Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Deaf Societies”
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Raponi, Martina. "New Noises New Voices". Revista Música 20, nr 1 (9.07.2020): 401–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/rm.v20i1.170779.
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As an artist interested in Noise, and a CODA (child of deaf adults), I will tackle the issue of noise and counterculture from the entry point of deafness and un-cultured voices. In ableist societies the voice is a cultural product, and certain voices, perceived as “other”, flawed, “noisy”, can open up discourses related to shared sonic spaces, disruption, and inclusivity. Soundscape is here described as a social and political environment, and the bodies immersed in it are considered according to the entire spectrum of their capacities, beyond listening, in rhythmanalytical terms. Soundscape, understood within the thresholds of audibility, expels and rejects communities which carry the stigma of “handicap”, such as Deaf communities. This theoretical exercise is accompanied by examples from contemporary art and technological-historical references, pointing at “acts of silencing” and “acts of noising”, while underlining the value of “deviant” bodies as resistant bodies. The paper ends with the testimony of a Deaf dancer who used my writings to produce her last two shows. I will refer to the audiological deaf using the lowercase, and capitalize the linguistic minority: Deaf. Despite being considered disabled, or deviant, Deaf bodies are the last example of countercultural agents in all-speaking and all-hearing ableist societies.
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BUGROVSKY, ALEKSANDR. "VALUES OF ALL-RUSSIAN SOCIETAL ORGANIZATIONS OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN INTERACTION WITH STATE AUTHORITIES". Sociopolitical Sciences 12, nr 3 (28.06.2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2022-12-3-39-51.
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Studying the issues of interaction between authorities and social and political groups there is a gap of understanding which values All-Russian organizations of disabled are guided in interaction with state authorities on the issues of social protection of the disabled. This article is devoted to answer this question by analyzing values of All-Russian Societies of Disabled, Blind, Deaf broadcasted in interaction with the state authorities on the level of collective actors. The study presented a methodology of values’ analysis. The array of data was collected, and a mixed analysis was carried out - content analysis of documents and a quantitative analysis of values indicators, and its visualization. The study traced dominance of “dominant” type of values on “minor” types that confirmed the results of World Value Survey on example of the conservative NGOs and state authorities’ interaction in Russian third sector. A mixed analysis of the values of representatives of All-Russian Societies of Disabled, Blind and Deaf in interaction with state authorities revealed that the existing values form the standard of norms, rules and practices that do not contribute to changing the model of interaction between All-Russian Societies of Disabled and state authorities, thereby persisting inertia in the institutes of interaction between the organizations and state authorities.
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Ladd, Paddy. "Deafhood: A concept stressing possibilities, not deficits". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 33, nr 66_suppl (październik 2005): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950510033318.
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Born-deaf, sign-language-using people have for the past two centuries been placed within a succession of externally constructed models, notably the traditional ``medical'' or pathological model. This perceives them primarily as biologically deficient beings in need of cures or charity in order to be successfully assimilated into society. This paper proposes that the concept of colonialism is the one that most appropriately describes the ``existential'' reality of deaf communities, and offers instead a deaf-constructed model. Utilizing recent confirmation of the existence of bona-fide feaf cultures, it highlights the extent to which these communities have resisted such models, maintaining their own beliefs concerning their validity and quality of their existence, and what they offer to non-deaf societies. This ``vulnerability as strength'' is manifested through the concept of deafhood, which is presented as the first move towards a formal narrative of decolonizing and liberatory possibilities.
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Isiko, Alexander Paul, i Paulous Serugo. "Death and morality: perspectives on the moral function of death among the basoga of Uganda". EUREKA: Social and Humanities, nr 5 (30.09.2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2021.001958.
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Numerous studies on death in African societies with no doubt have been successfully conducted though their preoccupation has been with the religious and spirituality perspectives. There has been a great deal of theologizing about the spiritual connection between the life here and life after death. Most studies in the humanities have zeroed on burial rituals and rites as means of transition to the spiritual world. Others have concentrated on how different societies cope with the misfortune of death; through grieving, mourning, choosing an heir or heiress and the succession disputes that are always part and parcel of such a culturally acknowledged process. Death is largely constructed as a challenge and misfortune, and many a scholar in the humanities are concerned with how different societies define, perceive, handle and cope with this catastrophe. Most scholarly works have paid a deaf ear to the social value that comes with the demise of an individual. One such social value is the definition and shaping of moral order in society, in which death occurs. Busoga traditional society of Uganda is used as the case study. Busoga is both a geographical reality and cultural entity, found in the eastern part of Uganda. The authors argue that rather than militating life, death promotes and perpetuates moral values on one hand and discourages vices that destabilize society on the other.
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Lane, Harlan L., Richard Pillard i Mary French. "Origins of the American Deaf-World: Assimilating and Differentiating Societies and Their Relation to Genetic Patterning". Sign Language Studies 1, nr 1 (2000): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2000.0003.
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Saleh, Asmaa M. "Come Inside my Silence and Know me". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, nr 1 (24.06.2020): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp102-106.
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Deafness has been considered an exceptional condition and people who have this individuality are recognized all over the world as weak, fragile, deformed, and in great need for help from other “fit “people. The problem of integrating deaf people in their societies has been risen since the 19th century. There appeared two camps; one which advocated for teaching the deaf individuals the skills that enable them to blend in the world of “hearing people “while the other camp, the manualists, called for teaching and learning sign language as a means of communication. Amid all the conflicts between those two camps appeared literary works that dealt with this issue. In Children of a Lesser God which was written 1980 by the American playwright Mark Medoff, there is a manifestation of this conflict presented by the dramatist through the characters of his play and through a love relationship between a hearing man and a deaf woman. The play depicts the suffering of a deaf woman in a hearing society and the abuse she gets from people who are unable to appreciate her uniqueness as a human being. She faces a hostile attitude starting from her parents, society, and eventually from the man she love. The current work aims at exploring the leading female character in the play and how her deafness has added to the restrictions she experiences as a woman
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BUGROVSKII, ALEKSANDR. "GROUPS OF INTEREST IN THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF ALL-RUSSIAN SOCIETIES OF DISABLED, BLIND, DEAF". Sociopolitical sciences 10, nr 6 (28.12.2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-6-129-136.
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There is a research gap in the study of interest groups in the social sphere, arguing the possibility of examination the activities of all-Russian public organizations of the disabled, blind, and deaf in interaction with the state authorities in the Russian system of social protection of disabled people. The context of reforming the social sphere in Russia is important because it is suggesting the opposite to conservative principles the transition to market relations and effective management of institutions of social protection. The researchers consider public organizations created in the USSR as of “the power transmission belts” of the state, however these actors may represent interest groups preserving the conservative practices in the social sphere. The aim of the article is to verify whether all-Russian public associations of people with disabilities are interest groups in Russian social policy. The investigation compares the actions of conservative nongovernmental organizations with the theoretical characteristics of interest groups. To argue that the selected actors promote certain interests in the social protection system, a review of the research literature of characteristics of interest groups was conducted. Then, the characteristics were traced in the statutory activities of the investigated organizations. The analysis of the legislation and statutory activities of All-Russian organizations of people with disabilities revealed the possibilities of the organizations to influence political decision-making in relation to persons with disabilities, as well as to contribute to the persistence of the conservative course of social policy, despite the introduced innovations in Russian legislation.
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Wahyudin, Yogi Maulana. "Kekuasaan dalam Relasi Bahasa: Refleksi Pengalaman Penutur Bahasa Isyarat di Yogyakarta". INKLUSI 7, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijds.070103.
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This study documents and reflects the experience of Sign Language speakers in Yogyakarta. The reflection is then negotiated with the grand narrative of linguistic justice, which has been unwittingly narrated by the domination of knowledge viewed mainly in the perspective of the hearing. This study uses ethnographic methods focusing on a broad process of observation of the subject's experience. The findings of this study are: First, the experience of members of the Deaf community in promoting linguistic justice for Sign Language is a process of cultural relocation and hybridization. The dynamics that occur are related to the acceptance and rejection of Deaf culture in multicultural societies. Secondly, this study found a link between the process of marginalization of the Deaf culture and the intensity of power in inter-language relations.[Penelitian ini mendokumentasikan dan merefleksikan pengalaman penutur Bahasa Isyarat di Yogyakarta. Refleksi itu kemudian dinegosiasikan dengan narasi besar keadilan linguistik yang selama ini tanpa disadari dinarasikan oleh dominasi-pengetahuan yang bias ‘orang dengar’. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode etnografi yang difokuskan pada proses pengamatan yang luas terhadap pengalaman subjek. Temuan penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, pengalaman anggota komunitas Tuli dalam mempromosikan keadilan linguistik bagi Bahasa Isyarat merupakan proses relokasi dan hibridisasi kultural. Dinamika yang terjadi berhubungan dengan penerimaan dan penolakan budaya Tuli dalam masyarakat multikultur. Kedua, penelitian ini menemukan kaitan antara proses marginalisasi budaya-Tuli dengan intensitas kuasa dalam relasi antar bahasa.]
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Bajmócy, Zoltán, Barbara Mihók i Judit Gébert. "Furthering Social Justice for Disabled People. A Framework Based on Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach". Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 67, nr 1 (1.06.2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0003.
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Abstract Understanding disability as a social phenomenon opened up the way for disability studies and social justice theories to mutually benefit from each other. One of the most significant recent advancements in the field of social justice has been the capability approach (CA) of Amartya Sen. The present paper builds on the CA to analyse disability form a social justice perspective. We argue that the CA provides several advantages when conceptualizing disability and furthering justice for disabled people. The objective of the paper is to develop a framework for analysis on the basis of the CA and to apply it through the case of D/deaf and hardof- hearing children and their carers in Szeged, Hungary. We demonstrate that the advancement of justice occurs through the scrutiny and comparison of feasible alternatives instead of arguing for principles or institutional guarantees of perfectly just societies.
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Astari, Yohana Ayu, Nanang Krisdinanto i Yuli Nugraheni. "Blind Eyes, Deaf Ears: Phenomenological Study on the Meaning of Local Figures of CSR of Semen Rembang". Jurnal Komunikasi 14, nr 1 (4.04.2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jk.v14i1.11935.
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This research focuses on the problems surrounding mining conflicts and the synergistic CSR (corporate social responsibility) program owned by PT Semen Gresik at the Rembang Factory in Timbrangan Village, Kab. Rembang, which includes areas directly adjacent to the location of the factory or source of raw materials (Ring 1). The purpose of this study is to describe the experiences and meanings of local leaders (informal leaders, who are divided into pro and contra groups) regarding the CSR program that carries the narrative of welfare. This study uses a qualitative approach and a phenemenological method, in which the researcher allows community leaders who are the research subjects to actively construct meaning through their intersubjective experiences related to the Synergy CSR program. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews to obtain the essence of the phenomenon that was observed and told from a first-person perspective. This study found that CSR Synergy is interpreted by local leaders (informal leaders) as a program that tends to formulate the needs of the target community with the perspective of their own interests, tends to be compiled and implemented based on an assessment of citizens' needs. Research subjects also interpret CSR as a program that make targeted societies increasingly dependent on, not empowering, and merely fulfilling statutory obligations as a formality or to create a public image since the company is responsible for exploiting the natural resources. The welfare narrative brought by the CSR program was interpreted by the research subjects as a strategy to trick the public to cover up the impact of environmental damage. In the end, this meaning has the implication of the emergence of apathy, which is reflected in the local imagery of a short-sighted ear (blind ear, deaf eye).
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Ferreira, Pedro M., Diogo Pernes, Ana Rebelo i Jaime S. Cardoso. "Signer-Independent Sign Language Recognition with Adversarial Neural Networks". International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, nr 2 (marzec 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.2.1024.
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Sign Language Recognition (SLR) has become an appealing topic in modern societies because such technology can ideally be used to bridge the gap between deaf and hearing people. Although important steps have been made towards the development of real-world SLR systems, signer-independent SLR is still one of the bottleneck problems of this research field. In this regard, we propose a deep neural network along with an adversarial training objective, specifically designed to address the signer-independent problem. Specifically, the proposed model consists of an encoder, mapping from input images to latent representations, and two classifiers operating on these underlying representations: (i) the sign-classifier, for predicting the class/sign labels, and (ii) the signer-classifier, for predicting their signer identities. During the learning stage, the encoder is simultaneously trained to help the sign-classifier as much as possible while trying to fool the signer-classifier. This adversarial training procedure allows learning signer-invariant latent representations that are in fact highly discriminative for sign recognition. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and its capability of dealing with the large inter-signer variations.
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Herrero, Carmen, Karina Valverde, Tomás Costal i Alicia Sánchez-Requena. "The "Film and Creative Engagement Project": Audiovisual Accessibility and Telecollaboration". Research in Education and Learning Innovation Archives, nr 24 (24.06.2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/realia.24.16744.
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Globalisation and the advancement of ICTs invite the development of learners’ strategies and communication skills in higher education to participate fully in digitally networked societies. This paper analyses the results of a pilot study which is part of Film and Creative Engagement (FaCE), a collaborative research project between Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), UK, and Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Campus Laguna in Torreón, Mexico. There were two main aims: (1) to create a short project that was inspiring, stimulating and enjoyable that could be transferable to other high education institutions; and (2) to provide a training that could help students shape their future, fulfill their academic potential and develop strong, social, international and professional relationships. Secondary goals included bringing Mexican and British university learners into contact via telecommunication to create contexts for interactivity and task-based collaboration. In the context of foreign language learning, the tasks were intended to develop participants’ skills on film analysis (such as cultural and intercultural awareness), and also, audiovisual accessibility (subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing and audio description). This is a mixed study with 44 participants and the data was collected through pre- and post-questionnaires, student self-reflection reports and task evaluations. Particularly, the FaCE project helped students, regardless of their career path or specialisation, to enhance their language competence, collaborative work, critical thinking, innovation and creativity, management of information and communication technologies, and international collaboration in virtual environments.
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Akinyemi, Eyitayo Olufunmilayo. "Enterpreneurial Empowerment of People with Special Needs in Ondo and Osun States,Nigeria". Journal of Arts and Humanities 5, nr 11 (30.11.2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v5i11.1013.
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<p>This paper examined the motivational factors for entrepreneurial empowerment of people with special needs, and determined the level of knowledge, skills, attitudes and competences that are necessary to become self-employed and contribute to individual growth and societal development rather than living in poverty, liabilities as beggars along the roads in Ondo and Osun states, Nigeria. Exploratory survey was adopted, using interviews and focus group discussion. The study revealed that most deaf and dumb in the societies who are involved in entrepreneurial skills development are cobblers, dry cleaners, tailors, bricklayers, carpenters, and hair dressers; while some disabled are into music, typing, teaching and trading. At the same time many are still depending on members of the society for survival. Many disabled are not motivated into engaging in entrepreneurial activities as the attitude of the society towards them does not indicate these people could be useful in different entrepreneurial activities of their abilities, while some families use their disabilities as sources of income. It is therefore recommended that parents should understand that no matter the nature of their children’s disability, individual is useful in one area or the other; people with special needs should be encouraged to engage themselves in entrepreneurial skills development and establish them after graduation. Members of the society and the government in particular should create avenues to identify areas where each disabled is gifted, develop them to be useful for themselves and the development of the society.</p>
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FAZAN, V., A. BOIARSKA-KHOMENKO, O. KUZNETSOVA i L. SHTEFAN. "PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN IN UKRAINE". Pedagogical Sciences, nr 79 (19.09.2022): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2524-2474.2022.79.264604.
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The article analyzes the prerequisites for the organization of psychological and pedagogical services for children in Ukraine. The study has revealed that the content of psychological and pedagogical work with different categories of children is analyzed in the works of Svitlana Bykasova, Olena Karaman, Liudmyla Mishchyk, Yuri Nagorny, Valentyna Orzhekhovska, Vira Polishchuk, Alla Ryzhanova, Iryna Trubavina, Sergiy Kharchenko, Liudmyla Shtefan and others. The study of scientific and pedagogical materials leads to the conclusion that the organization of children’s psychological and pedagogical services in Ukraine dates back to the second half of the XIX century. Various economic and social factors contributed to this process. The works of foreign (P. Bart, A. Disterweg, D. Dewey, M. Richmond and others) and domestic (P. Kapterev, P. Natorp, V. Preobrazhensky and others) educators influenced greatly the opening of children’s psychological and pedagogical services in Ukraine. In the process of scientific research it was established that one of the first attempts to organize the so-called psychological and pedagogical centres, that operated at all state-sponsored educational institutions, was made under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Education. Another prerequisite for the organization of psychological and pedagogical services for children in Ukraine was the role and activities of parent committees (their approval of teachers’ candidacies, peculiarities of organization of leisure time activities for children - excursions, clubs, group visits to theatres and cinemas). It was during this period that children were taught such values as: personal freedom and independence; initiative; critical attitude to manifestations of social injustice; sense of civic responsibility, etc.The research has proved that a significant contribution to the organization of psychological and pedagogical services for children in the late XIX - early XX century was made by non-governmental philanthropic associations engaged in philanthropic activities.The prerequisites for the organization of psychological and pedagogical services for children in Ukraine also include the establishment of schools for children with special needs – the deaf, blind and mentally retarded - and institutions for juvenile offenders, agricultural colonies and craft shelters for young people, setting of orphanages. The founders of these institutions were “zemstvas” and private charitable societies (Society for Labour Assistance to the Deaf and Dumb, All-Russian Guardianship of the Blind, etc.). At the end of the 19th century, similar shelters existed in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odessa, Simferopol, Chernihiv, and some other cities in Ukraine.
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Kamilewicz-Rucińska, Danuta. "Aleksandra Wolfgang – kobieta świata nauki i literatury I połowy XIX wieku". Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, nr 44 (3.01.2023): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2021.44.2.
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The nineteenth century is known as a time of urbanization and industrialization, a time of new concepts, changes in the structure, cohesiveness and value system of contemporary societies. This kind of ideological and cultural eclecticism was not fully applicable in the process of shaping the perception of a woman. Women were still considered to be bereft of individuality while femininity was perceived as a negative trait and a manifestation of selfishness, with men’s dominant position conditioned by traditions, customs and the law.Aleksandra Tekla Sofia Wolfgang (1805–1861) was born to a family of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang, a scientist, professor of pharmacy, pharmacology and chemistry, and Helena Aloiza Pacowski. Aleksandra made contribution to history by devoting her life to work, scientific and literary, thus giving up her family life. She began literary and scientific activity at the age of sixteen by writing articles, poems, and translating historical works (mostly from French) for the Vilnius press. She translated into Polish scientific works of her father and other world-renowned researchers. In the journal Dzieje Dobroczynności Krajowey i Zagraniczney [eng. The History of National and Foreign Charity] she was the only woman publishing under her own name. In the course of creating a herbarium to describe the flora of Samogitia, Jerzy Pabreż took advantage of some of Alexandra’s proposals to give new names to the plants. Aleksandra Wolfgang made her contribution to the development of botany in Lithuania by creating a herbarium, conducting experiments with plants in natural conditions and describing the surroundings. After her father’s death, she finished his Dictionary of Botanical Terms. She is also the author of the first publications in the Vilnius press about the history of education of the deaf and mute, which in 1830 resulted in the publication of a monograph entitled Rys historyczny usiłowań w uczeniu głuchoniemych i zakładów na ten cel przeznaczonych [Historical outline of education for the deaf and mute and the relevant establishments], written on behalf of all Lithuanians waiting for the support and benevolence of Alexandra Romanova, Empress of Russia. Aleksandra Wolfgang’s writing, especially her correspondence, shows the expressive, creative and scientific activity of Stefan Batory University during its closure by the tsar. For Alexandra Wolfgang, the life devoted to science and society was the simplest way to create and develop general good, which was acknowledged and emphasized by her contemporary scientists.
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Oehrle, Elizabeth. "The Economic Accountability of Music Education". British Journal of Music Education 4, nr 3 (listopad 1987): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700006057.
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Music education struggles to survive in countries such as England, United States and South Africa because of the lack of financial support, particularly during economic recessions. To counter this unfortunate situation, well-written books and articles have been appeared over the years, propounding the truth that the arts do have an essential place in the balanced education of children, but these well-founded and constructed arguments continually fall on deaf ears. During economic recessions government planners and educational authorities rationalise that they can afford to do away with the arts because these subjects make little or no difference to the economic welfare of the country.Information from the best-seller by Peters & Waterman, In Search of Excellence, reveals that the principle characteristics of the managers of excellent companies in the United States are characteristics that concern the creative process of thinking, creative aspects of personality, creative products and environmental conditions. These companies have a positive effect on the United States economy. As the aspect of education which is best equipped to nurture these characteristics is the arts, then it is reasonable to argue that we can not afford to ‘phase out’ music education.Because education in the United States, England and South Africa is closely linked to the economy, music educators in capitalist countries should begin to argue for the arts from an economic standpoint, as capitalistic societies are orientated primarily toward capital gain. Failing this, we shall have to argue for more fundamental changes in political and economic systems.
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Kenshimov, Chingis, Talgat Sundetov, Murat Kunelbayev, Magzhan Sarzhan, Madina Kutubayeva i Arman Amandykuly. "Developing application techniques of kinematics and simulation model for InMoov robot". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, nr 7 (118) (30.08.2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.261039.
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In this work, the direct and inverse kinematic analysis of both robot arms are investigated based on the analytical and informational representation. The results of the study will be used to provide the functionality of gesturing by a robot in sign language, both Kazakh and other languages, used in educational systems, especially in children's institutions and societies for deaf people. A simulation model of the movement of the robot's arms in the workspace has been studied and built. The developed model will be further implemented and used as mathematical and information support for the created robot. The developed library contains implementations of forward kinematics and iterative algorithms for inverse kinematics. The InMoov robot is a platform widely used in research tasks, supported by the MyRobotLab package. A direct kinematic model for the left and right hands of the robot has been studied. Based on the Python programming language, the working space for robot manipulators was calculated, using the matpilotlib library, an iteration method algorithm was developed to find the probable path of robot manipulators in space. A model of a structured artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed, which is used to find a solution to the inverse kinematics of the InMoov robot with six degrees of freedom (4-dof). The applied ANN model is a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) in which the learning rule of the Adam-a gradient diskend type is applied. To solve this problem, the problem of finding the best ANN configuration was studied. It has been established that a multilayer parseptron neural network gives the minimum mean square error. The regression coefficient analysis, which shows a 95.6 % fit of all communication variables, is acceptable for obtaining the inverse kinematics of the InMoov robot.
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White, Claire, Maya Marin i Daniel M. T. Fessler. "The Dead May Kill You". Journal of Cognition and Culture 22, nr 3-4 (25.07.2022): 294–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340135.
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Abstract There is considerable evidence that beliefs in supernatural punishment decrease self-interested behavior and increase cooperation amongst group members. To date, research has largely focused on beliefs concerning omniscient moralistic gods in large-scale societies. While there is an abundance of ethnographic accounts documenting fear of supernatural punishment, there is a dearth of systematic cross-cultural comparative quantitative evidence as to whether belief in supernatural agents with limited powers in small-scale societies also exert these effects. Here, we examine information extracted from the Human Relations Area Files on cultural discourse about the recently deceased, local ancestor spirits, and mortuary practices across 57 representative cultures. We find evidence that in traditional small-scale societies ancestor spirits are commonly believed to be capable of inflicting harm, with many attendant practices aimed at mitigating this danger. However, such beliefs do not appear to promote cooperation, as ancestor spirits seem to be concerned with interactions between themselves and the living, and to prioritize their own welfare. Many attendant practices are inconsistent even with bipartite cooperation with ancestors that could be viewed as a model for other relationships. The broader implications of this research for the cultural evolution of religion are discussed.
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Bosma, Ulbe, i Jonathan Curry-Machado. "Turning Javanese: The Domination of Cuba's Sugar Industry by Java Cane Varieties". Itinerario 37, nr 2 (sierpień 2013): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511531300048x.
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By the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, two islands had come to dominate global cane-sugar production. For most of the sixty-year period between 1870 and 1930, around half of the world's internationally traded crop came from Cuba and Java. The two islands had many topographical similarities that made them particularly well suited to the establishment of sugar plantations: both are relatively large islands with fertile soils and semi-tropical climate. They were also situated in regions that had been drawn into the European sphere of influence in the sixteenth century but that had only been lightly exploited before the nineteenth, when they were both well placed to assume leading roles in the satisfaction of the escalating demand for sugar in the industrialising societies of Europe and North America.However, Cuba and Java existed within two very distinct sets of imperial and commercial networks: Spanish and Atlantic, and Dutch and Indian Ocean respectively. As a result of this, while there have been a plethora of studies about cane agriculture and the sugar industry in each of the islands, there has been little effort to compare their histories or explore the interconnections between them. Only recently has a start been made to study systematically the “convergence and divergence” of the sugar industry in the two hemispheres and to compare the differences and similarities to be found in the paths followed by the two islands.Although the sugar industries of Cuba and Java took different directions, these were inextricably linked. While Cuban planters could exploit the availability of large areas of underused land to overcome the relative scarcity of labour, planters in Java took advantage of the relative abundance of labour to maximise yields from the more limited land available to them. As a consequence of this, Javanese planters influenced by the work of Cuban agronomist Álvaro Reynoso paid considerable attention to the development of scientific methods in cane cultivation. Meanwhile, Reynoso's ideas fell on deaf ears in his home island, where most planters ignored the need for a more scientific approach in the fields in favour of technological advances in the sugar factory and what they saw as their immediate commercial interests.
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Lexchin, Joel. "Sponsorship of Australian and New Zealand medical societies by healthcare companies: an observational study". JRSM Open 13, nr 7 (lipiec 2022): 205427042211112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20542704221111243.
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Summary Objectives To examine sponsorship of Australian and New Zealand medical societies by healthcare companies and whether societies have policies to deal with conflicts of interest. Design Cross-sectional study conducted in March 2022. Setting Australia and New Zealand Participants Medical societies in both countries. Main outcome measures The percent of medical societies that list sponsorship from healthcare companies on either their home webpages or the webpages of their annual meetings and/or that issue prospectuses to potential sponsors. The percent of societies with sponsorship that also have policies about their interactions with their sponsors. Whether societies feature their sponsors’ logos on their webpages and have hyperlinks to sponsors’ webpages and what percent of societies' annual revenue comes from sponsorships. Results Ninety-two medical societies were identified. Sixty-two had healthcare company sponsorship and 10 of the societies with sponsorship had policies to deal with interactions with their sponsors. Fifty-four societies displayed the logos of their sponsors on their home webpages and/or the webpages of their annual meetings. Only 6 societies provided enough information to calculate what percent of their revenue comes from sponsorships. For 5 of the 6 the percent was well below 50%. Conclusions The acceptance of sponsorships from healthcare companies by Australian and New Zealand societies is common and few societies have policies to deal with these relationships. In general, societies appear to get only a small percent of their annual revenue from sponsorships.
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Shafqat, Faseeha. "STRUGGLING FIELD OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY IN PAKISTAN". Rehabilitation Journal 4, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/trj.v4i02.2.
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The need of speech and language pathology (SLP) as a specialized field in Pakistan emerged with the education of deaf. Development in education of deaf began in Pakistan by Mr. Siddique Akbar Makhdum in 1949. Later in 1951 College for the Teachers of the Deaf in Lahore was established with the collaboration of USAID and faculty from US to teach speech-language pathology. The basic courses introduced were speech, language and audiology. In the tenure of 6th president of Pakistan General Zia-ul-Haq, many organizations were formed to serve special needs children. In his time special education centers were developed in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. One of its kind was Speech and Hearing Centre, Karachi, which was established in 1983 and aimed to advocate Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT).1 In 1991, Post graduate diploma in speech-language therapy (PGD-SLT) was launched with collaboration of NIRM (formerly called National Institute of Handicapped NIHd), UNDP and National Institute of Psychology (NIP), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special education took this initiative. Diane Schaffer from USA and Linda from England were two expert speech therapists who came to Pakistan to teach and train PGD-SLT students in NIRM. Speech and Hearing Association of Pakistan (SHAP) was formed in January 2000.2 On 13th June 2002 SHAP got registered under Sindh Government with registrar of societies Act 21 of 1860. Currently Ms. Amina Siddiqui is President and Dr. Nadeem Mukhtar is Vice President of SHAP. In 2006-2007 Special Education Department of Karachi University launched masters in speech Therapy program. In 2007 Zia-u-Din Hospital started clinical services and collaborated with SHAP to develop the College of Speech Language & Hearing Sciences (CSLHS) where nation’s first 4-year Bachelor’s program in Speech Language Therapy was launched in 2007.2 In 2010 Riphah University Islamabad started MS program in speech-language pathology under supervision of Dr. Ayesha Kamal Butt. In 2013 Isra University Islamabad campus started M.Phil SLP degree program and PhD in Rehabilitation Sciences which opened way to doctoral degree for SLPs as well. In 2019 Riphah International University also launched PhD in Rehabilitation Sciences program. King Edward Medical University also launched BS program in 2008. Currently there are 16 institutes offering BS, 5 institutes offering MS/MPhil and 6 institutes offering diploma in SLP. On 9th October 2019 Pakistan Speech and language pathologist association (PSLPA) was formed by pioneers of field in Pakistan. It is federally registered under the society’s registration act 21 of 1860. Launch day of PSLPA i.e. 9th October was also declared as National Speech Pathology Day. President and Vice President of PSLPA are Dr. Nazia Mumtaz and Ms. Saima Tariq respectively. Although the field of speech-language pathology in Pakistan headed up in 1990 but research in the field began with the commencement of degree programs. The lag between practice and research resulted in the lack of culturally appropriate standardized practices which has yet not been eradicated fully. Despite efforts of existing associations to eliminate malpractice and quackery from the field, it is still going on a huge scale. In fact many practicing SLPs are yet not registered with any association because on legal grounds there is not yet any such compulsion for them on national level. In many states, like other medical professions, it is mandatory for SLPs to be licensed through a state authority in order to practice their speciality.3 The licensing process includes such steps that helps to maintain and establish stringent standards for licensure candidacy and practice. In Pakistan there is a dire need of state’s recognized licensing system that could assure provision of genuine SLPs to public through a standardized vetting process that internationally involves qualifying degree education, supervised clinical experience and examination. Graduate programs are producing culturally consistent researches, even though application of these researches is slow and rare to an extent that out dated traditional practices still dominates. Consequently patients and their families suffer with no or slow pace of progress. There are also centers where patients treated by SLP students are not supervised and guided by senior therapists hence their trial and error learning only benefits them in making stronger clinical record books but at the cost of patient’s wastage of time and student’s malpractice. One reason behind lack of desired clinical supervision is recruitment of less number of SLP clinical supervisors in teaching hospitals as compared to number of students and case load. In many institutes SLP departments are provided with too low budget to equip their clinics with latest assessment and treatment tools due to which students could not get know how of latest practices happening in the field at international level. A huge proportion of clients that take speech therapy sessions are children and adolescents. Regarding pediatric speech therapy, many families raise issues that they are not allowed to observe or stay in sessions. Furthermore, non-provision of appropriate parent training which is contrary to roles and responsibilities of SLPs,4 is also a critical issue that puts parents or guardians in psychological stress when they try to work with their affected family member. Like other countries, in Pakistan the solution of all aforesaid problems can only be found with integration of evidence based practices (EBP). Only with evidence based practices Pakistani SLPs can make informed, evidence based decisions in their practices along with provision of high quality services reflecting the needs, choices, interests and values of target population.
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Stone, Philip R. "Atlas of Dark Destinations—Explore the World of Dark Tourism by Peter Hohenhaus". Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, nr 2 (20.08.2022): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222609.
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Dark tourism is an appellation defining travel to a diverse array of tourist sites that portray death, disasters, or calamities. For over 25 years, dark tourism as an international subject of scholarly interest has drawn together multidisciplinary discourse, where the dominion of the dead collides with contemporary touristic consumption. In turn, dark tourism has opened scholarly scrutiny of our significant Other dead and how societies deal with difficult heritage. Consequently, dark tourism is about polysemic touristic encounters with our memorialized dead, where a fine line exists between commemoration and commercialism. Dark tourism is inherently political and dissonant, as (re)presentations of our dead are imbued with sociopolitical bias and where remembrance is politically engineered and hegemonically orchestrated. Whereas heritage may produce narratives for dark tourism, it is the tourist experience that consumes such messages and co-constructs meaning making. Indeed, dark tourism displays our fights, follies, failures, and misfortunes, and subsequent tourist experiences of our ‘heritage that hurts’ mediates a sense of mortality at places of fatality.
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Anderson, James R., Dora Biro i Paul Pettitt. "Evolutionary thanatology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, nr 1754 (16.07.2018): 20170262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0262.
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Societies, including those of humans, have evolved multiple ways of dealing with death across changing circumstances and pressures. Despite many studies focusing on specialized topics, for example necrophoresis in eusocial insects, mortuary activities in early human societies, or grief and mourning in bereavement, there has been little attempt to consider these disparate research endeavours from a broader evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary thanatology does this by adopting an explicit evolutionary stance for studies of death and dying within the sociological, psychological and biological disciplines. The collection of papers in this themed issue demonstrates the value of this approach by describing what is known about how various nonhuman species detect and respond to death in conspecifics, how problems of disposing of the dead have evolved in human societies across evolutionary time and also within much shorter time frames, how human adults' understanding of death develops, and how it is ultimately reflected in death-related language. The psychological significance and impact of death is clearly seen in some species' grief-like reactions to the loss of attachment figures, and perhaps uniquely in humans, the existence of certain psychological processes that may lead to suicide. Several research questions are proposed as starting points for building a more comprehensive picture of the ontogeny and phylogeny of how organisms deal with death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.
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Medearis, John. "Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy". American Political Science Review 91, nr 4 (grudzień 1997): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952166.
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Joseph Schumpeter is known to American political scientists as the originator of an elite conception of democracy as a political “method,” a conception found in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942). But I show in this paper that in Schumpeter's study of the development of liberal capitalist societies, he also treated democracy as a socially transformative historical tendency, one of several that he thought were propelling such societies toward a form of “democratic” socialism. Schumpeter regarded the politics of labor and the reorientation of state policy in the New Deal era as evidence of these tendencies—especially of a tendency toward the democratic reconstruction of workplace hierarchy, which he deplored. In his later work, Schumpeter sketched the outlines of a “democratic” socialist society in which the most harmful of these tendencies, in his estimation, would be curbed.
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Hawley, Thomas M. ":War Dead: Western Societies and the Casualties of War". American Historical Review 113, nr 5 (grudzień 2008): 1492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.5.1492.
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Janssen, Luke J. "Pandemics in Need of a Christian Response". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, nr 1 (marzec 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-21janssen.
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Humanity has survived many waves of attacks mounted by microscopic agents which we cannot see but which have left millions of our species dead, and hundreds of millions more enduring a great deal of pain and suffering, even life-long dysfunction. Pandemics have led to the downfall of whole populations and people groups; they have shaped policies and practices of the societies which survived. These encounters have taught us a great deal about Earth's biology, as well as our own physiology, resourcefulness, and potential. They have shone a spotlight on the essence of humanity: the good, the bad, and the ugly. We have now encountered another pandemic-producing agent--COVID-19--which has disrupted human activities around the globe. All of this raises many important and even existential questions for humanity in general, and Christians in particular.
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Rothe, Andreas R. "Deaf People in Arusha (Tanzania): Experiences with a Multilingual Education System, Mainstream Society's Expectations, Deaf Spaces, and Identity". Sign Language Studies 22, nr 4 (czerwiec 2022): 590–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2022.0007.
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Hansen, Sebastian. "Der bürgerliche Konzertkosmos". Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, nr 2 (9.11.2020): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0018.
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AbstractNumerous music societies that were the driving forces for opening and establishing an institutionalized concert scene were founded after 1800. This essay studies the core topics these societies had to deal with while asserting themselves in a music scene that gradually became bigger and more complex. Furthermore, this essay examines the extent to which music societies competed against each other by considering the examples of Leipzig and Vienna.
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Rayner, Timothy. "Mitchell Dean, Governing Societies: Political Perspectives on Domestic and International Rule". Critical Horizons 9, nr 2 (9.04.2008): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/crit.v9i2.249.
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Sharma, Dheeraj, i Satyendra Singh. "Deal proneness and national culture: evidence from the USA, Thailand and Kenya". International Marketing Review 35, nr 6 (12.11.2018): 981–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-04-2016-0085.
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PurposeCulture is one of the critical variables in explaining consumer behavior and consumer response to external stimuli. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the relationship between deal proneness and culture. Specifically, this paper examines the relationship between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, namely, power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance, and deal proneness. Additionally, the role of store image as a moderator between culture and deal proneness is explored. Finally, the paper offers prescriptive and descriptive insights for marketers to consider cultural perspectives when promoting products internationally. A clear understanding of cultural influences on deal proneness will allow marketers to target specific customer segments more accurately.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from consumers in shopping malls in USA, Thailand, and Kenya. The authors analyzed the data using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors found that societies with a high femininity index are more likely to respond to deals than masculine societies. An inverse relationship between the Power Distance Index (PDI) and deal proneness may exist, suggesting that societies with a high PDI may be less deal prone. The authors found that individualism index is positively related to deal proneness, and thus societies with a low individualism index should be more deal prone. Finally, individuals in high uncertainty avoidance countries are expected to exhibit low deal prone tendencies.Research limitations/implicationsThe study utilized a sample from cities. Consequently, future studies may attempt to validate the relationship posited in this study by utilizing non-urban data. Additionally, the authors look at stores in a mall. Thus, there is a possibility of interaction between mall image and store image. It may be useful to validate the findings of this study by using data from stand alone stores and also examine the interaction effect of mall image and store image on the deal proneness in a given culture.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that appropriate store selection for offering deals can possibly augment the effectiveness of deal-based promotions. Specifically, choice of store can alter the context, and thus the perception of the value proposition could increase, which in turn is likely to increase the acceptance of deal-based promotion.Originality/valueAlthough several researchers have also examined differences in consumer behavior across cultures yet it appears that there is no direct study that examines the effects of cultural differences on deal proneness using data from three countries (USA, Thailand, and Kenya) which are diverse on all dimensions of national culture. This paper examines the influence of national culture on individual’s propensity to exhibit deal proneness. Furthermore, the paper examines the role of store image on the relationship between national culture and deal proneness.
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Brosius, J. Peter. "Father Dead, Mother Dead: Bereavement and Fictive Death in Penan Geng Society". OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 32, nr 3 (maj 1996): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wh9x-cck2-btl7-bq8g.
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A characteristic of the mortuary complexes of central Bornean societies is the existence of systems of “death-names.” Death-names are actually titles, given to persons on the death of a relative. This article examines the system employed by Penan Geng hunter-gatherers. What is significant about the Penan complex is that death-names are employed in a wider range of contexts than that of bereavement: they are used 1) to express affection, 2) to verify statements, and 3) as curses. Each of these usages derives from the assumption that reference to the death of a living individual may bring it about. Much recent scholarship on death has been predicated on the assumption that humans deny death. The Penan case would seem to counter this. Penan have incorporated the theme of death into all forms of social discourse. Rather than denying death, this discursive complex uses reference to the death of self or others to social ends.
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Murray, John. "Seeing and Understanding: Narrative Technique in Berlie Doherty’s Dear Nobody". Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature 15, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/pecl2005vol15no1art1258.
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Berlie Doherty's young adult novel, 'Dear Nobody', published in 1991, won the Carnegie Medal in the following year and has since been made into a radio play, a television screen-play, and a theatre script. The novel deals with teenage pregnancy and offers different characters with varied but credible reactions in modern Western societies.
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Prajapati, Vishwambhar Nath, i Saradindu Bhaduri. "Human Values in Disposing the Dead: An Inquiry into Cremation Technology". Journal of Human Values 25, nr 1 (6.12.2018): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685818806416.
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Technologies and human values both have important bearing on human life and conditions. Unfortunately, the dialogue between them has remained inadequate, at best. While the discourse on human values recognizes various kinds and layers of values, including values that are universally relevant across societies and cultures, research on the interface between values and technology has predominantly focused on technology’s interactions with society-specific values. This article is an attempt to broaden the scope of this research by specifically taking the case of cremation technologies. Numerous societal, religious and universal values interplay with each other in matters related to death and the dead. Unlike other technologies, an individual can ‘use’ cremation technology only once, that too with limited control over his/her choice. Our empirical research finds that a complex interaction of multiple layers of values shapes the form and trajectory of cremation technology. Tracking the debate on the adoption of cremation technology in Europe and India, we find important differences in this interaction across societies.
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Allen Hammer, P. "Reply to Viewpoint". HortScience 24, nr 3 (czerwiec 1989): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.419.
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Abstract The problem of statistics in horticultural research as reported in HortScience and the Journal is not unique to ASHS. Other societies are fighting the same battle. And certainly no one can disagree with Padaki’s comments. However, the question of inconsistencies in the use of statistics is a great deal more complex than he has stated. If all experiments could be easily analyzed as regression, multiple comparison and contrasts, and factorial experiments, the statistical issue would be greatly simplified. However, add to that list sampling, time (years), nonhomogeneity of variance, outliers, percent, transformation, subsamples, split-plots, interactions, unequal observations, dead plants, poorly designed experiments, lack of statistical consultants, poor access to statistical packages, etc. There is “no cookbook” to follow for every experiment nor do statisticians always agree on a single “correct” procedure. The problem is not easily solved.
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Shimane, Katsumi. "Social bonds with the dead: how funerals transformed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, nr 1754 (16.07.2018): 20170274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0274.
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Evolutionary thanatology includes the study of necrophoresis—the removal of dead individuals by the living among social insects. In human societies, ‘necrophoresis' is performed via the funeral ceremony. In pre-modern societies, relatives and local community members helped to conduct funerals. In this way, holding a funeral was a form of mutual help, a social exchange of duty and responsibility essential to individuals. These societies developed systems to ensure the survival of humans as social animals based on mutual trust built over long periods of time within the same community. Contemporary societies are undermining these systems. Compared to funerals in pre-modern societies, holding a funeral in a modern society is a complicated process that requires professionals with specialized knowledge and skills. If people feel they can face mortality without support from relatives or the local community, and that they cannot necessarily expect a future return on the effort invested in community-based social relationships, they may begin to disengage from such relationships. In the context of modernization, the clearest changes in collective funerary behaviours include decreased funeral attendance and the above-mentioned outsourcing of funerary services. As such, it can be said that bonds with the dead changed completely under modernization, especially in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. To establish a sociology of death with a clearer focus on how funeral ceremonies have been affected by modernization, there is a need for research concerned with human behavioural changes regarding the treatment of corpses—that is, a ‘funeralogy'. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate how modernization has complexified the handling of deceased bodies as death-related services have become commoditized and outsourced while, at the same time, local communities are becoming disengaged from their traditional roles in funeral ceremonies. To this end, fieldwork was conducted in several countries. Moreover, data from surveys conducted by the Social Well-Being Research Consortium in Asia in five East and Southeast Asian countries were quantitatively analysed. The findings highlight the modernization of funerals with the outsourcing of funeral services from the perspective of socio-economic development. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.
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Yerkes, Maryanne. "Facing the Violent Past: Discussions with Serbia's Youth". Nationalities Papers 32, nr 4 (grudzień 2004): 921–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000296168.
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As nations emerge from repressive regimes and societies begin to rebuild following violent intranational conflict, the notion of “facing the past” has become an increasingly important and pressing issue. How should new regimes address the crimes of their predecessors? How should societies deal with individuals who committed grave crimes against humanity? Who should be held responsible for what happened during the dark periods of violence and war?
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Sweeting, Helen N., i Mary L. M. Gilhooly. "Doctor, am I Dead? A Review of Social Death in Modern Societies". OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 24, nr 4 (czerwiec 1992): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/l0n6-p489-nr8n-jq6k.
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In this article the concept of social death as defined by authors from various disciplines is described within the framework of the transition from life to death. The notion of social death as being complementary to such concepts as “personhood” and “a worthwhile life” is presented. Three examples of people likely to be seen as socially dead before they are biologically dead are presented: those in the final stages of a lengthy terminal physical illness, the very old, and those suffering from loss of their essential personhood because of dementia or coma. The moral dimensions of the social death phenomenon and the implications for current medical practice are considered in the conclusion.
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Gundlach, Karsten K. H. "Dear reader and members of the various European Societies for Maxillofacial Surgery". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 34, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2005.10.002.
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Renteln, A. D. "The Rights of the Dead: Autopsies and Corpse Mismanagement in Multicultural Societies". South Atlantic Quarterly 100, nr 4 (1.10.2001): 1005–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-100-4-1005.
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Nyamutata, Conrad. "Funerary Rites and Rights of the Dead: Jurisprudence on covid-19 Deaths in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka". Global Journal of Comparative Law 12, nr 1 (12.01.2023): 36–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-12010003.
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Abstract Pandemics are associated with exponential mortality rates, creating heavy burdens on communities. The high death rates affect how societies traditionally conduct funerary practices as governments impose regulations on the preparation of bodies and the conduct of the funerals to stem the transmission of the virus. In societies associated with deeply entrenched customary funerary practices, such limitative measures attract defiance. The tensions between public health objectives and funerary traditions have played out in a number of societies resulting in litigation. At the core of the disputes is whether the right to manifest religion or belief can be upheld, and relatedly, whether the dead have rights to dignified burials irrespective of pandemics. During the covid-19 pandemic, some courts had to grapple with these difficult questions. In this paper, I take a jurisprudential excursion on some disputes in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka to assess the adjudication of conflicts which arose from covid-19 pandemic deaths.
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Stanimirović, Vojislav. "Relicts of the earliest understanding of fairness, justice and law in the first states of antiquity: A legal-anthropological view". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, nr 3 (2020): 907–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-28459.
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All archaic societies were founded on the principles of equality and solidarity. Another common trait were the mechanisms for regulating social behaviour, as they were crucial for a society's survival. In such types of societies, archaic fairness existed. It manifested itself through egalitarianism, solidarity, but also through the static and conservative elements and was based on the customs which were binding on all the members of the society. When archaic societies became layered and started to expand and mix with other communities, the initial cohesion, security and archaic righteousness slowly started to disappear and instead, the concept of justice appeared. Unfortunately, that caused an irreversible damage to the balance that once existed as the ideal state in the archaic societies. The invention of the writing system and the creation of the first states eventually enabled the Cuneiform Law to develop and as the result, the first law codes of the humanity came to life. The first states and their rulers found themselves at the crossroads between "the old" and "the new". The law was heavily shaped by the nobility, so all of the privileges were created explicitly for the nobles, while the poor were yearning for the past times which were more kind to them. The new law slowly started to suppress the old customs. The ancient rulers, at least instinctively, if not consciously, recognised the need for a balance which would guarantee order and peace in the state. In Egypt, where the archaic elements survived the longest, the echoes of archaic societies and ancient beliefs could be found in the principle of Ma'at, the weighing of souls and the Book of the dead. The creators of Cuneiform Law also found their ways and strategies to present themselves as just and caring rulers. The evidence for that can be found especially in the provisions of the law. Whether they are referring to their own achievements and merits, or offering protection and care to the vulnerable members of the society, or revoking privileges of the nobles for the sake of the greater good, or turning back to the tradition, or "buddying up" with the gods, or determining measures and compensation amounts, they are, above all, trying to be exemplary rulers to their subjects by putting the rule of law first.
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Oosthuizen, Gerhardus C. "Ecumenical Burial Societies in South Africa: Mutual Caring and Support that Transcends Ecclesiastical and Religious Differences". Missiology: An International Review 18, nr 4 (październik 1990): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969001800406.
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Burial societies play a significant role in the African community in South Africa. Even in the most deprived circumstances, Africans concern themselves with burials of dear ones worthy of the person and the occasion. The sense of mutual support which has always been foremost in the African community comes to expression within the context of the burial societies. Each burial society is a mutual aid organization. Each member contributes towards this communal assistance. In no other organization associated with the churches are denominational and ecclesiastical barriers of so little concern as in the context of these burial societies. Here many non-Christians receive for the first time the Christian message. A few thousand such burial clubs or societies exist in South Africa, with several million members from South Africa's black community.
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Hoffmann, Thomas. "A Review of Magda Papede’s Verwertungsgesellschaften im europäischen Kontext – Das Beispiel der baltischen Staaten". Juridica International 26 (13.11.2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2017.26.13.
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Magda Papede's work on Baltic collecting societies, recently published by Carl Heymanns Verlag, Karlsruhe, is an exemplary analysis of the genesis, practice, and challenges of the three royalty-collecting societies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – small entities between which there are large differences. The work, titled ‘Verwertungsgesellschaften im europäischen Kontext – Das Beispiel der baltischen Staaten’ (meaning ‘Collecting societies in the European context – the example of the Baltic States’) not only examines the existing legal frameworks for collecting societies in the Baltic States but also sets them in a European and hence comparative context. This renders the work highly instructive for non-Baltic legal scholars and practitioners alike. Its only flaw can be detected in its lack of the courage to outline specific proposals addressing how to deal with the challenges raised in future.
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Sharma, Sahadev, Rempei Suwa, Raghab Ray, Mohammad Shamim Hasan Mandal i Ken W. Krauss. "Successive Cyclones Attacked the World’s Largest Mangrove Forest Located in the Bay of Bengal under Pandemic". Sustainability 14, nr 9 (24.04.2022): 5130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095130.
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Despite the global focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, the promise of impact to tropical coastlines and stochasticity of destruction caused by tropical cyclones remains unaltered, forcing human societies to adapt to new unadaptable scenarios. Super Cyclone Amphan’s landfall—the third cyclone of the season within the world’s largest mangrove forest—brought a new uncertainty to this undeveloped region of South Asia. How do vulnerable people deal with multiple disasters that limit necessary humanitarian response while still maintaining the natural environmental integrity of a system harboring critical wildlife populations and protecting people from further disaster? We explored this reality for the Sundarbans region using a remote sensing technique and found that the western part of Sundarbans mangroves was severely damaged by Amphan, suggesting that rapid remote sensing techniques can help direct resources, and recognize the eventuality that response will be a best effort for now. If 2020 is a window, multiple disaster management scenarios may become more common in the future. Yet, society’s obligation for maintaining environmental integrity remains unchanged.
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Sharma, Sahadev, Rempei Suwa, Raghab Ray, Mohammad Shamim Hasan Mandal i Ken W. Krauss. "Successive Cyclones Attacked the World’s Largest Mangrove Forest Located in the Bay of Bengal under Pandemic". Sustainability 14, nr 9 (24.04.2022): 5130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095130.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Despite the global focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, the promise of impact to tropical coastlines and stochasticity of destruction caused by tropical cyclones remains unaltered, forcing human societies to adapt to new unadaptable scenarios. Super Cyclone Amphan’s landfall—the third cyclone of the season within the world’s largest mangrove forest—brought a new uncertainty to this undeveloped region of South Asia. How do vulnerable people deal with multiple disasters that limit necessary humanitarian response while still maintaining the natural environmental integrity of a system harboring critical wildlife populations and protecting people from further disaster? We explored this reality for the Sundarbans region using a remote sensing technique and found that the western part of Sundarbans mangroves was severely damaged by Amphan, suggesting that rapid remote sensing techniques can help direct resources, and recognize the eventuality that response will be a best effort for now. If 2020 is a window, multiple disaster management scenarios may become more common in the future. Yet, society’s obligation for maintaining environmental integrity remains unchanged.
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Hearty, Kevin. "Problematising Symbolic Reparation: ‘Complex Political Victims’, ‘Dead Body Politics’ and the Right to Remember". Social & Legal Studies 29, nr 3 (26.08.2019): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919869050.
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In light of the increasing importance of commemoration and memorialisation within the study of transitional justice, this article attempts to stimulate further critical discussion on the right to remember in societies transitioning out of prolonged conflict. Located within a wider exploration of the problematic overlap between the ‘politics of reparations’ and ‘dead body politics’ commonly found in transitioning societies, it argues that any prospective right to remember creates a tension between competing collective rights held by various constituencies. On the one hand, there emerges the right of remembrance owed to certain constituencies, yet at the same time this must be balanced against the right of acknowledgment owed to other constituencies. Despite this tension, the article posits that affording a right to remember in the case of ‘complex political victims’ is necessary for reparative imbalance to be avoided, for a fuller insight into the causes and consequences of past violence to be gained and for movement towards the goal of non-recurrence.
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Song, Eugene. "Coping with intercultural transactions in multicultural societies". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, nr 2 (31.03.2009): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.273.
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The coping strategies that people in a multicultural society use to deal with the conflicts and stress arising from different cultural expectations in interpersonal relationships were investigated. Based on the results of a focus group analysis with 121 college students in Hawaii, a 62-item pool of coping behaviors was generated and another 503 college students reported the extent to which they used such coping behaviors in their daily life. Results of a factor analysis revealed 5 factors of coping strategies: Respect for and understanding of cultural differences, Self-development arising from negotiating between cultures, Support seeking; Avoidance and passive acceptance, and Rejection of monocultures and generation of unique identity. Also, multiple regression analyses showed that cognitive-based coping strategies were the key predictors of satisfaction with life.
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Bonß, Wolfgang. "Risk. Dealing with Uncertainty in Modern Times". Social Change Review 11, nr 1 (1.07.2013): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2013-0002.
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Abstract People have always lived under conditions of uncertainty. But how to deal with uncertainty and how security is produced varies depending on the social formation. This paper deals with the handling of uncertainty in modern societies. Modern societies always try to conceptualize uncertainties as action-related, responsible and calculable/predictable ‘risks’. This was a quite successful approach for a long time. However, under the conditions of ‘risk society’, this approach is increasingly difficult to work. Especially in the case of ‘new risks’, the attempt to conceptualize any uncertainty as a predictable and cumulatively controllable risk, can hardly be realized. That's why modern societies must ask for and reflect on a ‘new culture of uncertainty’.
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Saville, Alan, John A. J. Gowlett i Robert E. M. Hedges. "Radiocarbon dates from the chambered tomb at Hazleton (Glos.): a chronology for neolithic collective burial". Antiquity 61, nr 231 (marzec 1987): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0007263x.
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The social organization of prehistoric British societies has been a busy interest recently, with the hypothesis that the Neolithic was characterized by lineage societies, very likely egalitarian in character, whose dead were placed into communal ‘tombs for the ancestors’. But how secure is the evidence for burial in chambered or unchambered long barrows over many generations? Hazleton provides the key example, for it is the first neolithic burial-site to benefit from the full resources of AMS dating and the new calibration.
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Eller, Jack. "Anthropology and Ethnicity: From Herder to Hermeneutics". Ethnic Studies Review 21, nr 1 (1988): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1998.21.1.1.
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For a long time, the central focus of anthropology has been on the study of the so-called traditional societies. However, with the transformation of those societies into “ethnicized” groups within state systems, anthropologists have had to rethink their concepts, theories, and methods. They have had to deal with, among others things, issues of cultural difference, cultural boundaries, and cultural movements. This article looks retrospectively at certain changes that have taken place in anthropology especially with regard to the study of ethnicity.