Artykuły w czasopismach: „Damage of WC-Co”

1

Brookes, Kenneth J. A. "Corrosion damage in WC/Co." Metal Powder Report 70, no. 2 (2015): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2015.01.055.

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Naughton-Duszová, Csanádi, Sedlák, Hvizdoš, and Dusza. "Small-Scale Mechanical Testing of Cemented Carbides from the Micro- to the Nano-Level: A Review." Metals 9, no. 5 (2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050502.

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In this overview, we summarize the results published to date concerning the small-scale mechanical testing of WC–Co cemented carbides and similar hardmetals, describing the clear trend in the research towards ever-smaller scales (currently at the nano-level). The load-size effect during micro/nanohardness testing of hardmetals and their constituents and the influence of the WC grain orientation on their deformation, hardness, indentation modulus, fracture toughness, and fatigue characteristics are discussed. The effect of the WC grain size/orientation, cobalt content, and testing environment on damage accumulation, wear mechanisms, and wear parameters are summarized. The deformation and fracture characteristics and mechanical properties, such as the yield and compression strength, of WC–Co composites and their individual WC grains at different orientations during micropillar compression tests are described. The mechanical and fracture properties of micro-cantilevers milled from WC–Co hardmetals, single WC grains, and cantilevers containing WC/WC boundaries with differently-oriented WC grains are discussed. The physical background of the deformation and damage mechanisms in cemented carbides at the micro/nano-levels is descri and potential directions for future research in this field are outlined.

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Dewangan, Saurabh, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, and Sergej Hloch. "Critical Damage Analysis of WC-Co Tip of Conical Pick due to Coal Excavation in Mines." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/292046.

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WC-Co based tools are widely used in the field of coal and rock excavation because of their unique combination of strength, hardness, and resistance to abrasive wear. Conical pick is one of the coal cutting tools. The tip of the pick is made of WC-Co material. As coal and rock are heterogeneous elements, they pose various constraints during excavation. As a result the tools wear out during the process. Other parameters like cutting techniques, tool orientation, and environmental conditions also affect the tool significantly. The wearing phenomenon greatly reduces the service life of the tools and thereby cuts down the production rate. To prevent such wearing process, it is important to investigate the different wear mechanisms in WC-Co. Simultaneously, there has to be an ongoing endeavour for the development of better quality WC-Co. This paper focuses on different wear mechanisms in a conical pick which has been used in a continuous miner machine for coal cutting. The worn out surface has been observed by using FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The mechanisms, namely, coal/rock intermixing, cracking and crushing of WC grains, and adhesion of rock particles, have been predominantly investigated in this study. A little indication of corrosive decay in the WC grain has also been reported. The EDS has detected material concentration in a selected area or point of the worn-out surface. The spectrograph confirms the presence of coal/rock materials. Elements such as W, C, Ca, K, O, and Co have been mainly found in different concentrations at different positions.

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Schneider, Yanling, Reiner Zielke, Chensheng Xu, et al. "Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133562.

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Commercial Co/WC/diamond composites are hard metals and very useful as a kind of tool material, for which both ductile and quasi-brittle behaviors are possible. This work experimentally investigates their damage evolution dependence on microstructural features. The current study investigates a different type of Co/WC-type tool material which contains 90vol.% Co instead of the usual < 50vol.%. The studied composites showed quasi-brittle behavior. An in-house-designed testing machine realizes the in-situ micro-computed tomography (CT) under loading. This advanced equipment can record local damage in 3D during the loading. The digital image correlation technique delivers local displacement/strain maps in 2D and 3D based on tomographic images. As shown by nanoindentation tests, matrix regions near diamond particles do not possess higher hardness values than other regions. Since local positions with high stress are often coincident with those with high strain, diamonds, which aim to achieve composites with high hardnesses, contribute to the strength less than the WC phase. Samples that illustrated quasi-brittle behavior possess about 100–130 MPa higher tensile strengths than those with ductile behavior. Voids and their connections (forming mini/small cracks) dominant the detected damages, which means void initiation, growth, and coalescence should be the damage mechanisms. The void appears in the form of debonding. Still, it is uncovered that debonding between Co-diamonds plays a major role in provoking fatal fractures for composites with quasi-brittle behavior. An optimized microstructure should avoid diamond clusters and their local volume concentrations. To improve the time efficiency and the object-identification accuracy in CT image segmentation, machine learning (ML), U-Net in the convolutional neural network (deep learning), is applied. This method takes only about 40 min to segment more than 700 images, i.e., a great improvement of the time efficiency compared to the manual work and the accuracy maintained. The results mentioned above demonstrate knowledge about the strengthening and damage mechanisms for Co/WC/diamond composites with > 50vol.% Co. The material properties for such tool materials (> 50vol.% Co) is rarely published until now. Efforts made in the ML part contribute to the realization of autonomous processing procedures in big-data-driven science applied in materials science.

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Agode, K. E., C. Wolff, M. Guven, and M. Nouari. "Modelling of the damage initiation at WC/WC and WC/Co boundaries in WC-Co tool material at the microstructure scale: Application to the tool/chip contact." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 119 (February 2024): 106508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106508.

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Siwak, Piotr. "Indentation Induced Mechanical Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered WC-Co Cemented Carbides Alloyed with Cr3C2, TaC-NbC, TiC, and VC." Materials 14, no. 1 (2021): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010217.

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The focus of this paper is on examining the mechanical behavior of spark plasma sintered WC-Co based composites doped with Cr3C2, TaC-NbC, TiC, and VC, as well as defining some parameters characterizing deformation and fracture processes during hardness measurement. The calculated microhardness of WC-Co cemented carbides for all the studied compositions is found to be higher than the results obtained during hardness testing. Therefore, the ratio of the experimental and calculated values of microhardness is shown to be an approximate indication of WC-Co cemented carbide sensitivity to damage processes during indentation. Some parameters characterizing the microstructure–microhardness relationship are defined, and the nanomechanical properties of WC-Co cemented carbide phases are examined in order to separate the deformation and fracture processes during the indentation process. Strain gradient linear function parameters are calculated for 10-cycle nanoindentation. It was found that the nanoindentation curve after 10 cycles shows anomalous behavior of the WC grains, which indicates their fracture processes.

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Valarezo, Alfredo, Giovanni Bolelli, Wanhuk B. Choi, et al. "Damage tolerant functionally graded WC–Co/Stainless Steel HVOF coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 7 (2010): 2197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.148.

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Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Tomomi Shiratori, Yoshihiro Kira, Tomoaki Yoshino, and Yohei Suzuki. "Femtosecond Laser Trimming with Simultaneous Nanostructuring to Fine Piercing Punch to Electrical Amorphous Steel Sheets." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050568.

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A CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond coated tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co) sintered alloy punch was trimmed by the femtosecond laser machining to sharpen its edge with about 2 μm and to simultaneously make nanostructuring to its side surface. In addition to the sharpened edge, its edge profile was formed to be homogeneous enough to reduce the damage layer width by piercing the electrical amorphous steel sheet stack. Each brittle sheet in the stacked work was damaged to have three kinds of defects by piercing; e.g., the droop-like cracking in the thickness and at the vicinity of hole, the wrinkling in peak-to-valley with partial cracking on the peaks, and the circumferential cracking. When using the WC (Co) punch with the inhomogeneous edge profile in the sharpened edge width, these three damages were induced into each sheet and the maximum damage width exceeded 80 μm. When using the punch with the sharpened edge and homogeneous edge profile, the wrinkling mode was saved and the total affected layer width was significantly reduced to less than 20 μm. Through the precise embossing experiments, this effect of punch edge profile condition to the induced damages was discussed with a statement on the nanostructuring effect on the reduction of damaged width in electrical amorphous steel sheets. The developed tool with the sharpened edge and homogenous edge condition contributes to the realization of a low iron loss motor with a reduced affected layer width.

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Liang, Jing, Marc Serra, Sandra Gordon, et al. "Comparative Study of Mechanical Performance of AlCrSiN Coating Deposited on WC-Co and cBN Hard Substrates." Ceramics 6, no. 2 (2023): 1238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6020075.

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The objective of this study is to explore and compare the mechanical response of AlCrSiN coatings deposited on two different substrates, namely, WC-Co and cBN. Nano-indentation was used to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings, and micro-indentation was used for observing the contact damage under Hertzian contact with monotonic and cyclic (fatigue) loads. Microscratch and contact damage tests were also used to evaluate the strength of adhesion between the AlCrSiN coatings and the two substrates under progressive and constant loads, respectively. The surface damages induced via different mechanical tests were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to produce a cross-section of the coating–substrate system in order to further detect the mode and extent of failure that was induced. The results show that the AlCrSiN coating deposited on the WC-Co substrate performed better in regard to adhesion strength and contact damage response than the same coating deposited on the cBN substrate; this is attributed to the lower plasticity of the cBN substrate as well as its less powerful adhesion to the coating.

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Anand, K., and H. Conrad. "Local impact damage and erosion mechanisms in WC-6wt.%Co alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 105-106 (December 1988): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(88)90725-2.

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HAYAKAWA, Kunio. "427 Elastic-Plastic-Damage Constitutive Equations of WC-Co Tool Material." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2006 (2006): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2006.0_257.

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HAYAKAWA, Kunio, Tamotsu NAKAMURA, and Shigekazu TANAKA. "262 Elastic-Plastic-Damage Constitutive Equations of WC-Co Tool Material." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2007.56 (2007): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2007.56.103.

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Zhang, Jun, Yang Li, and Xin Li Wei. "Analyses of Interfacial Thermal Stresses for DLC/WC-Co." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3870.

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Thermal expansion mismatch is the most important which leads to the film/substrate interface damage and destruction. In this paper, the interface stresses analyses was conducted using Airy functions for the diamond-like carbon (DLC) film/ tungsten cobalt alloy(WC-Co) substrate structure; according to stress-strain relation, obtain the interface stress expression by substituting into the boundary conditions for giving parameter. The calculation results were analyzed and compared with the FEM simulation.

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Soldatov, Alexander, Alexey Remnev, and Akira Okada. "Reconditioning of Diamond Coated Tools and Its Impact on Cutting Performance for CFRP Laminates." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031288.

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In recent years, CVD diamond-coated tungsten carbide (WC-Co) tools have been widely utilized due to their benefits in the machining of non-ferrous alloys and polymer composite materials, especially carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs). The reconditioning of such coated tools is economically attractive due to their high cost and short tool life. The decoating of the remaining diamond film from the used tools and the subsequent surface preparation by wet chemical pretreatment are essential steps for new CVD diamond film formation. Previously, it was shown that reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) could effectively remove CVD diamond films. However, some degree of WC-Co tool substrate damage is expected due to the high ion energy in RIBE and the chemical activity in wet etching. This study addresses the effects of RIBE decoating and surface pretreatment steps on WC-Co tools with a complex shape in terms of the ion-induced surface damage, geometry alteration, and adhesion of a subsequently re-applied CVD diamond film. Moreover, the cutting performance of the tools subjected to the RIBE decoating and repeated film deposition was studied via CFRP cutting tests. It has been shown that the RIBE decoated and recoated tools had a high level of cutting performance comparable to the new tools.

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Zheng, Yafeng, Gemma Fargas, Elaine Armelin, Olivier Lavigne, and Luis Llanes. "Corrosion-Induced Damage and Residual Strength of WC-Co,Ni Cemented Carbides: Influence of Microstructure and Corrosion Medium." Metals 9, no. 9 (2019): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9091018.

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The corrosion behavior of cemented carbides with binders of different chemical nature (Co and Ni) and carbides with distinct mean grain size (ultrafine and coarse) was studied. The investigation also included corrosion media (acidic and neutral solutions containing chlorides and an alkaline solution) as experimental variables. Immersion tests were performed to induce corrosion damage in a controlled way. Electrochemical parameters were measured together with a detailed inspection of the corroded surfaces. Microstructural influence on the tolerance to corrosion damage was evaluated in terms of residual strength. Results pointed out that corrosion rates were lower in the alkaline solution. In contrast, acidic media led to higher corrosion rates, especially for cemented carbides with Co regardless the influence of carbide mean grain size. Corrosion damage resulted in strength degradation due to the formation of surface corrosion pits in acidic solution. In neutral and alkaline solutions, much less pronounced effects were determined. Focused Ion Beam (FIB)/ Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) results revealed differences in corrosion-induced damage scenario. In acidic solution, corrosion starts at binder pool centers and evolves towards binder/WC interfaces. Meanwhile, corrosion in alkaline solution is initially located at binder/WC interfaces, and subsequently expands into the ceramic particles, developing a microcrack network inside this phase.

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Fargas, G., C. M. Müller, D. Sosa, et al. "Influence of the microstructure on corrosion induced damage of WC-Co cemented carbides." Powder Metallurgy 63, no. 3 (2020): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2020.1768354.

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Zhang, Quanli, Zhen Zhang, and Yucan Fu. "Surface damage mechanics of WC/Co composites investigated by indentation and diamond scratch." Materials Research Express 6, no. 1 (2018): 016514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae495.

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Yang, J., J. J. Roa, M. Odén, M. P. Johansson-Jõesaar, and L. Llanes. "3D FIB/FESEM tomography of grinding-induced damage in WC-Co cemented carbides." Procedia CIRP 87 (2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.070.

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Nakano, Shizuka, Ming Yang, Mikiko Yoshida, and Hisato Ogiso. "Surface Damage of Gold-Ion Implanted Co-WC Micro-Punch Tools during Press Processing." Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 36, no. 1 (2011): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.36.83.

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Bolelli, Giovanni, Valeria Cannillo, Luca Lusvarghi, et al. "Functionally graded WC–Co/NiAl HVOF coatings for damage tolerance, wear and corrosion protection." Surface and Coatings Technology 206, no. 8-9 (2012): 2585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.11.018.

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de Souza, V. A., and A. Neville. "Corrosion and erosion damage mechanisms during erosion–corrosion of WC–Co–Cr cermet coatings." Wear 255, no. 1-6 (2003): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00210-2.

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Xu, Zhiyang, Yi Luo, and Zhengshu Huang. "Wear Mechanism and Life Map Construction of Nitride Coatings on Different Substrates." Coatings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081082.

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The sliding wear and failure behaviors of CrN and AlTiN coatings on high speed steel (HSS) and cemented carbide (WC-Co) were investigated on a reciprocating test machine under different normal forces (30–120 N). The wear mechanism was explored based on the analysis of coefficient of friction (CoF), wear and damage of coating. Then, the coating service life maps were established and the factors affecting the coating life were explored. The results indicated that the bonding strength of coatings to the WC-Co substrate were larger than those to the HSS substrate. The CoFs of CrN fluctuated during the wear process, while CoFs of AlTiN coatings were closer to those of the uncoated substrates. The wear depths of coated samples were smaller than those of uncoated substrates. The wear depths were small when the coatings worked and then increased with the number of cycles and the normal forces. For the CrN coatings, they had longer service life under smaller normal forces than under the large forces. Under small forces, an adhesion layer derived from the wear debris was formed on the coating surface to reduce the wear at the beginning of the test, after that the main failure mechanism was abrasive wear and delamination. Under large forces, the main failure mechanism was spallation. For the AlTiN coatings, the main failure mechanism was spallation on the HSS substrate; however, on the WC-Co substrate it was adhesive and abrasive wear. The coatings (CrN and AlTiN) on WC-Co had longer service life under various normal forces than on the HSS. CrN coating has the better wear-resistance than AlTiN coatings.

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Riu-Perdrix, Guiomar, Sebastian Slawik, Frank Mücklich, Luis Llanes, and Joan Josep Roa. "Influence of Different Shaping and Finishing Processes on the Surface Integrity of WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Metals 14, no. 1 (2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010052.

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Investigation of four different surface-shaping and finishing sequences is carried out on the surface integrity of a WC-10Co hardmetal grade. The surface conditions include grinding, electrical discharge machining and grinding, followed by mechanical and dry-electrochemical polishing using the DryLyte® technology. The evaluation includes the measurement of roughness, residual stresses, the Vickers hardness, indentation fracture toughness determination and the damage induced by conical contact response. By scanning electron microscopy, a systematic and detailed examination of the residual imprints is carried out to determine the critical loads for damage initiation and development across the different surface conditions. The results indicate that the use of dry-electrochemical polishing enables the attainment of polished surfaces without any corrosive damage to the metallic binder. Moreover, it retains the mechanical attributes reminiscent of the core material, comprising 85% that were initially induced via grinding.

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Krüger, Lutz, Kristin Mandel, Rico Krause, and Markus Radajewski. "Damage evolution in WC–Co after repeated dynamic compressive loading detected by eddy current testing." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 51 (July 2015): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.05.005.

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Wan, Yi, Zhan Qiang Liu, J. Y. Pang, and X. F. Zhao. "Damage Analysis of Cemented Carbide Tool in High Speed Milling Induced by Thermal Stress with Laser Shock." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.399.

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Damage of fine grained hard metals WC-10%Co was investigated using the laser thermal shock method. Cemented carbide insert was irradiated with a high power laser and scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the damage in the surface. Stress was analysis with thermo-elastic theory after thermal shock cycles. Crack initiation of cemented carbide was primarily induced by high thermal shock cycles under high rotation speed and low feed rate. Tangential stress played a primary role in crack initiation and it was demonstrated that why the thermal cracks always perpendicular to the cutting edge.

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Lisiecka, Barbara. "The evaluation of wear of tungsten carbide dental bur." Production Engineering Archives 19, no. 19 (2018): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2018.19.02.

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Abstract Due to its durability, tungsten carbide has long been used as a material to produce dental burs. WC– Co burs are designed for smooth, efficient cutting and extended life. Dental burs are available in different sizes and shapes, for example round burs, pear and cylinder-shaped, egg-shaped, as well as there are various tapered ones, which enable an individual selection of the drill for the right treatment. Carbides can be used for standard crowns and bridges, for extensive surgical procedures and they should minimize damage to the existing teeth. The design of WC–Co dental bur reduces a patient’s discomfort because of the operating time and the fact that its liquidity is preserved. The head of the bur (the cutting edge) delivers optimum concentricity and strength. The shank is made from stainless steel allowing a bur to be autoclaved multiple times without the risk of corrosion. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear of a tungsten carbide dental bur. The results of stereoscopy microscope and SEM/EDS analysis are presented.

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Schneider, Y., U. Weber, Ch Xu, R. Zielke, S. Schmauder, and W. Tillmann. "Experimental and numerical investigations of micro-meso damage evolution for a WC/Co-type tool material." Materialia 21 (March 2022): 101343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101343.

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Jiang, Keng, Geng Chen, Alexander Bezold, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Statistics-based numerical study of the fatigue damage evolution in the microstructures of WC-Co hardmetals." Mechanics of Materials 164 (January 2022): 104097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.104097.

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Özden, Utku Ahmet, Alexander Bezold, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Numerical Simulation of Fatigue Crack Propagation in WC/Co based on a Continuum Damage Mechanics Approach." Procedia Materials Science 3 (2014): 1518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.245.

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Jiang, Keng, Alexander Bezold, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Numerical modeling of the progressive damage in the microstructure of WC-Co hardmetals under fatigue loading." Procedia Structural Integrity 23 (2019): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2020.01.128.

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Zhang, Quanli, Qingliang Zhao, Suet To, and Bing Guo. "Application of X- ray diffraction to study the grinding induced surface damage mechanism of WC/Co." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 64 (April 2017): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.11.006.

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Tarragó, J. M., G. Fargas, E. Jimenez-Piqué, et al. "Corrosion damage in WC–Co cemented carbides: residual strength assessment and 3D FIB-FESEM tomography characterisation." Powder Metallurgy 57, no. 5 (2014): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743290114y.0000000115.

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Ozden, Utku Ahmet, Geng Chen, Alexander Bezold, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Numerical Investigation on the Size Effect of a WC/Co 3D Representative Volume Element Based on the Homogenized Elasto-Plastic Response and Fracture Energy Dissipation." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.153.

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Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC/Co) is a two phase material composed of two distinct interpenetrating phases having different mechanical properties. The hard and brittle WC phase behaves elastically whereas the Co phase demonstrates an elasto-plastic response. In order to predict the global behavior of the material from its microscopic constitution, the representative volume element (RVE) model has to satisfy basic requirement of a certain size. Moreover the homogenized response of the RVE has to be characterized with respect to the macroscopic mechanical property of interest. Taking into consideration such phenomenon the current study investigates the size of 3D RVEs that are adequate to reflect the global elasto-plastic response and the fracture (damage) energy dissipation. The results of the homogenized elasto-plastic responses were compared to a macroscopic experimental stress-strain curve and the fracture energy dissipation was validated by a convergence study. It has been observed from the numerical simulation that, despite the randomness of the structure, the development of volume averaged elastic potential, plastic and as well as the fracture energy dissipation would stabilize with the increasing size of the RVE.

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Shafrir, Shai N., John C. Lambropoulos, and Stephen D. Jacobs. "Toward Magnetorheological Finishing of Magnetic Materials." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 5 (2007): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2738540.

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Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a precision optical finishing process traditionally limited to processing only nonmagnetic materials, e.g., optical glasses, ceramics, polymers, and metals. Here we demonstrate that MRF can be used for material removal from magnetic material surfaces. Our approach is to place an MRF spot on machined surfaces of magnetic WC-Co materials. The resulting surface roughness is comparable to that produced on nonmagnetic materials. This spotting technique may be used to evaluate the depth of subsurface damage, or deformed layer, induced by earlier manufacturing steps, such as grinding and lapping.

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Niu, Qiulin, Xiaohu Zheng, Ming Chen, and Weiwei Ming. "Study on the tribological properties of titanium alloys sliding against WC-Co during the dry friction." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 2 (2014): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2011-0099.

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Purpose – Titanium alloy has the excellent performance and been widely utilized in aeroengine and airframe manufacture. However, improving the understanding of all aspects of titanium alloy is necessary. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tribological properties of two typical titanium alloys against tungsten carbide under dry friction. Design/methodology/approach – Reciprocating ball-disc friction tests were carried out at room temperature in different loading without lubricant to investigate the friction properties of TA19/WC-Co and TC18/WC-Co friction pairs. The influence of the load on the friction coefficient and friction force was analyzed. The worn surfaces of TA19 and TC18 specimens were observed by the digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the wear mechanism was discussed. Findings – The results show that the friction coefficients decreased with the increase in the normal load. However, the reduction in the friction coefficient for the TC18 alloy was less than that for the TA19 alloy. The dynamic friction forces with time were not quite coincident with the variation trend of the friction coefficients during the sliding friction. The results observed by the SEM and EDS revealed that several grooving were the main type of frictional wear causing the surfaces of the TA19 and TC18 alloys. Originality/value – It is shown in the paper that the tribological property of TA19 alloy was better than that of TC18 when sliding against tungsten carbide under the dry friction conditions. The main types of damage to the TA19/WC-Co friction pair were the ploughing, the delamination fatigue associate with abrasive wear and some diffusive wear. The ploughing and abrasion were the main wear mechanisms for the surface of TC18 alloy.

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YUNATA, Ersyzario Edo, Tatsuhiko AIZAWA, and Kazuhisa YAMAUCHI. "High density oxygen plasma ashing of CVD-diamond coating with minimum damage to WC (Co) tool substrates." Mechanical Engineering Journal 3, no. 3 (2016): 15–00533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/mej.15-00533.

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Zhang, Quanli, Suet To, Qingliang Zhao, and Bing Guo. "Surface damage mechanism of WC/Co and RB-SiC/Si composites under high spindle speed grinding (HSSG)." Materials & Design 92 (February 2016): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.055.

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38

Anand, K., and H. Conrad. "Microstructure and scaling effects in the damage of WC-Co alloys by single impacts of hard particles." Journal of Materials Science 23, no. 8 (1988): 2931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00547472.

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LI, Chengwei, Bo ZHANG, Masahiko KATO, and Keijiro NAKASA. "Effect of Repeated Sliding Friction on Surface and Interfacial Damage of WC-Co Coating Sprayed by HP-HVOF." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 55, no. 12 (2006): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.55.1088.

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40

Hayakawa, Kunio, Tamotsu Nakamura, and Shigekazu Tanaka. "Elastic-plastic Behavior of WC-Co Cemented Carbide Used for Forging Tool Considering Anisotropic Damage and Stress Unilaterality." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 19, no. 4 (2009): 421–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789509103703.

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FUKUDA, Takaki, Hiroyuki HANYU, and Shoji KAMIYA. "752 Correlation between fatigue debonding of diamond thin films on WC-Co substrates and damage accumulation of substrate surface." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2010.59 (2010): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2010.59.427.

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Maier, Kathrin, Thomas Klünsner, Philip Pichler, et al. "Damage indicators for early fatigue damage assessment in WC-Co hardmetals under uniaxial cyclic loads at a stress ratio of R = −1 at elevated temperatures." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 103 (February 2022): 105749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105749.

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43

Barber, J., B. G. Mellor, and R. J. K. Wood. "The development of sub-surface damage during high energy solid particle erosion of a thermally sprayed WC–Co–Cr coating." Wear 259, no. 1-6 (2005): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.008.

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Hubert, Debski, and Sadowski Tomasz. "Modelling of the damage process of interfaces inside the WC/Co composite microstructure: 2-D versus 3-D modelling technique." Composite Structures 159 (January 2017): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.09.062.

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45

Lu, Fan Xiu, Cheng Ming Li, Yu Mei Tong, et al. "Application of High Power DC Arc Plasma for Mass Production of High Quality Freestanding Diamond Films and Diamond Film Coated Cutting Tools." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1694.

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As quasi-thermodynamic equilibrium plasma, DC Arc Plasma has the advantage of very high gas temperature and thus the very high degree of activation of the precursors for diamond film deposition. The present paper reviews the progresses in the R&D of the novel high power dc arc plasma jet CVD system with rotating arc and operated at gas recycling mode for large area high quality diamond film deposition, developed at the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) in the mid 1990s of the 20th century. Thanks to the continuous efforts made in the technological improvement in the past 15 years, considerable progresses have been achieved in the commercialization of this high power dc arcjet CVD system, which is now capable of mass production of large area high quality freestanding diamond films for optical, thermal, and mechanical (tool) applications. The present status in the commercialization and the property level of the resultant diamond films in optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric, oxidation resistance, sand erosion resistance, and laser damage threshold etc. are presented. Based on the same high power dc arcjet technology, a novel high current extended dc arc plasma (HCEDCA) CVD system has been developed which successfully changed the diamond film deposition mode from 2D planar deposition in to 3D deposition (as confined by two hollow (virtue) columns). It is demonstrated to be advantageous for mass production of diamond thin film coated WC-Co cutting tools. Recent results in the R&D of thin diamond film coated WC-Co drills and end mills, and the results in field tests are discussed.

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Dai, Wen Hao, Shuai Zhang, Yue Zhu, Shu Jing Wang, Kun Bi, and Bao Chang Liu. "Effects of Sintering Parameters and WC Addition on Properties of Iron-Nickel Pre-Alloy Matrix Diamond Composites." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.739.

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The impregnated diamond composites are widely used for rock drilling and the processing of construction materials. In order to decrease the sintering temperature so as to reduce the thermal damage of diamond, and ultimately improve the sharpness of the diamond tool, the iron-nickel pre-alloyed powder sintered specimens and the impregnated diamond composites were prepared by powder metallurgy. The microstructure and phase composition of specimens were characterized by SEM and EDS. The effect of sintering temperature and the content of WC particles on the mechanical properties of the specimens, such as relative density, hardness, bending strength and wear resistance were investigated. The results showed that the relative density, hardness and bending strength of the sintered specimens increased first and then decreased with the sintering temperature changing from 700 °C to 900 °C. The performance of the specimens sintered at 800 °C was the best, with the corresponding values of 97.75%, 24.0 HRC and 2114.87 MPa. The optimum content of WC was 30wt%, and the grinding ratio reached to 424.11. The rate of penetration of drilling bits with iron-nickel pre-alloyed based matrix increased by 91.14% compared with the traditional bits which used 663Cu-Co-Ni-Mn as binder.

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Evans, Stephen J., Julia Fernando, Kirsty Meldrum, Michael J. Burgum, Shareen H. Doak, and Martin J. D. Clift. "80 Advancing In Vitro Airway Models for Engineered Nanomaterial Genotoxicity Testing." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67, Supplement_1 (2023): i58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac087.140.

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Abstract A primary toxicological focus has been the development of cellular models and exposure systems representative of nanomaterial inhalation due to the inevitable risk of environmental or occupational exposure. This current study compared the genotoxic and immunogenic potential of two nanomaterials: copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and a positive-particle control tungsten-carbide cobalt (WC-Co), in type-II alveolar epithelial cells (A549) utilising cell culture and exposure systems of increasing complexity. Firstly, treatment was undertaken in submerged-culture at a dose range of 1–100 μg/cm2 for all materials. This was repeated with A549s established at the air-liquid interface using a quasi-ALI exposure technique. Finally, complexity of the quasi-ALI exposure was increased with the addition of a dynamic-flow system (Kirkstall Quasi-Vivo,600) allowing media circulation on the basal side of A549 cultures. For all exposures, cytotoxicity, chromosomal damage, and immunogenicity were assessed by relative population doubling, cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay and interleukin-8 quantification respectively. Compared to the untreated control, significant cytotoxicity (~50%;p&lt;0.05)) was observed in A549s treated with CuO at 100 μg/cm2 following static quasi-ALI exposure. Moreover, both CuO and ZnO demonstrated a significantly increased micronucleus frequency and IL-8 response at 20 and 100 μg/cm2. WC-Co did not promote any (pro-)inflammatory response under any exposure scenario, however genotoxicity was observed in the static and dynamic-flow ALI cultures. Subsequently the variation between the applied exposure scenarios across the chosen test materials has highlighted the importance of considering the impact of the culture environment and exposure system applied when undertaking nanomaterial genotoxicity assessment in vitro.

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Konyashin, I., and B. Ries. "Wear damage of cemented carbides with different combinations of WC mean grain size and Co content. Part I: ASTM wear tests." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 46 (September 2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.04.021.

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Debras, Colin, André Dubois, Mirentxu Dubar, and L. Dubar. "Towards a Fracture Energy Based Approach for Wear Prediction of WC-Co Tools in Industrial Cold Heading Process." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.486.

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Tools sustainability and reliability is a key axis for economic competitiveness of companies in the field of cold heading of steels. This durability is currently limited by the damage occurring at the contact surfaces.The main objective of this study is to propose an energy based approach to understand the mechanisms of deterioration of the WC-Co carbide tools.Firstly a finite element simulation of an industrial cold heading process is run in order to identify the contact condition at the tool workpiece interface. Main results are the stress, strain and temperature distributions in the near surface of the tools. A particular attention is paid to the location of critical areas that may limit the tool life.Jointly, characterizations of the morphology of the worn surfaces are performed. SEM observations added to EDS and roughness measurements are done from midlife to end of life of industrial tools. Friction tests are performed with the Upsetting-Sliding Test involving contactors extracted from real worn tools to identify friction coefficients in order to provide the evolution of the friction coefficient according to the wear state of the tools. Finally, the correlation between the numerical analysis and the experimental measurement is discussed to attest to the relevance of the energy fracture based model to explain the deterioration of the tribological conditions.

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Shao, Jin Zhong, Jun Li, Cui Cui Qu, Rui Song, Lv Lin Bai, and Jia Li Chen. "Wear analysis of the composite coating in a long sliding time by dissipated energy approach." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (2017): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0235.

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AbstractA wear test of Ti2Ni/TiNi-based coating reinforced by TiC/TiB against a YG6X [94 wt.% tungsten carbide (WC) and 6 wt.% cobalt (Co)] ball in a sliding time of 712 h was carried out using a ball-on-disc reciprocating motion mode. The relationship between accumulated dissipated energy (∑E) and accumulated wear volume (∑V) was accurately established via the dissipated energy approach. Three wear stages were found: initial wear stage (0–200 min), breaking-in wear stage (200–14,520 min), and steady wear stage (14,520–42,720 min). At the initial wear stage, the relationship between ∑E and ∑V satisfied the equation ∑V=42.5288∑E+0.019. The curvilinear relationship in the other two stages was fitted into the equation ∑V=-0.0029∑E4+0.064∑E3-0.5353∑E2+2.0653∑E+0.9938. The wear mechanism in the entire wear process was revealed. ∑E at the initial wear stage was mainly used for debris formation. At the breaking-in wear stage, ∑E was dissipated by generating the friction heat, which led to the formation of a protective layer. At the steady wear stage, ∑E was used to generate friction heat as well as to damage and restore the protective layer. The detection results of the protective layer via energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that this layer was composed of oxides and WC debris.

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