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1
Nevell, David. "Using aggregated cumulative hazard plots to visualize failure data". Quality and Reliability Engineering International 16, nr 3 (2000): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1638(200005/06)16:3<209::aid-qre326>3.0.co;2-p.
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Loveridge, John P., i Stein R. Moe. "Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland". Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, nr 3 (21.04.2004): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403001202.
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Thirteen termite mounds and 13 similar-sized control plots were surveyed in central Zimbabwe in order to study large mammalian browsing and vegetation characteristics. The mounds supported almost twice as many tree species as the control plots and the woody vegetation was denser on mounds compared with the woodland plots. Species of woody plants were recorded along with the percentage of branches browsed (cumulative browsing score) by black rhino, Diceros bicornis, elephant, Loxodonta africana and other browsers combined. In addition we measured how the cumulative browsing score on three woody plant species, Acacia nilotica, Colophospermum mopane and Dichrostachys cinerea, which were common both on and off mounds, was related to the distance from mound centre. Both black rhino and elephant cumulative browsing scores were significantly higher on the mound plants compared with the woodland plots. Cumulative browsing score was negatively related to distance from the mound centre for Dichrostachys cinerea, Colophospermum mopane and Acacia nilotica. We propose that termite mound construction in miombo woodland contributes to sustaining populations of megaherbivores and perhaps some woody species in these areas.
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Mori, Akinori. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cut Grasslands Renovated with Full Inversion Tillage, Shallow Tillage, and Use of a Tine Drill in Nasu, Japan". Agriculture 10, nr 2 (24.01.2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020031.
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To restore the productivity of a deteriorated sward due to weed invasion, renovation (re-sowing) is necessary. However, the renovation method used can affect the sward’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and herbage yield. This study compared the effects of renovation using full inversion tillage (F), shallow tillage (S), or a tine drill (T) on the GHG emissions and herbage yield of a grassland in Nasu, Japan. Two adjacent grasslands were renovated in September 2015 (year 1) and 2016 (year 2). In each year, F, S, and T plots (5 m × 20 m each) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and then orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was seeded. All plots received 40 kg-N ha−1 for renovation and 190 kg-N ha−1 y−1 the following year. Carbon balance (i.e., the difference between C input through crop residue and C output through heterotrophic respiration), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and herbage yield were measured over a period of 411 or 412 days. Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly smaller from F and S plots than from T plots, however, there was no significant difference in the sum of GHG emissions (i.e., C balance plus cumulative CH4 and N2O emissions) among F, S, and T plots. The cumulative total herbage yields of the F, S, and T plots did not differ significantly from each other. Consequently, the GHG intensity—i.e., the sum of GHG emissions per cumulative total herbage yield—was not significantly different among the F, S, and T plots.
4
Hildebrand, Elisabeth, John M. Skelly i Todd S. Fredericksen. "Foliar response of ozone-sensitive hardwood tree species from 1991 to 1993 in the Shenandoah national Park, Virginia". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, nr 4 (1.04.1996): 658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-076.
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During the late summers of 1991, 1992, and 1993, the occurrence and severity of foliar symptoms on ozone-sensitive eastern hardwood species (black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.), and white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.)) in the Shenandoah National Park, Va., and relationships between the observed symptoms and cumulative ambient ozone exposures were determined. Three plots containing 30 trees of each species were established adjacent to air quality monitoring stations located at three different elevations. The symptom response of black cherry was most clearly correlated with ozone exposure. The best-fit regression model describing the relationship between cumulative ozone exposures and foliar injury was quadratic (y = a + bx2 + e); the most significant relationships were foliar injury versus the cumulative ozone concentrations of ≥60 ppb and the cumulative ozone concentrations weighted by a sigmoidal function. These observations suggest that higher ozone exposures are more important to foliar symptom development, but cumulatively all exposures contribute to the effect. In 1992, the progression of symptom development on 10 black cherry trees at each site was observed and related to cumulative ozone; there was an exponential increase of foliar injury with cumulative ozone throughout the summer. In 1993, eight subplots of five black cherry saplings were established, and ozone-induced symptom incidence and severity was compared with those on overstory trees at associated trend plots. There was no significant difference in symptom expression between overstory and sapling trees; therefore, Park Service personnel can use the more accessible saplings instead of overstory trees to monitor ozone symptoms in the Park.
5
Redondo, F. L. "Probability of disease ascertained by modified cumulative frequency plots: some comments." Clinical Chemistry 34, nr 11 (1.11.1988): 2389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.11.2389.
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Helms, Laura E., i Ronald W. Helms. "P118 Using cumulative plots to detect biased assignments in unbalanced designs". Controlled Clinical Trials 16, nr 3 (czerwiec 1995): 139S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)90598-y.
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Xiao, Pei Qing, Wen Yi Yao i Chang Gao Wang. "Soil Erosion Process in Sloped Shrub Plots under Simulated Rainfall". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (październik 2011): 2094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2094.
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Runoff, sediment yield and infiltration process of shrub plots were studied under rainfall intensities of 45, 87 and 127 mm/h with 20° slope gradient using simulated rainfall experiment. The results showed that cumulative runoff and cumulative sediment yield of shrub plot had an obvious positive correlation with rainfall time. Under rainfall intensity of 45 mm/h, runoff and sediment yield of shrub plot kept a constant level. Under rainfall intensity of 87 mm/h, runoff kept a fluctuant increase, whereas sediment yield basically kept steady. Under rainfall intensity of 127 mm/h, runoff and sediment yield of shrub plot increased evidently due to the formation of erosion pits. Infiltration rate of shrub plot had a negative relation with runoff as well as sediment yield.
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Gilligan, TM, i CD Hill. "PMC2 LONGITUDINAL DATA EXPLORATION WITH STACKED CUMULATIVE PERCENT PLOTS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA". Value in Health 12, nr 3 (maj 2009): A19—A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)73155-7.
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Knight, A. L., i D. M. Light. "Developing action thresholds for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester- and codlemone-baited traps in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone mating disruption". Canadian Entomologist 137, nr 6 (grudzień 2005): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-040.
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AbstractTraps baited with either ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (E,E)- 8,10- dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) (Pherocon® CM-DA™ and Megalure CM™ lures, respectively) were used to develop action thresholds for codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) orchards treated with sex pheromones for control of this pest. Studies were conducted in 102 orchards treated with 500–1000 ISOMATE®-C PLUS dispensers per hectare during 2000–2002. Pairs of traps were placed within two 1.0-ha plots within each orchard. Fruit injury was assessed at mid-season and prior to harvest in each plot. The numbers of female and total moths caught in pear ester-baited traps and male moths caught in codlemone-baited traps were used to develop action thresholds. Thresholds were based on the minimum cumulative number of moths per trap in ≥95% of traps in unsprayed plots with no fruit injury. Specific thresholds were established for the first insecticide spray targeting the start of egg hatch and for the first and second moth flights. The proportion of plots with mid-season fruit injury that had cumulative moth catches below the action threshold at first spray and at second moth flight was determined using the established action threshold and thresholds reduced incrementally to ≥1 moth per trap. Moth catches below the threshold at first spray were less common in plots with high levels of fruit injury (>0.3%) than in plots with low levels of fruit injury and more common with codlemone-baited traps than with pear ester-baited traps. An action threshold of ≥1 moth in a pear ester-baited trap at first spray eliminated the error in predicting fruit injury in plots at mid-season. Conversely, a high proportion of traps baited with either lure failed to predict low levels of fruit injury at harvest in unsprayed plots regardless of the cumulative moth threshold used during the second moth flight.
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Cox, Nicholas J. "Stata tip 141: Adding marginal spike histograms to quantile and cumulative distribution plots". Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x211045583.
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Cox, Nicholas J. "Stata tip 141: Adding marginal spike histograms to quantile and cumulative distribution plots". Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x211045583.
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Rudzki, Piotr J., Michał Kaza i Przemysław Biecek. "Extended 3D and 4D cumulative plots for evaluation of unmatched incurred sample reanalysis". Bioanalysis 10, nr 3 (luty 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2017-0210.
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Sabria, Joan, Carmina Comas, Carles Barceló-Vidal, Miriam Illa, Monica Echevarria, Maria Dolors Gomez-Roig i Antoni Borrell. "Cumulative sum plots and retrospective parameters in first-trimester ductus venosus quality assurance". Prenatal Diagnosis 33, nr 4 (14.03.2013): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.4079.
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Mirahmadizadeh, Alireza, Mousa Ghelichi-Ghojogh, Kimia Jokari, Sanaz Amiri, Leila Moftakhar, Mohammad Javad Moradian, Mohammad Habibi i in. "Correlation Between Diabetes and COVID-19 Indices: A Global Level Ecological Study". SAGE Open Nursing 9 (styczeń 2023): 237796082311654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23779608231165485.
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Introduction Coronavirus is threatening the global public health as a new and widespread crisis. The researchers must keep in mind that one of the most vulnerable groups to COVID-19 are the people with underlying diseases, especially diabetes. Objective This ecological study aimed to investigate the correlation between diabetes and the epidemiological indices of COVID-19. Methods This ecological study included 144 countries. Their available data consists of the cumulative incidence rate of cases, cumulative incidence rate of death, recovery rate, case fatality rate, and performed tests of COVID-19, and diabetes. To collect the variables, a data set was provided which included the information of 144 countries based on diabetes and COVID-19 indices. Spearman coefficients were used for assess correlation between diabetes and COVID-19 indices. Also, Scatter plots of diabetes for the studied countries were drawn based on cumulative incidence rate of cases, cumulative incidence rate of death, tests, recovery rate, and case fatality rate of COVID-19. Results The results of this ecological study showed in total countries, there was a weak positive correlation between diabetes and cumulative incidence rate of cases and also cumulative incidence rate of death. Correlation between diabetes with test of COVID-19 was very weak. Scatter plots showed a weak liner correlation between diabetes and cumulative incidence rate of cases, cumulative incidence rate of death and test of COVID-19. Conclusions In this study, there was a weak positive correlation between diabetes and cumulative incidence rate of cases, cumulative incidence rate of death, and performed test of COVID-19. This disease is an enormous challenge for health policymakers; therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies and practical guidelines specific to each region to take the necessary care, especially for diabetic patients.
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Rom, Curt R., i Jason McAfee*. "Effects of Wood-chip Mulch on Growth and Productivity of `Apache' Blackberry". HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 825E—826. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.825e.
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`Apache' blackberry planted in 3-m plots spaced at 0.6 m between plants were maintained either with or without waste municipal wood chip mulch and grown for 5 years. Plots received similar weed control, pest management, and irrigation. All plots were annually hedged at 1.35-m height twice during midsummer to encourage branching. Fruit were harvested beginning in the second season after a season of establishment. Annual yield in the mulched plots was 15% greater, average fruit size was 4% larger, and cumulative yield was 9% greater in the mulched plots compared to nonmulched control plots. In two seasons, average berry soluble solids content of fruit from mulched plots was slightly, but not significantly higher. Annual primocane number was 33% greater, floricane number 41% greater, floricane dry weight after harvest was 15% greater, and average plant height before summer pruning was 24% taller in mulched plots compared to nonmulched plots. Mulch significantly reduced weeds within the plots.
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Chen, Ho-Wen, i Chien-Yuan Chen. "Warning Models for Landslide and Channelized Debris Flow under Climate Change Conditions in Taiwan". Water 14, nr 5 (23.02.2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050695.
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Climate change has caused numerous disasters around the world. It has also influenced the climate of Taiwan, with urban areas exhibiting a temperature increase by 1 °C between 1998 and 2020. In this study, climate change and landslides in Taiwan were statistically analyzed. Cumulative annual precipitation in mountain watersheds in central Taiwan exhibit a declining trend and is lower than that in urban areas. The relatively few typhoons reduced the distribution of rainfall in mountain watersheds and fewer landslides. From 2017 to 2020, typhoon-induced rains caused fewer landslides than did other climate events such as the meiyu front, tropical low pressure, and southwesterly flow events. Three rainfall characteristics of landslide initiation were identified: high rainfall intensity over a short duration (<12 h), high-intensity and prolonged rainfall, and high cumulative rainfall over a long duration (>36 h). Combinations of warning models for landslides in cumulative rainfall–duration plots with rainfall intensity classification and mean rainfall intensity–duration plots with cumulative rainfall classification were presented. In recent (2018–2020) years, climate change has resulted in higher temperatures, less rainfall in mountain watersheds, and a lower rainfall threshold at which landslides are initiated by non-typhoon climate events.
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Roshchina, Olga S., i Oksana A. Farafonova. "AUTOBIOGRAPHIES BASED ON MODELS OF FICTION LITERATURE PLOTS IN RUSSIAN MEMOIRISTICS OF THE 18TH CENTURY". Lomonosov Journal of Philology, nr 4, 2023 (23.08.2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2023-47-04-10.
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The article identifies thе alternative changes to the traditional plot pattern for autobiographical narration. Memoirs of the 18th century are based on the cumulative principle presuming that heterogeneous events (both nation-wide and those of public and private life of the memoirist himself) are described in parallel and in a strict chronological sequence. In contrast to the previous tradition of memoir-making, Shakhovskoy conceptualizes his life as moving from happiness to unhappiness and focuses on the cumulative plot of an adventure novel. He describes only official activity and builds up the plot of the autobiography as a number of series, consisting of structurally homogeneous microplots or plot situations. Happiness alternates with unhappiness both within the series of microplots and in the very sequence of the series (loss of patrons — victories over opponents — victories of opponents — success in the service of Her Majesty). Unlike other autobiographies, The Adventures of Ensign Klimov is based not on the cumulative but on the cyclic pattern of the plot (forced abandonment of the Fatherland and the family — suffering calamities in exile — return). The plot of Klimov’s memoirs is semantically based on the story of cruel fate and God’s will. The memoirs of Shakhovsky and Klimov actually represent two possible options for transferring the plot structure of epic genres into memoir narration: specifically, the cumulative plot of an adventure novel in one case, and the cyclic one of the parable of the prodigal son and ancient Russian stories dating back to it in the other. The use of models of fiction literature plots is predetermined by the authors’ conceptual understanding of their own life history, in contrast to most memoirs of the 18th century, where events are simply recorded as a chronicle and do not line up in a semantically determined plot series.
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Harmon, Mark, i Robert Pabst. "The Long-Term Effects of Wind Disturbance on a Sitka Spruce-Western Hemlock Forest". Forests 10, nr 2 (2.02.2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020119.
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Wind is an important disturbance in many forested regions, but research has largely focused on immediate to short-term (<10 years) effects on species composition and structure of stands and landscapes. We used a set of ten, 0.4-ha plots established in 1935 and measured every 5–13 years to examine the cumulative effects of multiple wind disturbance events in the coastal forests of Oregon. Since 1935 there have been ten documented wind events in coastal Oregon with hurricane-force winds. Most of the eight windstorms since 1962 noticeably influenced at least one plot; however, no individual storm clearly influenced all plots. Net rate of biomass accumulation of plots was negative when biomass mortality exceeded 29–41 Mg/ha per 5-year period (or 3.4%–5.8% per 5 years). In contrast, wind disturbance did not clearly reduce NPP (Net Primary Production) in any plot until biomass mortality exceeded 50%. Major wind-related mortality episodes in individual plots did not necessarily strongly influence the average loss of biomass across all plots. For example, a biomass loss of 88% in one plot resulted in an average loss of only 3.4% across all plots. In contrast, the cumulative effect of multiple plots with repeated wind-related mortality did decrease biomass at the multi-plot level. Depending on the plot, wind caused 16%–59% of the total mortality over time, and the proportion of wind-related mortality has increased 5- to 8-fold since 1940. The majority (80%) of wind-related mortality was “immediate”, but some trees survived up to 35 years after being significantly wind damaged. Despite western hemlock having a wind-related mortality rate that was at least twice that of Sitka spruce, the number of stems of the former species increased over time. This trend may be related to the predominant recovery mechanism which was the release of existing small trees and the fact that the majority of ingrowth was western hemlock. This study suggests that wind disturbance is a heterogeneous, gradual process and that while individual events have a detectable impact on structure and function, the largest impacts, at least in systems where it reoccurs each decade, are cumulative.
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Zhang, Wen Mei, Qi Ming J. Yu, Qi Ming Cao i Des W. Connell. "A Simplified Computational Method for Overall Risk Probability in Probabilistic Health Risk Assessments of Environmental Pollutants". Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (lipiec 2012): 2076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2076.
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In the assessment of health risks of environmental pollutants, both conventional methods and probabilistic methods based on the use of cumulative probability plots have been used. Probabilistic risk assessment has the advantage that the statistical distributions of both the exposure data set and the adverse effect data set are taken into account in risk characterization. In addition, the method of overall risk probability (ORP) has been used to quantify the overall risk probability of adverse effects for the population samples. The disadvantage is that many more data points are needed to obtain the cumulative probability plots and the calculation of the ORP from the probability plots is more complicated. In this paper, a simplified computational method for the estimation of the ORP was developed. In this method, an overall risk factor (ORF), as an estimated value of the ORP value, was obtained from the mid-point of an exposure exceedence curve. The ORF can also be obtained from an inversed cumulative probability plot of the exposure curve, thus eliminating the needs for the use of the exposure exceedence curve and the numerical integration of the exceedence curve in ORP computation. The use of ORF method was illustrated with a practical example and the results indicated that the values of the ORF and ORP are about the same.
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Quigley, Martin F., i Harold H. Slater. "Mapping Forest Plots: A Fast Triangulation Method for One Person Working Alone". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, nr 3 (1.08.1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.3.133.
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Abstract With two fixed target locations, the Sonin electronic measuring device enables stem mapping of forest plots and transects to be done efficiently by one person, or greatly accelerates team work. There is no cumulative mapping error within individual plots. Measurements are much faster than tape measuring and more accurate than bearing/range methods, and the equipment costs are very low. The procedures for data verification, conversion to Cartesian coordinates, and for standarization of interplot coordinates are presented. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):133-136.
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McRoberts, Ronald E., Jerold T. Hahn, Glenda J. Hefty i Jerry R. Van Cleve. "Variation in forest inventory field measurements". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 9 (1.09.1994): 1766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-228.
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Field crews from the North Central Forest Experiment Station independently measured two forest inventory plots in Michigan's Upper Peninsula; one plot was measured by eight crews and the other was measured by nine different crews. For 61 trees, the variation in measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH), crown ratio, and site index is described. For DBH, the distribution of field crew mistakes and the distribution of measurements without mistakes are described separately. For crown ratio, the distribution of differences between individual estimates and the most frequently occurring estimate for corresponding trees is described. For site index, the distribution of differences between individual estimates and the mean of plot estimates is described. Coefficients of variation were less than 5% for DBH, approximately 73% for crown ratio, and 13% and 16% for site index for the two plots. The effects of variation in measurements on 20-year predictions of basal area and cumulative basal area growth were estimated for the two plots using STEMS, TWIGS, and Monte Carlo simulations. Coefficients of variation were 2% and 3% for basal area and 7% and 9% for cumulative basal area growth for the two plots. Variation in site index estimates had the greatest effect on variation in the output variables.
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del Valle, José M., Constanza V. Carrasco, Felipe R. Toledo i Gonzalo A. Núñez. "Particle size distribution and stratification of pelletized oilseeds affects cumulative supercritical CO2 extraction plots". Journal of Supercritical Fluids 146 (kwiecień 2019): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2019.01.017.
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Bhaskar, Ashish, Edward Chung i André-Gilles Dumont. "Analysis for the Use of Cumulative Plots for Travel Time Estimation on Signalized Network". International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research 8, nr 3 (22.04.2010): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13177-010-0012-y.
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Pageot, Yann, Frédéric Baup, Jordi Inglada, Nicolas Baghdadi i Valérie Demarez. "Detection of Irrigated and Rainfed Crops in Temperate Areas Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Time Series". Remote Sensing 12, nr 18 (17.09.2020): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183044.
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The detection of irrigated areas by means of remote sensing is essential to improve agricultural water resource management. Currently, data from the Sentinel constellation offer new possibilities for mapping irrigated areas at the plot scale. Until now, few studies have used Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data to provide approaches for mapping irrigated plots in temperate areas. This study proposes a method for detecting irrigated and rainfed plots in a temperate area (southwestern France) jointly using optical (Sentinel-2), radar (Sentinel-1) and meteorological (SAFRAN) time series, through a classification algorithm. Monthly cumulative indices calculated from these satellite data were used in a Random Forest classifier. Two data years have been used, with different meteorological characteristics, allowing the performance of the method to be analysed under different climatic conditions. The combined use of the whole cumulative data (radar, optical and weather) improves the irrigated crop classifications (Overall Accuary (OA) ≈ 0.7) compared to the classifications obtained using each data separately (OA < 0.5). The use of monthly cumulative rainfall allows a significant improvement of the Fscore of irrigated and rainfed classes. Our study also reveals that the use of cumulative monthly indices leads to performances similar to those of the use of 10-day images while considerably reducing computational resources.
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KNAFL, G. J., J. A. MORGAN, R. L. FOLLENWEIDER i R. M. KARCICH. "SOFTWARE FAILURE DATA ANALYSIS USING THE LEAST SQUARES APPROACH AND THE TIME PER FAILURE CONCEPT". International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 02, nr 02 (czerwiec 1995): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539395000137.
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We adapt data analytic techniques to the software reliability setting. We develop an evaluation procedure based on scatterplots of transformed data, crossvalidation using the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) criterion, residual plots, and normal plots. We analyze a software failure data set collected at Storage Technology Corporation utilizing this evaluation technique. We identify a new model which, for this data set, outperforms several established software reliability models, including the delayed S-shaped, exponential, inverse linear, logarithmic, power, and log power models. The failure intensity, and hence the reliability, for this model at any point in time is a function of the time per failure, that is, the ratio of cumulative time divided by cumulative failures, a quantity that agrees with the mean time between failures for time points at which failures occur.
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Bush, Edward W., Allen D. Owings, Dennis P. Shepard i James N. McCrimmon. "Mowing Height and Nitrogen Rate Affect Turf Quality and Vegetative Growth of Common Carpetgrass". HortScience 35, nr 4 (lipiec 2000): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.760.
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Common carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase), mowed at 3.8 or 7.6 cm and fertilized with at least 98 kg·ha–1 N, maintained acceptable lawngrass quality during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. Cumulative vegetative growth (CVG) quality and coverage were increased in mowed plots fertilized with 98, 147, or 196 kg·ha–1 N. Unsightly seedheads were a problem in nonmowed plots 3 weeks after the start of the experiment, but did not appear in the mowed plots. Our results indicate that mowing common carpetgrass at 3.8 or 7.6 cm and fertilizing with 98, 147, or 196 kg·ha–1 N will provide acceptable turfgrass quality.
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Abid, M., N. Ahmed, Qayyum MF, M. Shaaban i A. Rashid. "Residual and cumulative effect of fertilizer zinc applied in wheat-cotton production system in an irrigated aridisol". Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 11 (7.11.2013): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/313/2013-pse.
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The objectives of present study were to determine the residual and cumulative effects of zinc (Zn) fertilizer on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a silt loam Typic Haplocambid soil (< 0.05 mg/kg diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Zn). The study comprised of two years field experiments where first cotton crop received zinc sulphate (ZnSO<sub>4</sub>∙H<sub>2</sub>O) at five rates (0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 kg Zn/ha) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. After harvest, each plot was divided into two sub-plots. To study the residual effect, one sub-plot of all plots did not receive Zn fertilizer for the subsequent crops; however, the other sub-plot received all Zn rates for 2005–06 wheat, 2006 cotton, and 2006–07 wheat. Fresh applied, residual as well as cumulative Zn application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased crops production for both experimental years. Residual effect of 5.0 kg Zn/ha optimized the 2006 cotton yield; however, wheat productivity was optimized with residual effect of 7.5 kg Zn/ha in 2005–06 and of 10.0 kg Zn/ha in 2006–07. Optimum yield of both crops was attained with a lesser fresh-applied and residual Zn rate than cumulative Zn rate. Total Zn uptake by wheat (134.9–289.6 g/ha) was much greater than by cotton (92.3–192.5 g/ha). It is concluded that one application of 7.5 kg Zn/ha proved adequate for optimizing two cycles of the cotton-wheat production system. Two-year repeated use of 5.0–7.5 kg Zn/ha did not depress crop yields.
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Amosu, Adewale, Mohamed Imsalem, Anne Raymond i Yuefeng Sun. "FischerLab: An Application for Generating Fischer Plots and Dynamic Fischer Plots from Wireline Well-Logs and Stratigraphic Data". Earth 1, nr 1 (17.09.2020): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth1010004.
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Fischer plots are a technique that is used to graph changes in accommodation in cyclic carbonate successions. They typically depict the cumulative departure from the average cycle thickness as a function of the cycle number or stratigraphic depth. Many applications of Fischer plots focus on their construction from exposed cyclic carbonate successions. No published programs allow the direct construction of Fischer plots from digital wireline well-logs or dynamic presentations of Fischer plots. Here, we introduce a program known as FischerLab, which facilitates the generation and analysis of Fischer plots. In addition to accepting interpreted stratigraphic data input, FischerLab facilitates the interpretation of digital wireline logs for the generation of Fischer plots in cycle and depth domains, as well as in a dynamic evolving cycle and relative depth domain from an easy-to-use interface. The dynamic construction facilitates the correlation of specific stratigraphic packages to parts of the accommodation cycle while simultaneously tracking the locus of the mean subsidence vector. We demonstrate the use of FischerLab on data derived from the carbonate succession outcrops of the Al-Athrun Formation, Libya, and the Glen Rose Formation, Central Texas, USA, as well as on wireline well-log data from the Western Great Bahama Bank, the Bahamas.
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Pathan, S. M., L. Barton i T. D. Colmer. "Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen)". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, nr 2 (2007): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05189.
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This study evaluated water application rates, leaching and quality of couch grass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen) under a soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system, compared with plots under conventional irrigation scheduling as recommended for domestic lawns in Perth, Western Australia by the State’s water supplier. The cumulative volume of water applied during summer to the field plots of turfgrass with the sensor-controlled system was 25% less than that applied to plots with conventional irrigation scheduling. During 154 days over summer and autumn, about 4% of the applied water drained from lysimeters in sensor-controlled plots, and about 16% drained from lysimeters in plots with conventional irrigation scheduling. Even though losses of mineral nitrogen via leaching were extremely small (representing only 1.1% of the total nitrogen applied to conventionally irrigated plots), losses were significantly lower in the sensor-controlled plots. Total clippings produced were 18% lower in sensor-controlled plots. Turfgrass colour in sensor-controlled plots was reduced during summer, but colour remained acceptable under both treatments. The soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system enabled automatic implementation of irrigation events to match turfgrass water requirements.
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Clough, T. J., N. Balaine, K. C. Cameron, S. O. Petersen i S. G. Sommer. "Effects of dairy shed effluent dry matter content on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from a pasture soil". Journal of Agricultural Science 156, nr 9 (listopad 2018): 1070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618001028.
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AbstractAtmospheric emissions of nitrogen (N) from New Zealand dairy farms are significant but have the potential to be affected by manure management prior to land application. The current work examined whether reducing cattle manure dry matter (DM) from 0.16 high DM (HDM) to 0.06 low DM (LDM), to enhance infiltration and reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions when applied to grassland, would affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Pasture was cut, simulating grazing, and either amended with HDM (173 kg N/ha) or LDM manure (48 kg N/ha) or left unamended. Ammonia emissions from HDM manure were higher than from LDM manure, as a flux or as a percentage of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN, i.e. NH3 + NH4+) applied, due to more TAN being retained near the soil surface and the higher soil surface pH under HDM manure treatment. Cumulative N2O emissions over 37 days from HDM plots were higher than from the control but not from the LDM plots. After 5 days, the daily N2O emission rate was larger from HDM plots than from LDM and control plots. The N2O fluxes from LDM and HDM treatments did not differ, either as a proportion of TAN applied or as a proportion of total-N applied. Increasing DM contributed to reductions in both oxygen (O2) availability and relative gas diffusivity, and thus potentially N2O production. Under the conditions of the current study, lower manure DM content reduced NH3 emissions but did not increase cumulative losses of N2O.
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ten Huf, Martin, i Hans-Werner Olfs. "Evaluation of the Dynamic Tube Method for Measuring Ammonia Emissions after Liquid Manure Application". Agriculture 13, nr 6 (8.06.2023): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061217.
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Easy and inexpensive methods for measuring ammonia emissions in multi-plot field trials allow the comparison of several treatments with liquid manure application. One approach that might be suitable under these conditions is the dynamic tube method (DTM). Applying the DTM, a mobile chamber system is placed on the soil surface, and the air volume within is exchanged at a constant rate for approx. 90 s. with an automated pump. This procedure is assumed to achieve an equilibrium ammonia concentration within the system. Subsequently, a measurement is performed using an ammonia-sensitive detector tube. Ammonia fluxes are calculated based on an empirical model that also takes into account the background ammonia concentration measured on unfertilized control plots. Between measurements on different plots, the chamber system is flushed with ambient air and cleaned with paper towels to minimize contamination with ammonia. The aim of this study was to determine important prerequisites and boundary conditions for the application of the DTM. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test if the ammonia concentration remains stable while performing a measurement. Furthermore, we investigated the cleaning procedure and the effect of potential ammonia carryover on cumulated emissions under field conditions following liquid manure application. The laboratory experiment indicated that the premeasurement phase to ensure a constant ammonia concentration is not sufficient. The concentration only stabilized after performing more than 100 pump strokes, with 20 pump strokes (lasting approximately 90 s) being the recommendation. However, the duration of performing a measurement can vary substantially, and linear conversion accounts for those differences, so a stable concentration is mandatory. Further experiments showed that the cleaning procedure is not sufficient under field conditions. Thirty minutes after performing measurements on high emitting plots, which resulted in an ammonia concentration of approx. 10 ppm in the chamber, we detected a residual concentration of 2 ppm. This contamination may affect measurements on plots with liquid manure application as well as on untreated control plots. In a field experiment with trailing hose application of liquid manure, we subsequently demonstrated that the calculation of cumulative ammonia emissions can vary by a factor of three, depending on the degree of chamber system contamination when measuring control plots. When the ammonia background values were determined by an uncontaminated chamber system that was used to measure only control plots, cumulative ammonia emissions were approximately 9 kg NH3-N ha−1. However, when ammonia background values were determined using the contaminated chamber system that was also used to measure on plots with liquid manure application, the calculation of cumulative ammonia losses indicated approximately 3 kg NH3-N ha−1. Based on these results, it can be concluded that a new empirical DTM calibration is needed for multi-plot field experiments with high-emitting treatments.
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Zartman, Richard E., Corey A. Moffet, David B. Wester, Ronald E. Sosebee, Ernest B. Fish i William F. Jaynes. "Influence of Surface Biosolids Application on Infiltration". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/642791.
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Biosolids from waste water treatment facilities applied to soils not only add plant nutrients, but also increase infiltration and decrease runoff and erosion. Wet biosolids from New York, NY, were surface applied at 0 to 90 Mg ha−1dry weight to soils near El Paso, Tex. Simulated rainfall intensities of 16.4 cm hr−1for 30 minutes applied to 0.5 m2soil plots yielded initial infiltration rates of ~16 cm hr−1for all plots. Biosolids applications extended the duration of the initially high infiltration rates. After 30 minutes, infiltration rates for bare soil were 3 cm hr−1without and 10 cm hr−1with 90 Mg biosolids ha−1. Applied biosolids, plant litter, surface gravel, and plant base contributed surface cover, which absorbed raindrop energy and reduced erosion. Biosolids increased cumulative infiltration on the vegetated, wet soils more than for the dry or bare soils. Biosolids increased cumulative infiltration from 2 to 6 cm on a bare gravelly soil and from 9.3 to 10.6 cm on a vegetated soil.
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Myers, Matthew W., William S. Curran, Mark J. VanGessel, Dennis D. Calvin, David A. Mortensen, Bradley A. Majek, Heather D. Karsten i Gregory W. Roth. "Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States". Weed Science 52, nr 6 (grudzień 2004): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-025r.
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A 2-yr experiment assessed the potential for using soil degree days (DD) to predict cumulative weed emergence. Emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in undisturbed plots. Soil DD were calculated at each location using a base temperature of 9 C. Weed emergence was fit with logistic regression for common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade. Coefficients of determination for the logistic models fit to the field data ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 for the eight weed species. Common ragweed and common lambsquarters were among the earliest species to emerge, reaching 10% emergence before 150 DD. Velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail were next, completing 10% emergence by 180 DD. The last weeds to emerge were large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade, which emerged after 280 DD. The developed models were verified by predicting cumulative weed emergence in adjacent plots. The coefficients of determination for the model verification plots ranged from 0.66 to 0.99 and averaged 0.90 across all eight weed species. These results suggest that soil DD are good predictors for weed emergence. Forecasting weed emergence will help growers make better crop and weed management decisions.
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Fan, Zhaofei, Stephen R. Shifley, Martin A. Spetich, Frank R. Thompson i David R. Larsen. "Abundance and Size Distribution of Cavity Trees in Second-Growth and Old-Growth Central Hardwood Forests". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, nr 3 (1.09.2005): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.3.162.
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Abstract In central hardwood forests, mean cavity-tree abundance increases with increasing stand-size class (seedling/sapling, pole, sawtimber, old-growth). However, within a size class, the number of cavity trees is highly variable among 0.1-ha inventory plots. Plots in young stands are most likely to have no cavity trees, but some plots may have more than 50 cavity trees/ha. Plots in old-growth stands often had 25 to 55 cavity trees/ha, but individual plots ranged from 0 to 155/ha. The Weibull probability density function was used to mathematically describe the variation in cavity-tree abundance for plots in stands of differing size (or age) class. A graph of the cumulative probability of cavity-tree abundance is a particularly easy way for managers to estimate the probability that a stand of a given size class will have any specified number of cavity trees per hectare. Results for individual plots or stands can be combined to estimate cavity abundance probabilities for landscapes. Because the results are presented in terms of plot-size classes (or age classes), this approach to cavity tree estimation is compatible with relatively simple forest inventorysystems.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):162–169.
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Cox, Nicholas J. "Speaking Stata: The Protean Quantile Plot". Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 5, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 442–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0500500312.
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Quantile plots showing by default ordered values versus cumulative probabilities are both well known and also often neglected, considering their major advantages. Their flexibility and power is emphasized by using the qplot program to show several variants on the standard form, making full use of options for reverse, ranked, and transformed scales and for superimposing and juxtaposing quantile traces. Examples are drawn from the analysis of species abundance data in ecology. A revised version of qplot is formally released with this column. Distribution plots in which the axes are interchanged are also discussed briefly, in conjunction with a revised version of distplot, also released now.
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Carmosini, N., K. J. Devito i E. E. Prepas. "Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in trembling aspen forest soils on the Boreal Plain". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, nr 11 (1.11.2003): 2262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-153.
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In situ net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were measured in organic forest floor (LFH) and mineral horizons of mature and logged trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands on the Boreal Plain in western Canada. Cumulative May to September mineralization for mature and logged plots was 1354 ± 534 and 1631 ± 1584 mg N·m2, respectively, in the LFH horizon and 810 ± 394 and 305 ± 3957 mg N·m2, respectively, in the mineral horizon. Net nitrification in mature and logged plots was 86 ± 142 and 658 ± 435 mg NO3-N·m2, respectively, in the LFH horizon and 67 ± 50 and 409 ± 325 mg NO3-N·m2, respectively, in the mineral horizon. Monthly mean NH4-N concentrations in the LFH tended to be higher in logged plots than in mature plots. Winter net N mineralization and nitrification rates in the LFH of mature plots were up to 7% and 11% of growing season net rates, respectively. In comparison, these rates in logged plots were up to 127% and 59% of the growing season net rates, respectively, indicating that winter activity may make a large contribution to annual net mineralization and nitrification after logging.
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Stewart, William B., Gary W. Witmer i Gary M. Koehler. "Black Bear Damage to Forest Stands in Western Washington". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14, nr 3 (1.07.1999): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.3.128.
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Abstract Cambium-feeding behavior by black bears (Ursus americanus), or bear damage, is a major reforestation problem in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, studies have measured the cumulative effects of damage over time, but few have viewed damage in the frame of one season. Bear damage occurring in 1996 was surveyed in areas of radio-marked bears in western Washington. Fresh damage occurred on 48% of bear location plots (n = 96). Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (69%), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (19%), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) (10%) with a mean dbh of 25.1, 29.5, and 30.7 cm, respectively, were most frequently damaged. Random plots were surveyed from mid-July to mid-August to measure habitat availability. Stand and site variables were measured on freshly damaged bear location plots, random plots, and nondamaged bear location plots. This study identified several variables that make forest stands vulnerable to bear damage: conifer dbh, conifer density, stand age, and canopy cover. Awareness of such stand characteristics can assist natural resource managers with animal damage prevention and control programs. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):128-131.
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Linkevičius, Edgaras, Benas Šilinskas, Lina Beniušienė, Marius Aleinikovas i Almantas Kliučius. "The Growing Dynamic of Pure Scots Pine Stands Using Different Thinning Regimes in Lithuania". Forests 14, nr 8 (10.08.2023): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081610.
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The aim of this study is to relate initial stand density and thinning intensity to tree diameter, height, and volume increment based on continuous 30-year observations in thinning experimental stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The thinning experiments on Scots pine were established in 1990 and 1992, and the experimental model in each trial comprised five density variants: control and four plots with tree densities up to 3.0–4.4, 2.0–2.4, 1.0–1.2, and 0.5–0.6 thousand trees per hectare after the initial thinning. Since the establishment, only the dead trees were removed in control plots, and other initial density plots were thinned according to predefined thinning treatment plans. Our study shows that the lowest increment in diameter was found in control plots and the highest in the most intensive thinning plots, in which the diameter increment was 1.5 times higher. However, the intensification of thinning and the signs of growth stabilization in the control stands cannot guarantee them the position of highest productivity and cumulative volume in the future.
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Siljanen, Henri M. P., Nina Welti, Carolina Voigt, Juha Heiskanen, Christina Biasi i Pertti J. Martikainen. "Atmospheric impact of nitrous oxide uptake by boreal forest soils can be comparable to that of methane uptake". Plant and Soil 454, nr 1-2 (23.07.2020): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04638-6.
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Abstract Aims Environmental factors controlling nitrous oxide (N2O) uptake in forest soils are poorly known, and the atmospheric impact of the forest N2O sink is not well constrained compared to that of methane (CH4). Methods We compared nitrous oxide (N2O) and CH4 fluxes over two growing seasons in boreal forest soils located in Eastern Finland. Within a spruce forest, we compared plots with long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization history and non-fertilized plots, and additionally pine forest plots without a fertilization history. The flux data was complemented with measurements of climatic conditions and soil physical and chemical characteristics, in order to identify factors affecting N2O and CH4 fluxes. Results Non-fertilized spruce forest soils showed the highest cumulative N2O uptake among the sites, whereas the pine forest site displayed low cumulative N2O emission. Nitrous oxide uptake was favored by high soil silt and water content. The low temperature seasons, spring and autumn, had the highest N2O uptake, likely associated with high soil water content typical for these seasons. In the spruce forest the N2O uptake was seasonally decoupled from the CH4 uptake. Conclusions Applying the Global Warming Potential (GWP) approach, the cooling effect of N2O uptake in the spruce forest was on average 35% of that of CH4 uptake showing that N2O uptake should be considered when evaluating the atmospheric impact of boreal forests.
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Mašíček, Tomáš, F. Toman i M. Vičanová. "Comparison of infiltration capacity of permanent grassland and arable land during the 2011 growing season". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, nr 6 (2012): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060257.
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The aim of this paper was to compare the rate of infiltration and cumulative infiltration in permanent grassland (PG) and in arable land over the course of the 2011 growing season. The measurement of water infiltration into soil was conducted via ponded infiltration method based on the use of two concentric cylinders in field conditions. Kostiakov equations were applied to evaluate the ponded infiltration. Based on field measurements, the dependence of infiltration rate (v) on time (t) was determined and also the dependence of cumulative infiltration (i) on time (t). In order to determine physical properties of soil and carry out a grain size analysis, intact soil samples of plough layer from the depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm were collected using Kopecký cylinders along with individual infiltration attempt in each measurement carried out on experimental plots. In order to assess the infiltration capacity of soil on experimental plots, four measurements were conducted, each with three repetitions. Infiltration attempts were held on May 12, June 28, August 24 and October 6, 2011. On average, a faster water infiltration into soil and a higher cumulative infiltration during the 2011 growing period were detected in arable land. The soil’s initial water content has proven to be the crucial factor affecting the rate of water infiltration into soil in case of PG; in case of arable land, it was bulk density indicating the soil’s compaction. The PG showed a more balanced course of infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration values during the growing season. Arable land is characterized by a greater dispersion of measured values between individual measurement dates.
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KING, K. W., i H. A. TORBERT. "Nitrate and ammonium losses from surface-applied organic and inorganic fertilizers". Journal of Agricultural Science 145, nr 4 (28.02.2007): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859607006946.
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SUMMARYAnimal manures are a valuable resource, providing readily available plant nutrients; however, runoff from lands receiving animal manure has been shown to contribute to water pollution. Understanding the loss of nutrients from slow release fertilizers, such as animal manure, after application is critical in determining and designing practices to reduce and/or control the temporal availability and potential offsite transport of NO3-N and NH4-N after application. A block study was designed to compare and contrast the temporal losses of NO3-N and NH4-N from three slow release fertilizers (sulphur-coated urea, composted dairy manure, and poultry litter) and one fast release fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) applied to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) turf. Cumulative NO3-N loss from plots receiving application of the manufactured (NH4NO3 and sulphur-coated urea) products was significantly (P<0·05) greater than the measured losses from plots receiving application of natural products (composted dairy manure and poultry litter). The cumulative NO3-N recovered in the runoff expressed as a proportion of applied N was 0·37 for ammonium nitrate, 0·25 for sulphur-coated urea, 0·10 for composted dairy manure, and 0·07 for poultry litter during the 10-week study period. Cumulative NH4-N recovery fractions were an order of magnitude less than the cumulative NO3-N fractions and no significant differences (P>0·05) were measured across treatments. Significant differences (P<0·05) in NH4-N and NO3-N loss through time were measured for the four treatments. The findings of the present study indicate that land-applied animal manures are less susceptible to initial losses of N when compared to manufactured fertilizers.
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Bender, David A. "TEMPERATURE REGIMES UNDER ROW COVERS IN OVERWINTER ONION TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION". HortScience 25, nr 8 (sierpień 1990): 858H—858. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.858.
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Two cultivars of onions, `New Mexico Yellow Grano' and `Midstar' were seeded in single bed plots in mid-October 1985 and 1987 for overwinter transplant production. Plots were covered with spunbonded polyester (POL) or tunnels of clear polyethylene (CLR) or microperforated polyethylene (PER) (1985 only) in early November and compared to uncovered controls. Temperatures were monitored 5 cm above the soil surface under the covers in each plot with three parallel-wired thermocouples. Heat unit (HU) accumulation (number of degrees by which the daily mean temp exceeded 0°C) was recorded for each plot and compared with onion plant size. HU accumulation by mid-February 1986 under CLR, POL and PER was 139%, 131% and 113%, respectively, of that over bare ground. In mid-March 1988 cumulative HU under CLR and POL were 192% and 125% of those over bare ground. Plant diameter varied with variety but increased linearly with cumulative HU for all varieties. `New Mexico Yellow Grano' reached the minimum 4 mm size for transplanting at about 1800 HU while `Midstar' required only 1500 HU. CLR produced useable transplants by early March and the other covers by late March. Numbers of useable transplants per meter of bed in mid-March ranged from 3-6 in uncovered plots to 102-153 under PER tunnels, 185-203 under POL and 263-301 under CLR tunnels. CLR tunnels appear to provide sufficient HU accumulation to produce onion plants for transplanting in early March in West Texas.
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Bender, David A. "TEMPERATURE REGIMES UNDER ROW COVERS IN OVERWINTER ONION TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION". HortScience 25, nr 8 (sierpień 1990): 858h—858. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.858h.
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Two cultivars of onions, `New Mexico Yellow Grano' and `Midstar' were seeded in single bed plots in mid-October 1985 and 1987 for overwinter transplant production. Plots were covered with spunbonded polyester (POL) or tunnels of clear polyethylene (CLR) or microperforated polyethylene (PER) (1985 only) in early November and compared to uncovered controls. Temperatures were monitored 5 cm above the soil surface under the covers in each plot with three parallel-wired thermocouples. Heat unit (HU) accumulation (number of degrees by which the daily mean temp exceeded 0°C) was recorded for each plot and compared with onion plant size. HU accumulation by mid-February 1986 under CLR, POL and PER was 139%, 131% and 113%, respectively, of that over bare ground. In mid-March 1988 cumulative HU under CLR and POL were 192% and 125% of those over bare ground. Plant diameter varied with variety but increased linearly with cumulative HU for all varieties. `New Mexico Yellow Grano' reached the minimum 4 mm size for transplanting at about 1800 HU while `Midstar' required only 1500 HU. CLR produced useable transplants by early March and the other covers by late March. Numbers of useable transplants per meter of bed in mid-March ranged from 3-6 in uncovered plots to 102-153 under PER tunnels, 185-203 under POL and 263-301 under CLR tunnels. CLR tunnels appear to provide sufficient HU accumulation to produce onion plants for transplanting in early March in West Texas.
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Stern, R., MC Laker i AJ Vandermerwe. "Field studies on effect of soil conditioners and mulch on runoff lrom kaolinitic and illitic soils". Soil Research 29, nr 2 (1991): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910249.
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Runoff plots (1 - 5 m2) were constructed at three sites where crusting, runoff and erosion are severe problems. The effect of surface application of phosphogypsum (PG), polyacrylamide (PAM) and mulch cover on runoff during natural rainstorms were studied. Runoff percentage from control (bare) plots in some rainstorms exceeded 90% of the rainfall. The annual runoff from control plots ranged between 33 and 73% of the annual rain. Mulch was highly beneficial in reducing runoff, indicating that seal formation restricted water penetration rather than hydraulic properties of the profile. PG reduced runoff to 0.15-0.82 of the untreated plots. The efficiency of PG in reducing runoff was inversely correlated with rainstorm intensity. The beneficial effect of PC in reducing runoff lasted throughout the rainy season. Its beneficial effect terminated during the consecutive season in the Irene site when the cumulative rain depth exceeded 700 mm. PAM treatment reduced annual runoff by two to three fold in comparison with the control treatment. The effect of PAM on diminishing runoff in the rainfall simulator studies was more pronounced than in the field conditions.
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Hartikainen, Helinä. "Effect of cumulative fertilizer dressings on the phosphorus status of mineral soils I Changes in inorganic phosphorus fractions". Agricultural and Food Science 61, nr 2 (1.03.1989): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72352.
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Surface soil samples were collected from 16 P fertilization trials before onset of the experiments and after seven years of cultivation. The changes in the inorganic P fractions were investigated in plots amended annually with 0, 30 or 60 kg of P ha-1. In the clay soils, cultivation without P fertilization depleted the NH4F-extractable and NaOH-extractable P reserves by 22—69 kg ha-1 ; in the coarser soils, the respective depletion was 8—140 kg ha-1. H2S04-soluble P decreased in seven soils by 16—34 kg ha-1. In the plots amended totally with 210 or 420 kg of P ha-1, on the other hand, these P fractions increased by 24—174 and 46—368 kg ha-1, respectively. The higher the P dressing was, the more the added P tended to accumulate in the fluoride-soluble form as compared to the alkali-soluble form.
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Alfaro, R. I., E. Wegwitz, R. G. Brown i S. P. Taylor. "Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Damage in British Columbia". Forestry Chronicle 63, nr 5 (1.10.1987): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc63351-5.
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The Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough) defoliated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca [Beissn.] Franco), in British Columbia from 1981 to 1983. Forty-five defoliated and 16 non-defoliated (check) plots were monitored for defoliation and damage from 1982 to 1985. By 1985, cumulative mortality and top-kill in the defoliated plots averaged 51% (49% by volume) and 11%, respectively. Check plots sustained no mortality and less than 1% top-kill due to causes other than tussock moth defoliation. Mortality occurred very early in the outbreak, with 56% of the dead trees already dead by 1982, generally after 1 year, but at most after 2 years of defoliation. Mortality and top-kill were related to the number of seasons of defoliation and, particularly, to defoliation intensity. It was concluded that Douglas-fir tussock moth is an important depletion factor of Douglas-fir in British Columbia.
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McNamara, S. "PRM73 The Use of Cumulative Hazard Plots to Inform Resource Allocation and Research Decisions in Health Care". Value in Health 15, nr 7 (listopad 2012): A473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.1536.
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Klaiber, Laura B., Stephen R. Kramer i Eric O. Young. "Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-Field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York". Water 12, nr 2 (23.01.2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020328.
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Quantifying the influence of tile drainage on phosphorus (P) transport risk is important where eutrophication is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare P exports from tile-drained (TD) and undrained (UD) edge-of-field plots in northern New York. Four plots (46 by 23 m) were established with tile drainage and surface runoff collection during 2012–2013. Grass sod was terminated in fall 2013 and corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was grown in 2014 and 2015. Runoff, total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) exports were measured from April 2014 through June 2015. Mean total runoff was 396% greater for TD, however, surface runoff for TD was reduced by 84% compared to UD. There was no difference in mean cumulative TP export, while SRP and TSS exports were 55% and 158% greater for UD, respectively. A three day rain/snowmelt event resulted in 61% and 84% of cumulative SRP exports for TD and UD, respectively, with over 100% greater TP, SRP and TSS exports for UD. Results indicate that tile drainage substantially reduced surface runoff, TSS and SRP exports while having no impact on TP exports, suggesting tile drains may not increase the overall P export risk.
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Hulugalle, N. R., i M. S. Rodriguez. "Soil Physical Properties of Tied Ridges in the Sudan Savannah of Burkina Faso". Experimental Agriculture 24, nr 3 (lipiec 1988): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016239.
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SUMMARYThe soil physical properties of tied ridges were measured in a trial, established in 1983, comparing three treatments: handhoe cultivation and planting on the flat; planting directly without any cultivation on tied ridges constructed the previous year; and handhoe cultivation and remoulding of tied ridges constructed the previous year. Two maize varieties and two management levels were used. The soil properties monitored were particle size distribution, penetro-meter resistance in the surface 20 mm, bulk density, water infiltration, soil water retention and soil temperature.Soil physical properties were affected mainly by the type of seedbed. Clay content in the surface 0.05 m was greater with tied ridging, with that in the furrows being higher than that in the ridge slopes. Daily maximum soil temperature was greatest in the flat planted plots and in the ridge slopes of the tied ridged plots. Penetrometer resistance at a soil water content of 0.05 kg kg−1 was greater in the tied ridged plots. Cumulative infiltration after 2 h was greatest with flat planting. The bulk density of ridge slopes in tied ridged plots was less than that in the furrows and in the flat planted plots. Soil water retention was greatest in the furrows of the tied ridged plots. Clay content was the major factor determining all the soil physical properties measured.
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Nezar E. Ali i Azher A. Mohammad. "Stability conditions of limit cycle for Gompertz Autoregressive model". Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 28, nr 2 (27.04.2023): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v28i2.1348.
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In this paper, we suggest Gompertz Autoregressive model by using the cumulative distribution function of Gompertz distribution and, the aim of this paper is studying and finding the stability conditions of a limit cycle for the Gompertz Autoregressive model with period, with giving some examples for Gompertz AR (1) to explain the orbital stable or the orbital unstable with plots the trajectories with different initial values.