Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Customary law

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Customary law”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Customary law"

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Syaufi, Ahmad, Aurora Fatimatuz Zahra i Mursidah. "Existence of Customary Law: Badamai Customary Law". Research Horizon 1, nr 3 (28.06.2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54518/rh.1.3.2021.94-99.

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Adat badamai is one form of dispute resolution commonly carried out by the Banjar people. Adat Badamai is also meant as a result of the process of deliberation in the discussion together with the intention of achieving a decision as a solution to a problem. Adat Badamai is done in order to avoid disputes that can endanger the social order. This study aims to determine the existence of Badamai Customary Law in Banjar Community, Kalimantan. The study was conducted by using socio-legal approach in analyzing the role of modern regulation with the customary practices. results showed that the existence of customary law in South Kalimantan in the Banjar tribe community is a reality that can be found in the people of Banjar people in South Kalimantan, known as the Badamai custom. Adat Badamai is done in order to avoid disputes that can endanger the social order. The Badamai decision produced through the mechanism of deliberation is an alternative effort in finding a way out to solve problems that occur in society. In the Banjar community if there is a dispute between residents or acts of persecution or violation of norms (adat) or fights or traffic violations, then the community tends to resolve in a customary-based manner.
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Brown, Ken. "Customary Law". Alternative Law Journal 32, nr 1 (marzec 2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200105.

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BYUNG-WOON LYOU. "Local Customary International Law or Particular Customary Law". Journal of hongik law review 16, nr 2 (czerwiec 2015): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.16960/jhlr.16.2.201506.105.

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Kleczkowska, Agata. "Changing Customary Law". International Community Law Review 21, nr 3-4 (12.07.2019): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341407.

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Abstract The unwritten nature of customary international law (CIL) enables it to remain flexible and easily adaptable to changes in States practice and opinio juris, but at the same time may be the source of substantial uncertainties when it comes to the formation, identification and development of customary norms. To investigate this issue, this paper examines the attitudes adopted by States in the aftermath of the airstrikes conducted in Syria by the USA, the UK and France in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The paper is divided into two parts: the first part includes a brief summary of the statements made by States, including the intervening States, after the 2017 and 2018 airstrikes, while the second part is devoted to the analysis of how CIL may have been influenced by the reaction of States to the airstrikes.
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Anaya, S. James. "Customary International Law". Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 92 (1998): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700057505.

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Weiner, James F. "Eliciting Customary Law". Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 7, nr 1 (kwiecień 2006): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210600551842.

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Lee, Hyun-Kyung. "Beyond Skepticism, Towards Transformation of Customary Law – Jurisprudence of Customary Law –". YONSEI LAW JOURNAL 42 (31.07.2023): 549–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.33606/yla.42.16.

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Ida Ayu Sadnyini i Ni Wayan Pariasih Cahyana. "Efforts to Resolve the Misuse of Customer Funds at The Village Credit Institution (VCI) of Sibang Kaja Customary Village". Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 5, nr 2 (30.07.2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.5.2.2022.107-111.

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Village Credit Institution (VCI) of customary village/desa pekraman in Bali is a village-owned financial business entity that carries out business activities in the village and for krama desa. In this case, the authors conducted research on the VCI of Sibang Kaja Customary Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, Bali Province. This research was conducted to determine and examine (1) the factors that cause customer funds cannot be disbursed at the VCI of Sibang Kaja Customary Village; (2) the efforts to resolve the misuse of customer funds at the VCI of Sibang Kaja Customary Village. This is empirical and juridical research, using the qualitative descriptive method and Aristotle’s theory of justice. This research used primary and secondary data. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews. Three factors that cause customer funds cannot be disbursed: (a) the VCI does not record the money deposited by customers in their passbooks; (b) customers deposit their money through VCI employees in charge of collecting money in the field, yet, the money is not deposited to the VCI, resulting in the customer suffering a loss; (c) non-fulfillment of customer rights. The effort to resolve the misuse of customer funds at the VCI of Sibang Kaja Customary Village is through deliberation/paruman of the customary village. The result of deliberation/paruman of the customary village is reconciliation between the customers of the VCI and the perpetrators. Sanctions given on the perpetrators are: managers and employees of the VCI who, in carrying out their duties, violate the provisions and cause harm to the VCI must: (a) provide compensation according to the losses incurred; (b) receive customary sanctions according to awig-awig and perarem; (c) receive sanctions according to the applicable law.
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Rautenbach, Christa. "Case Law as an Authoritative Source of Customary Law: Piecemeal Recording of (Living) Customary Law?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (12.12.2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a7591.

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This contribution deals with the question of whether a judgment from a mainstream court dealing with customary law can be regarded as authority and thus as a recording of a customary rule or rules. When a mainstream court develops customary law to promote constitutional values or strikes customary law down for want of constitutionality, it creates new rules which are written down but which can easily be changed when society brings it to court and convinces the court that the rule needs to be changed. It is my contention that case law is a binding source of law, including customary law, which must be followed until such time that it is either absorbed into legislation or amended by a subsequent decision in terms of the principle of stare decisis. It gives us some measure of assurance as to the law to be followed. The high number of customary law disputes taken to a court of law is confirmation that traditional communities are embracing the power of the courts to settle their disputes. The judgments of these courts inevitably become the origins of customary rules that they develop and can thus be regarded as piecemeal recording of (living) customary law.
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Woodman, Gordon R. "Customary Law in Common Law Systems". IDS Bulletin 32, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32001004.x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Customary law"

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Sijansky, Adam Wayne. "The Significance of Feudal Law in Thirteenth-Century Law Codes". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc67948/.

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Although developments in feudal law in the thirteenth century influenced the legal environment of Europe for centuries, much of past and current historical research of feudalism examines the social system anthropologically but neglects an in-depth analysis of feudal law codes. My research combines the social-anthropological approach with relevant customary codes to demonstrate the importance of feudal law to a thirteenth-century society plagued by war, economic and social instability, and competing powers of the monarchy, judiciary, and religion. The assessment of feudal law within each legal code highlights its prominence as an accepted category of jurisprudence. This thesis provides a new perspective on the influence of feudalism in the thirteenth century, demonstrating the significance of feudal law as a mode of maintaining peace and prolonging land tenure.
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Chapeskie, Andrew. "Laws of the land: Aboriginal customary law, state law and sustainable resource management in Canada's north". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6514.

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This thesis presents a comparative analysis of Aboriginal customary law and Canadian law in relation to the management and conservation of natural resources on crown lands. By reference to field research carried out with respect to a specific context of Aboriginal resource management, the thesis highlights the sophistication and distinctiveness of the customary Aboriginal regulation of community-based common property resource harvesting and management in both subsistence and commercial use contexts. This perspective reveals the conflictual tendencies between Aboriginal and State systems of the regulation of resource management where the former has been largely unrecognized by the latter. An analysis of the relevant jurisprudence highlights the ethocentric bias mitigating against the recognition and acceptance of Aboriginal resource management that has continued right up to the present time.
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Mwambene, Lea. "Divorce in matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi: a comparative analysis with the patrilineal customary law marriage in South Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.
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Mehlitz, Uwe. "Die Stellung des Customary law im Zivilrechtspluralismus Namibias /". Baden-Baden : Nomos Verl.-Ges, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/376086866.pdf.

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Sanger, Andrew Gareth. "Corporate liability for violations of customary international law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709310.

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Elias, Olufemi Adekunle. "The consent of states and customary international law". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10061838/.

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This dissertation is an examination of the role of consent in the process by which rights and obligations are created under customary international law. Two related issues are examined. One is the role of consent in the creation of customary law generally, and the other is the question whether the consent of a State or a group of States to a stipulation of customary international law is a condition of the applicability of that law to those States. Part One examines the relationship between the notions of consent, state practice and opinio juris. Chapter I examines the nature of the law governing the creation of customary law. Chapter II compares opinio juris with consent. In Part Two, Chapter III sets up a framework for the enquiry, namely, a spectrum of views expressed about the role of consent. Chapters IV and V then examine the decisions of tribunals and the practice of States to see which of the points on the spectrum corresponds most closely to those decisions and practice. Chapter VI compares general and nongeneral custom as far it relates to the role of consent. Chapter VII examines the position of newly independent States in relation to customary law established before they achieve statehood, and is concerned more with evidence than with general considerations. Part Three deals with the main objections to, and the possible advantages of, the requirement of consent in the contemporary customary law process. It will be suggested that consent does, and should, play an essential part in the customary law process.
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Osman, Fatima. "The administration of customary law estates post the enactment of the reform of customary law of succession act: a case study from rural Eastern Cape, South Africa". Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30791.

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After years of deliberation and judicial activism, the South African legislature in September 2010 brought into force the Reform of Customary law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009 (the Reform Act). The Act regulates the devolution of property of individuals who live according to customary law and die intestate. The notorious customary law principle of male primogeniture, according to which males inherited to the exclusion of females, has been abolished and replaced with the common law system of intestate succession. It has been nine years since the enactment of the Reform Act. This thesis investigates the implementation of the Act to understand its application by officials and people’s experiences thereof. It is a qualitative study that draws upon doctrinal and empirical research to address its objectives. The theoretical concepts of deep legal pluralism and the semi-autonomous social field are employed as the analytical prism through which the administration of customary law estates is investigated. The findings are based on a comprehensive case study conducted in a rural village in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Individuals, the traditional leader, the headman and state officials were interviewed to understand how estates are reported and the devolution of benefits. The interviews were augmented by an analysis of a sample of case files drawn from the Master’s Office responsible for the administration of estates. The findings revealed the resilience of living customary law in the administration of estates, particularly in respect of homes situated in rural areas. In this regard, living customary law has evolved to allow women and daughters greater rights to property but it still displays patriarchal overtones as males are considered the true owners of homes. The Reform Act regulates more effectively the devolution of assets found in the formal sector, such as financial assets. The case study found most estates were valued at less than R250 000, with the result that deceased’s surviving spouse and children were the primary beneficiaries of the estate. However, a statutory right of inheritance is no guarantee that beneficiaries enjoy their rights as there is a significant risk of property grabbing. While much has been done to reform the customary law of succession, there is room for improvement in securing the rights of dependents of the deceased, facilitating the reporting of estates and ensuring the implementation of mediated solutions in communities. The thesis thus offers practical recommendations to improve the system of administration. First, the thesis recommends a move towards a functional, fact-based approach to inheritance which extends inheritance rights to individuals supported by the deceased while alive, regardless of whether they constitute a spouse or a descendant as statutorily defined. This addresses the lack of protection for unmarried partners and the broader notions of family found in customary law. Second, it advocates for the greater leveraging of traditional institutions such as chiefs and families in the reporting of estates and resolution of disputes. Third, the dissemination of information through state and non-state institutions is promoted. Fourth, it advocates for the explicit condemnation of corrupt state practices which exploit vulnerable individuals. Finally, the thesis recommends further research into practices such as the existence of family property and administration of estates in urban areas. Understanding the nuanced manner in which administration is experienced is argued to be necessary for successful reform.
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Igiehon, Mark Osayomwanbo. "Abandonment : revisiting customary international law and moving the frontiers of public choice law". Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2004. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/595/.

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In recent years there has been a likely increase in the incidence of decommissioning of offshore oil and gas installations and considerable dissension has arisen over the legal aspects of decomissioning. There is controversy as to the applicable rules of international law. There is also dissension as to adequacy of both international and state laws and practices in providing for the various interests identified by international law itself as vital to any consideration of the manner in which disused installations ought to be disposed of. The thesis therefore examines the international legal regime of the continental shelf, on which most offshore oil and gas installations are located. There is also a review of relevant principles of the law of the sea as well as other maritime zones known to international law. A comparative study is undertaken of law and practice on abandonment in six jurisdictions, selected as fairly representative of oil-producing regions of the world. Those jusrisdictions are Australia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. From the analysis, it hoped to ascertain representative state practice on abandonment. In view of the issue within the abandonment controversy as to whether or not Article 60(3) UNCLOS and the IMO Guidelines 1989 had become customary international law rules there is analysys of the concept of customary international law. Following that analysis, a model or paradigm is developed for use in assessing the emergence of new norms of customary international law. The objective is that the emergence of the new model will in the future enable the objective, expeditious and forthright assessment of contended rules of customary international law. The work goes further to consider whether the IMO Guidelines achieved a strategic balancing of the contending interests set out in Article 60 (3) and tries to postulate the reasons why those rules and Guidelines failed following the Brent Spar incident. Aspects of the legal-economic theory of regulatory capture are considered as apposite. The work concludes by identifying new and emerging trends in relation to abandonment practices and concludes with a postulation and as well as proposals as to how abandonment is expected to develop into the future.
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Aladetola, Opeyemi. "Analysis of the Nigerian Supreme Court's constitutional duty regarding women's inheritance right under customary law". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24935.

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Customary law existed before the enactment of formal laws to govern the affairs of Nigerians. It started as behavioural norms that grew to be widely accepted by the community and became law. Inheritance rights are recognised under Nigerian customary law. Most customs provided for a way in which a person's properties could be distributed upon his death. However, most of these customs did not make provision for women in the distribution of a deceased estate. This disparity between the inheritance right of a man and woman was very prominent in the distribution of landed properties. Upon the demise of a man, his estate becomes family property and his eldest male child inherits it on behalf of other male members of the family. Where the deceased dies without a son, his brother inherits the estate. Notably, the Constitution did not abolish laws that existed prior to its enactment. It provides that these laws shall continue to exist subject to its provisions, the Constitution provides for its supremacy over every other law, and that the court has a duty to invalidate any law that is inconsistent with its provisions. The Court found the opportunity to alter the unfair discriminatory position against Nigerian women and develop customary law in line with Constitution in the case of Anekwe v Nwekwe. Here, the defendant (brother of the deceased) sought to evict the plaintiff (widow of the deceased and her female children) from the property of the deceased because she had no male child. He claimed that based on their customary law female children are excluded from inheriting property. The Supreme Court then invalidated this customary law of male primogeniture for being repugnant to natural justice, equity and good conscience. Although the decision of the court solved the problem of discrimination, it failed to develop customary law by invalidating only the discriminatory aspect of the customary law. Lessons can therefore be drawn from the minority decision of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bhe v Magistrate of Khaylistha, where recourse to developing the customary law was posited. This study will examine to what extent the court has applied customary law to bring it to conformity with the Constitution, drawing from other African countries especially South Africa. It utilises literature review and case law analysis, arguing that the court needs to review the Anekwe v Nwekwe case and make a more declarative position that brings customary law up to date with modern realities. It will recommend that the courts should in consultation with the people develop the customary law of inheritance.
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Supaat, Dina Imam. "Refugee children in Malaysia and the customary international law". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5937/.

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The interest in embarking on this study is prompted by the predicament of refugee children under Malaysian jurisdiction and the dire need to improve their situation. This thesis is aimed at investigating the applicability of two rules relating to refugee protection: the principle of non-refoulement and the best interests of the child, which are believed to have become customary international law (CIL) which binds all states without their consent. The focus of this thesis is the prolonged problem of refugee children’s protection and the possibility of improving their conditions using international law while acknowledging that Malaysia is not a party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The thesis begins by discussing the international refugee protection regime and the position of the CIL mechanism; this will be followed by a discussion of the Malaysian legal framework to show the gap between international law and domestic law relating to refugees. The next focus of attention is the general condition of refugee children in Malaysia and the treatment accorded to them by the authorities. Their unpleasant condition explains the link between the absence of law and their protracted situation. The next task is to examine whether or not the two principles have attained CIL status; the thesis also considers the duties of the state under the two rules, the persistent objector rule, and the application of the principles and the obligation that accompanies them as CIL in the domestic courts. Lastly, the conclusion and recommendation are presented at the end of this thesis. Noting that local resources and literature on this subject are limited, this thesis will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on this matter and provide an interesting argument to advocate legal reform to improve refugee protection in the country.
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Książki na temat "Customary law"

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Mayali, Laurent, i Pierre Mousseron, red. Customary Law Today. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73362-3.

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Commission, South African Law. Customary law: Succession. Pretoria: South African Law Commission, 2000.

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Lepard, Brian D., red. Reexamining Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316544624.

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Parisi, Francesco, i Lisa Bernstein. Customary law and economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2014.

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Onubuleze, Kris. Customary law in Nigeria. Enugu, Nigeria: Obasi United Services, 2005.

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Badaiki, A. D. Development of customary law. Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria: Tiken Publishers, 1997.

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Doswald-Beck, Louise, Jean-Marie Henckaerts i Carolin Alvermann. Customary international humanitarian law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Akosa, Chike. Know your customary law through customary court judgements. Onitsha, Nigeria: Chike Akosa & Associate, 1996.

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Laos. Sathāban Khonkhwā Kotmāi læ Hūammư̄ kap Tāng Pathēt. Customary law and practice in Lao PDR. [Place not identified]: Ministry of Justice, Law Research and International Cooperation Institute, 2011.

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Programme, United Nations Development, red. Customary law and practice in Lao PDR. [Vientiane]: Ministry of Justice, Law Research and International Cooperation Institute, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Customary law"

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Parisi, Francesco. "Customary Law". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 572–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_110.

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Benson, Bruce L. "Customary Law". W Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 514–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_515.

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Benson, Bruce L. "Customary Law". W Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-1.

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Saiyid, Dushka. "Customary Law". W Muslim Women of the British Punjab, 6–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26885-6_2.

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De Maaker, Erik. "Customary Law". W The Routledge Companion to Northeast India, 104–8. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003285540-17.

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Landini, Sara. "Customary Law". W Sustainable Tourism Contracts, 25–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83140-0_3.

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Benson, Bruce. "Customary Law". W Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–9. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-2.

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Yoo, John, i Ivana Stradner. "Customary International Law". W Customary Law Today, 315–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73362-3_16.

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Okoth, Juliet R. Amenge. "Customary International Law". W The Crime of Conspiracy in International Criminal Law, 147–55. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-017-6_4.

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Zhong, Hui. "Customary International Law". W China, Cultural Heritage, and International Law, 70–85. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315106960-4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Customary law"

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Antonović, Ratomir. "CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW". W Tradicija, krivično i međunarodno krivično pravo. Srpsko udruženje za međunarodno krivično pravo, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/tkmkp24.380a.

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A question of great legal importance, both in national and international legislation, is how and in what way interpersonal relations were regulated within ancient and primitive human com- munities before the emergence of modern law and legal regulations. There has always been a need to regulate interpersonal relations and to set certain rules that would have a binding character in relation to community members. For this purpose, customs played a role, cre- ated under the great influence of morality and tradition, religion and religious dogmas, certain superstitious and primitive principles and principles, but with one clear goal, namely the protection of order and the creation of rules of conduct. The paper deals with the issue of the existence of international customs, their relationship with international public and international private law, as well as international criminal law. Also, the question of the relationship of international customs in the context of the source of international law, as well as the influence of customary law on the modern international legal order, is raised.
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Siregar, Abdul Rahman Maulana, i Runtung Sitepu. "Customary Law in the Development of National Law". W International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010091416211625.

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Lestari, Rika, i Zulfikar Jaya Kusuma. "Customary Law and Challanges of Imbo Putui Customary Forest Management". W 2nd Riau Annual Meeting on Law and Social Sciences (RAMLAS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220406.029.

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Susanti, Ida, i Tanius Sebastian. "Supremacy of Ethic: National Law, Customary Law and Islamic Law Collided". W International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconeg-16.2017.29.

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Kalyana, Lily, i Evita Israhadi. "Inheritance Rights of Children in Customary Law and Civil Law". W Proceedings of the First Multidiscipline International Conference, MIC 2021, October 30 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-10-2021.2315671.

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Malim, Mohamed. "SILENT CRY OF SOMALI CUSTOMARY LAW ‘XEER’". W International Conference on Social science, Humanities and Education. Acavent, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icshe.2018.12.78.

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Wahyuni, Retnowulandari. "Gender Perspective in Customary and Islamic Inheritance Law". W Proceedings of the First Lekantara Annual Conference on Public Administration, Literature, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education, LePALISSHE 2021, August 3, 2021, Malang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-8-2021.2315073.

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Widia, I. Ketut. "Customary Law-Based Convicts Number Decrement in the Penitentiary". W International Conference of Social Science. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-9-2018.2281147.

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Asnawi, H., M. Yusuf, M. Mushodiq i A. Maba. "The Subordination of Women in Customary Law of Lampung Pepadun". W Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Multidisciplinary and Applications (WMA) 2018, 24-25 January 2018, Padang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.24-1-2018.2292401.

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Wang, Jingyi, i Xiaoyan Li. "The Triadic Structure of Wa People's Environmental Customary Law Origin". W 2017 3rd International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (ESSAEME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-17.2017.56.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Customary law"

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Poelina, Anne, J. Alexander, N. Samnakay i I. Perdrisat. A Conservation and Management Plan for the National Heritage Listed Fitzroy River Catchment Estate (No. 1). Redaktorzy A. Hayes i K. S. Taylor. Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council; Nulungu Research Institute, The University of Notre Dame Australia., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/nrp/2020.4.

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The Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council (Martuwarra Council) has prepared this document to engage widely and to articulate its ambitions and obligations to First Law, customary law and their guardianship authority and fiduciary duty to protect the Martuwarra’s natural and cultural heritage. This document outlines a strategic approach to Heritage Conservation and Management Planning, communicating to a wide audience, the planning principles, key initiatives, and aspirations of the Martuwarra Traditional Owners to protect their culture, identity and deep connection to living waters and land. Finer granularity of action items required to give effect to this Conservation and Management Plan for the National Heritage Listed Fitzroy River Catchment Estate are outlined in section 7 and which will be more fully explored by the Martuwarra Council in the coming months and years.
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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum i Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, luty 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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de Abreu Castro, Jonas, i Mariana Cunha e Melo. Password management: Where LastPass got it wrong and how to approach the issue in organizations. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/ce3fc7.

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In August 2022, LastPass suffered two cyberattacks that breached customer data and encrypted passwords. LastPass acknowledged the attacks, but their communication was not transparent enough. In November 2022, a follow-up attack compromised customer data further. LastPass communicated that this was a low-risk attack and that customers did not need to take any action. However, in December 2022, LastPass admitted the actual scale of the breach, and that all customer vaults were compromised. It is important to note that every company suffers frequent attacks, but the proper security posture under this type of attack is to assume that everything will eventually get compromised. The incident makes a case for why companies should always deploy additional defenses, such as employing security keys, to stay secure in the long term.
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Suleiman, Ajisatria. Improving Consumer Protection for Low-Income Customers in P2P Lending. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/343534.

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Brockners, F., i Y. Serbest. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) Interoperability with Customer Edge (CE) Bridges. Redaktorzy A. Sajassi i D. Mohan. RFC Editor, czerwiec 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6246.

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Eisenberg, J. Electric Industry Restructuring in Ohio: Residential and Low Income Customer Impacts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814110.

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Deason, Jeff, Greg Leventis i Sean Murphy. Performance of solar leasing for low- and middle-income customers in Connecticut. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1782208.

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Heeter, Jenny S., Lori A. Bird, Eric J. O'Shaughnessy i Samuel Koebrich. Design and Implementation of Community Solar Programs for Low- and Moderate-Income Customers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1488510.

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BELYAEVA, E. CONTRACT SERVICE AND CONTRACT MANAGERS FOR PROCUREMENT. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2021-10-6-1-7-12.

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The article examines the issue of the position and activities of contract services, the demand for which has become most relevant after the changes made to Law No. 44-FZ, the conditions under which the customer is obliged to create a contract service are disclosed.
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Brockway, N. Approaches to Electric Utility Energy Efficiency for Low Income Customers in a Changing Regulatory Environment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814279.

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