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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Li, Fu Jiang, i Qing Chang. "The Improved AVS Intra Prediction Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (październik 2013): 1730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1730.
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AVS introduces intra-prediction coding technique to improve the intra-coding efficiency. There are 5 candidate modes for luminance intra-prediction and 4 candidate modes for chrominance. The method of intra prediction for the current video coding standard mainly uses the pixels of the left, the top, the upper right neighboring blocks, and doesnt use the pixels of the right and bottom blocks. It is not because there is low correlation between the current block and the right and bottom blocks, but the right and bottom blocks need to refer to the data of current block to decode the display. If the mode of the right block is the vertical mode, it can use the data of right block to predict the current block and a new prediction mode of mean-left-right is presented, and if the mode of the bottom block is the horizontal mode, it can use the data of bottom block to predict the current block and a new prediction mode of mean-top-bottom is presented. The corresponding adjustment is implemented for AVS encoder and decoder. Experimental results show that the PSNR increases about 0.03db and the coding bit rate decreases by about0.73% with small complexity increasing.
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Hwang, Y. S., S. H. Tu, W. H. Liu i J. J. Chen. "New building block: multiplication-mode current conveyor". IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 3, nr 1 (1.02.2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20080156.
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Che, Sheng Bing, i Han Gao. "The Research Based on Fast Motion Estimation of H.264". Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (sierpień 2012): 2153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.2153.
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A optimization algorithm is put forward based on the brightness and frequency domain characteristics of macro block, including the algorithm of model segmentation and the prediction algorithm of starting motion vectors(MV). The basic idea of the mode segmentation is that to the unit of 16×16 block, discrete wavelet transform to frames, the after low frequency coefficients as the research object, define the coefficients sum ∑. If ∑ is greater or equal to threshold, the corresponding areas will be divided into texture areas, or smooth areas. The current block is compared with the corresponding block in reference frames. If the result is equal, the current block will be marked to background block, or sport block, and the corresponding segmentation mode is selected at the same time. The basic idea of prediction starting motion vectors algorithm is that base on the marked sport blocks, the starting MV of current block is the median value of MV to adjacent sport blocks in initial MV prediction. The experimental results show that the efficiency of algorithm in this paper has been improved.
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Wang, Yue Yue, i Yu Bin Cui. "An Adapted Intra and Inter Prediction Algorithm for H.264". Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (marzec 2015): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.830.
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An adapted prediction algorithm for H.264 is proposed in this paper. For I frames, a new intra algorithm is proposed in which a novel Intra_4×4 mode selection method is designed. Nine Intra_4×4 modes are divided into three classes, the suitable mode class for current 4×4-block is predicted using the mode classes of neighboring left and up blocks. For inter frames, a new inter prediction algorithm is proposed, and two matrixes which are composed of sum of absolute values of the integer transform coefficients in 4×4-residual-block contained in luminance 16×16-block and 8×8-block are defined respectively, the novel MB and sub-MB mode selection criteria which use the derived gradients of the two matrixes are then proposed.
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Kircay, Ali, i Selim Borekci. "Electronically-Tunable Current-Mode Biquad Design Using MO-OTAs". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, nr 09 (21.06.2016): 1650107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501073.
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In this paper, electronically-tunable, current-mode biquad is proposed by using multiple-output operational transconductance amplifiers (MO-OTAs). The proposed circuit has one input and two outputs. Without changing the circuit topology, low-pass (LP), and band-pass (BP) responses can be realized. The filter is realized by using two MO-OTAs, a single-output OTA (SO-OTA), a two-output OTA and two grounded capacitors. The biquad is designed based on first-order LP filter or lossy integrator blocks. The feedback block is applied to the filter circuit in order to obtain high quality factor values greater than 1/2. The center frequency and the quality factor of the LP and BP filters can be electronically tuned by DC current of OTAs. The total power dissipation of the proposed biquad is approximately 10[Formula: see text]mW at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V supplied voltage. The theoretical analysis is also confirmed with SPICE simulations.
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Ayten, Umut E., Mehmet Sagbas i Herman Sedef. "Current mode leapfrog ladder filters using a new active block". AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 64, nr 6 (czerwiec 2010): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2009.03.012.
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Guo, Hongwei, Xiangsuo Fan i Lei Min. "Euclidean Distance-Based Weighted Prediction for Merge Mode in HEVC". Advances in Multimedia 2019 (22.09.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8202385.
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Merge mode can achieve a considerable coding gain because of reducing the cost of coding motion information in video codecs. However, the simple adoption of the motion information from the neighbouring blocks may not achieve the optimal performance as the motion correlation between the pixels and the neighbouring block decreases with their distance increasing. To address this problem, the paper proposes a Euclidean distance-based weighted prediction algorithm as an additional candidate in the merge mode. First, several predicted blocks are generated by motion compensation prediction (MCP) with the motion information from available neighbouring blocks. Second, an additional predicted block is generated by a weighted average of the predicted blocks above, where the weighted coefficient is related to Euclidean distances from the neighbouring candidate to the pixel points in the current block. Finally, the best merge mode is selected by the rate distortion optimization (RDO) among the original merge candidates and the additional candidate. Experimental results show that, on the joint exploration test model 7.0 (JEM 7.0), the proposed algorithm achieves better coding performance than the original merge mode under all configurations including random access (RA), low delay B (LDB), and low delay P (LDP), with a slight coding complexity increase. Especially for the LDP configuration, the proposed method achieves 1.50% bitrate saving on average.
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Kushwaha, Ajay K., Ashok Kumar i Prakash Pareek. "Current Mode and Voltage Mode Third Order Sinusoidal Oscillator Using CCDDCCTA". Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, nr 4 (26.08.2020): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681209666190820102339.
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Objective: In this paper, a novel third order sinusoidal oscillator based on current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) is proposed. Methods: The proposed circuit configuration consist of single CCDDCCTA, two grounded resistor and three capacitors. It can concurrently yield output voltage and current. The amplitude of output current can be easily tuned by the bias current. The non-ideality and Monte-Carlo analysis are discussed and presented. Results: The stated results agree well with the theoretical estimation. Conclusion: The performance ofa proposed oscillator are analyzed with ORCAD 16.6 simulator and the analog block has been depicted using 0.25 μm CMOS TSMC technology parameters.
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Chen, Chang Nian, i Rui Zhu. "An Improved Direct Current Prediction Method for Intra Coding". Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (lipiec 2013): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.749.
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Direct current mode is one of the primary prediction modes for intra coding. In the coding standard, it has not concerned the spatial correlations between neighboring pixels, which limits its coding performance. To address this problem, an improved prediction method is proposed in this paper. In the prediction scheme, prediction pixel uses its available neighbor samples and its value is set to be the mean of the references. The reference samples are not only from other encoder blocks but also pixels predicted in current block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method advances in both coding performance and coding efficiency, compared with the existing method.
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Pankiewicz, Bogdan. "Programmable Input Mode Instrumentation Amplifier Using Multiple Output Current Conveyors". Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0017.
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Abstract In this paper a programmable input mode instrumentation amplifier (IA) utilising second generation, multiple output current conveyors and transmission gates is presented. Its main advantage is the ability to choose a voltage or current mode of inputs by setting the voltage of two configuration nodes. The presented IA is prepared as an integrated circuit block to be used alone or as a sub-block in a microcontroller or in a field programmable gate array (FPGA), which shall condition analogue signals to be next converted by an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). IA is designed in AMS 0.35 µm CMOS technology and the power supply is 3.3 V; the power consumption is approximately 9.1 mW. A linear input range in the voltage mode reaches ± 1.68 V or ± 250 µA in current mode. A passband of the IA is above 11 MHz. The amplifier works in class A, so its current supply is almost constant and does not cause noise disturbing nearby working precision analogue circuits.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Gevaert, Dorine. "Methodology for generic architecture definition for current mode converters including automated building block characterisation and mismatch modelling". Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485478.
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The challenges for the next generation of integrated circuit (IC) design of analogue and mixed-signal building blocks in standard CMOS technologies for moderate signal conversion in broadband applications, demand research progr~ss in the emerging scientific fields of device physics and modelling, converter architectures, correction algorithms, design automation, technology development, quality assurance and cost factor analysis. The contribution of this thesis to converter architectures is in new topological reusable bUilding blocks for analogue-to-digital (ADC) current converters and improved switching techniques for digital-to-ana.'tlgue (DAC) current converters. A generic compiler for the current folding and interpolating ADC and current steering DAC converter architectures, which take into account the fast technological CMOS changes in an automated down-link towards the basic building blocks, reduces the design time considerably. The new current converter architectures have been realized for 12-bit accuracy in standard CMOS technology. The generic compiler allows fast architectural exploration for other converter specification and the impact on the sizing of the transistors at basic building blocks level for a certain quality specification to be determined. The contributions to modelling, quality assurance and cost factor are the total new concepts in deriving design curves to reduce the design time and to reduce the total chip area of the current converters. For each new technology design curves for standardized transistor sizes for noise level, threshold voltage, I-V curves, overdrive voltage versus lambda and mismatch error modeling of the standard deviation of the drain current for the target operation condition, are automatically derived. For other transistor sizes the values are calculated in an automated procedure. These new design concepts reduce the over-sizing of the transistors, compared to the existing methods, with 15 to 20% for the same quality specification. Besides the reduction of the silicon cost also the design time cost is reduced considerably.
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Walia, Anoop Singh. "Novel current-mode sensor interfacing and radio blocks for cell culture monitoring". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5291.
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Since 2004 Imperial College has been developing the world’s first application-specific instrumentation aiming at the on-line, in-situ, physiochemical monitoring of adult stem cell cultures. That effort is internationally known as the ‘Intelligent Stem Cell Culture Systems’ (ISCCS) project. The ISCCS platform is formed by the functional integration of biosensors, interfacing electronics and bioreactors. Contrary to the PCB-level ISCCS platform the work presented in this thesis relates to the realization of a miniaturized cell culture monitoring platform. Specifically, this thesis details the synthesis and fabrication of pivotal VLSI circuit blocks suitable for the construction of a miniaturized microelectronic cell monitoring platform. The thesis is composed of two main parts. The first part details the design and operation of a two-stage current-input currentoutput topology suitable for three-electrode amperometric sensor measurements. The first stage is a CMOS-dual rail-class AB-current conveyor providing a low impedancevirtual ground node for a current input. The second stage is a novel hyperbolic-sinebased externally-linear internally-non-linear current amplification stage. This stage bases its operation upon the compressive sinh−1 conversion of the interfaced current to an intermediate auxiliary voltage and the subsequent sinh expansion of the same voltage. The proposed novel topology has been simulated for current-gain values ranging from 10 to 1000 using the parameters of the commercially available 0.8μm AMS CMOS process. Measured results from a chip fabricated in the same technology are also reported. The proposed interfacing/amplification architecture consumes 0.88-95μW. The second part describes the design and practical evaluation of a 13.56MHz frequency shift keying (FSK) short-range (5cm) telemetry link suitable for the monitoring of incubated cultures. Prior to the design of the full FSK radio system, a pair of 13.56MHz antennae are characterized experimentally. The experimental S-parameter-value determination of the 13.56MHz wireless link is incorporated into the Cadence Design Framework allowing a high fidelity simulation of the reported FSK radio. The transmitter of the proposed system is a novel multi-tapped seven-stage ring-oscillator-based VCO whereas the core of the receiver is an appropriately modified phase locked loop (PLL). Simulated and measured results from a 0.8μm CMOS technology chip are reported.
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Prokop, Roman. "Modulární přístup k návrhu moderních analogových prvků v technologii CMOS". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233461.
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The presented dissertation thesis deals with modular design of analog circuits in CMOS technology. The goal of the work is to design a set of modular microelectronic building blocks and realize the selected modern active circuits, working primarily in current mode. Nevertheless, the modular approach can be used for design of generally known classical elements, e.g. opamps, as well. As a part of the work, the development of the totally new highly versatile active circuit CCTA has been done, including detailed analysis of utilization and introduction of the most interesting applications. This circuit CCTA, together with relative, already theoretically treated circuit CDTA, has been realized here for the first time, in two different topologies. Final circuits were tested. On the basis of measurement results the library of behavioral models for PSpice was created, including exemplary simulations of the selected applications. Based on the obtained knowledge the brief comparison of voltage mode circuits and current mode circuits was done.
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Hobart, Leigh. "The current context of Queensland primary teacher engagement with professional learning through professional associations". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46122/1/Leigh_Hobart_Thesis.pdf.
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Engaging Queensland primary teachers in professional associations can be a challenge, particularly for subject-specific associations. Professional associations are recognised providers of professional learning. By not being involved in professional associations primary teachers are missing potential quality professional learning opportunities that can impact the results of their students. The purpose of the research is twofold: Firstly, to provide a thorough understanding of the current context in order to assist professional associations who wish to change from their current level of primary teacher engagement; and secondly, to contribute to the literature in the area of professional learning for primary teachers within professional associations. Using a three part research design, interviews of primary teachers and focus groups of professional association participants and executives were conducted and themed to examine the current context of engagement. Force field analysis was used to provide the framework to identify the driving and restraining forces for primary teacher engagement in professional learning through professional associations. Communities of practice and professional learning communities were specifically examined as potential models for professional associations to consider. The outcome is a diagrammatic framework outlining the current context of primary teacher engagement, specifically the driving and restraining forces of primary teacher engagement with professional associations. This research also identifies considerations for professional associations wishing to change their level of primary teacher engagement. The results of this research show that there are key themes that provide maximum impact if wishing to increase engagement of primary teachers in professional associations. However the implications of this lies with professional associations and their alignment between intent and practice dedicated to this change.
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Vondruš, Jiří. "Návrh a konstrukce modelu automatické galvanizační linky". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217635.
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This thesis deals with the design of automated system of electroplating. The first part is centered on designing the technological process for this electroplating and the setout of operating vats. It also deals with the project of mechanical construction, electrical system, with the computing procedure and the optimum choice of gear for galvanic line model. The work includes the design of a DC motor controller, the computing procedure and the construction of heating element for vats heater simulation. The last part of this thesis offers an insight to the control system and the assembled program. In the addendum, the photo of the realized model, the wiring scheme, and the programme transcript for control galvanic line model can be found.
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SHREYANSH. "ACTIVE FILTER IMPLEMENTATION USING CURRENT MODE BLOCK". Thesis, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18939.
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One of the famous and fundamental building block that may be utilised in a variety of ways to
perform various analog processing function is a Current Conveyor abbreviated as CC. Till date
various researches has been made in this regards and various functionality like amplifier, filters
etc can be achieved by using these devices. A Current Conveyor is a minimum three terminal
devices but not limited to it. CC’s can be classified according to their generation. The current
conveyor (CC) concept was first released in 1968 this is called as first generation of current
conveyor and after two years in 1970 second generation has been developed and later on third
generation of current conveyor is also developed, we will discuss about this in greater details
in upcoming chapters..
Various other analog processing block also uses current conveyor as these primary block. The
CFOA (current feedback opamp ) & CCII (second-generation current conveyor) are considered
adaptable building blocks in analog current mode signal processing. One of the famous novel
five-port analog building block that combine these two CFOA & CCII is OFCC (operational
floating conveyor) and this may be used for a variety of applications. It combines the functions
of a current feedback op-amp & a current conveyor in one package.
This thesis shows the implementation of OFCC block as universal current mode device which
can be used in realization of various functions where earlier an operational amplifier were used.
Further it also shows the implementation of active biquad filter using new OFCC Block in a)
TAM (Trans Admittance Mode) b) VM (Voltage mode) c) TIM (Trans Impedance Mode) d)
CM (Current Mode). The OFCC block and amplifier is implemented in CMOS 90nm and
130nm technology node and later filter has been implemented on CMOS 130nm technology
node by using software Symica DE. For low voltage applications and to minimize power
consumption it uses single supply of 0.4 V. Various plots for OFCC block, amplifier and filter
are also present in this thesis.
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Wang, Xingming. "Circuit blocks design for a current-mode CMOS image sensor chip". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2986.
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This thesis presents the design and implementation of a current-mode computational CMOS image sensor that performs video image compression based on the CRVDC (conditional replenishment video data compression) algorithm. With such on-chip pre-processing, a compression ratio of 10:1 can be achieved without significant signal degradation. Our research focuses on designing the basic building blocks. As the image sensor works in the current-mode, the building blocks will be current mirrors and current comparators. Several kinds of current mirrors have been analyzed in details and an improved regulated cascode current mirror was chosen. Through simulations and prototyping, we demonstrated that this current mirror is capable of achieving a resolution of 11 bits at 200MHz. To implement the CRVDC algorithm, it was necessary to design an accurate and fast current comparator. Two novel CMOS current comparators were proposed and analyzed and the results were compared to conventional CMOS current comparators. Simulations and measurements demonstrated that the new CMOS current comparators had better performance both in terms of the propagation delay and power dissipation.
For the CMOS image sensor, a photodiode-type active pixel transducer was used to
convert incident light to photocurrent. The characterization and modeling of the
transducer were presented and detailed analyses on the performance was obtained from
chips fabricated using the standard 0.18μm CMOS process technology. Since the
electrical characteristics of the active devices in the pixel sensor chip can generate large fixed pattern noise (FPN), a current-mode FPN suppression circuit was designed and adopted. Based on the test results obtained from a fabricated prototype chip, a FPN suppression rate of 0.35% was achieved. An on-chip analog to digital converter (ADC) was necessary to implement digital interface and a current-mode pipeline ADC with 8 bit resolution was proposed. Simulation results demonstrated that the ADC was monotonic and possessed an integral nonlinearity (INL) of ±0.45 LSB and a differential nonlinearity (DNL) of ±0.43 LSB. Our results suggested that the overall design can more than adequately meet the system specifications of the computational CMOS image sensor and potentially can be used as a front-end processing block in other image processing applications such as in motion detection and in image segmentation for a dynamic environment.
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Shen, Hsiu-yin, i 沈秀音. "Applying Black-Litterman Model on Currency Carry Trade". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n6r82v.
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碩士銘傳大學
國際企業學系碩士在職專班
97
This paper adopts Black-Litterman Model, a new investment combination model based on the MV Model, which provides to specify a clear way to specify investors views and to blend investors views with prior information. We calculate the optimal foreign currency portfolio to get the maximal returns. This research has concluded the following: I. The empirical study has indicated that the implementation of currency carry trade strategy led to arbitrage returns for most currencies and periods. This finding causes the lack of empirical support to Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIRP) because of the forward premium puzzle existing in the foreign exchange market. This phenomenon also serves as the major foundation for currency carry trade. II. The weights of target currencies obtained via the MV Model will cause short selling units. Such an outcome lets investors doubt the practicality of the MV Model. III. The B-L Model takes the viewpoints of investors into consideration, leading to a more stable and accurate result. The empirical study also shows that factors such as the level of risk averse, confidence level and the Tau value affect the increase/decrease of returns. In 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007, the foreign currency combination constructed based on the weights obtained from the B-L Model proved to be more effective than common weight allocations. Key words: Interest Rate Parity, Markowitz Mean-Variance Optimization, Black-Litterman Model, Currency Carry Trade
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Santos, Ângelo Emanuel Neves dos. "Design and simulation of a smart bottle with fill-level sensing based on oxide TFT technology". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19593.
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Packaging is an important element responsible for brand growth and one of the main rea-sons for producers to gain competitive advantages through technological innovation. In this re-gard, the aim of this work is to design a fully autonomous electronic system for a smart bottle packaging, being integrated in a European project named ROLL-OUT. The desired application for the smart bottle is to act as a fill-level sensor system in order to determine the liquid content level that exists inside an opaque bottle, so the consumer can exactly know the remaining quantity of the product inside.
An in-house amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) model, previously developed, was used for circuit designing purposes. This model was based in an artificial neural network (ANN) equivalent circuit approach.
Taking into account that only n-type oxide TFTs were used, plenty of electronic building-blocks have been designed: clock generator, non-overlapping phase generator, a capacitance-to-voltage converter and a comparator. As it was demonstrated by electrical simulations, it has been achieved good functionality for each block, having a final system with a power dissipation of 2.3 mW (VDD=10 V) not considering the clock generator. Four printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been also designed in order to help in the testing phase.
Mask layouts were already designed and are currently in fabrication, foreseeing a suc-cessful circuit fabrication, and a major step towards the design and integration of complex trans-ducer systems using oxide TFTs technology.
Książki na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Towards Black community development: Moving beyond the limitations of the lecture model : a critical review of the current Africentric movement. Wyd. 2. Oakland, Calif: Advancing the Research, 1996.
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Morozova, Tat'yana, i Viktoriya Malickaya. International Financial Reporting Standards: tangible and intangible assets. Application practice. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1836225.
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The textbook contains a structured presentation of the Conceptual Framework for the presentation of financial statements, IFRS (IAS) 16 "Fixed Assets", IFRS (IAS) 2 "Inventories", IFRS (IAS) 40 "Investment Property", IFRS (IAS) 38 "Intangible Assets", IFRS (IFRS) 5 "Non-current Assets held for Sale and Discontinued operations".
Fragments of information disclosure in financial statements in accordance with IFRS of more than 50 Russian and foreign companies are given. The choice of financial statements of companies is solely a subjective judgment of the textbook authors, is aimed at explaining certain provisions of IFRS and is not an advertisement or popularization of individual business entities. In the text of the textbook, examples are divided into examples - practice of application; examples - professional judgment; examples-explanations; examples - disclosure of information.
At the end of each paragraph, self-examination questions and tests are presented, which help to structure theoretical knowledge and pay attention to the most significant information blocks of IFRS.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students in bachelor's and master's degree courses 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.04.08 "Finance and Credit".
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Chesney, Marc. Pricing European currency options: A comparision of modified Black-Scholes model and a random variance model. 1989.
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Carico, Aaron. Black Market. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655581.001.0001.
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On the eve of the Civil War, the estimated value of the U.S. enslaved population exceeded $3 billion--triple that of investments nationwide in factories, railroads, and banks combined, and worth more even than the South's lucrative farmland. Not only an object to be traded and used, the slave was also a kind of currency, a form of value that anchored the market itself. And this value was not destroyed in the war. Slavery still structured social relations and cultural production in the United States more than a century after it was formally abolished. As Aaron Carico reveals in Black Market, slavery’s engine of capital accumulation was preserved and transformed, and the slave commodity survived emancipation. Through both archival research and lucid readings of literature, art, and law, from the plight of the Fourteenth Amendment to the myth of the cowboy, Carico breaks open the icons of liberalism to expose the shaping influence of slavery's political economy in America after 1865. Ultimately, Black Market shows how a radically incomplete and fundamentally failed abolition enabled the emergence of a modern nation-state, in which slavery still determined--and now goes on to determine--economic, political, and cultural life.
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Brown, Karida L. Gone Home. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469647036.001.0001.
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Since the 2016 presidential election, Americans have witnessed countless stories about Appalachia: its changing political leanings, its opioid crisis, its increasing joblessness, and its declining population. These stories, however, largely ignore black Appalachian lives. Karida L. Brown’s Gone Home offers a much-needed corrective to the current whitewashing of Appalachia. In telling the stories of African Americans living and working in Appalachian coal towns, Brown offers a sweeping look at race, identity, changes in politics and policy, and black migration in the region and beyond. Drawn from over 150 original oral history interviews with former and current residents of Harlan County, Kentucky, Brown shows that as the nation experienced enormous transformation from the pre- to the post-civil rights era, so too did black Americans. In reconstructing the life histories of black coal miners, Brown shows the mutable and shifting nature of collective identity, the struggles of labor and representation, and that Appalachia is far more diverse than you think.
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Nash, Jennifer C. Birthing Black Mothers. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021728.
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In Birthing Black Mothers Black feminist theorist Jennifer C. Nash examines how the figure of the “Black mother” has become a powerful political category. “Mothering while Black” has become synonymous with crisis as well as a site of cultural interest, empathy, fascination, and support. Cast as suffering and traumatized by their proximity to Black death—especially through medical racism and state-sanctioned police violence—Black mothers are often rendered as one-dimensional symbols of tragic heroism. In contrast, Nash examines Black mothers’ self-representations and public performances of motherhood—including Black doulas and breastfeeding advocates alongside celebrities such as Beyoncé, Serena Williams, and Michelle Obama—that are not rooted in loss. Through cultural critique and in-depth interviews, Nash acknowledges the complexities of Black motherhood outside its use as political currency. Throughout, Nash imagines a Black feminist project that refuses the lure of locating the precarity of Black life in women and instead invites readers to theorize, organize, and dream into being new modes of Black motherhood.
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Gallagher, Julie A. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036965.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter recounts the great strides made by African American women in the United States between the 1910s and the 1970s and discusses their progress in more recent years, such as the breaking down of racialized and gendered barriers to political power. At the same time it returns to Chisholm's story and her wistful assertion that “Someday the country will be ready” for an individual who was both black and a woman to run for the presidency. Moreover, the chapter discusses how the history of black women's political activism between the 1910s and the 1970s offers some complicated lessons for activists in more current times, and suggests that, while improvements have been made over the decades, there are still many issues that need to be addressed today—not just in politics, but in other aspects of black women's lives.
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Carter, Christopher. The Spirit of Soul Food. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044120.001.0001.
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This book suggests that the genesis of Black American foodways, and soul food in particular, was the survival and preservation of the Black community. However, if soul food is to remain a response to social and food injustice in the Black community, given the myriad of ways industrial agriculture harms Black people—economically, environmentally, ideologically—what should soul food look like today? In seeking to answer this question, this book explores the relationship between and among food, Christian, and cultural identity among African Americans by examining the U.S. food system and the impact that current policies and practices have on Black, Indigenous, and other people of color. Using liberation theology and decolonial methods, the book argues for and constructs an anti-oppressive theological anthropology that serves as the foundation for liberatory Black foodways. The book concludes by offering three theologically grounded food practices as a way to begin addressing food injustice and to move toward food sovereignty in Black and other marginalized communities: soulfull eating (of which an agent and context specific black veganism is seen as ideal), seeking justice for food workers, and caring for the earth.
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Brown, Nadia E., i Danielle Casarez Lemi. Sister Style. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197540572.001.0001.
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Sister Style: The Politics of Appearance for Black Women Political Elites centers Black women’s bodies, specifically their hair texture and skin tone, to argue that phenotypic differences among Black women politicians directly impact how they experience political office and how Black voters evaluate them. The book brings together an interdisciplinary, multi-method, and blended epistemological approach of positivism and interpretivism to ask whether African American women’s appearances provide a more nuanced lens through which to study how their raced-gendered identities impact their candidacies and shape their political behavior. The authors take a deep dive into intersectional theory-building, through which they examine the intra-categorical differences among Black women. They find that Black women vary in their political experiences because of their appearances, and that dominant, Eurocentric beauty standards influence the electoral chances of Black women. They observe that skin tone and hair texture, along with the historical legacies that have shaped the current cultural and political contexts, dictate Black women elites’ political experiences and voter evaluations of them. The book asks the following questions: What do the politics of appearance for Black women mean for Black women politicians and for Black voters who evaluate them? What are the origins of the contemporary focus on Black women’s bodies in public life? How do Black women politicians themselves make sense of the politics of appearance? Is there a phenotypic profile into which most Black women politicians fit? What is the effect of variation in Black women’s phenotypes for candidate evaluations? And how do voters process the appearances of Black women candidates?
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Meyer, Madonna Harrington, i Jessica Hausauer. Long-Term Care for the Elderly. Redaktorzy Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan i Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.011.
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Despite the growing need for long-term care, the United States does not have a coherent set of long-term care policies. The existing patchwork of programs and services can be difficult for patients and their families to understand and fails to adequately support many of those in need of care. This chapter traces the historical background of long-term care policy and assesses the three formal channels through which individuals currently navigate long-term care. It addresses the strengths and weaknesses of long-term care coverage briefly through Medicare and private long-term care insurance, and much more fully through Medicaid. The chapter concludes by focusing on families, particularly women, who continue to provide extensive care through informal care work. It is the most vulnerable older and disabled Americans, particularly those who are women, black and Hispanic, and single, and their families who face the greatest difficulties under the current system and who will be most affected by future policy changes.
Części książek na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Maheshwari, Sudhanshu. "Current-mode blocks". W Analog Circuit Design using Current-Mode Techniques, 11–26. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003403111-2.
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Maheshwari, Sudhanshu. "Configurable analog blocks". W Analog Circuit Design using Current-Mode Techniques, 135–45. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003403111-8.
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Safari, Leila, Giuseppe Ferri, Shahram Minaei i Vincenzo Stornelli. "Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifiers Based on Various Current-Mode Building Blocks". W Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, 71–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01343-1_5.
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Cohn, Avra. "Correctness Properties of the Viper Block Model: The Second Level". W Current Trends in Hardware Verification and Automated Theorem Proving, 1–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3658-0_1.
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İşcen, Özgün Eylül. "Black Box Allegories of Gulf Futurism". W The Case for Reduction, 91–115. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-25_05.
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Given the prospect of post-oil futures, this chapter historically situates contemporary Gulf Futurism within cybernetic and logistical aspirations underlying the current global trend of the smartness mandate. Working through the complex visuality that the cybernetic black box animates, the chapter revisits Fredric Jameson’s cognitive mapping as an allegorical model for the inherent frictions of computational capital. To this end, it discusses Kuwaiti artist Monira Al Qadiri’s artistic practice that reclaims a right to speculate while condensing material reality and imaginative threads, thereby going beyond a mere gesture of unveiling or mapping.
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Horgmo Jæger, Karoline, i Aslak Tveito. "Re-Introducing the Cell: The Extracellular-Membrane-Intracellular (EMI) Model". W Differential Equations for Studies in Computational Electrophysiology, 107–17. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30852-9_11.
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AbstractAs mentioned earlier, the bidomain system is currently the standard mathematical model of cardiac electrophysiology. This system is nowroutinely solved and provides valuable insights into the conduction of electrical signals in cardiac tissue. However, the model has one glaring limitation: The cardiomyocyte is nowhere to be found in the model, since the extracellular space, the intracellular space and the cell membrane are all assumed to be everywhere in the computational domain. The cell was lost in homogenization! There is a tremendous advantage to this because the model becomes much simpler and thus solvable for the whole human heart. And it works! But the downside is of course that the cell is the essential building block of the tissue and leaving it out of the model has consequences. For instance, it becomes impossible to investigate the detailed dynamics of the electrochemical processes in the vicinity of a small collection of cells.
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Abuelma’atti, Muhammad Taher, i Osama Oglah Fares. "Generation of Current-Mode Power Law Function and AM Modulator/Demodulator Using Configurable Analog Blocks (CABs) for Field Programmable Analog Arrays". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 99–105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25905-0_14.
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Yan, Duifeng, Jiru Wang, Shenli Jia, Baoqiang Zhang, Lun Feng i Jianfei Peng. "Simulation and Research of SF6 High Voltage Circuit Breaker at Current-Zero Regio Based on Black Box Arc Model". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1123–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0357-3_116.
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Augustin-Behravesh, Shirley-Ann. "Diversity in Academia and Sustainability Science: The STEM Blindspot". W Transforming Education for Sustainability, 39–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13536-1_3.
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AbstractIncreasing diversity in organizations has been shown to lead to more open, innovative and productive organizations. Within sustainability science, the need for diverse opinions, experiences and disciplines cannot be overstated. Two of the core principles of sustainability are normative and collaborative competencies that emphasize the need for diverse stakeholder involvement. To solve complicated, societal problems, we need to ensure that voices typically unheard, have a part to play in developing solutions for sustainability challenges. This is becoming even more critical as we see the impacts of sustainability problems being disproportionately felt by vulnerable populations, which often are populated by Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC). Despite this evident need, our current academic positions in the field of sustainability and environmental science, like most STEM disciplines, are predominantly held by white, male faculty.
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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen i Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System". W Springer Proceedings in Energy, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.
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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Groza, Robert, i Mihaela Cirlugea. "Current-mode Configurable Analog Block". W 2016 12th IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isetc.2016.7781086.
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Narksarp, W., P. Pawarangkoon, W. Kiranon i P. Wadkien. "A four-quadrant current-mode multiplier/divider building block". W 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecticon.2009.5137072.
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Steck, R. B., A. Kostka i K. Lehmann. "A versatile building-block for high-speed current-mode analog ICs". W Euro ASIC '91. IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euasic.1991.212902.
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Maslennikow, Oleg, Magdalena Rajewska i Robert Berezowski. "Hardware Realization of the AES Algorithm S-Block Functions in the Current-Mode Gate Technology". W 2007 9th International Conference - The Experience of Designing and Applications of CAD Systems in Microelectronics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cadsm.2007.4297528.
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Grindheim, Bjarte, C. C. Li i A. H. Høien. "Large scale laboratory block model tests simulating rock mass uplift failure". W The IV Nordic Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Jarðtæknifélag Íslands og Jarðgangafélag Íslands, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/nrock2023.13.
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"Rock anchors are high-capacity reinforcement measures used to stabilise large-scale infrastructure. There are four main failure mechanisms for rock anchors, which are: (1) rock mass uplift failure; (2) grout-rock interface failure; (3) tendon-grout interface failure; and (4) steel tendon tensile failure. A large-scale laboratory test rig has been developed to test block models which simulates rock mass uplift failure (failure mode 1). The design methods against failure mode 1 are the most conservative and least satisfactory design methods according to literature. The full-field displacements of the models were monitored with digital image correlation (DIC). The block model tests had higher capacities than what was calculated with the current design methods using the weight of overlying rock cone and presumptive shear strength values along the assumed failure cone. The capacity and failure shape in the block models showed to be structurally dependent on the block model pattern. The horizontal stress in the models increased during the tests, which showed that load arches were induced in the block models during the uplift. The load capacity of the block models increased with model height and horizontal stress level."
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Fix, Mathijs E., Dannis M. Brouwer i Ronald G. K. M. Aarts. "Building Block Based Topology Synthesis Algorithm to Optimize the Natural Frequency in Large Stroke Flexure Mechanisms". W ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22393.
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Abstract Flexure based compliant mechanisms suited for a large range of motion can be designed by handling the challenges arising from combining low compliance in the desired directions, high support stiffness, low stresses and high unwanted natural frequencies. Current topology optimization tools typically can’t model large deflections of flexures, are too conceptual or are case specific. In this research, a new spatial topological synthesis algorithm based on building blocks is proposed to optimize the performance of an initial design. The algorithm consists of successive shape optimizations and layout syntheses. In each shape optimization the dimensions for some layout are optimized. The layout synthesis strategically replaces the most “critical” building block with a better option. To maximize the first unwanted natural frequency the replacement strategy depends the strain energy distribution of the accompanying mode shape. The algorithm is tested for the design of a 1-DOF flexure hinge. The obtained final layout agrees with results known from literature.
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Lee, Yong H. "Automatic Speed Control System for Vehicle Approaching and Driving on a Curve". W ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68343.
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Based on the curvature information for an upcoming road, an automatic speed control system regulates vehicle speed to improve vehicle curve following performance. The road information is extracted from a digitally stored map using the current vehicle position obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Then, a safe curve speed is determined using the lateral dynamics of vehicle in turn to ensure proper curve handling. Other factors, such as vehicle characteristics, driver preferences, and road and environment conditions are also considered so that vehicle safety and driver comfort are enhanced. An acceleration command is generated from the current vehicle speed and the desired curve speed profile. Driving mode, such as conservative, normal, or aggressive mode, can be selected from the console for a desired driving style. The gain and preview time to determine the vehicle cornering speed are selected according to driver’s preference. The functional blocks of the system include computation of the road curvature, determination of a desired curve speed profile for the best cornering performance for an upcoming curve, and regulation of vehicle speed toward the desired speed. Signal input blocks and actuator control blocks are added to interface with the bus oriented sensors and actuators. The entrance and exit conditions block checks for various vehicle status signals to enter or exit the curve speed control mode gracefully. It also generates a diagnostic message when map data is absent or an error occurs on acceleration command computation. The vehicle studies indicated that the curve speed control system is effective in regulating vehicle speed during curve following maneuvers.
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Hamel, Denis, Thomas Cooper, James Merkel, Carson Allgood i Alexander Kolarich. "Thermodynamic Modeling for the Analysis of Non-Stabilized Flight Test Temperature Data". W Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-17631.
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Temperature is the result of underlying thermodynamically independent heat transfer modes of conduction, convection and radiation. Flight test methods have evolved to collect targeted data in support of most engineering disciplines - flight mechanics, aerodynamics, performance, dynamics - but little has changed in the field of thermal analysis, which relies mainly on stabilized temperature data requiring extended ground and flight test conditions. Traditional methods are time consuming and may result in imprecise extrapolation of steady-state temperatures. Temperature response is an exponential time decay function with time constant and asymptotic values defined by material properties, compartment volume, and heat transfer mode. A generalized heat transfer block diagram and matrix state space model presents each heat transfer mode in a multi-zonal system of helicopter compartments. The model is defined via system identification tests that isolate the heat transfer effects - electrical heating, passive cooling, solar radiation, and airspeed effects. The resultant model can be used with time-variant standardized hot day solar radiation and ambient temperature profiles to yield temperature versus time profiles for direct comparison with equipment qualification criteria. This methodology is the basis for more efficient and more accurate results than current evaluation techniques.
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Tesařová, Mariana, Markéta Bednářová i Iveta Šimberová. "THE EFFECT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS OF SMEs FROM THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY". W 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.835.
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The main aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of digital transformation on Business models (BMs) of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the manufacturing industry. Pre-pandemic and current state of digital transformation of SME’s BMs is analyzed, using Business Model Canvas (BM Canvas). Survey conducted with eighteen SMEs serves as the base for the analysis, putting emphasis on SMEs BMs development and changes that happened after COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, how each building block reacted to digital transformation. Findings show that changes in the building blocks are not proportional, with each building block achieving different percentual change of digital transformation, whereas the importance of specific blocks varies in the eyes of companies’ manage-ment.
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Pereira, He´lder F. S. G., Abi´lio M. P. De Jesus, Anto´nio A. Fernandes i Alfredo S. Ribeiro. "Cyclic and Fatigue Behavior of the P355NL1 Steel Under Block Loading". W ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26550.
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Current fatigue analyses of metallic structures undergoing variable amplitude loading, including pressure vessels, are mostly based on linear cumulative damage concepts, as proposed by Palmgren and Miner. This type of analysis neglects any sequential effects of the loading history. Several studies have shown that linear cumulative damage theories can produce inconsistent fatigue life predictions. In this paper, both fatigue damage accumulation and cyclic elastoplastic behaviors of the P355NL1 steel are characterized, using block loading fatigue tests. The loading is composed by blocks of constant strain-controlled amplitudes, applied according to two and multiple alternate blocks sequences. Also, loading composed by blocks of variable strain-controlled amplitudes are investigated. The block loading illustrates that fatigue damage evolves nonlinearly with the number of load cycles, as a function of the block strain amplitudes. These observations suggest a nonlinear damage accumulation rule with load sequential effects for the P355NL1 steel. However, the damage accumulation nonlinearity and load sequential effects are more evident for the two block loading rather than for multiple alternate block sequences, which suggests that the linear Palmgren-Miner’s rule tend to produce better results for more irregular loading histories. Some phenomenological interpretations for the observed trends are discussed under a fracture mechanics framework.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"
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Tkachuk, Viktoriia V., Vadym P. Shchokin i Vitaliy V. Tron. The Model of Use of Mobile Information and Communication Technologies in Learning Computer Sciences to Future Professionals in Engineering Pedagogy. [б. в.], listopad 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2668.
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Research goal: the research is aimed at developing a model of use of mobile ICT in learning Computer Sciences to future professionals in Engineering Pedagogy. Object of research is the model of use of mobile ICT in learning Computer Sciences to future professionals in Engineering Pedagogy. Results of the research: the developed model of use of mobile ICT as tools of learning Computer Sciences to future professionals in Engineering Pedagogy is based on the competency-based, person-centered and systemic approaches considering principles of vocational education, general didactic principles, principles of Computer Science learning, and principles of mobile learning. It also takes into account current conditions and trends of mobile ICT development. The model comprises four blocks: the purpose-oriented block, the content-technological block, the diagnostic block and the result-oriented block. According to the model, the learning content of Computer Sciences consists of 5 main units: 1) Fundamentals of Computer Science; 2) Architecture of Modern Computers; 3) Fundamentals of Algorithmization and Programming; 4) Software of Computing Systems; 5) Computer Technologies in the Professional Activity of Engineer-pedagogues.
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Francini i Zand. PR-218-094510-R01 Procedure for Evaluating the Effects of Blasting on Pipelines - Phase 1 Summary Report. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010024.
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This report contains a state of the art review of current methods for evaluating the effects of close in blasting on pipelines. The report includes a comparison of current methods for determining the stress resulting from blasting with available experimental results. It also covers the subject of block movement as a result of delayed gas pressure, methods to determine the likelihood of ground movement and procedures for evaluating if movement has occurred. More accurate methods to determine blasting stresses are investigated. A procedure to be followed to evaluate the effects of blasting is proposed. Finally, recent developments in blasting technology that are relevant to blasting near pipelines are reviewed.
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Carrión-Tavárez, Ángel. From NAP to SNAP: A Bridge to Economic Liberty for Residents of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Institute for Economic Liberty, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13584001.
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This paper explains the origin, characteristics, and operation of the United States federal government’s block grant currently received by Puerto Rico to operate a nutrition assistance program. We compare its limitations with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit system. We analyze the possible change from the block grant to SNAP, and the potential of this program to enable more people to work and provide for themselves and their families. The effect on the economic activity of the federal funds allocated for the reconstruction and construction of infrastructure on the Island is considered. Finally, we discuss how SNAP incentives could create favorable conditions for the labor force participation rate to rise and what this means for the economic liberty of the people of Puerto Rico.
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Banerjee, Pritam, i Atul Sanganeria. Developing a Risk Management System for Participating Government Agencies of India. Asian Development Bank, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210413-2.
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Trade facilitation is a critical building block of developing globally integrated value chains. In India, current trade facilitation systems including risk assessment criteria require improvements involving regulatory mandates for food and drugs, animal and plant quarantine, wildlife protection, and textile products. Using illustrative examples, this working paper presents specific system development needs for six major participating government agencies on trade facilitation in India. It provides a model for developing a comprehensive system of risk management. It also discusses the need for institutional cooperation between customs authorities and participating government agencies for a comprehensive single window trade facilitation solution.
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Carrión-Tavárez, Ángel. From NAP to SNAP: A Bridge to Economic Liberty for Residents of Puerto Rico (An Update). Institute for Economic Liberty, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13584007.
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This paper updates and modifies "From NAP to SNAP: A Bridge to Economic Liberty for Residents of Puerto Rico." As the original document, this paper explains the origin, characteristics, and operation of the United States federal government’s block grant currently received by Puerto Rico to operate a nutrition assistance program. We compare its limitations with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit system. We analyze the possible change from the block grant to SNAP, and the potential of this program to enable more people to work and provide for themselves and their families. The effect on the economic activity of the federal funds allocated for the reconstruction and construction of infrastructure on the Island is considered. Finally, we discuss how SNAP incentives could create favorable conditions for the labor force participation rate to rise and what this means for the economic liberty of the people of Puerto Rico.
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Raj, Phani K. DTRS56-04-T-0005 Fires in an LNG Facility - Assessments, Models and Risk Evaluation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011800.
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The models used at present to evaluate the potential hazard areas around large LNG fires were developed with field test data from smaller diameter (1.8 m to 15 m) fires. These models are, however, applied to predict hazard distances from fires much larger in size compared to the experimental fires. Recent publication of the results from a series of tests conducted in 1987 with 35 m diameter LNG fires indicates that large LNG fires tend to generate significant amount of black soot. The black soot is postulated to be generated from incomplete and inefficient combustion of fuel vapors due to reduced oxygen diffusion into the combustion zone near the core of the fire. This phenomenon (of black soot production) in large LNG fires reduces the radiant heat hazard expectations in areas surrounding such fires. In this project, a review was undertaken of the different types and sizes of fires that could occur in a LNG facility and from ship releases, either due to accidental releases or from deliberate acts. The models associated with each of the fire scenarios have been reviewed. A new generation LNG pool fire model ("PoFMISE") has been developed based on data from a number of tests with both LNG and other hydrocarbon fluids. This model is applicable to small as well as large LNG fires and includes the formation of smoke and the consequent diminution of radiant heat output from the fire. The results of the model agree with experimental results for mean emissive power for fires of less than 35 m. Results for larger fires indicate substantial reduction in mean emissive power with almost 50% reduction for a 300 m diameter fire compared to the values used in current models. This implies that the currently predicted hazard distances for large fires are high (by factors of 2 to 3, after accounting for atmospheric absorption). The report also provides guidance with an illustrative procedure to calculate the risk from different types and sizes of fires that may occur in a LNG facility.
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Caetano, Gerardo. Analysis and foresight of the European Union - Mercosur Association Agreement. Fundación Carolina, kwiecień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff04en.
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After a negotiation that has been ongoing for more than two decades, the “agreement in principle” between the European Union and Mercosur regarding the trade pillar, announced in June 2019, has not been confirmed. Moreover, in the current context, the perspectives that are outlined in both blocks are not auspicious, for various reasons that are analyzed. In this context, the text will analyzes the following points: i) in the absence of a specific Treaty in progress of application, it informs about the negotiations of the trade pillar, its current status, the contents of the principle of agreement signed in 2019, the possibilities of closure and ratification by the two parties and the main expected impacts; ii) the potential implications of this agreement for both the European Union and Mercosur, in particular with regard to its foreseeable consequences for the strategic autonomy of both regions and for the strengthening of multilateralism at present; and iii) the expected impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the eventual contribution of this Association Agreement in the new scenarios. The text closes with a brief overview.
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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø i Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.
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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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Aalto, Juha, i Ari Venäläinen, red. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.
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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Altstein, Miriam, i Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.
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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.