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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Damages – great britain"
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Uzunova, K., i L. Lazarov. "DAMAGES OF THE KEEL BONE IN LAYING HENS – OVERVIEW OF THE ETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS". Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.004.
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The damages of the locomotor system and the skeletal system, in particular, are one of the major problems in the industrial poultry farming. The topic for the pathological changes in the keel bone in oviparous birds has become especially popular among scientists and researchers in recent years. The high incidence of keel bone damage (KBD) of laying hens in industrial complexes is one of the biggest welfare problems facing the industry. They lead to disturbance of the animal welfare, causing pain, limiting the ability to move and to perform the characteristic behaviour of the species. This in turn causes a decrease in productivity and unacceptably large losses not only for the individual producer but also for the whole sector. The problem with the KBD is widespread in Switzerland, Great Britain, the Nederland, Belgium, Germany, and Canada. Different genetic lines of laying hens are affected, as well as all types of breeding systems. In general, the etiological factors are reduced to three main groups – genetic predisposition, unbalanced diet and imperfections in housing systems. The causes and influencing factors of KBD remain unknown to the research community - a circumstance that seriously complicates the development of effective strategies to reduce their occurrence and severity.
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Porytska, Y. M. "Foreign experience of the legal regulation of compensation of moral damage to the employee". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, nr 79 (9.10.2023): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.56.
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The article examines the issues related to the compensation of moral damages to the employee and the determination of the amount of moral damages in case of violation of the employee’s labor rights. The relevance of the research topic is justified by the fact that in modern conditions the institution of compensation for moral damage in labor law needs to be improved, in particular, in the part of the procedure for determining the amount of compensation. The institution of compensation for moral damage to the employee is widespread in the international community and in some foreign countries, which indicates the effectiveness of this institute in the regulation of labor relations. The article analyzes the provisions of the current labor legislation of Ukraine in the part of regulation of compensation for moral damage. The specifics of compensation for moral damage in labor law are also defined, which allow to partially distinguish the specified institution from the institution of moral damage in civil legislation. During the writing of the article, both general scientific methods and special-legal methods were used, in particular, the method of state-legal modeling, dialectical, formal-legal, systemic-structural, comparative-legal and other methods. The foreign experience of legal regulation of compensation for moral damage to the employee is summarized, as well as proposals for improving the labor legislation of Ukraine developed on its basis. In the process of writing the article, the legal framework and judicial practice regarding the compensation of moral damage to the employee of Austria, Great Britain, Germany, France, the United States of America and other foreign countries were investigated. The legal regulation of the definition of moral damage, the grounds and conditions of liability, the procedure for considering cases on determining the amount of compensation for moral damage to an employee as a result of the employer’s illegal actions are analyzed. Taking into account foreign experience, it was established the need to develop an effective mechanism for determining the amount of moral damage, which, in turn, will contribute to the unification of the specified mechanism and ensure the stability and unity of judicial practice and the predictability of court decisions. A comparative analysis of compensation for moral damages within the framework of labor relations under the legislation of foreign countries allowed us to conclude that the system of determining the amount of compensation for moral damages formed in them can be taken into account when improving the current labor legislation of Ukraine.
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Mori, Emiliano, Rachele Amerini, Giuseppe Mazza, Sandro Bertolino, Roberto Battiston, Andrea Sforzi i Mattia Menchetti. "Alien shades of grey: new occurrences and relevant spread of Sciurus carolinensis in Italy". European Journal of Ecology 2, nr 1 (1.06.2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0002.
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Abstract The eastern grey squirrel is listed among the worst invasive species throughout the world. This species of American origin is currently replacing the native Eurasian red squirrel in most of the Great Britain, as well as in parts of Ireland and Italy. It may debark trees and exert damages to woodlands and tree plantations. Therefore, its spread may be deleterious for biodiversity and environment, emphasising the need for a rapid detection in new areas of occurrence. In this work, we reported for the first time, the presence of new populations of this invasive species in Tuscany (Central Italy) and some updates and analyses regarding the status of this species in Veneto (North-Eastern Italy). Occurrences were collected through citizen-science contributory approach supported by photos, road-kills, and/or hair-tube sampling. Field investigations ad hoc were carried out in Veneto and Tuscany to confirm the repeated reports in the surroundings of Arezzo and in the province of Siena. Although records can be possibly related to erratic or single individuals escaped from captivity, reproductive nuclei have also been detected in both regions, with the observations of juveniles and/or lactating females. The occurrence of the species in these regions is still scarce and localised, but considering the surrounding favourable wooded habitats, a rapid removal of the animals would be required to prevent their spread.
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Kolesnichenko, Ol'ga Viktorovna. "Foreign experience of application of special systems of restitution for damages to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases (on the example of Germany and Great Britain) and prospects of borrowing it by Russia". Право и политика, nr 8 (sierpień 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.8.33119.
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The subject of this research is the legislation and practice of its implementation, as well as the legal doctrine of Russia, Germany and Great Britain on the existing special systems of compensation for damage inflicted to health as a result of work accidents and occupational diseases. The author examines the special systems of restitution for occupational damage that represent starkly different versions of implementation of basic models developed in global practice (Bismarck and Beveridge). Attention is focused on the key issues of compensation for occupational damage using the legal means available in the Russian Federation. Analysis is conducted on the existing foreign experience on the matter. The author’s special contribution to the research of the topic consists in the statement that for establishing balance within the system of restitution for occupational damage it is necessary to clearly demarcate the three types of compensations: guaranteed social security paid from the budget funds in terms of obligations assumed by government to support vulnerable population groups; obligations in tort recovered from the tortfeasor, considering the grounds and limits of civil liability; insurance payments, which represent partial coverage of inflicted damage based on the terms of insurance contract. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the prospects for improving the national special system of restitution for occupational damage. It is substantiated that in such system the distribution of losses between different types of compensations should be based on the criteria of preferred form of compensation (payment in kind or financial compensation); legal nature of separate elements of reparation (incapacitation, occupational disease, etc.); type of payments (recurring or lump sum), purpose of compensation; calculation of payments.
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Rausch, Fabian. "«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835". Journal of Modern European History 15, nr 2 (maj 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-2-221.
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«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835 This article proposes a comparative perspective on the role of constitutions in European political cultures from 1814 to c.1835. Through its analysis of constitutions first as a means to legitimising post-revolutionary monarchies, and secondly as a means to integrating the divided societies in France, Great Britain as well as the German states, this article suggests two major results: 1) Constitutions were a central instrument that was imagined by post-revolutionary European societies in order to open up an «evolutionary» path to political progress and thereby finally «end» or «prevent» further revolutionary changes. 2) The major challenges to constitutional integration were posed by the emergence of competing political groups that often demanded a strengthening of certain parts of the constitutions or their further reform. The problems, which were faced by almost all political actors regarding the acceptance of these new imperatives of party politics and the different constitutional «solutions» that they had developed to meet these challenges, provide explanations for the different constitutional paths that were taken by Great Britain, the German states and France during the early 1830s. In Great Britain, a common constitutionalist language enabled a precarious understanding amongst the competing groups, whereas anti-pluralist constitutional conceptions led to constitutional instability in France and even damaged the very idea of constitutional integration in Germany thus benefitting a «unification first»-approach in the German states.
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Andreeva, T. "The Evolution of Britain's Approach to Crisis in Ukraine and UK–Russia Relations". World Economy and International Relations 59, nr 11 (2015): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-11-56-66.
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This paper represents the second part of the previously published article. It covers Great Britain's role in generating of a consolidated international view on Russia's influence on the Ukrainian crisis during Petr Poroshenko's presidency (2014–2015), further explores the worsening of bilateral relations between the UK and Russia in a wide context of antagonism between the US and Russia. The author also investigates Britain's role in imposing of the gravest economic sanctions on Russian economy after the Malaysian aircraft crush, and their impact on the Western countries' economies, especially on the British economy key industries. The attention is given to popularity of Vladimir Putin and his policy in Russian society and business community, which rose after the introducing of western sanctions. The article examines the damage done to cooperation between Russian and British business by deterioration in bilateral political relations. Assessing the scope of this damage, the author notes that for quite a long time Britain disinclined to start a new Cold War with Russia. The author further scrutinizes the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on strengthening of Anglo-American “special relations”, on the revival of the NATO's strategic task of being a tool to hamper Russia's influence in the world: for this purpose joint military exercises in the Baltic region were organized, and special NATO Response Force was created. The main questions raised in this research are: when can the UK–Russia relations become better again, and what can help improve the relationship between two countries?
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Andreeva, T. "The Evolution of Britain's Approach to Crisis in Ukraine and UK–Russia Relations". World Economy and International Relations, nr 9 (2015): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-35-45.
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The article covers the role the Great Britain has played as a fourth independent political actor of international relations, along with the U.S., EU and NATO, in the political crisis in Ukraine from its very beginning (2014), and in finding quick and effective ways of solving it. The article also explores the worsening of the bilateral relationship between UK and Russia under the influence of the 2014–2015 Ukrainian crisis, in a wide context of antagonism between the U.S. and Russia. There are several factors introduced in the article which hampered the crisis from the start and which still can be used to improve the bilateral relations in the nearest future. The author scrutinizes the evolution of the Britain's stance on the Ukrainian upheaval at the beginning of 2014, the Crimea annexation/joining perceived as a violation of the international law, Russia's interference in the conflict in the Eastern territories of Ukraine, and the imposing of sever EU and U.S. sanctions against Russia. The article highlights the influence of the Ukrainian crisis on the strengthening of Anglo-American “special relations” and on the revival of the NATO strategic role as a tool to confront Russia not only in this conflict, but also on the world stage. The author tries to assess the scope of damage for the UK–Russia relationship made by the Ukrainian crisis and answer the questions: where has British participation in this crisis boosted the Great Britain's world standing, when can the UK–Russia relations become better again, and what can help improve the relationship between two countries?
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Rico, José M. "L’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels". Acta Criminologica 1, nr 1 (19.01.2006): 261–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017003ar.
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Abstract COMPENSATION TO VICTIMS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES The system of composition, which was developed during the Middle Ages, especially under Germanic penal law, represents not only an abatement of the system of collective vengeance characteristic of this era, but also the first step towards the principle of compensation to victims of criminal offences. With the development and consolidation of a strong central power, the State asked for a share of these transactions either in the form of sanction or as a price for its intervention. W^hen at last the central government obtained the full and exclusive right to inflict punishment and when private justice gave way to public justice, the State's share of compensation increased progressively and took the form of fines, while the victim's share gradually diminished and withdrew little by little from the penal system to become civil compensation for damages. Nevertheless, the total separation between public action, whose aim is to ensure punishment, and civil action, whose main object is to secure compensation to the victim, did not materialize until very recently. This principle of total separation, which was adopted by the classical school of criminal law, resulted in a complete overlooking of the victim's right to compensation, in daily legal practice. New solutions were therefore proposed to remedy this deficiency in the penal systems, the most original and daring being those to be found in the Spanish Penal Codes of 1822 and 1848 which compel the State to compensate victims of criminal offences when the wrong-doers or other responsible persons are unable to do so. This idea of compensation by the State to victims of crime, although taken lip and elaborated several years later by Bentham and the Italian Positivist School, had absolutely no repercussions as far as practice was concerned. It was only in the second half of the XXth Century that an Englishwoman, Margaret Fry, drew the attention to this problem. Inspired by her compatriot Bentham, Margaret Fry proclaimed that compensation for harm caused to victims of criminal violence should be assumed by the State. This was the starting point of a considerable development in the study of compensation to the victim. During the last ten years, not only were many papers and conferences devoted to the subject, but also many legislations adopted the progressive solution of conferring upon the State the task of compensating the victim of criminal offences. In most contemporary penal legislations, the dissociation between public and civil action has resulted in relegating the subject of compensation solely to the civil domain. A certain number of penal systems (France, Belgium, Germany, etc.), while accepting in principle the civil character of this matter, nevertheless offer the injured party the possibility of bringing his action for damages before criminal courts. A last group of systems (Spain, Italy, Switzerland) treat this problem within the framework of the criminal code, although in most cases they do nothing but repeat analogous paragraphs of the civil code. Upon examining these different methods of coping with the problem of compensating the victim for damages caused by criminal violence, we find that certain reforms were put into effect but that they chiefly hinge upon one preliminary question ~— the means available to the victim for bringing his case before the criminal courts and of engaging in the criminal procedure, to obtain recognition of his rights by the Court. However, it often happens that once the sentence has been passed, the victim is obliged to act on his own to recover the sum of the indemnity. Modern penal law, progressive and innovating as it is in certain respects, often neglects the victim of crime. Certain solutions were proposed and even introduced into positive penal legislations, in view of securing for the injured party, as much as possible, the recovery of the compensation decided upon by the courts in his favour, especially in cases where the offender is destitute. Among such solutions, one should stress legal solidarity between co-delinquents, priority accorded to the compensation debt, accessory imprisonment, compulsory work in prison and in liberty, compulsory insurance and the creation of a compensation fund. Similar proposals tend to consider compensation to the victim as an indispensable condition for the obtainment of certain privileges (pardon, parole, probation, legal rehabilitation, etc.). Due to the insufficiency of the classical systems and of the solutions destinated to secure compensation of the victim by the offender, one again began to wonder whether the State should not undertake the charge of repairing damages caused by crime. The main argument offered in favour of this system is the State's failure in preventing crime and in protecting its citiiens against felonious acts. Despite the numerous criticisms concerning the essentially judicial composition of the courts in charge of the application of the system as well as of the procedure to be followed, the infractions to be compensated, the amount to be paid and the total cost of the system, some countries have recognized the right of the victim to be compensated and consequently adopted measures to enforce this principle (New Zealand, 1963; Great Britain, 1964; States of California and New York, 1966; the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, 1967).
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McCulloch, Tony. "A royal visit revisited: Mackenzie King and the British royal visit to the USA, June 1939". British Journal of Canadian Studies 36, nr 1 (11.03.2024): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2024.5.
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In June 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were on a tour of Canada that included a brief visit to the United States. The timing of this visit proved to be fortuitous from the British point of view as it came soon after the controversial Munich agreement in September 1938, which ceded the Czech Sudetenland to Germany, and the subsequent occupation of the remainder of the Czech state by German troops in March 1939 – both of which had damaged Britain’s image in America. The royal visit to the USA was a great public-relations success, as was the visit to Canada, and its significance for relations between Britain, Canada, and the United States has been discussed by a number of historians from all three countries. However, very little attention has been paid to the key role of the Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, regarding the American phase of the royal visit. Indeed, a recent film about the Royal Visit and the weekend spent by the king and queen at President Franklin Roosevelt’s family home in upstate New York omitted any mention of Mackenzie King, despite the fact that he was their official escort. This article seeks to fill this gap by assessing Mackenzie King’s involvement in the origins and conduct of the royal visit. It also reflects upon what the royal visit reveals about Canada’s relations with Britain and the United States on the eve of the war and, in particular, Mackenzie King’s relationship with President Franklin Roosevelt and his contribution to the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’.
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Shkvorchenko, N. "SEMIOTIZATION OF POLITICAL TOXICITY IN THE MEDIA SPACES OF THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE: A MULTIMODAL ASPECT". MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 25, nr 1 (26.08.2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2022.263132.
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The article attempts to build a multimodal model of toxic political communication and determine common and distinctive features of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine. Toxic political communication is interpreted as a type of interaction characterized by a high degree of aggressive (verbal and/or paraverbal) behavior of various participants in the political discourse, which causes moral harm or discriminates against the opponent based on race, nationality or gender resulting in such politician(s) being perceived and then defined as toxic. The constructed model of toxic political communication takes into account multimodal mechanisms of the discursive expression of toxicity (verbal, paraverbal, extralingual), modes of expanding the toxic effect (direct, indirect, and mediated), mechanisms of perception and image formation of politicians (toxic vs. positive) in the media environment of the respective countries.We determined that toxicity is manifested in derogatory statements by politicians, which contain insults, name-calling, ridiculing, emotional and inclusive utterances aimed at polarization and causing psychological and/or image damage to participants in the political debate (opponents). Toxic paraverbal co-speech means are divided into prosodic and gestural-mimic forms, which include aggressive, caustic, derogatory, paternalistic, pompous tone of speech, gestures that violate the personal boundaries of the interlocutor, exaggerated facial expressions. Extralingual forms of toxic communication include poster colors, electoral campaign symbols, clothing, rally sites, music, etc., which intensify the damaging effect of actions/utterances of a politician who is defined as toxic in the media. We found that contrasting forms of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine are determined by the relevant information agendas for each of the countries, for example, racism and intolerance towards migrants (USA), Partygate (Great Britain), zrada (betrayal) vs. peremoha (victory) (Ukraine) and others. Common to the three linguistic cultures is the aggressive type of politician-speaker, whose utterances/behavior are prone to dramatizing and aimed at causing psychological damage to the opponent’s personality through direct or indirect derogatory images accompanied by prosodic, gestural and facial emphases.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Damages – great britain"
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Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.
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This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of breach is a fundamental part of what it means to make a promise. Hence the rules of remoteness are merely a specialised application of the general legal principles that are used to discover the unexpressed part of an agreement. These legal principles can be seen in operation in the implication of terms and the interpretation of expressed terms.
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Falusová, Tereza. "Povinné očkování". Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-272270.
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- Compulsory vaccination This diploma thesis deals with the legal regulation of compulsory vaccination in the Czech Republic. The subject of the thesis is a conflict between compulsory vaccination and fundamental rights and freedoms as a result of the protection of public health. An option to refuse the compulsory vaccination, regulation of following sanctions and the absence of compensatory scheme for vaccine injury issue are also analysed. The first chapter introduces the compulsory vaccination issue. It presents terms related to the compulsory vaccination and current vaccination categories. The second chapter describes the legal regulation of compulsory vaccination with its legal basis in international law. It is concerned with the function of international treaties in the Czech legal system. Moreover, it presents a criticism of compulsory vaccination with respect to its claimed unconstitutionality. This chapter also introduces a public debate concerning compulsory vaccination along with pro and con arguments. The third chapter is, on the one hand concerned with the rejection of compulsory vaccination, and its following sanctions on the other hand. The case law of the Constitutional Court has been analysed with respect to both secular and religious conscientious objections. Moreover, the chapter...
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Sieglová, Kateřina. "Neogotická přestavba zámku Hluboká nad Vltavou". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-309005.
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Diploma thesis "Neo-Gothic rebuilding of chateau Hluboká nad Vltavou" first provides a brief summary of basic literary and archival sources, followed by description of terminology in the field of 19th century architecture together with the explanation used by the author. After that there is mentioned a situation in Czech architecture at the end of 18th and in the 19th century. Next point is the Gothic Revival phenomenon - its establishment, ways of its spreading and its influence in middle Europe including Czech countries. Own topic of this thesis is introduced by a general and building history of chateau Hluboká nad Vltavou. After that there are introduced prince Jan Adolf II. of Schwarzenberg and his wife, who managed the rebuilding of the chateau. There is also a description of their personal contacts with British culture and architecture. Main part of the thesis is dedicated to Neo-Gothic rebuilding of chateau Hluboká nad Vltavou. This chapter is divided into several subchapters, where are described changes in the chateau interior and exterior including the effort of document the direct influence of Gothic Revival, and also the adaptation of the close surroundings of the chateau. Keywords Neo-Gothic architecture, Great Britain, Gothic Revival, chateau Hluboká nad Vltavou, prince Jan Adolf II....
Książki na temat "Damages – great britain"
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Bell, Hon. Mr Justice 1939- i Great Britain. Judicial Studies Board., red. Guidelines for the assessment of general damages in personal injury cases. Wyd. 6. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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1943-, Mackay Colin, i Great Britain. Judicial Studies Board., red. Guidelines for the assessment of general damages in personal injury cases. Wyd. 9. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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P, Furmston M., red. The Law of tort: Policies and trends in liability for damage to property and economic loss. London: Duckworth, 1986.
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Brian, Eggleston. Liquidated damages and extensions of time in construction contracts. Wyd. 2. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science, 1997.
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Brian, Eggleston. Liquidated damages and extensions of time in construction contracts. Wyd. 3. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2009.
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Eggleston, Brian. Liquidated damages and extensions of time in construction contracts. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
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1943-, Mackay Colin, i Great Britain. Judicial Studies Board., red. Guidelines for the assessment of general damages in personal injury cases. Wyd. 8. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Ellie, Lee, i Institute of Ideas, red. Compensation crazy: Do we blame and claim too much? London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2002.
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Vincent, Powell-Smith, Sims John 1929- i Chappell David, red. Building contract claims. Wyd. 4. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
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Ireland. Personal Injuries Assessment Board. Strategic plan, 2006-2010. Dublin: Stationery Office, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Damages – great britain"
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Hutton, Sarah. "Debating the Faith: Damaris Masham (1658–1708) and Religious Controversy". W Debating the Faith: Religion and Letter Writing in Great Britain, 1550-1800, 159–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5216-0_10.
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Mendelsohn, Robert. "The Social Costs of Greenhouse Gases: Their Values and Policy Implications". W Climate Change Policy, 134–51. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281459.003.0007.
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Abstract If greenhouse gases (principally carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrogen oxides (NOX)), continue to accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere, future temperatures are expected to increase (Houghton et al., 2001). These changes in climate, in turn, will cause both market and non-market impacts on humans across the planet (McCarthy et al., 2001). Society faces a complex task of balancing abatement costs against the damages that these gases cause over very long time periods. The social cost of greenhouse gases is the present value of the net damages caused by an additional ton of emissions. Intuitively, it is the marginal damage of emissions. By determining the value of the social cost, society can design globally efficient programmes to control greenhouse gases. In this paper, we focus on the social cost of carbon (SCC), the social cost of adding another ton of CO2. Greenhouse gases mix readily in the atmosphere so that emissions anywhere in the planet effectively make the same contribution to concentrations. The consequences of greenhouse-gas emissions are therefore global, not local. There is only one value for the SCC for the entire planet at each moment in time. Whether an emission is made in Fiji, Great Britain, or Russia, there is a single value of SCC. In contrast, the damages caused by most pollutants are more localized and depend greatly on where the pollution is emitted.
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Wołos, Mariusz. "Dyplomacja sowiecka a paryska konferencja pokojowa w 1919 roku (Kilka refleksji)". W Polityka - wojskowość - bezpieczeństwo. Księga jubileuszowa z okazji 40-lecia działalności naukowej Profesora Romana Kochnow, 182–95. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/9788380849396.11.
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Already on the eve of the Paris Peace Conference, the Bolsheviks activated their diplomats, with neither ideological hostility nor the involvement of the victorious Entente forces in the Russian Civil War on the side of the “white” army disturbing this process. In December 1918 and January 1919, Soviet diplomats addressed US representatives with notes suggesting the termination of hostilities, negotiations of economic, political and military issues, and even the establishment of diplomatic relations. On the other hand, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, David Lloyd George, proposed to invite an all-Russian delegation, which could also include Bolsheviks, to the Paris Peace Conference. These proposals ended in a fiasco. Soviet diplomats were very interested in the course of the Paris Peace Conference and analyzed the provisions of the Versailles Treaty in detail. The Moscow authorities opposed the order established by the said treaty as well as the League of Nations. Still, Soviet diplomats emphasized that in accordance with Article 116 of the Versailles Treaty, Russia was owed war reparations and other damages compensation. However, the receipt of such compensation would have to result from Moscow at least partially accepting the Versailles Treaty. This issue determined the decision made by Soviet diplomats in later years to cancel the debts and liabilities that Russia was owed and to compensate the costs of foreign intervention in the Russian Civil War by setting them against the debts incurred by Russia in the Entente countries until the outbreak of World War I.
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Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen i Caroline Derry. "14. Property offences 3: burglary, blackmail and criminal damage". W Complete Criminal Law, 645–80. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848462.003.0014.
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This chapter examines the most frequently committed property offences in Great Britain, focusing on burglary, aggravated burglary and criminal damage. It also discusses blackmail, a less frequent but equally serious offence. The general principles of these offences are explored and their actus reus and mens rea elements are discussed. The chapter explains the key provisions of the Theft Act 1968 and identifies the types of legal defence that can be successfully employed for these offences. It considers racially and religiously aggravated criminal damage, criminal damage endangering life, and arson. The chapter also provides examples of several relevant cases and analyses the bases of court decisions in each of them.
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Loveless, Janet, Mischa Allen i Caroline Derry. "14. Property offences 3". W Complete Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803270.003.0014.
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This chapter examines the most frequently committed property offences in Great Britain, focusing on burglary, aggravated burglary and criminal damage. It also discusses blackmail, a less frequent but equally serious offence. The general principles of these offences are explored and their actus reus and mens rea elements are discussed. The chapter explains the key provisions of the Theft Act 1968 and identifies the types of legal defence that can be successfully employed for these offences. It considers racially and religiously aggravated criminal damage, criminal damage endangering life, and arson. The chapter also provides examples of several relevant cases and analyses the bases of court decisions in each of them.
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Wordsworth, Sam, i Marie Veeder. "Investor–State Disputes and the Development of International Law". W On Arbitration, 33–38. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869135.003.0002.
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Abstract In negotiating the Washington Treaty referring the Alabama claims to arbitration, Great Britain’s negotiators understood that the arbitration tribunal was to assess the legal basis and dimension of American claims for the depredations of Confederate cruisers such as the Alabama, whereas the United States claimed that, in addition to such direct damages, the tribunal was also entitled to assess indirect damages for the prolongation of the Civil War. The difference in the enormity of the resultant claims (US$14 million versus US$10 billion in gold) was immense. In a wonderful act of arbitral imagination, the arbitral tribunal was able to keep the arbitration on track but sidestep the American claims for indirect damages.
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Brković, Radoje. "Specific of the Civil Service System of Serbia to the Civil Service Systems of the European Union Countries". W Law in the process of globalisation, 553–64. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lawpg.553b.
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In this paper, the author deals with the issues and challenges regarding the general state of civil service of Serbia, analysing it through the most important institutions – fulfillment of free job positions, assessment and promotion of civil servants, realisation and protection of rights of state civil servants, subordination as an element of civil service relation, conflict of interests, disciplinary responsibility, liability for damage etc. There is also a brief comparative presentation of civil service relations in Germany, Great Britain and Slovenia as other examples of civil service systems.
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Kennedy, David M. "The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover". W The American People in the Great Depression, 70–103. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195168921.003.0004.
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Abstract As early as December 1930 Hoover claimed that “the major forces of the depression now lie outside of the United States.” His statement may at that moment have been overly self-protective and premature, but events soon gave the president’s words the chill ring of prophecy, as shock waves from the collapsing international economic system smote the United States with lethal wallop. Until early 1931, midway through his presidency, Hoover had been aggressive and self-confident, a frontline fighter taking vigorous offensive against the economic crises. Now international events remorselessly pushed him back onto the defensive. His overriding goals became damage control and even national economic self-preservation. In late 1931 he starkly announced: “We are now faced with the problem, not of saving Germany or Britain, but of saving ourselves.” From the spring of 1931 onward, this became Hoover’s constant theme: that the calamity’s deepest sources originated beyond American shores. From this time, too, it began to be clear that this depression was not just another cyclic valley but a historic watershed, something vastly greater in scale and more portentous in its implications than anything that had gone before. An unprecedented event, it must have extraordinary causes. Hoover found them in the most momentous episode of the century.
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Seligmann, Matthew S. "Britain and Economic Warfare in German Naval Thinking in the Era of the Great War". W Economic Warfare and the Sea, 193–208. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621594.003.0011.
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Under the leadership of Alfred von Tirpitz, the German navy concentrated on building a battle fleet based in the North Sea rather than cruisers designed for operations in distant waters. This has led many historians to assume that commerce warfare (Handelskrieg) played no real part in German preparations for war against Britain before 1914. This chapter disputes this analysis. It shows that Germany’s naval planners in the Admiralstab believed that by converting merchant ships into auxiliary cruisers and using them to attack British commerce on the high seas the German navy would be able to cause considerable damage to British shipping and so force the Royal Navy to divert forces from the main theatre of war to distant oceans. It goes on to examine the reality of this plan during the First World War.
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Mutua, John M., Martin Börjesson i Thomas Sterner. "Transport Choice, Elasticity, And Distributional Effects Of Fuel Taxes In Kenya". W Critical Issues In Environmental Taxation, 167–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577989.003.0010.
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Abstract Energy is a key to economic growth and development as well as improvement of quality of life, and the world energy demand increases tremendously. The major source of energy is currently fossil fuels, which account for about 81 per cent of the world’s total primary energy supply, but also hydroelectricity, nuclear, and biomass are significant sources. Oil use accounted for 43.1 per cent of fuel shares of total final consumption.4 Most of the oil was used in the transport sector. In order to limit the environmental damage of the transport sector, as well as generate income to state budgets, fuel taxation is a widely used measure. Which level of fuel taxation is appropriate is, however, a debatable issue and the taxes vary dramatically across countries. The gasoline tax in Great Britain of £0.50/ litre in 2000 (about US$2.80/US gallon) is the highest amongst industrial countries while the tax level in the United States of about US$0.40/gallon is the lowest.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Damages – great britain"
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Seamans, Thomas, i Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, sierpień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.
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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.
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L51518 Outside Force Defect Behavior. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), sierpień 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010200.
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Damage that occurs in post-hydrotest operations, such as third party contractors hitting the pipeline with mechanical equipment at a later date, clearly cannot be removed by the hydrotest and may cause failure at the time the damage occurs or at some later time depending on the defect severity and the service conditions. Damage induced while a line is in service, such as during pipeline repair or from miscellaneous nearby construction, presents the most common type of service defect and potentially the most hazardous. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the severity of such defects in order to assess the serviceability of the damaged area (and thus avoid costly downtime). Understanding the basic mechanisms of mechanical damage failure also will assist in specifying fracture toughness requirements for future line pipe steels. The specific objective of this research is to develop a means of assessing the severity of mechanical damage defects and the effect of fracture toughness in resisting the failure of these defect types. Prior research studies provide in-depth consideration of the separate effects of plain dents and simulated gouges (sharp machine surface flaws with negligible indentation) on gas line pipe integrity. The failure characteristics of such defects are well understood. Recent studies on mechanical damage have concentrated on the complex behavior of a localized gouge within a dent, the most typical form of damage that occurs in the industry. However, these experimental studies were hampered in that the defect combinations had to be introduced into the pipe test section at ambient pressure in order to produce adequate repeatability. The past research has been included for completeness. The most recent research differs from past work in that the effects of dynamically produced dent-and-gouge defects in line pipe under pressure are studied. This provides a more realistic representation of the type of outside force damage that occurs in service. Nearly all research on this subject has been conducted at two laboratories, at the Battelle Columbus Division and at British Gas Corporation research facilities at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain. British Gas conducted most of their research using rings cut from pipe, damaged, and then tested on a ring yield-test-machine, using the same type of ring tester used by pipe mills to determine pipe yield strength. British Gas also conducted tests on pipe that was damaged while not pressurized and later on pressurized and damaged pipe. Battelle's efforts involved pipe testing both on pipes that were damaged and then pressured to failure and on pipes damaged while pressurized. It is believed that gouge length is a strong influencing parameter, and it is not possible to use gouge length as a variable in the ring test method.