Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cyberhaine”

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Blaya, Catherine. "Cyberviolence, cyberharcèlement et cyberhaine : conséquences et facteurs de protection". Le Journal des psychologues 382, nr 10 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jdp.382.0038.

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Quinchon-Caudal, Anne. "Marc Knobel, Cyberhaine. Propagande et antisémitisme sur Internet. Préface de Pierre-André Taguieff. Postface de Smaïn Laacher, Paris, Hermann, 2021, 238 p." Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps N° 139-142, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mate.139.0154.

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LEVIN, BRIAN. "Cyberhate". American Behavioral Scientist 45, nr 6 (luty 2002): 958–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764202045006004.

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Wachs, Sebastian, Juan Manuel Machimbarrena, Michelle F. Wright, Manuel Gámez-Guadix, Soeun Yang, Ruthaychonnee Sittichai, Ritu Singh i in. "Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 11 (31.05.2022): 6749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116749.

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Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents’ development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents’ ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim–perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12–18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4%, boys: 48.9%, and 0.7% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim–perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents’ ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed.

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Korol, Liliia, i Catherine Blaya. "THE PHENOMENON OF CYBERHATE: ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS OF YOUTH’S CYBERHATE EXPERIENCES IN FRANCE". Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1, nr 17 (25.01.2024): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2024-17-82-89.

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The article presents an analysis of the content and essence of the phenomenon of cyberhate as well as the synthesis of the conceptual approaches and empirical findings of youth’s cyberhate experiences in France. Specifically, we explore recent developments and conclusions of research on cyberhate and the involvement of young people as exposed, victims, or perpetrators in France to determine the current state of knowledge. We focus on the prevalence of online hate experiences among adolescents, including cyberhate exposure, victimization, and perpetration. Moreover, we analyze whether the youth’s socio-demographic characteristics and individual-level variables appear to be influential in the context of the youth’s cyberhate experiences. We present recent studies in France showing that young people of ethnic minority backgrounds as well as those who display low life satisfaction are at higher risk of becoming victims of cyberhate. In addition, our overview suggests that cyberhate perpetrators frequently report being insulted and bullied at school and suffer from online victimization. At the same time, cyberhate perpetration is also shown to be strongly linked with time spent online, belonging to deviant youth groups, and adopting positive attitudes towards violence and racism. Furthermore, we analyze recent empirical findings concerning a wide range of online contextual and environmental factors in youth’s involvement in cyberhate utilizing two theoretical perspectives of routine activity and problem behavior theories. We conclude by discussing the implications of empirical research for practitioners and intervention strategies aimed to prevent and address cyberhate and create a safer and more inclusive online environment.

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Douglas, Karen M., Craig Mcgarty, Ana-Maria Bliuc i Girish Lala. "Understanding Cyberhate". Social Science Computer Review 23, nr 1 (luty 2005): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271538.

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Mróz, Justyna, i Kinga Kaleta. "Internet Addiction as a Moderator of the Relationship between Cyberhate Severity and Decisional Forgiveness". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 10 (11.05.2022): 5844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105844.

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(1) Background: Cyberhate is becoming increasingly prevalent, just as Internet addiction. One way to deal with hate speech may be to make a decision to forgive the offence. However, addiction to the Internet, due to cognitive changes caused, can play a role in the making of this decision. (2) Methods: A total of N = 246 participants completed the Online Cognitive Scale (OCS), Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS), and a single-item scale to assess cyberhate severity. In our cross-sectional study, we tested the moderating role of Internet addiction in the relationship between the severity of cyberhate and decisional forgiveness. (3) Results: The results of our study show an inverse correlation between cyberhate severity and decisional forgiveness. We found that Internet addiction moderated the relationship between the perceived severity of cyberhate and forgiveness. In case of a high level of Internet addiction, the transgression severity–forgiveness link is not significant. (4) Conclusions: These results are in accordance with the studies that showed the negative effects of Internet addiction on cognitive processes.

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Celik, Serkan. "Experiences of internet users regarding cyberhate". Information Technology & People 32, nr 6 (2.12.2019): 1446–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-01-2018-0009.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore internet users’ experiences of cyberhate in the aspects of ethnicity, religion, sexual preference and political perspective. Design/methodology/approach Researchers employed an exploratory survey method to examine internet users’ experiences of cyberhate. The participants of the study were determined by purposive sampling methods to attain maximum variety among internet users with high-level digital literacy skills. The data were collected from 355 internet users affiliated with two universities in Turkey and the USA using a personal data form and a survey (Cyberhate Experience Survey) of which reliability and validity indexes were ensured. Findings The results indicated that participants have observed and experienced cyberhate at different levels targeting their ethnic, religious, gender-based and political identities. The findings also pointed out that gender, income and socio-political identities are significant variables on exposure to cyberhate regardless of cultural and educational boundaries. The majority of survey respondents reported that they had encountered cyberhate mostly on social media platforms. Social implications The findings of the study imply that to address the hate speech problem comprehensively, the author must enlighten people, change their way of thinking and broaden their perspectives by using measures such as intercultural dialogue, critical thinking, media literacy, education on tolerance and diversity. Originality/value This research was intended to contribute into the need to elaborate on various aspects of cyberhate, which is shared by academics, thinkers, journalists and educators. It may also serve to clarify how frequently internet users encounter hateful content and harassment online, which can have social consequences and influence young people’s trust to other people.

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Bakalis, Chara. "Rethinking cyberhate laws". Information & Communications Technology Law 27, nr 1 (30.10.2017): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2017.1393934.

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Celik, Serkan. "Tertiary-level internet users’ opinions and perceptions of cyberhate". Information Technology & People 31, nr 3 (4.06.2018): 845–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-05-2017-0147.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to elaborate the opinions and perceptions of internet users regarding online hate speech, and bring cyberhate to the attention of internet users and policy stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachA sectional research design and survey method was adopted throughout the study to examine the opinions and perceptions of internet users regarding cyberhate by descriptively exploring the existing situation from various perspectives. The participants of the study were determined by purposive sampling methods to attain maximum variety among internet users who are considered as highly literate in technology use. The data were collected through a personal data form and a survey (Cyberhate Perception Scale) from 372 internet users living in Turkey and the USA.FindingsThe findings of the study revealed that the majority of participants do not perceive cyberhate as a part of freedom of speech and they believe that online hate behaviors, which they also consider to be a violation of human rights, should be deemed illegal and be punished accordingly. The findings, which were discussed in line with the existing research, indicated some significant predictors of internet users’ perceptions on cyberhate.Originality/valueAs cyberhate is an understudied area that raises concerns in terms of internet user exposure, the objective of this research is to understand tendencies about the opinions and perceptions of internet users regarding online hate speech, and bring cyberhate to the attention of internet users and policy stakeholders.

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Mung'ale Wafula, Samuel, Peterson Mwai Kariuki i Cyprian Ondieki Omari. "Social Media Users Cyberhate Reporting Intentions: Does Users’ Perceptions of Police Effectiveness Matter?" Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 6, nr 2 (7.11.2023): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/nqqq8332.

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In Kenya, social media platforms are the primary medium for cyberhate, and it predominantly affects university students who have extensive social media usage. Although cyberhate is considered as a criminal offence in Kenya, victims, particularly young people, often do not report victimisation to the police. Despite the well-documented harmful effects of cyberhate, the cause behind its underreporting remains unclear. Studies have established the influential role of attitudes, particularly views of police effectiveness, in shaping the choice to report crimes. However, insufficient focus has been given to examining this relationship, specifically within the context of cyberhate reporting. Moreover, potential variations in perceptions of police effectiveness across different policing contexts also introduce nuances to the relationship. Guided by the Instrumental Performance-Based Model of policing, the study explored the connection between social media users' views of police effectiveness and their intention to report incidents of cyberhate victimisation to the police. A descriptive survey design utilizing a quantitative approach was adopted, targeting undergraduate students at a public university in Kenya. From this population, a sampling frame consisting of 5,121 undergraduates was created by focusing on three faculties, and stratified sampling ensured proportional selection from all strata. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire administered to a randomly selected subset of 378 respondents, of whom 261 returned completed questionnaires. Spearman's correlation results revealed a positive and significant correlation between perceived police effectiveness and cyberhate reporting intentions. The study explored the implications of this finding for the National Police Service and suggested directions for future research.

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Perry, Barbara, i Patrik Olsson. "Cyberhate: the globalization of hate". Information & Communications Technology Law 18, nr 2 (lipiec 2009): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600830902814984.

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Costello, Matthew, James Hawdon, Ashley V. Reichelmann, Atte Oksanen, Catherine Blaya, Vicente J. Llorent, Pekka Räsänen i Izabela Zych. "Defending Others Online: The Influence of Observing Formal and Informal Social Control on One’s Willingness to Defend Cyberhate Victims". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 15 (2.08.2023): 6506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156506.

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This paper examines factors correlated with online self-help—an informal form of social control vis-à-vis intervention—upon witnessing a cyberhate attack. Using online surveys from 18- to 26-year-old respondents in the United States, we explore the roles of various types of online and offline formal and informal social control mechanisms on the enactment of self-help through the use of descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression. The results of the multivariate analyses indicate that online collective efficacy is positively related to self-help, as is having close ties to individuals and groups offline and online. Formal online social control, however, is not significantly related to engaging in self-help. Other findings demonstrate that personal encounters with cyberhate affect the likelihood that an individual will intervene when witnessing an attack, and that individuals with high levels of empathy are more likely to intervene to assist others. This work indicates that pro-social online behavior is contagious and can potentially foster online spaces in which harmful behaviors, such as propagating cyberhate, are not condoned.

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Nanduri, Ashok Kumar, G. L. Sravanthi, K. V. K. V. L. Pavan Kumar, Sadhu Ratna Babu i K. V. S. S. Rama Krishna. "Modified Fuzzy Approach to Automatic Classification of Cyber Hate Speech from the Online Social Networks (OSN’s)". Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 35, nr 2 (30.04.2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ria.350205.

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The extensive use of online media and sharing of data has given considerable benefits to humankind. Sentimental analysis has become the most dynamic and famous application area in current days, which is mainly used in knowing the public's opinion. Most algorithms of machine learning are used as principle methods for sentimental analysis. Even though several methods are available for classification and reviews, all of them belong to a single class of classification which differs among several different classes. No methods are available for the classifying of multi-class instances. Therefore, fuzzy methods are used for classifying the instances depended on multi-class for achieving a clear-cut view by indicating suitable labels to objects during the classification of text. This paper includes the categorization of cyberhate information. If there is a growth in dislike speeches of the online social network may lead to a worse impact amongst social activities, which causes tensions among communication and regional. So, there is the most demand for cyberhate conversation detection automatically through online social media. Generally, an updated process of fuzzy words is designed that includes two stages of training for the classification of cyberhate conversation into 4 forms, race, disability, sexual orientation, and religion. Depended on the types of classification, experiments have been conducted on these four forms by gathering different conversations through online media. Systems based on rules of fuzzy approach have been used. This fuzzy with rule-based is for the classification of features using Machine Learning techniques such as the words that implants for future bag-of-words and extraction methods. In this, the cyberhate conversations are taken from OSN's depended on the attributes defined in a dataset using rule-based fuzzy.

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Brown, Alexander. "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?" Ethnicities 18, nr 3 (19.05.2017): 297–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796817709846.

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There is a growing body of literature on whether or not online hate speech, or cyberhate, might be special compared to offline hate speech. This article aims to both critique and augment that literature by emphasising a distinctive feature of the Internet and of cyberhate that, unlike other features, such as ease of access, size of audience, and anonymity, is often overlooked: namely, instantaneousness. This article also asks whether there is anything special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech that might warrant governments and intergovernmental organisations contracting out, so to speak, the responsibility for tackling online hate speech to the very Internet companies which provide the websites and services that hate speakers utilise.

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Jane, Emma A. "Feminist Digilante Responses to a Slut-Shaming on Facebook". Social Media + Society 3, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 205630511770599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117705996.

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This article examines feminist digilantism in response to the “slut-shaming” of an Australian woman on Facebook in 2015. The activism is used to highlight the nature and significance of the feminist pushback against the worsening problem of cyber violence against women and girls (cyber VAWG). This article builds on my previous research into feminist digilantism and is part of a much larger, mixed-methods, multi-modal study into gendered cyberhate. It uses approaches from Internet historiography, ethnography, and netnography, alongside data drawn from qualitative interviews. Sufficient evidence is available to support the broad argument that the feminist digilantism involved in the case study under analysis was efficacious as well as ethically justified given the dearth of institutional interventions. That said, I demonstrate that while such activism has benefits, it also has risks and disadvantages, and raises ethical issues. This critique of digilantism is not intended as yet another type of victim blaming which suggests the activist responses of cyberhate targets are flawed. Instead, my case is that appraising the efficacy and ethics of such forms of extrajudicial activism should take place within a framing acknowledging that these actions are primarily diagnostic of rather than a solution to cyber VAWG. As such, the increasing prevalence and strength of feminist digilantism lends further support to the case that gendered cyberhate is a problem demanding urgent and multifaceted intervention.

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Wachs, Sebastian, Manuel Gámez-Guadix, Michelle F. Wright, Anke Görzig i Wilfried Schubarth. "How do adolescents cope with cyberhate? Psychometric properties and socio-demographic differences of a coping with cyberhate scale". Computers in Human Behavior 104 (marzec 2020): 106167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106167.

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Jane, Emma A. "Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator". International Journal of Cultural Studies 21, nr 6 (2.11.2017): 661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042.

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Misogyny online in forms such as explicit rape threats has become so prevalent and rhetorically distinctive it resembles a new dialect or language. Much of this ‘Rapeglish’ is produced by members of an informal alliance of men’s groups online dubbed the ‘Manosphere’. As both a cyberhate researcher and cyberhate target, I have studied as well as contributed to feminist responses to Rapeglish. In 2016, for instance, I helped build a Random Rape Threat Generator (RRTG) – a computer program that splices, shuffles around, and re-stitches in novel combinations fragments of real-life Rapeglish to illustrate the formulaic, machine-like, and impersonal nature of misogynist discourse online. This article uses Yuri Lotman’s ideas about intra- and inter-cultural conflict involving something akin to the translation of a foreign language to frame the RRTG as one example of the way women are ‘talking back’ both to and with Rapeglish (the latter involving appropriations and subversions of the original discourse).

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Costello, Matthew, Long Cheng, Feng Luo, Hongxin Hu, Song Liao, Nishant Vishwamitra, Mingqi Li i Ebuka Okpala. "COVID-19: A Pandemic of Anti-Asian Cyberhate". Journal of Hate Studies 17, nr 1 (5.10.2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33972/jhs.198.

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Jane, Emma A. "Gendered cyberhate as workplace harassment and economic vandalism". Feminist Media Studies 18, nr 4 (16.03.2018): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447344.

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Blaya, Catherine. "Cyberhate: A review and content analysis of intervention strategies". Aggression and Violent Behavior 45 (marzec 2019): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.006.

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Polat, Nil. "The protective role of mindfulness in the cyberhate experience". JOURNAL OF AWARENESS 9, Special Issue/Özel Sayı (5.02.2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26809/joa.2251.

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In today's world, widespread and uncontrolled access to social media channels, along with the possibility for individuals to hide their identities or use pseudonyms, can turn the internet, especially the social media environment, into a tool for violence for women due to many potential situations. The purpose of this article is to inform about a study conducted with the participation of ten women actively involved in the Kars/Sarıkamış cooperative, focusing on the impact of mindfulness method on coping with the various short and long-term negative effects of cyberviolence on women. The research flow includes introducing the concepts discussed in the study and their relationships, the purpose of the research, the methodology, results, and future steps that can be taken. The aim of the research on the role of mindfulness in the experience of cyberviolence is to understand the effects of cyberviolence on women from the perspective of ten women participants actively involved in the Kars/Sarıkamış women's cooperative and the impact of mindfulness on women in coping with these effects. This study is of a qualitative nature, and survey research and focus group discussions have been preferred as the methods. The research results show that participants acknowledged the short and long-term negative psychological, physiological, and social effects of cyberviolence on individuals, but it also emerged that by strengthening solidarity among women and increasing the availability of methods such as mindfulness, the negative effects of cyberviolence can be reduced.

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Sidiq, Hadi Kurniawan, Dana Sulistyo Kusumo i Indra Lukmana Sardi. "Mendeteksi Cyberhate pada Twitter Menggunakan Text Classification dan Crowdsourced Labeling". Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi (JNTETI) 8, nr 4 (20.11.2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v8i4.530.

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Aprila, Dzikri, Rizky Mutaqien, Muhamad Rizal Nurul Hadi, Fathi Ridwan Alamsyah i Ade Iskandar Zulkarnaen. "Peningkatan dan Pelatihan Literasi Media Digital Anti Hoax, Bullying, dan Ujaran Kebencian di Rumah Tahfidz Quran Abulyatama". Jurnal Pengabdian Literasi Digital Indonesia 1, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.57119/abdimas.v1i1.1.

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The development of information and communication technology today has changed the way humans interact with each other. Social media is one of the media that allows humans to interact without being limited by space and time. The most dominant social media users are teenagers. With the rise of social media users for teenagers and even minors, it can certainly have a bad impact, if not used wisely. This is because most teenagers still have an unstable nature and cannot distinguish between real-world communication and the virtual world. The bad impact of using social media can be in the form of social problems such as cyberhate and cyber bullying . This service has the main goal of providing education to recipient partners about cyberhate and ethics in social media, targeting participants, especially teenagers and generally for the surrounding community. The target of its activity partners is the non-formal educational institution Rumah Tahfidz Quran Abulyatama which is located in Tarogong Kaler, Garut. The implementation method is carried out offline which takes place once a week within a month, by providing general and special services. General services are in the form of hate speech material, while special services are tailored to the needs of partners, namely material about blogspot. The results achieved are that participants can use social media properly and correctly and have ethics in social media.

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Alhayan, Fatimah, Monerah Almobarak, Hawazen Shalabi, Luluwah Alshubaili, Renad Albatati, Wafa Alqahtani i Nofe Alhaidari. "Detection of cyberhate speech towards female sport in the Arabic Xsphere". PeerJ Computer Science 10 (27.06.2024): e2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2138.

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The recent rapid growth in the number of Saudi female athletes and sports enthusiasts’ presence on social media has exposed them to gender-hate speech and discrimination. Hate speech, a harmful worldwide phenomenon, can have severe consequences. Its prevalence in sports has surged alongside the growing influence of social media, with X serving as a prominent platform for the expression of hate speech and discriminatory comments, often targeting women in sports. This research combines two studies that explores online hate speech and gender biases in the context of sports, proposing an automated solution for detecting hate speech targeting women in sports on platforms like X, with a particular focus on Arabic, a challenging domain with limited prior research. In Study 1, semi-structured interviews with 33 Saudi female athletes and sports fans revealed common forms of hate speech, including gender-based derogatory comments, misogyny, and appearance-related discrimination. Building upon the foundations laid by Study 1, Study 2 addresses the pressing need for effective interventions to combat hate speech against women in sports on social media by evaluating machine learning (ML) models for identifying hate speech targeting women in sports in Arabic. A dataset of 7,487 Arabic tweets was collected, annotated, and pre-processed. Term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and part-of-speech (POS) feature extraction techniques were used, and various ML algorithms were trained Random Forest consistently outperformed, achieving accuracy (85% and 84% using TF-IDF and POS, respectively) compared to other methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of both feature sets in identifying Arabic hate speech. The research contribution advances the understanding of online hate targeting Arabic women in sports by identifying various forms of such hate. The systematic creation of a meticulously annotated Arabic hate speech dataset, specifically focused on women’s sports, enhances the dataset’s reliability and provides valuable insights for future research in countering hate speech against women in sports. This dataset forms a strong foundation for developing effective strategies to address online hate within the unique context of women’s sports. The research findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to combat hate speech against women in sports on social media, aligning with the objectives of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and recognizing the significance of female participation in sports.

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Oksanen, Atte, Markus Kaakinen, Jaana Minkkinen, Pekka Räsänen, Bernard Enjolras i Kari Steen-Johnsen. "Perceived Societal Fear and Cyberhate after the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks". Terrorism and Political Violence 32, nr 5 (9.04.2018): 1047–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1442329.

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Wachs, Sebastian, Michelle F. Wright i Alexander T. Vazsonyi. "Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition". Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 29, nr 3 (czerwiec 2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2116.

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Reichelmann, Ashley V., i Matthew Costello. "When Patriot Becomes Hate-triot: The Relationship Between American Identity and the Production of Cyberhate". American Journal of Criminal Justice 46, nr 6 (grudzień 2021): 956–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-021-09659-0.

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Kavanagh, Emma, Chelsea Litchfield i Jaquelyn Osborne. "Sporting Women and Social Media: Sexualization, Misogyny, and Gender-Based Violence in Online Spaces". International Journal of Sport Communication 12, nr 4 (1.12.2019): 552–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0079.

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This study investigated gender-based violence targeting high-profile women in virtual environments through the case of women’s tennis. Using a netnographic approach and the lens of third-wave feminism, 2 popular social media platforms (Facebook and Twitter) were analyzed to examine social commentary and fan interaction surrounding the top-5-seeded female tennis players during the Wimbledon Tennis Championships. Athletes were exposed to violent interactions in a number of ways. Four themes were identified through data analysis: threats of physical violence, sexualization that focused on the female physical appearance, sexualization that expressed desire and/or proposed physical or sexual contact, and sexualization that was vile, explicit, and threateningly violent in a sexual or misogynistic manner. Findings demonstrate how social media provides a space for unregulated gender-based cyberhate targeting high-profile women in their workplace in a way that traditional sport media does not.

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Bedrosova, Marie, Hana Machackova, Jan Šerek, David Smahel i Catherine Blaya. "The relation between the cyberhate and cyberbullying experiences of adolescents in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia". Computers in Human Behavior 126 (styczeń 2022): 107013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107013.

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Eichhorn, Kate. "Re-in/citing linguistic injuries: speech acts, cyberhate, and the spatial and temporal character of networked environments". Computers and Composition 18, nr 3 (lipiec 2001): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8755-4615(01)00057-3.

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Lee-Won, Roselyn J., Tiffany N. White, Hyunjin Song, Ji Young Lee i Mikhail R. Smith. "Source magnification of cyberhate: affective and cognitive effects of multiple-source hate messages on target group members". Media Psychology 23, nr 5 (17.05.2019): 603–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2019.1612760.

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Silva, Luiz Rogério Lopes, i Rodrigo Eduardo Botelho-Francisco,. "GESTÃO DE CONTEÚDO DE ÓDIO NO FACEBOOK: um estudo sobre haters, trolls e naysayers". P2P E INOVAÇÃO 6 (31.03.2020): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21721/p2p.2020v6n2.p38-56.

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O artigo tem o objetivo de identificar e compreender os tipos de interagentes-odiadores, sejam haters, trolls ou naysayers, presentes nas fanpages de políticos brasileiros que defendem pautas conservadoras e observar a relação homofílica ou heterofílica entre os atores envolvidos na produção e disseminação do cyberhate. A metodologia consiste na Análise de Conteúdo de 3.550 comentários contendo discurso de ódio recuperados nas páginas oficiais no Facebook dos parlamentares Jair Bolsonaro, Marco Feliciano e Rogério Peninha. Todos os três deputados foram protagonistas de declarações de intolerância religiosa, racistas, sexistas e homofóbicas, tanto em suas redes sociais quanto na mídia tradicional. Os resultados revelaram uma preponderância de interagentes-haters e alta relação entre o conteúdo da postagem e os comentários de ódio. Observou-se também que a relação homofílica dos interagentes com os respectivos parlamentares prevaleceu sobre as interação heterofílicas e o contra-ódio. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de uma aprimoramento na gestão deste tipo de conteúdo, principalmente na representação e recuperação de termos e expressões odientas.Palavras-chave: Gestão de Conteúdo. Discurso de Ódio. Haters. Trolls. Naysayers.

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Van Valkenburgh, Shawn P. "“She Thinks of Him as a Machine”: On the Entanglements of Neoliberal Ideology and Misogynist Cybercrime". Social Media + Society 5, nr 3 (lipiec 2019): 205630511987295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119872953.

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The “manosphere” is a constellation of masculinist social media communities loosely unified by an anti-feminist worldview. Although extant journalism and social media scholarship successfully delineate the manosphere as a significant social problem by associating it with misogynist cybercrime and cyberhate, the resulting narrative simplistically pathologizes manosphere discourse while leaving its misogyny undertheorized. In this article, I complicate this emerging narrative by demonstrating how a certain central manosphere discourse qualitatively overlaps with a broader neoliberal ideology. I do so by further developing a critical discourse analysis of quasi-representative manosphere documents drawn from “The Red Pill,” a sub-forum of Reddit.com. Although this forum is explicitly devoted to discussing heterosexual seduction strategies, I find that it also produces a discursive means for fiscally conservative men to reconcile their pro-capitalist economic beliefs with apparent evidence of capitalism’s destructive tendencies and contradictions. This forum’s anti-feminist discourse implicitly parallels Marxian theory while explicitly supporting free market capitalism and denigrating women, thereby providing men with a linguistic and conceptual framework to scapegoat women for economic problems while leaving neoliberal ideas and assumptions unchallenged.

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Williams, Matthew L., i Pete Burnap. "Cyberhate on Social Media in the aftermath of Woolwich: A Case Study in Computational Criminology and Big Data". British Journal of Criminology 56, nr 2 (25.06.2015): 211–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv059.

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Wachs, Sebastian, Matthew Costello, Michelle F. Wright, Katerina Flora, Vassiliki Daskalou, Evdoxia Maziridou, Yeji Kwon i in. "“DNT LET ’EM H8 U!”: Applying the routine activity framework to understand cyberhate victimization among adolescents across eight countries". Computers & Education 160 (styczeń 2021): 104026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104026.

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Arcila-Calderón, Carlos, Javier J. Amores, Patricia Sánchez-Holgado i David Blanco-Herrero. "Using Shallow and Deep Learning to Automatically Detect Hate Motivated by Gender and Sexual Orientation on Twitter in Spanish". Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, nr 10 (13.10.2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5100063.

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The increasing phenomenon of “cyberhate” is concerning because of the potential social implications of this form of verbal violence, which is aimed at already-stigmatized social groups. According to information collected by the Ministry of the Interior of Spain, the category of sexual orientation and gender identity is subject to the third-highest number of registered hate crimes, ranking behind racism/xenophobia and ideology. However, most of the existing computational approaches to online hate detection simultaneously attempt to address all types of discrimination, leading to weaker prototype performances. These approaches focus on other reasons for hate—primarily racism and xenophobia—and usually focus on English messages. Furthermore, few detection models have used manually generated databases as a training corpus. Using supervised machine learning techniques, the present research sought to overcome these limitations by developing and evaluating an automatic detector of hate speech motivated by gender and sexual orientation. The focus was Spanish-language posts on Twitter. For this purpose, eight predictive models were developed from an ad hoc generated training corpus, using shallow modeling and deep learning. The evaluation metrics showed that the deep learning algorithm performed significantly better than the shallow modeling algorithms, and logistic regression yielded the best performance of the shallow algorithms.

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Polat, Nil, Mahi Aslan i Hilal Karayazı. "“Stop cyberhate speech, e-friendship is possible” project as an awareness study on combating cyber hate speech in Istanbul and Izmir". JOURNAL OF AWARENESS 8, nr 2 (4.04.2023): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26809/joa.2014.

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Cyber hate speech has been increasing rapidly in Turkey, as in the rest of the world, the devastating effects of the cyber hate speech on youth is irrefutable. It has been seen that the rate of cyber hate speech among youth is relatively higher in Istanbul and Izmir. Stop Cyber Hate Speech, E friendship is possible project aims to inform and raise awareness among youth aged 18-30 from vairous backgrounds about cyber hate speech. The project was implemented in Izmir and Istanbul,with twenty youth from the host community and twenty youth from different backgrounds. Throughout the project, online and in-person trainings focused on cyber hate speech were implemented in these chosen cities. Education workshops from guest speakers along with the interactive activities were part of the training program. A dissemination stage of the project included daily informative instagram posts, online live sessions with experts on cyber hate speech and online workshops to increase the sustainability of the project. The main highlight of the participants feedback is that they feel more secure and aware of the threats related to identification and protection from cyber hate speech. In this article, the details of the project Stop Cyber Hate Speech, E-friendship is possible will be examined in the context of raising awareness and combating cyber hate speech among youth.

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Wachs, Sebastian, Angela Mazzone, Tijana Milosevic, Michelle F. Wright, Catherine Blaya, Manuel Gámez-Guadix i James O'Higgins Norman. "Online correlates of cyberhate involvement among young people from ten European countries: An application of the Routine Activity and Problem Behaviour Theory". Computers in Human Behavior 123 (październik 2021): 106872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106872.

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Lee-Won, Roselyn J., Ji Young Lee, Tiffany White i Jayeon Lee. "The Not-So-Obvious Harm of Cyberhate: Source Magnification of Hate Tweets, Unhealthy Food Choice, and the Moderating Role of Group Identification". Asian Communication Research 18, nr 3 (30.12.2021): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20879/acr.2021.18.3.151.

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Pyżalski, Jacek. "Positive Internet use and online civic engagement versus active involvement in selected online risks – how are both connected in adolescents from six European countries?" Psychology, Society & Education 15, nr 3 (30.11.2023): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pse.v15i3.16093.

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Usage of the Internet by young people has been historically analyzed through two main paradigms: the paradigm of risk, where the Internet has been viewed at large as a factor that endangers young people development; and the paradigm of opportunities, showing the Internet as a potentially positive factor supporting individual and social development. Those two dichotomous approaches are nowadays dismissed and replaced by more nuanced and holistic approach to online engagement of young generation. The article attempts to show critical relationships between engagement of young people in positive versus risk online behaviors. It uses the data from the second wave of large sample taking part in a longitudinal study on online skills in ySkills Horizon research project. The study uses Wave 2. convenient sample (N = 7,107) from six countries (Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal) aged 12-19 years (M = 15.37, SD = 1.36). The results generally show that three selected online risk behaviors (intended viewing cyberhate, intended viewing online harmful content, and incorrect health decisions based on information viewed online) are co-occurring with the level of online civic engagement and the number of online activities. It shows that positive online involvement not clearly protect young people from involvement in serious online risks. From practical perspective, this study results provide useful insights to the methodology of media education, particularly in terms of online risks prevention measures that should also include content concerning online opportunities.

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Jääskeläinen, Tuula. "Countering hate speech through arts and arts education". Policy Futures in Education 18, nr 3 (13.05.2019): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210319848953.

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Hate speech has become a growing topic of discussion and debate on a global scale, especially as advances in the internet transform communication on many levels. Among scholars, hate speech has been defined as any form of expression – for example by means of speech, images, videos or online activity – that has the capacity to increase hatred against a person or people because of a characteristic they share or a group to which they belong. In order to maintain the integrity of a functioning democracy, it is important to identify the best balance between allowing freedom of expression and protecting other human rights by countering hate speech. In addition to strengthening the legal framework to address the cases when hate speech can be considered criminal, and developing automated monitoring of online systems to prevent the spreading of cyberhate, counter narratives can be utilized by the targets of hate speech and their communities to create campaigns against hate speech. The employment of artists’ expression and arts education have great potential for creating different counter narratives to challenge one-sided narratives and hate speakers’ simplified generalizations. Because hate speech is not an easy issue to address in schools, clear research evidence, concrete guidelines and practical examples can help teachers to contribute, along with their students, in combating it. A great body of evidence supporting the beneficial social impacts of the arts and culture fields is already available, but much more research, backed by sufficient resources, is needed to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of intervention strategies in countering hate speech through arts education.

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Ozalp, Sefa, Matthew L. Williams, Pete Burnap, Han Liu i Mohamed Mostafa. "Antisemitism on Twitter: Collective Efficacy and the Role of Community Organisations in Challenging Online Hate Speech". Social Media + Society 6, nr 2 (kwiecień 2020): 205630512091685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120916850.

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In this article, we conduct a comprehensive study of online antagonistic content related to Jewish identity posted on Twitter between October 2015 and October 2016 by UK-based users. We trained a scalable supervised machine learning classifier to identify antisemitic content to reveal patterns of online antisemitism perpetration at the source. We built statistical models to analyze the inhibiting and enabling factors of the size (number of retweets) and survival (duration of retweets) of information flows in addition to the production of online antagonistic content. Despite observing high temporal variability, we found that only a small proportion (0.7%) of the content was antagonistic. We also found that antagonistic content was less likely to disseminate in size or survive for a longer period. Information flows from antisemitic agents on Twitter gained less traction, while information flows emanating from capable and willing counter-speech actors—that is, Jewish organizations—had a significantly higher size and survival rates. This study is the first to demonstrate that Sampson’s classic sociological concept of collective efficacy can be observed on social media (SM). Our findings suggest that when organizations aiming to counter harmful narratives become active on SM platforms, their messages propagate further and achieve greater longevity than antagonistic messages. On SM, counter-speech posted by credible, capable and willing actors can be an effective measure to prevent harmful narratives. Based on our findings, we underline the value of the work by community organizations in reducing the propagation of cyberhate and increasing trust in SM platforms.

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Soldatova, G., S. Chigarkova i A. Koshevaya. "Emotional experience of various types of cyberaggression by adolescents and youth". European Psychiatry 64, S1 (kwiecień 2021): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.254.

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IntroductionThe integration of digital technologies into everyday life leads to transformation of various socio-cultural practices, including related to destructive behavior. Among them, cyberaggression holds a leading position, especially in younger generation, and causes direct lasting negative impact on the psychological state of participants and affects (Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; Wright, Wachs, 2020).ObjectivesThe goal of the study is to analyze the relationship between offline and online aggressions and the strength of negative emotional experiences of adolescents and youth, as well as parents’ awareness of this experience with their children.MethodsThe questionnaire was completed by 3395 people: 1554 adolescents aged 12-17 and 736 young people aged 18-30 from 8 federal districts of Russia.ResultsRespondents of all generations (64-74%) believe that people are more likely to experience painful or hostile situations in real life than online. Nevertheless, every fourth respondent (19-23%) says that events on the Internet can cause as much anxiety as events in real life. The least emotionally significant situations are flaming and cyberhate. Trolling causes strong feelings in every third adolescent, cyberstalking in every fifth, cyberbullying in every second. Both trolling and cyberstalking make girls more upset than boys, this is true for adolescents (12-13 and 14-17 years old) and youth (χ2=19.01-67.21, p<0.01, V=0.16-0.30).ConclusionsDifferences in emotional response to various types of cyberaggression require the development of differentiated approaches to the prevention of various situations of cyberaggression and the development of specific coping strategies in the collision with them. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project No. 20-013-00857.DisclosureThe reported study was funded by RFBR, project No. 20-013-00857.

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Silva, Luiz Rogério Lopes, Rodrigo Eduardo Botelho-Francisco, Alisson Augusto de Alisson Augusto de Oliveira i Vinicius Ramos Pontes. "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube". Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação 12, nr 2 (21.01.2019): 470–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/rici.v12.n2.2019.22025.

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O impasse social sobre discurso de ódio e liberdade de expressão na Internet tem impulsionado os Sites de Redes Sociais (SRS) a intensificarem suas políticas de moderação de conteúdo. A gestão do conteúdo de ódio em plataformas como Facebook, Twitter e Youtube é tão complexa, haja vista seu caráter multifacetado e o grande número de interagentes, que executivos destas empresas assumem a ineficiência de seus recursos (humanos e tecnológicos) na tentativa de controlar o escalonamento, duração, difusão e circunspecção de crimes e discursos odientos. O problema tem despertado a atenção de governos e organizações civis, que por sua vez aumentam a pressão sobre as plataformas no intuito de melhorarem suas escolhas editoriais e sua logística de monitoramento e remoção deste tipo de interação. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar as ações realizadas pelo Facebook, Twitter e Youtube no que tange a formulação e ampliação de políticas e decisões sobre conteúdo individual de ódio. Para isto, foi realizado uma análise histórica (2015-2018) de dados secundários das políticas e termos de comunidade específicos de cada SRS numa análise das tomadas de decisão com os cinco tópicos do termo de compromisso que as empresas assumiram com a ADL -Liga Anti-Difamação, em 2013, no combate ao discurso de ódio online. Os resultados apontam o Facebook como o SRS que mais investiu em estratégias de combate a intolerância e incivilidade online, apesar da empresa não deixar claro os métodos empregados para tal fim. De modo geral, todas as plataformas evoluíram na estrutura operacional de denúncia de conteúdo odiento, mas se mostraram ineficientes em moderação, remoção e contenção da propagação do cyberhate.

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Siddiqua, Ayesha. "USE OF CYBER HATE IN THE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS BY THE MAINSTREAM POLITICAL PARTIES OF PAKISTAN". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, nr 2 (13.04.2021): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9232.

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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to examine the use of cyber hate by the Pakistan’s mainstream political parties. The issue of poll rigging in Pakistan’s General Elections 2013 is examined through discourse analysis of the related tweets. The study also aims at comprehending the extent to which cyber ethics were violated during the digital electoral campaigns. Methodology: Discourse Analysis of the tweets generated from the official Twitter handles of PTI and PMLN leaders was conducted to examine the use of cyber hate by the Pakistan’s mainstream political parties. Violation of cyber ethics was explored through the qualitative interviews of 8 purposively selected social media managers of PMLN, PPP, and PTI. Main Findings: The findings indicated that party leadership/politicians used the elements of cyber hate which included abusive language, provocation, and character assassination against their opponents during the digital electoral campaign in general and regarding the poll rigging issue of Pakistan’s General Elections 2013 in specific. Resultantly the tweets using strong adjectives and metaphors on the political opponents were more frequently re-tweeted and attracted more favorites. Applications of this study: The study can be helpful in various cross-disciplinary areas that focus on the examination of the usage and impact of social media and cyberspace as a medium for hate speech dissemination. The study can significantly contribute to areas related to cyber ethics, digital electoral campaigning, freedom of expression, and political opinion building. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study’s originality lies in its attempt to unfold the foundations of digital electoral campaigning in Pakistan and how cyberhate was used as a pivotal tool for advancing the political narratives in a fragile democratic society.

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Arcila-Calderón, Carlos, Javier J. Amores, Patricia Sánchez-Holgado, Lazaros Vrysis, Nikolaos Vryzas i Martín Oller Alonso. "How to Detect Online Hate towards Migrants and Refugees? Developing and Evaluating a Classifier of Racist and Xenophobic Hate Speech Using Shallow and Deep Learning". Sustainability 14, nr 20 (13.10.2022): 13094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013094.

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Hate speech spreading online is a matter of growing concern since social media allows for its rapid, uncontrolled, and massive dissemination. For this reason, several researchers are already working on the development of prototypes that allow for the detection of cyberhate automatically and on a large scale. However, most of them are developed to detect hate only in English, and very few focus specifically on racism and xenophobia, the category of discrimination in which the most hate crimes are recorded each year. In addition, ad hoc datasets manually generated by several trained coders are rarely used in the development of these prototypes since almost all researchers use already available datasets. The objective of this research is to overcome the limitations of those previous works by developing and evaluating classification models capable of detecting racist and/or xenophobic hate speech being spread online, first in Spanish, and later in Greek and Italian. In the development of these prototypes, three differentiated machine learning strategies are tested. First, various traditional shallow learning algorithms are used. Second, deep learning is used, specifically, an ad hoc developed RNN model. Finally, a BERT-based model is developed in which transformers and neural networks are used. The results confirm that deep learning strategies perform better in detecting anti-immigration hate speech online. It is for this reason that the deep architectures were the ones finally improved and tested for hate speech detection in Greek and Italian and in multisource. The results of this study represent an advance in the scientific literature in this field of research, since up to now, no online anti-immigration hate detectors had been tested in these languages and using this type of deep architecture.

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Audrin, Catherine, i Catherine Blaya. "Personal and social protective factors of cyberhate: A general strain theory approach". International Journal of Psychology, 27.11.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.13090.

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Adolescents of today grow up in a connected world. While online communication offers great opportunities, it can also have negative impact on adolescents' life. In this work, we are interested in the use of online communication tools to share and create cyberhate content. Anchored in the general strain theory, we studied how social support (i.e., parental, peers and teacher support) may be related to cyberhate perpetration. We further tested how personal characteristics such as empathy, self‐esteem and anxiety could predict the propensity to be involved as cyberhate perpetrators. We collected self‐reported questionnaires of 1019 French young people (13.04 years; ranging from 9 to 17) and measured their perceived (a) parental, (b) peers and (c) teachers' support as well as their (d) empathy/benevolence, (e) self‐esteem and (f) anxiety. We also measured cyberhate perpetration and the association between perpetration, social support and personal characteristics. Our results highlight that parental and teacher support represent protective factors for cyberhate perpetration. Our results further suggest that self‐esteem is negatively linked to the propensity to cyberhate perpetration.

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"HATRED IN CYBERSPACE: ON THE CZECH REPUBLIC ADOLESCENT’S EXPERIENCE". Socialization & Human Development: International Scientific Journal 1, nr 1 (12.05.2024): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37096/shdisj-23-1.1-0009.

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Relevance. The study aimed to examine the experience of Czech adolescents with cyberhate as observers, victims and perpetrators. In addition, the study focused on parents and guardians of adolescents, their exposure to cyberhate, and knowledge of their children's victimization through cyberhate. Methodology. Sample: In total, 3,087 Czech adolescents aged 11-16 (49.8% - girls) and their parents or caregivers (67.0% - women) were interviewed. Methods. An online survey (CAWI method) was used to collect the data. The survey was conducted by the media research agency STEM/MARK. Results. The results show that cyberbullying was the most common occurrence among adolescents (59.3%). The experience increased with age, and its prevalence was highest among 15-16-year-old respondents. Boys and older adolescents reported intentionally seeking out cyberhate more often than girls and younger. The majority of adolescents reported being exposed to cyberhate unintentionally. Reports of cyberhate victimization also increased with age, but no significant gender differences were found. The most common reason for cyberhate victimization was sexual orientation. Only a minority of respondents (7.5%) reported being cyberbullied, and this was the least common experience. Also in this case, the most common reason for cyber-hate was sexual orientation. The results show that parents and caregivers tend to underestimate their children's victimization experiences. Only a minority of them knew what had happened to their child

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Fulantelli, Giovanni, Davide Taibi, Lidia Scifo, Veronica Schwarze i Sabrina C. Eimler. "Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Psychology 13 (27.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909299.

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In this paper we present the results of a systematic review aimed at investigating what the literature reports on cyberbullying and cyberhate, whether and to what extent the connection between the two phenomena is made explicit, and whether it is possible to identify overlapping factors in the description of the phenomena. Specifically, for each of the 24 selected papers, we have identified the predictors of cyberbullying behaviors and the consequences of cyberbullying acts on the victims; the same analysis has been carried out with reference to cyberhate. Then, by comparing what emerged from the literature on cyberbullying with what emerged from the literature on cyberhate, we verify to what extent the two phenomena overlap in terms of predictors and consequences. Results show that the cyberhate issue related to adolescents is less investigated than cyberbullying, and most of the papers focusing on one of them do not refer to the other. Nevertheless, by comparing the predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying and cyberhate as reported in the literature, an overlap between the two concepts emerges, with reference to: the parent-child relationship to reduce the risk of cyber-aggression; the link between sexuality and cyber-attacks; the protective role of the families and of good quality friendship relationships; the impact of cyberbullying and cyberhate on adolescents' individuals' well-being and emotions; meaningful analogies between the coping strategies put in practice by victims of cyberbullying and cyberhate. We argue that the results of this review can stimulate a holistic approach for future studies on cyberbullying and cyberhate where the two phenomena are analyzed as two interlinked instances of cyber-aggression. Similarly, prevention and intervention programs on a responsible and safe use of social media should refer to both cyberbullying and cyberhate issues, as they share many predictors as well as consequences on adolescents' wellbeing, thus making it diminishing to afford them separately.Systematic Review Registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021239461.

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