capital, good and services. However, it has created varied challenges for individual states given that challenges in one part of the globe can easily navigate into the system to infest other countries including those that have nothing to do with its causes. States and stakeholders will need to carefully evaluate the impact of global regulatory initiatives to make sure that in adopting them, they are not debased or undermined by those initiatives. Social implications For markets to work properly, the state must remain in the loop and keep an arms-length relationship with the market because it will have to come in to pick the pieces when things go wrong. The law cannot be pushed to the sidelines because it will have to provide the instruments for states and markets to operate efficiently within their respective regulatory domain. There is no state, including North Korea (not as open as other economies in Asia), which can close its door entirely to markets. Experience has demonstrated that law is more than rules which govern societies but a way of life such that a society is as developed as is its legal system. The State needs to use the leverage of the law in providing effective regulatory oversight of markets both domestically and globally. Originality/value The paper was written on the basis of recent global crises such as the debt crisis in Greece, Europe, which were evaluated in the narrow context and are objectives of the paper.
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Mosusova, Nadezda. "Symbolism and theatre of masques: The deathly carnival of la belle époque". Muzikologija, nr 5 (2005): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0505085m.
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The junction of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Europe sharpened the clash of artistic novelties in the Western and Slavonic worlds, caused by developed Symbolism and Expressionism. As an output of the former reappeared in the "Jahrhundertwende" the transformed characters of the Commedia dell'arte, flourished in art, literature and music in Italy France, Austria and Russia. Exponents of Italian Renaissance theatre Stravinsky's Petrushka (1911) and Sch?nberg's Pierrot lunaire (1912) turned soon to be main works of the Russian and Austrian expressionistic music style, inaugurated by Strauss's Salome, which won opera stages from the 1905 on. Influences of the latter were widespread and unexpected, reaching later the "remote" areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as the Balkans (in 1907 the Canadian dancer Maud Allan performed The Vision of Salome in Belgrade - music Marcel Remy - making her debut in Vienna 1903). Compositions of Strauss and Sch?nberg (Erwartung included) reflected also the strong cult of death present in Vienna's Finde-si?cle Symbolism concerning among other works plays by Wedekind and Schnitzler (Veil of Pierrette was staged successfully in Russia, too), with prototypes in Schumann's Carnival and Masquerade by Lermontov (both works written in 1834!). It was not by chance that Schumann's piano suite became one of the first ballets of Diaghilev's Saisons Russes (1910) and Masquerade, performed with the incidental music by Alexander Glazunov, the last pre-revolutionary piece of Vsevolod Meyerhold (1917).
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Zanni, Alberto. "Marshall and Pareto on Cournot's Elasticity and on W. Thornton". STUDI ECONOMICI, nr 102 (czerwiec 2011): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2010-102003.
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Pareto is ungenerous towards Cournot, even if not as much as Marshall. The author thus goes on and analyses a writing by Pareto (1875) on Thornton, brought to light in 2005. Since in 1875 Pareto does not know Marshall, while he has already in mind the concept of elasticity, the a. deduces that Pareto has no intellectual debt towards Marshall for what concerns the theory of comparative costs developed by Pareto in the(1906). The a. concludes saying that Pareto recognises all his main intellectual debts, except for Cournot. Baumol and Goldfield's contrary opinion is due to a linguistic barrier.
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Zwalve, W. J. "Exit bos frisica, The Tolsum tablet and Roman law". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 77, nr 3-4 (2009): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004075809x12488525623047.
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AbstractThe text of the Tolsum tablet, discovered in a Frisian mound in or about 1905, was first published by C.W. Vollgraff in 1917. His reading became the standard text for all subsequent editions of the tablet, for example in Arangio-Ruiz's edition of Roman legal documents in FIRA. Thanks to the efforts of A.K. Bowman, R.S.O. Tomlin and K.A. Worp (and the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden), we now have a new (and totally different) reading, indicating a money loan, rather than the sale of a Frisian ox. This article contains a first assessment of the value of the new reading for the discipline of Roman law. It is contended that the standard clause vel ei ad quem ea res pertinebit in documents like this relates to a possible assignment of the debt, since in Roman commercial practice money debts were assigned by transferring the cautio representing the debt.
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Lee, Myung Hwa. "Characteristics and Achievements of the Women’s Independence Movement in the Chungcheong Province". Yu Gwan sun Research Senter 28, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 123–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56475/ygsrc.2023.28.2.123.
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The history of the Korean women’s independence movement was not only an anti-Japanese independence movement that sought national independence, but also a human liberation movement that sought to break away from feudalism within the nation. Ironically, it was only during the independence movement when the country was taken away that awareness of Gender Equality began to take root in society. In the course of Korea’s modern history, women’s activities have achieved remarkable growth compared to the previous era, but research results are still insufficient to give meaning.
In modern times, the Christian gospel brought about an awakening that women had not experienced in the pre-modern feudal era. Since the Bible women educated by Christian missionaries had a greater ability to spread the gospel than any other missionaries, the Bible women can be evaluated as the leading figures who achieved great results in the Christian gospel and women's liberation in the Chungcheong Province.
Women in Chungcheong Province were able to learn the Korean alphabet and overcome illiteracy by studying the Bible with female missionaries and Bible women from the Southern Methodist Church. Memories of learning and strong faith brought awareness and strengthened women’s inner self, giving them the strength to overcome any adversity.
Feudalism persisted in the Chungcheong Province for a long time compared to other regions, and women were dismissed as socially inferior and in need of education. It can be said that the process of enlightenment and modernization for women in Chungcheong was more painful than any other region due to the dominance of the patriarchal idea that women are subordinate to men. This is because the long tradition of Confucianism, which was built as a moral system, and the wall of conservatism were that thick. Modern enlightened women had the dual task of reforming feudal society internally and opposing the Japanese imperialist invasion force externally, but women who did not enjoy the benefits of education remained stuck in medieval thinking even into modern times. Nevertheless, in the colonial system, women fought for the value of national liberation above their own liberation, and entered the independence movement with the determination that women's liberation could never be achieved without national liberation.
Rather than staying in the Chungcheong province, women in Chungcheong left traces of an active independence movement by moving to other regions or abroad. Therefore, the Chungcheong region could not create an ecosystem for the independence movement where the women's movement could develop. At the time of the National Debt Compensation Movement in 1907, national debt compensation organizations were created by women in various regions, but they were not found in any of them in the Chungcheong Province. In addition, although the Geunwoohoe(근우회), which was founded in 1927 as the women’s only unified cooperative front organization, developed into a national organization, the fact that no branches were established in the South Chungcheong rigion speaks for this phenomenon.
Although the proportion of women who participated in the March 1st Movement and the student movement is significantly lower than in other regions, we can see that awareness of women in gender and class discrimination is changing significantly as we witness the dedication and sacrifice of Chungcheong women who led the March 1st Movement. Along with these changes of the times, women’s worldview and historical awareness also changed significantly, leading to the realization that an intact community could not be maintained without women’s participation. In this way, the vision of building an independent nation-state without gender discrimination could finally be unified.
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White, Jerry. "Metropolitan Geographies of Debt, 1700–1900". History Workshop Journal 83, nr 1 (2017): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx025.
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Iwańska, Marzena. "Inteligencja miasta przemysłowego XIX i początków XX wieku wobec polskiej niepodległości. Przykład miasta Łodzi". Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku 19 (14.06.2018): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2080-8313.19.04.
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Przełom XIX i XX wieku, a zwłaszcza okres po rewolucji 1905–1907 roku do wybuchu I wojny światowej uznawany jest w Królestwie Polskim za moment poszukiwania przez środowiska polskiej inteligencji nowej formuły patriotyzmu, polskości, za czas poszerzania świadomości narodowej, przechodzenia od jej lokalnego do ogólnonarodowego wymiaru. W proponowanym tekście podjęta zostanie próba przyjrzenia się tym poszukiwaniom i procesom przez pryzmat dyskusji publicystycznych prowadzonych przez inteligentów polskich w Łodzi. Prócz postulatów i rozważań ukazane zostaną także konkretne przejawy ich działań, inicjatywy kulturalne i społeczne mające w tamtym czasie służyć pobudzeniu i utrzymaniu polskości w mieście, gdzie znaczącą rolę (nie tylko ekonomiczną) odgrywali przedstawiciele ludności niemieckiej i żydowskiej. Celem prowadzonej analizy historycznej jest też chęć zmierzenia się z pytaniem – w jakim stopniu przedstawiciele łódzkiej inteligencji wnosili do ogólnopolskich debat patriotycznych, narodowych wątki oryginalne i nowatorskie, wynikające przede wszystkim z industrialnego charakteru miasta?
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Yusof, Nur Najwa, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Rus i Noor Ain Mat Noor. "Isu-Isu Kemiskinan dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Melayu Kedah pada Suku Pertama Abad ke-20". Kajian Malaysia 41, nr 1 (28.04.2023): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/km2023.41.1.13.
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This study emphasises the development of the socio-economy of the Malay community in Kedah. The issues focused on are related to the debt and poverty which had been the dilemma and shackled the Malay community, specifically the farmers. This research will unfold the factors that had led the farmers to like being indebted. This practice was seen to be the norm to the everyday life in handling hardship. In addition, the practice of indebtedness too had led the farmers to fall into the scourge of poverty. This research fully uses historical documents and materials which include books, articles, files from the state secretary, CO 273 Straits Settlements, Original Correspondence, 1838–1922 and CO 716, Kedah/ Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905–1937. It was found that for the first quarter of the 20th century, the Malays in Kedah specifically the farmers suffered from financial difficulties. They were not only faced with poverty but also oppression from the middlemen and mounting debts. Many of these farmers at that time had to borrow from the loan sharks who were seen as the main source of income to settle all their bad debts. This research provides understanding about poverty, oppression and middleman issues.
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Worms, Frédéric. "L'idée de moment 1900". Le Débat 140, nr 3 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/deba.140.0172.
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del Arco Bravo, Miguel Ángel. "El Evangelio. La historia de un periódico rebelde que luchó en 1901 por la credibilidad del periodismo". Doxa Comunicación. Revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales, nr 20 (22.05.2015): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n20a1.
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Un periódico madrileño de principios de siglo XX sorprendió por su nombre, El Evangelio, cuando era claramente anticlerical, y por denunciar la corrupción y el amiguismo de los ministros de la restauración borbónica. Además apostaba por el ejercicio del buen periodismo, el que debe estar bien escrito, evitar la propaganda y vigilar el buen gobierno. En su corta vida, apenas dos años entre 1901 y 1902, sufrió denuncias y persecuciones. En este artículo se estudian los ejemplares que se conservan en la Biblioteca Nacional y la Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid, se analiza su estilo, su estructura y sus temáticas. El examen de sus páginas, firmas y secciones nos muestra cómo era el periodismo español de aquel tiempo y en qué se parece al que se hace en la actualidad.
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Mark-Thiesen, Cassandra. "The “Bargain” of Collaboration: African Intermediaries, Indirect Recruitment, and Indigenous Institutions in the Ghanaian Gold Mining Industry, 1900–1906". International Review of Social History 57, S20 (30.08.2012): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859012000405.
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SummaryThis article argues that during the formative years of the colonial state in Ghana, European employers established new collaborative mechanisms with African intermediaries for the purpose of expanding the modern mining sector. They were forced to do so on account of severe labour-market limitations, resulting primarily from the slow death of slavery and debt bondage. These intermediaries, or “headmen”, were engaged because of their apparent affluence and authority in their home villages, from which they recruited mineworkers. However, allegiances between them and managers in the Tarkwa gold mines considerably slowed the pace towards free labour. Indeed, a system in which managers reinforced economic coercion and repressive relationships of social dependency between Africans, allocating African labour contractors fixed positions of power, resulted from the institutionalization of purportedly traditional processes of labour recruitment into the modern market.
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BACHA, EDMAR L. "Entre a acomodação e o confronto: os dilemas da renegociação da dívida externa brasileira, 1983-1987". Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 8, nr 2 (czerwiec 1988): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571988-2049.
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RESUMO Após uma revisão histórica dos procedimentos de renegociação da dívida externa brasileira de 1983 a 1987, este artigo discute cinco pontos técnicos controversos: cálculo do spread e método de reestruturação, repasse interno das amortizações reestruturadas, jurisdição do tribunal estrangeiro, monitoramento do FMI e conversão patrimonial da dívida.
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Coker, Trudie. "Globalization and Corporatism: The Growth and Decay of Organized Labor in Venezuela, 1900–1998". International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (październik 2001): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901004513.
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The contradictory goals of state capital accumulation and redistribution eventually led to the demise of corporatism in Venezuela and probably in much of Latin America. When the Venezuelan state was at its zenith of intervention in the economy, it globalized accumulation via foreign debt. Rather than emphasize accumulation and redistribution as it had during the 1960s and 1970s, accumulation to service the debt became the state's central goal by the 1980s. Declining oil prices by the early 1980s highlighted the weakness of a state caught in the grips of antithetical demands from labor and an increasingly impoverished population, on the one hand, and private capital demanding debt repayment, on the other hand. By definition, corporatism creates a dependency between the state and organized labor. Historically, labor depended on the state for economic subsidies, and the state relied on labor to maintain legitimacy. By the late 1990s, lack of labor autonomy literally dragged labor down with a state drowning in debt and incapacitated by lack of legitimacy. While corporatism is more a relic of things past, the positive implications of increasing labor autonomy are dismal as organized labor has been disarticulated and the democratic state is all but a skeleton.
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Voukelatos, John. "Provenance Lost and Found: Alfred Bourguignon". KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 1 (1.01.2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v1i.1156.
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On the 22nd October 2017 the Swiss numismatic firm Nomos offered at auction a silver didrachm minted by the Campanian city of Nola. Unbeknownst to the auction house this coin was once in the collection of Alfred Bourguignon. Although little is known about this 19th century collector, he is recorded by the Almanach de Gotha as being the deputy of the Netherlands Consulate in Naples. He was also a partner in the prominent 19th century Neapolitan bank, Banca Meuricoffre, founded by Achilles Meuricoffre and continued by his two sons Oscar and Tell; he was also their distant cousin. The Meuricoffre (German Moerikhofer) were wealthy Swiss bankers who immigrated to Naples in 1760 to facilitate trade with the Kingdom for the fine silk of Calabria. To repay large financial debts Alfred Bourguignon had accrued from casino and horse gambling, he repeatedly embezzled the bank bringing it to bankruptcy. Although Alfred Bourguignon died in September 1903, Banca Meuricoffre continued trading until 1905 by which time it was insolvent and went into liquidation. The financial damage brought to the Meuricoffre family was significant, having to sell warehouses, agricultural land, the apartment of Palazzo Caprioli, and the Casa Grande of Capodimonte, and an estate in Ischia. The financial activities of the bank were subsequently transferred to Credito Italiano, which opened in Naples in July 1905.
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Onchwari, Benard Agwata, i Julius Miroga. "Financial Crises and Economic Downturns of Commercial Banks in North Rift Region, Kenya". International Journal of Finance 9, nr 3 (14.05.2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.1904.
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Purpose: General objective of the study was to explore the financial crises and economic downturn of commercial banks in North Rift Region in Kenya. The study specifically sought to establish the effects of interest rates crisis, currency crisis, corporate debt crisis and liquidity crisis on economic downturns of commercial banks in North Rift Region in Kenya. The study was anchored on Credit Crunch Theory, the Debt Overhang Theory, the Liquidity Preference Theory and the Credit cycle Theory. Methodology: A descriptive survey design was adopted. The study population consisted of all the 44 commercial banks in the North rift region in Kenya and in each commercial bank, branch managers were also targeted who gave a clear overview of financial crises and how it affected the economic downturns of their respective banks. Purposive sampling was employed to select the 44 branch managers. The primary data was collected by using a questionnaire that was pretested for reliability and validity. The study also analyzed the data using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics including percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations were adopted in analyzing the data. Linear Regression analysis and correlation analysis as the inferential statistics were used to show the relationship that existed between the variables. The findings were then presented using tables. Findings: The study findings indicated that interest rates crisis had a significant negative effect on the economic downturns of commercial banks (p = 0.027, <0.05). The findings also indicated that currency crisis had a significant negative effect on the economic downturns of commercial banks with p = 0.033, <0.05. corporate debt crisis had a significant negative effect on the economic downturns of commercial banks (p = 0.015, <0.05). Liquidity crisis had a significant negative effect on economic downturns of commercial banks where the regression model also indicated that p = 0.002, <0.05. The study concluded that interest rates crisis, currency crisis, corporate debt crisis and liquidity crisis had a negative effect on the economic downturns of commercial banks. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the commercial banks should develop products with flexible interest rates to cater to borrowers during periods of high interest rates. The management should consider offering fixed-rate loans for a limited term to provide some stability to businesses. The policy makers such as the Central Bank of Kenya should implement measures to stabilize the national currency and promote foreign investment during crises.
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Héry, Evelyne. "1902 : retour sur la réforme de l’enseignement secondaire". Le Débat 187, nr 5 (2015): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/deba.187.0169.
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Wardenga, Ute. "A GRADUAL CONSOLIDAÇÃO DO CONSTRUCTO DE GEOGRAFIA DE HETTNER: 1901 – 1908". GEOgraphia 20, nr 43 (16.10.2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia.v20i43.1319.
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No presente artigo serão analisados os textos metódicos e metodológicos fundamentais de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados no espaço de tempo de 1901 a 1908. Com estes textos Hettner almejava dois objetivos: em primeiro lugar, ele queria dar à Geografia enquanto disciplina então recém-institucionalizada nas universidades alemãs uma posição segura na sistemática das ciências; em segundo lugar, ele pretendia clarificar quais conteúdos, como e por que os mesmos deveriam pertencer a esta nova disciplina. No resultado das análises será mostrado que Hettner conseguiu derivar logicamente – através da mudança da base ontológica – tanto a autonomia como também a unidade da Geografia. O elemento que conecta todos os textos é a perspectiva corológica por ele desenvolvida. Esta encontra-se na base da aquisição e análise de quadros de distribuição, variações e diferenciações espacialmente referenciados e, conforme as ideias de Hettner, deve ser aplicada igualmente na Geografia Física e na Geografia Humana. Na medida em que percebe o “mundo” a partir das lentes desta perspectiva, o geógrafo, segundo a concepção de Hettner, é capaz de constituir uma coleção de fatos científicos autônoma e diferenciável de outras ciências; mas, sobretudo, na medida em que ele aplica os fundamentos da investigação corológica, pode delimitar espaços em diferentes níveis escalares de modo metodologicamente claro e seguro. Palavras-chave: Geografia Regional. Corologia. História e Epistemologia do Pensamento Geográfico. Teoria e Metodologia da Geografia. Alfred Hettner. THE GRADUAL CONSOLIDATION OF HETTNER’S GEOGRAPHY CONSTRUCT: 1901-1908 Abstract: This paper analyzes Hettner’s basic methodical and methodological essays, which were published between 1901 and 1908. With these essays Hettner pursued two goals: firstly, he wanted to give geography a new position in the system of sciences as a subject just now institutionalized at German universities; Second, he wanted to clarify what content should and why should belong to this new discipline. As a result of the analyzes, the paper shows that by shifting the ontological basis Hettner was able to derive logically both the autonomy and the unity of geography and to substantiate it systematically. The connecting element of all essays is the chorological perspective he has developed. It is designed to capture and analyze spatial distribution patterns, variances, and disparities, and according to Hettner’s ideas it should be applied equally in physical geography and human geography. By perceiving “the world” through the lenses of this perspective, the geographer, according to Hettner, is able to constitute an independent sample of scientific facts that can be distinguished from other sciences; Above all, however, by applying the principles of chorological observation, he can delimit spaces at different scale levels in a methodologically reliable and clean manner. Keywords: Regional Geography. Chorology. History e epistemology of geographical Thought. Theory and methodology of Geography. Alfred Hettner. LA GRADUAL CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL CONSTRUCTO DE GEOGRAFÍA DE HETTNER: 1901-1908 Resumen: En este artículo se analizarán los textos metódicos y metodológicos fundamentales de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados en el espacio de tiempo de 1901 a 1908. Con estos textos Hettner anhelaba dos objetivos: en primer lugar, quería dar a la Geografía como disciplina entonces recién institucionalizada en las universidades alemanas una posición segura en la sistemática de las ciencias; en segundo lugar, pretendía aclarar qué contenidos, cómo y por qué deberían pertenecer a esta nueva disciplina. En el resultado de los análisis se mostrará que Hettner logró derivar lógicamente - a través del cambio de la base ontológica - tanto la autonomía como también la unidad de la Geografía. El elemento que conecta todos los textos es la perspectiva corológica por él desarrollada. Esta se encuentra en la base de la adquisición y análisis de cuadros de distribución, variaciones y diferenciaciones espacialmente referenciadas y, según las ideas de Hettner, debe aplicarse igualmente en la Geografía Física y la Geografía Humana. En la medida en que percibe el “mundo” a partir de las lentes de esta perspectiva, el geógrafo, según la concepción de Hettner, es capaz de constituir una colección de hechos científicos autónoma y diferenciable de otras ciencias; pero sobre todo en la medida en que aplica los fundamentos de la investigación corológica, puede delimitar espacios en diferentes niveles escalares de modo metodológicamente claro y seguro. Palabras clave: Geografía Regional. Corología. Historia y Epistemología del Pensamiento Geográfico. Teoría y Metodología de la Geografía. Alfred Hettner.
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Wardenga, Ute. "A GRADUAL CONSOLIDAÇÃO DO CONSTRUCTO DE GEOGRAFIA DE HETTNER: 1901 – 1908". GEOgraphia 20, nr 43 (16.10.2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2018.v20i43.a27208.
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No presente artigo serão analisados os textos metódicos e metodológicos fundamentais de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados no espaço de tempo de 1901 a 1908. Com estes textos Hettner almejava dois objetivos: em primeiro lugar, ele queria dar à Geografia enquanto disciplina então recém-institucionalizada nas universidades alemãs uma posição segura na sistemática das ciências; em segundo lugar, ele pretendia clarificar quais conteúdos, como e por que os mesmos deveriam pertencer a esta nova disciplina. No resultado das análises será mostrado que Hettner conseguiu derivar logicamente – através da mudança da base ontológica – tanto a autonomia como também a unidade da Geografia. O elemento que conecta todos os textos é a perspectiva corológica por ele desenvolvida. Esta encontra-se na base da aquisição e análise de quadros de distribuição, variações e diferenciações espacialmente referenciados e, conforme as ideias de Hettner, deve ser aplicada igualmente na Geografia Física e na Geografia Humana. Na medida em que percebe o “mundo” a partir das lentes desta perspectiva, o geógrafo, segundo a concepção de Hettner, é capaz de constituir uma coleção de fatos científicos autônoma e diferenciável de outras ciências; mas, sobretudo, na medida em que ele aplica os fundamentos da investigação corológica, pode delimitar espaços em diferentes níveis escalares de modo metodologicamente claro e seguro. Palavras-chave: Geografia Regional. Corologia. História e Epistemologia do Pensamento Geográfico. Teoria e Metodologia da Geografia. Alfred Hettner. THE GRADUAL CONSOLIDATION OF HETTNER’S GEOGRAPHY CONSTRUCT: 1901-1908 Abstract: This paper analyzes Hettner’s basic methodical and methodological essays, which were published between 1901 and 1908. With these essays Hettner pursued two goals: firstly, he wanted to give geography a new position in the system of sciences as a subject just now institutionalized at German universities; Second, he wanted to clarify what content should and why should belong to this new discipline. As a result of the analyzes, the paper shows that by shifting the ontological basis Hettner was able to derive logically both the autonomy and the unity of geography and to substantiate it systematically. The connecting element of all essays is the chorological perspective he has developed. It is designed to capture and analyze spatial distribution patterns, variances, and disparities, and according to Hettner’s ideas it should be applied equally in physical geography and human geography. By perceiving “the world” through the lenses of this perspective, the geographer, according to Hettner, is able to constitute an independent sample of scientific facts that can be distinguished from other sciences; Above all, however, by applying the principles of chorological observation, he can delimit spaces at different scale levels in a methodologically reliable and clean manner. Keywords: Regional Geography. Chorology. History e epistemology of geographical Thought. Theory and methodology of Geography. Alfred Hettner. LA GRADUAL CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL CONSTRUCTO DE GEOGRAFÍA DE HETTNER: 1901-1908 Resumen: En este artículo se analizarán los textos metódicos y metodológicos fundamentales de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados en el espacio de tiempo de 1901 a 1908. Con estos textos Hettner anhelaba dos objetivos: en primer lugar, quería dar a la Geografía como disciplina entonces recién institucionalizada en las universidades alemanas una posición segura en la sistemática de las ciencias; en segundo lugar, pretendía aclarar qué contenidos, cómo y por qué deberían pertenecer a esta nueva disciplina. En el resultado de los análisis se mostrará que Hettner logró derivar lógicamente - a través del cambio de la base ontológica - tanto la autonomía como también la unidad de la Geografía. El elemento que conecta todos los textos es la perspectiva corológica por él desarrollada. Esta se encuentra en la base de la adquisición y análisis de cuadros de distribución, variaciones y diferenciaciones espacialmente referenciadas y, según las ideas de Hettner, debe aplicarse igualmente en la Geografía Física y la Geografía Humana. En la medida en que percibe el “mundo” a partir de las lentes de esta perspectiva, el geógrafo, según la concepción de Hettner, es capaz de constituir una colección de hechos científicos autónoma y diferenciable de otras ciencias; pero sobre todo en la medida en que aplica los fundamentos de la investigación corológica, puede delimitar espacios en diferentes niveles escalares de modo metodológicamente claro y seguro. Palabras clave: Geografía Regional. Corología. Historia y Epistemología del Pensamiento Geográfico. Teoría y Metodología de la Geografía. Alfred Hettner.
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Ávila, Nubia, i Jackeline Juárez. "POLÍTICAS Y LEGISLACIÓN SOBRE EL TURISMO EN PANAMÁ". Revista FAECO Sapiens 7, nr 2 (8.07.2024): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48204/j.faeco.v7n2.a5268.
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El Turismo se origina por el desplazamiento de las personas a lugares específicos, por una motivación característica del lugar, es un proceso que se desarrolla en un tiempo y espacio determinado, que al vincularse conforman la plataforma de producción y la oferta de consumo, generando un impacto sociocultural, ambiental y económico. La política turística a fin de promover un desarrollo turístico sostenible debe ver todo el ciclo de vida del turismo, pautando las normas y legislación adecuada para su estudio, incentivo, promoción, conservación y protección. Se presentan los antecedentes de la promoción de las primeras giras turi?sticas con destino a Panama? a partir de 1907, que ofreci?an como principal atraccio?n las obras de construccio?n del Canal iniciadas en 1904. Desde entonces se hizo necesario legislar sobre los beneficios que producía esta industria, llamada “industria de utilidad pública e interés nacional”. Se hizo necesario normar la legislación a partir de la década de los 90, cuando Panamá, junto con otros países de la región centroamericana, inicia una etapa de estabilidad política y económica que permitió potenciar el papel del turismo como factor de desarrollo económico en los países de la región. En tal sentido, el turismo en Panamá ha ido aumentando su economía, favoreciendo el desarrollo del turismo tradicional, el turismo ecológico y rural en consonancia con la creciente importancia del turismo especializado.
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Essl, Franz, Stefan Dullinger, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Philip E. Hulme, Karl Hülber, Vojtěch Jarošík, Ingrid Kleinbauer i in. "Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, nr 1 (20.12.2010): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011728108.
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Globalization and economic growth are widely recognized as important drivers of biological invasions. Consequently, there is an increasing need for governments to address the role of international trade in their strategies to prevent species introductions. However, many of the most problematic alien species are not recent arrivals but were introduced several decades ago. Hence, current patterns of alien-species richness may better reflect historical rather than contemporary human activities, a phenomenon which might be called “invasion debt.” Here, we show that across 10 taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, fungi, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, terrestrial insects, and aquatic invertebrates) in 28 European countries, current numbers of alien species established in the wild are indeed more closely related to indicators of socioeconomic activity from the year 1900 than to those from 2000, although the majority of species introductions occurred during the second half of the 20th century. The strength of the historical signal varies among taxonomic groups, with those possessing good capabilities for dispersal (birds, insects) more strongly associated with recent socioeconomic drivers. Nevertheless, our results suggest a considerable historical legacy for the majority of the taxa analyzed. The consequences of the current high levels of socioeconomic activity on the extent of biological invasions will thus probably not be completely realized until several decades into the future.
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Radu, Mirela. "Blending between occultism and scientism in Vasile Voiculescu’s short stories". Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 121, nr 1 (1.04.2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2018.121.1.5.
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Vasile Voiculescu (1884-1963), besides being a well-known writer, was also a prominent, much respected physician who practiced between the two world wars. He attended the courses of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy in Bucharest for a year (1902-1903), but gave up on them in order to attend the Faculty of Medicine. The literary debut took place in 1912 in the journal Convorbiri literare. He published the first volume of lyrical poems in 1916 and in 1918 he was granted the Academy Award for lyrical volume From the Aurochs Country and other poems. In 1935 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences of Romania and in 1941 he received the National Poetry Prize. The following volumes of poems are: Ripeness (1921), Poems with Angels (1927), Destiny (1933), Ascent (1937), Gleams (1939). His work also includes a short story: The Demiurge (1943). Shakespeare's last imaginative sonnets in Vasile Voiculescu’s translation (1964), and the novel Zahei-The blind (1966), Sentimental Gymnastics (1972) are published posthumously. The present article is aimed at revealing the world of Voiculescu’s short stories.
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Pięta, Wiesław, i Aleksandra Pięta. "Czech and Polish Table Tennis Players of Jewish Origin in International Competition (1926-1957)". Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 53, nr 1 (1.12.2011): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0023-7.
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Czech and Polish Table Tennis Players of Jewish Origin in International Competition (1926-1957)The beginnings of the 18th century marked the birth of Jewish sport. The most famous athletes of those days were boxers, such as I. Bitton, S. Eklias, B. Aaron, D. Mendoga. Popular sports of this minority group included athletics, fencing and swimming. One of the first sport organizations was the gymnastic society Judische Turnverein Bar Kocha (Berlin - 1896).Ping-pong as a new game in Europe developed at the turn of the 20th century. Sport and organizational activities in England were covered by two associations: the Ping Pong Association and the Table Tennis Association; they differed, for example, in the regulations used for the game. In 1902, Czeski Sport (a Czech Sport magazine) and Kurier Warszawski (Warsaw's Courier magazine) published first information about this game. In Czech Republic, Ping-pong became popular as early as the first stage of development of this sport worldwide, in 1900-1907. This was confirmed by the Ping-pong clubs and sport competitions. In Poland, the first Ping-pong sections were established in the period 1925-1930. Czechs made their debut in the world championships in London (1926). Poles played for the first time as late as in the 8th world championships in Paris (1933). Competition for individual titles of Czech champions was started in 1927 (Prague) and in 1933 in Poland (Lviv).In the 1930s, Czechs employed an instructor of Jewish descent from Hungary, Istvan Kelen (world champion in the 1929 mixed games, studied in Prague). He contributed to the medal-winning success of Stanislaw Kolar at the world championships. Jewish players who made history in world table tennis included Trute Kleinowa (Makkabi Brno) - world champion in 1935-1937, who survived imprisonment in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi concentration camp, Alojzy Ehrlich (Hasmonea Lwów), the three-time world vice-champion (1936, 1937, 1939), also survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Ivan Andreadis (Sparta Praga), nine-time world champion, who was interned during World War II (camp in Kleinstein near Krapkowice).Table tennis was a sport discipline that was successfully played by female and male players of Jewish origins. They made powerful representations of Austria, Hungary, Romania and Czech Republic and provided the foundation of organizationally strong national federations.
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Contreras, Manuel E. "Debt, Taxes, and War: The Political Economy of Bolivia, c. 1920–1935". Journal of Latin American Studies 22, nr 1-2 (marzec 1990): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015455.
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During the first thirty years of this century the Bolivian economy provided a classic example of export-led growth. Mining, with tin at the forefront, responded to the stimulus of both world demand and price, and was the leading sector of the economy. Tin exports increased five-fold from 1900 to 1929, and Bolivia's share of world production more than doubled, accounting for approximately a quarter of total world production from 1918 to 1929.
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Conlin, Jonathan. "Debt, diplomacy and dreadnoughts: the National Bank of Turkey, 1909–1919". Middle Eastern Studies 52, nr 3 (26.02.2016): 525–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2015.1124418.
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Timiryaev, Denis O. "“Overwhelmingly the Heart Bleeds When You Read the Message of a Local Resident of Belarus...”: Western Russia as Perceived by the Conservative Intelligentsia (by the Example of V.V. Rozanov’s Publicism on the Polish Issue)". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1.08.2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-45-56.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of V.V. Rozanov’s views on the situation in the western borderlands of the empire – Western Russia. Those views were expressed in his publicism on the Polish issue. As sources of information the author uses the articles published in the period of the publicist’s active creative work in 1890s–1914. In his articles Rozanov promptly responded to all current events in the region. His debut in covering that subject matter can be traced to the publication of his reflections regarding the personality of M.N. Muravyev-Vilensky and the latter’s contribution to the «Russian Case» in Western Russia (informational cause was the opening of the monument to him in Vilna). Also he was interested in the following subjects of Western Russia problematic: the problem of introducing local government in Belarusian provinces; the outbreak of religious violence between Catholics and Orthodox Christians in Belarus and Kholmshchina in 1905–1907; the problem of the compliance of the government policy in the Western provinces with the true national goals. In his articles Rozanov repeatedly drew the authorities’ and society’s attention to the danger of Polish nationalism and to the danger of the repeated attempts to assimilate the Russians (Belarusians and Ukrainians) of the Western region. He never stopped worrying about the situation with the Orthodox Christians. The inconsistency of judgments and views inherent to Rozanov was vividly demonstrated in his publications devoted to that subject.
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Opie, Frederick Douglass. "Foreign Workers, Debt peonage, and Frontier Culture in Lowland Guatemala, 1884-1900". Transforming Anthropology 12, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2004): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tran.2004.12.1-2.40.
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Showerman, Earl. "A Century of Scholarly Neglect: Shakespeare and Greek Drama". Journal of Scientific Exploration 37, nr 2 (11.08.2023): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20233109.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of Shakespeare scholars, including Israel Gollancz (1894), H.R.D. Anders (1904), J. Churton Collins (1904), and Gilbert Murray (1914) wrote convincingly of Shakespeare’s debt to classical Greek drama. However, in the century since, most scholars and editors have repeatedly held that Shakespeare was not familiar with Greek drama. In Classical Mythology in Shakespeare (1903), Robert Kilburn Root expressed the opinion on Shakespeare’s ‘lesse Greek’ that presaged this enduring dismissal: “It is at any rate certain that he nowhere alludes to any characters or episodes of Greek drama, that they extended no influence whatsoever on his conception of mythology.” (p. 6) This century-long consensus against Attic dramatic influence was reinforced by A.D. Nutall, who wrote, “that Shakespeare was cut off from Greek poetry and drama is probably a bleak truth that we should accept.” (Nutall, 2004, p.210) Scholars have preferred to maintain that Plutarch or Ovid were Shakespeare’s surrogate literary mediators for the playwright’s adaptations from Greek myth and theatre. Other scholars, however, have questioned these assumptions, including Laurie Maguire, who observed that “invoking Shakespeare’s imagined conversations in the Mermaid tavern is not a methodology likely to convince skeptics that Shakespeare knew Greek drama.” (p. 98) This near-universal rejection of Greek drama as Shakespeare sources have profound philological implications. Indeed, this essay argues that the proscription against recognizing the Attic canon as an influence in Shakespeare has been driven by the belief that Will Shakspere of Stratford had, at most, an education that was Latin-based. The examples show that the real author had to have been exposed to both the Greek language and the Greek dramatists. Evidence for alternative candidates, including Edward de Vere, shows that many were schooled in Greek and that some even collected and supported translations of Greek works. It is my contention that Shakespeare’s dramatic imagination was actually fired by the Greeks, and Shakespeare research has clearly suffered from a century of denial.
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Kristeller, Paul Oskar, i Margaret L. King. "Iter Kristellerianum: The European Journey (1905-1939)". Renaissance Quarterly 47, nr 4 (1994): 907–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863219.
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At its Annual Meeting in April 1995, the Renaissance Society of America will be honoring the career of Paul Oskar Kristeller, whose international reputation as a Renaissance scholar is well known to this audience. We are all in debt to Kristeller for what he would proudly entitle his “contributions.” These include, among innumerable others, studies on Marsilio Ficino and the classical and scholastic origins of humanism, a multi-volumed catalogue of the uncatalogued manuscripts in European collections (more than a life work all by itself), and reminders in the form of essays, articles and lectures of the need to adjust our theories and our inclinations to what used to be called, in a simpler age, facts.
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Ferrão, Joaquim, José Dias Curto i Ana Paula Gama. "Low-leverage policy dynamics: an empirical analysis". Review of Accounting and Finance 15, nr 4 (14.11.2016): 463–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-09-2015-0135.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide new insights into the low-leverage phenomenon by analyzing the dynamics of firms’ financing policies. The authors explore three theoretical explanations of firms’ motivations to switch among different levels of debt aversion: financial constraints, financial flexibility and financial distress. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a multilevel mixed-effects model to a panel data sample of 9,005 US listed firms during 1987-2014. To use a multinomial ordered logit model, the authors break down the low-leverage firms into several levels of debt aversion. Findings The empirical analysis provides four main findings. First, there is a dynamic behavior regarding leverage policy: after five years, 39.4 per cent of initial zero debt firms remain all-equity firms, 14.2 per cent are leveraged firms and approximately 19.7 per cent still adopt a low-leverage policy. Second, greater asset volatility increases the expected likelihood that firms will be debt averse. Third, when firms grow bigger and older, they show a greater likelihood of moving toward a higher leverage level. Fourth, results derived from the investment variables of research and development, acquisitions, and capital expenditure provide strong evidence in favor of the financial flexibility hypothesis. Practical implications These findings suggest that conservative debt policy is integrated with corporate investment decisions. Originality/value This paper contributes to extant literature by emphasizing the dynamic process associated with a low-leverage policy, unlike prior studies that focus on the determinants and characteristics of low-leverage firms. It also applies an econometric methodology that is new to the field: multilevel models.
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Mîrza, Vasilica. "THE POLEMIC BETWEEN PAMFIL POLONIC AND GRIGORE G. TOCILESCU". CaieteARA. Arhitectură. Restaurare. Arheologie, nr 10 (2019): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47950/caieteara.2019.10.09.
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The archaeological activity of Grigore G. Tocilescu and his assistant, surveyor Pamfil Polonic, has been analysed by many historians. Their contributions to the Romanian archaeology and museology are known. However, one of the issues that had remained unclear is the reason for the ceasing of the collaboration between the two and why, until now, nothing clear had been written on the matter. Recent research on this subject has revealed a possible explanation and the solution for the partial resolution of this issue. The present text is based on documents from the funds of the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction, which refer to certain misunderstandings that had appeared between Grigore G. Tocilescu and Pamfil Polonic. Because of loans that were left unreturned by Pamfil Polonic, for which Grigore G. Tocilescu always warranted, the situation escalated to the former’s destitution from the position of draftsman, which he had at the National Museum of Antiquities. The misunderstandings between the two on this subject had started soon after the beginning of their collaboration. Several documents from 1894 prove that Pamfil Polonic was in debt to Grigore G. Tocilescu. Their petitions to the Ministry date from 1902-1903. In this case Pamfil Polonic didn’t simply renouncing his position at the National Museum of Antiquities and the triumph of his position as debtor, which Grigore G. Tocilescu tried to highlight. There also existed several court orders which bound Pamfil Polonic to return those sums, that, in a last attempt, he again redirects to Grigore G. Tocilescu, which caused the latter great upset.
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Ahnland, Lars. "Private debt in Sweden in 1900–2013 and the risk of financial crisis". Scandinavian Economic History Review 63, nr 3 (2.09.2015): 302–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2015.1084946.
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Gangross, Aaron. "Eugene V. Debs and the Politics of Dissent in Modern America". International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (październik 2001): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901224521.
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Eugene V. Debs made the first of five runs for the United States presidency on the Socialist Party ticket in 1900, establishing him as the popular face of American socialism for a quarter century. With Debs as its standard-bearer, the party achieved its largest share of the vote in its history in 1912. But the party's success at the presidential level waned afterward, dashing the promise of a permanent socialist electoral presence.
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Mohd Nor, Mohd Roslan, i Nik Zaitun Yusni Ali. "Ketokohan dan Sumbangan Sultan Abdul Hamid II Sebagai Khalifah Terakhir Dawlah Uthmaniyyah Berlandaskan Prinsip al-Quran dan al-Sunnah". Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah 14, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/jmqs.v14i1.121.
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The leadership and contribution of the final caliph of Ottoman, Sultan Abdul Hamid II are undisputable. A large number of innovations have been made during his 33 years of administration including economics, transportation, communications, education and more. Not to be overlooked is his greatest contribution to the Muslim world when he became the custodian of the first Qibla of Muslims that is al-Aqsa Mosque of the Palestinian land. This study examines the leadership and contribution of Sultan Abdul Hamid II as the last caliph of Ottoman before the fall of the Caliphate system in 1922 through historical method. His leadership is scrutinized in many aspects such as economics when he succeeded in reducing debt levels to just one tenth of total debt. Moreover, his policies in dealing with the Zionist Jewish conspiracy to control Palestine also put pressure on the enemy. Despite the fact that the Ottoman state was unstable, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was able to continue the caliphate legacy under his rule until 1909.
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Alves, Vinícius de Oliveira, Rodrigo Vilela Rodrigues i Geraldo Edmundo Silva Junior. "Multiplicadores fiscais, endividamento público e ciclo econômico: abordagens SVAR e MS-VAR para a economia brasileira no período 1997-2018". Economia e Sociedade 31, nr 3 (grudzień 2022): 795–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2022v31n3art10.
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Resumo Este estudo avalia a capacidade da política fiscal em suavizar o ciclo econômico brasileiro. Para tanto, são estimados multiplicadores para variáveis fiscais desagregadas. Considerando os impactos positivos da política fiscal sobre a atividade econômica, as respostas do produto aos choques diferem entre as fases recessivas e expansivas do ciclo durante o período de 1997 a 2018. Em termos de condução de política econômica, os resultados revelam que os estímulos à demanda agregada são mais adequados em um contexto recessivo. Por fim, os autores mostram que a inclusão da dívida líquida nas equações do modelo não altera o comportamento dos choques no SVAR. Contudo, embora modifique alguns resultados do MS-VAR, não se trata de uma variável predominante para a magnitude do multiplicador fiscal, pois as flutuações cíclicas prevalecem sobre o tamanho do impulso fiscal.
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Gjengset, Gunnar. "Citizens and Nomads". Journal of Northern Studies 4, nr 1 (1.07.2010): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/jns.v4i1.629.
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The Sami author Matti Aikio from Karasjok made his debut in 1904 in Copenhagen with Kong Akab [‘King Akab’]. He was one of the world’s earliest indigenous authors, and presented his first novel to the Norwegian public with I dyreskind [‘In Hide’] in 1906. The last of a total of six novels was Bygden på elvenesset [The Parish on the Riverbank], launched posthumously in 1929. In this article I present a post-colonial reading of this last novel of his. My hypothesis is that he wrote his first Norwegian novel anew, but this time social success amongst the Sami population is dependent upon the conduct of Sami culture. All of his novels reflect upon different strategies at hand for members of an ethnic minority in times of an advancing European industry, economy and culture, heavily influenced by a social-Darwinist political and anthropological cosmology. Being the first registered Sami student of Norway, while writing his novels in Norwegian, Matti Aikio developed skills as a master of mimicry. Having experienced the importance of hybridity, he studies the limits of mimicry in his novels. This is the main project of his literary work, and with tools from post-colonial literary theories, this essay discusses the author’s attitudes to the possibilities of his own ethnic culture’s survival in the future.
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J, Mafumbate, Ndlovu U, Mafuka A i Gavhure P. "The Influence of Firm Specific Determinants on Financial Performance in the Power Industry". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, nr 5(J) (20.10.2017): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(j).1906.
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This study concentrates on the impact of firm specific determinants on financial performance in the power industry. The firm specific determinants used in this study as independent variables were capital structure, firm size and liquidity whilst ROA, ROI and profitability were used as proxies of financial performance. Modigliani and Miller (1958) argue that capital structure has no impact on financial performance whilst the Trade-off theory suggests that the ideal capital structure that helps firm remain financially healthy is the trade-off between cost of leverage and the advantages of debt. Beyond that trade-off point, a firm will start making losses. The target population included 60 employees from all the 5 subsidiaries of the Holding company and researchers used 40 respondents as sample size to enhance reliability. A relationship was established between firm specific determinants and financial performance as measured by ROA, ROI and profitability. The results showed a negative but significant relationship between capital structure and financial performance and they support the pecking order theory which suggests that capital structure is a significant determinant of financial performance. Firm size and financial performance were also negatively related. However, a significant positive relationship was established between liquidity and financial performance. From the findings the researchers concluded that firm specific factors have a significant impact on financial performance. Researchers therefore recommend that ZESA holdings should use its internal funds such as retained earnings and more equity than debt when financing its activities so as to reduce leverage costs which lead to poor performance.
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Vuohelainen, Minna. "Distorting the Genre, Defining the Audience, Detecting the Author: Richard Marsh's "For Debt" (1902)". Clues: A Journal of Detection 25, nr 4 (1.07.2007): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/clus.25.4.17-26.
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