Artykuły w czasopismach: „Culture filtrate”

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Chiu, Yi-Shu, Pi-Yu Chen, Tung Kuan, Po-Chuan Wang, Ying-Ju Chen, Yu-Liang Yang i Hsin-Hung Yeh. "A Polysaccharide Derived from a Trichosporon sp. Culture Strongly Primes Plant Resistance to Viruses". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, nr 12 (grudzień 2018): 1257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0012-r.

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Plant viruses cause devastating diseases in plants, yet no effective viricide is available for agricultural application. We screened cultured filtrates derived from various soil microorganisms cultured in vegetable broth that enhanced plant viral resistance. A cultured filtrate, designated F8 culture filtrate, derived from a fungus belonging to the genus Trichosporon, induced strong resistance to various viruses on different plants. Our inoculation assay found the infection rate of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana with F8 culture filtrate pretreatment may decrease to 0%, whereas salicylic acid (SA)-pretreated N. benthamiana attenuated TMV-caused symptoms but remained 100% infected. Tracking Tobacco mosaic virus tagged with green fluorescence protein in plants revealed pretreatment with F8 culture filtrate affected the initial establishment of the virus infection. From F8 culture filtrate, we identified a previously unknown polysaccharide composed of D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucose in the ratio 1.0:1.2:10.0 with a α-D-1,4-glucan linkage to be responsible for the induction of plant resistance against viruses through priming of SA-governed immune-responsive genes. Notably, F8 culture filtrate only triggered local defense but was much more effective than conventional SA-mediated systematic acquired resistance. Our finding revealed that microbial cultured metabolites provided a rich source for identification of potent elicitors in plant defense.

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Mehta, Y. R., i R. L. Brogin. "Phytotoxicity of a Culture Filtrate Produced by Stemphylium solani of Cotton". Plant Disease 84, nr 8 (sierpień 2000): 838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.838.

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Stemphylium solani, which causes a new leaf blight of cotton, was suspected of producing a phytotoxin. Studies were conducted to examine the relationship between the reaction of different cotton cultivars and of some unrelated host species to the pathogen and its toxin-containing culture filtrates. Seven single spore isolates of S. solani from cotton and their toxin-containing culture filtrates were used for leaf and root bioassays. An isolate of S. solani from tomato was also used for comparison. The phytotoxic effect was isolate dependent. Culture filtrates of five isolates killed 40 to 60% of the cotton seedlings when incubated for 4 days at 10-1 dilution. At 10-2 dilution, the culture filtrates of most of the isolates affected the development of the root system but failed to kill any seedling. The phytotoxic effect of the culture filtrate was not degraded by autoclaving. A high correlation coefficient between the percentage of the leaf area infected (LAI) by S. solani and the percentage of the necrotic leaf area (LAN) by the culture filtrate was observed when one of the aggressive isolates and its culture filtrate were tested against adult plants of 38 cotton cultivars (r = 0.86). Cultivars CNPA T-1180-23, CNPA-PRECOCE 2, PR 94-215, and PR 94-82 demonstrated resistance to the pathogen as well as insensitivity or moderate sensitivity to its toxin. Cultivars showing intermediate reaction to the pathogen also showed intermediate reaction to its culture filtrate. Similarly, the highly susceptible cultivars Paraná 3, PR 93-129, and PR 94-216 also were highly sensitive to the culture filtrate. Of the 18 plant species belonging to 18 genera, eight were susceptible to the pathogen. With two exceptions, susceptible hosts were also sensitive to the culture filtrate, whereas nonsusceptible hosts were insensitive. A component of the culture filtrate was regarded as a pathogenicity factor.

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Han, Richou, i Ralf-Udo Ehlers. "Trans-specific nematicidal activity of Photorhabdus luminescens". Nematology 1, nr 7 (1999): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508711.

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Abstract Mixed culture filtrates of Photorhabdus luminescens isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 and from H. indica LN2 had a toxic effect on axenic H. bacteriophora H06 dauer juveniles. Single culture filtrates had no effect. When one filtrate originated from a secondary phase culture, the toxic effect was lost. Heat treatment of one of the filtrates to 80°C destroyed the effect. The toxin is probably synthesized de novo after mixing the culture supernatants of these two P. luminescens symbionts. Dilution of the filtrate reduced the effect, and it was lost when P. luminescens was cultured for more than two days. Steinernema carpocapsae A24 was not affected by the mixture, and was affected only by the filtrate of primary phase P. luminescens H06. The toxic effect was recorded also when axenic dauer juveniles of H. bacteriophora were inoculated into a mixed bacterial culture of H06 and LN2. Inoculating monoxenic dauer juveniles of H. bacteriophora H06 into P. luminescens LN2 or into mixtures containing LN2 bacteria resulted in significant dauer juvenile mortality. These manifestations of the interaction of bacteria to produce toxic effects on the non-symbiotic nematode (trans-specific activity) may have an impact on competitive interactions when one insect host is infected by different nematode species. Eine transspezifische nematizide Aktivitat von Photorhabdus luminescens - Eine Mischung der Kulturfiltrate des Bakteriums Photorhabdus luminescens, isoliert aus Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 mit dem Filtrat des Symbionten aus H. indica LN2 wirkt toxisch auf axenische Dauerlarven von H. bacteriophora H06. Die einzelnen Kulturfiltrate zeigten keine Wirkung. Sofern ein Filtrat einer Sekundarformkultur entnommen wurde, konnte kein Effekt erzielt werden. Eine Hitzebehandlung bei 80°C zerstorte die Wirkung. Das Toxin wird wahrscheinlich de novo synthetisiert in dem Moment, in dem die Kulturfiltrate dieser P. luminescens Symbionten gemischt werden. Eine Verdunnung der Filtrate reduzierte die Wirkung. Sie ging ganz verloren, wenn P. luminescens langer als zwei Tage kultiviert wurde. Die Mischung hatte keine Wirkung auf axenische Steinernema carpocapsae. Dieser Nematode wurde nur durch Filtrate der Primarform von P. luminescens H06 abgetotet. Die toxischen Effekte wurden auch festgestellt, wenn axenische Dauerlarven von H. bacteriophora in Gemische von H06 und LN2 Bakterienkulturen inokuliert wurde. Bei Inokulation von monoxenischen Dauerlarven von H. bacteriophora H06 in P. luminescens LN2 oder in Gemische, die LN2 enthielten, wurde ebenfalls eine gesteigerte Mortalitat festgestellt. Dieses Deutlichwerden von Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Bakterien bei Erzeugung toxischer Effekte auf den nicht-symbiontischen Nematoden (trans-spezifische Aktivitat) konnte eine Auswirkung auf die Konkurrenz bei Koinfektion eines Wirtsinsekts mit zwei Nematodenarten haben.

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Proletova, N. V. "DEPENDENCE OF PHYTOTOXICITY OF CULTURAL FILTRATES OF THE FLAX ANTHRACNOSE PATHOGEN COLLETOTRICHUM LINI MANNS ET BOLLEY STRAINS ON THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION". Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), nr 3 (24.10.2020): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-56-3-66-75.

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The aim of this work is to determine the amino acid composition of the cultural filtrates of the flax anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum lini Manns et Bolley strains to adjust the concentration of the selective agent in the nutrient medium when creating new flax genotypes resistant to anthracnose in vitro. It was found that the cultural filtrates of strains 527 and 608 contain such amino acids as alanine, glycine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, as well as arginine in the highly virulent strain 527. The traces of tyrosine and lysine in the weakly virulent strain 608 were also found. On the day of cultivation, the supply of nutrients in the cultivation medium was apparently depleted, and the fungus began to use the products of its vital activity for life support. In the culture filtrate of the highly virulent strain 527, the concentration of all certain amino acids was significantly higher than in the culture filtrate of the weakly virulent strain 608. It was shown that the 23-day culture filtrate of the highly virulent strain 527 had the highest toxicity which is lower than in all genotypes taken in the study. The toxicity of the culture filtrate depends on the virulence of the anthracnose pathogen strain. The culture filtrate of a highly virulent strain is more toxic than a weakly virulent one. The presence of cysteine in the culture filtrates of the strains increases the possibility of inhibiting the growth and development of flax cells in in vitro culture. When using the culture filtrate of anthracnose pathogen strains containing asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acids, it is possible to induce the growth and development of flax cells in vitro. As the fungal mycelium grew in the culture filtrates, the concentrations of alanine, asparagine, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acids decreased. Due to the high concentration of cysteine and tyrosine, the culture filtrates of strains 419 and 639 were toxic during the entire study period (up to 42 days).

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HARNI, RITA, SUPRAMANA SUPRAMANA, MEITY S. SINAGA, GIYANTO GIYANTO i SUPRIADI SUPRIADI. "PENGARUH FILTRAT BAKTERI ENDOFIT TERHADAP MORTALITAS, PENETASAN TELUR DAN POPULASI NEMATODA PELUKA AKAR Pratylenchus brachyurus PADA NILAM". Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 16, nr 1 (19.06.2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v16n1.2010.43-47.

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ABSTRAKPratylenchus brachyurus merupakan salah satu patogen utama padatanaman nilam di Indonesia. Pengendalian yang banyak dilakukan petanisaat ini adalah menggunakan pestisida sintetik. Penggunaan pestisidasintetik yang terus menerus merupakan ancaman terhadap lingkungan, dankesehatan manusia. Bakteri endofit mungkin dapat dimanfaatkan sebagaisalah satu teknik pengendalian nematoda yang ramah lingkungan karenabakteri endofit dapat menghasilkan racun yang toksik terhadap nematoda.Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat pengaruh kultur filtrat bakteri endofitterhadap mortalitas nematoda, penetasan telur dan perkembangannematoda di dalam akar nilam. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium danRumah kaca Hama dan Penyakit Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat danAromatik Bogor, dari bulan Januari sampai April 2008 menggunakanrancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Filtrat bakteri dibuat dengan caramenumbuhkan bakteri endofit pada media TSB selama 48 jam, kemudiandisentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 7.000 rpm selama 15 menit. Filtratdisaring dengan milipore berdiameter 0,22 µm, selanjutnya filtrat diujipada nematoda in vitro dan rumah kaca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa filtrat dapat membunuh nematoda dalam waktu 24 jam dengannilai LC 50 sebesar 7,709%. Bakteri endofit isolat TT2 dan EH11memperlihatkan daya bunuh paling tinggi yaitu 91-100%. Di samping itufiltrat bakteri endofit juga dapat menekan penetasan telur nematoda 48,5-74,6% dibanding dengan kontrol. Namun hanya filtrat bakteri endofitisolat EH11 yang nyata dapat menekan populasi nematoda di dalam akarnilam dengan tingkat penekanan sebesar 81,3%.Kata kunci : Pratylenchus brachyurus, bakteri endofit, kultur filtrat,Pogostemon cablinABSTRACTEffect of culture filtrates endophytic bacteria on themortality, hatching eggs and population of root lesionnematodes Pratylenchus brachyurus on patchouliRoot lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) is an importantpathogen of patchouli in Indonesia and causes significant losses. Controlsystem that are done today is using synthetic pesticides. The use ofsynthetic pesticides is a continuing threat to the environment and humanhealth. However, endophytic bacterial culture filtrates may be used as oneof the nematode control that is environmentally friendly. Effect of culturefiltrates endophytic bacteria on the mortality, hatching eggs and populationroot lesion nematodes Pratylenchus brachyurus on patchouli has beendone in vitro and greenhouse. The results showed that the culture filtrate ofendophytic bacteria produced metabolite toxic to nematodes and wereable to kill P. brachyurus 100% within 24 hours with LC 50 7.709%. TT2and EH11 isolates showed high killing power of 91-100%. The culturefiltrates also inhibited hatching of P. brachyurus eggs compared withcontrols. Not all culture filtrates can suppress the nematode population inthe roots of patchouli. EH11 isolates filtrate really pressing nematodepopulations compared to other isolates.Key words: Pratylenchus brachyurus, culture filtrate, endophyticbacteria, Pogostemon cablin

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Shivangi S. Kansara, M. Sruthy. "Effect of Culture Filtrates of Dominant Seed Mycoflora of Chilli on Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, nr 3 (10.03.2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1103.021.

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Effect of culture filtrates of most common and dominant fungi viz., Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. of chilli seed variety GVC 101 and GVC 111 was studied on seed germination, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight and vigour index.In GVC 101 variety, the seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum decrease in seed germination (43.35%) followed by Colletotrichumsp. (20.23%) and Fusarium sp. (9.83%). Average seedling length was also decreased maximum in seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger (43.70%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (40.22%) and Fusarium sp. (23.91%). Seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum reduction of vigour index by 68.09 per cent followed by Colletotrichum sp. (52.31%) and Fusarium sp. (31.34%). In GVC 111 variety, the seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum decrease in seed germination (35.12%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (17.89%) and Fusarium sp. (15.12%). Average seedling length was also decreased maximum in seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger (61.14%) followed by Colletotrichum sp. (36.64%) and Fusarium sp. (25.54%). Seeds treated with culture filtrate of A. niger showed maximum reduction of vigour index by 74.73 per cent followed by Colletotrichumsp. (47.91%) and Fusarium sp. (36.73%).

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Aminin, Agustina L. N., Nur Cahyanti, Alfina Sari, Nies Suci Mulyani i Bambang Cahyono. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Endophytic Fungi Culture Filtrate from Purwoceng (Pimpinella alpina Molk) Leaf". Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, nr 9 (7.09.2020): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.9.319-324.

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This is a preliminary study to determine the bioactivity potential of purwoceng leaf endophytic fungal metabolites. Endophytic fungi were isolated from purwoceng leaf and their secondary metabolite from culture filtrate were subjected to identify the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and phytochemical screening. The antioxidant activity was screened by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antimicrobial activity was screened using a good agar method toward Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Candida albicans. This study obtained five distinctive endophytic fungi isolates named A, B, C, D, and E. The endophytic fungal culture filtrate of C has the most extensive antimicrobial activity with phytochemical screening showing alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant potential of all culture filtrates seemed low because the DPPH amount was interfered with by pigment compounds. Culture filtrate of fungi A showed the highest antioxidant activity and contained phenolic and alkaloid compounds.

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Park, Ja-On, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam, Emile Ghisalberti, Jaih Hargreaves, Walter Gams i Anthony L. J. Cole. "Cuticular disruption and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to culture filtrate of Byssochlamys nivea Westling". Nematology 3, nr 4 (2001): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101317020277.

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AbstractA strain of a Byssochlamys nivea, isolated from saline mud in Western Australia as a part of statewide survey of soil fungi for nematophagous activity, was evaluated for its effect on nematodes. Culture filtrate of the fungus grown on potato dextrose broth for 7 days caused structural changes in the cuticle, aggregation of individuals, and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the culture filtrate completely inhibited hatching of C. elegans eggs. Exudates from agar colonies also caused cuticular disruption and mortality of C. elegans. The cuticular disruption observed, not reported in nematodes before, was initiated in the labial region and spread towards the posterior region of the nematode within 10 min of application. This reaction occurred only in live nematodes. Cuticular disruption and mortality caused by the culture filtrate varied according to growth conditions. The active compound(s) in the culture filtrate were thermostable (100°C for 1 h); however freezing the culture filtrate (-20°C for 2 days) eliminated the activities, as did dialysis (<14 000 molecular weight). Cuticular disruption and mortality were also observed when the nematode was exposed to culture filtrates of two other strains of B. nivea supplied by CBS, The Netherlands. The culture filtrate also inhibited in vitro growth of the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani.

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Adekunle, O. K., i O. A. Akinsanmi. "Bioactivity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines and Sclerotium rolfsii filtrates on egg hatching, survival and infectivity of juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita race 2". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, nr 1 (2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02129.

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The effects of culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii on egg hatching and juvenile survival of Meloidogyne incognita in vitro and impact of these filtrates on infectivity of M. incognita were investigated on soybean seedlings. Five- and 10-day-old filtrates of F. oxysporum caused 65 and 54% egg-hatching inhibition, while that of S. rolfsii caused 61 and 49% inhibition, respectively. Juveniles of M. incognita died within 6 days when incubated in 5-day-old filtrate of F. oxysporum, while the similar filtrate of S. rolfsii caused 100% juvenile mortality on the fifth day. Filtrates reduced root galling, egg population, number of adult females in soybean plants at harvest and also soil population. Culture filtrates could be used as source of biological nematicides.

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Parveen, Shazia, Abdul Hamid Wani i Mohd Yaqub Bhat. "Effect of culture filtrates of pathogenic and antagonistic fungi on seed germination of some economically important vegetables". Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 6, nr 12 (2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061212.

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The subject of present study was to check whether the pathogenic fungi that were associated with different rot diseases of fruits and vegetables and the antagonistic fungal species produce extracellular growth regulating substances. For this present study healthy seeds of four economically important crop plants, viz. Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus and Trigonella melongena were selected. The results showed that all the pathogenic fungi except Fusarium solani decrease the germination percentage of the all seeds. Solanum lycopersicum seed germination was completely inhibited by the culture filtrate of Trichothecium roseum and Alternaria alternata. Likewise, the culture filtrate of Penicillium expansum caused complete inhibition of the germination of Brassica rapa seeds. The culture filtrate of Fusarium solani was found to increase the germination percentage of all the seeds tested during the present study. Amongst the three Trichoderma spp., T. asperellum and T. harzianum culture filtrate effectively increases the seed germination percentage of all the seeds tested while the culture filtrate of T. viride have negative effect on the germination percentage of Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica rapa, and Raphanus sativus seeds. This stimulatory or inhibitory effect of the culture filtrates can be attributed to the presence of certain metabolites/substances that the test fungi have released in the medium. To identify the substances present and the nature of these substances further studies will be carried out.

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Jovicic-Petrovic, Jelena, Ivana Stankovic, Aleksandra Bulajic, Branka Krstic, Dragan Kikovic i Vera Raicevic. "Filamentous fungi isolated from grape marc as antagonists of Botrytis cinerea". Genetika 48, nr 1 (2016): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601037j.

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In this paper we report on the isolation and identification of three filamentous fungi from grape marc, and antifungal effect of their cell-free culture filtrates on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of gray mold. Grape marc is a waste material that has been used as soil amendment in sustainable agriculture. Isolates originating from grape marc were identified on the basis of morphological features and internal transcribed spacer rDNA or ?-tubulin gene sequencing. The presence of three different species, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus fumigatus has been detected expressing different effect on the growth of B. cinerea. The effect of crude culture filtrates of selected fungi on B. cinerea growth was tested. Heat sensitivity of the established inhibition effect was examined by autoclaving the crude culture filtrate prior to testing. Additional aim was to determine whether antifungal effect was influenced by previous exposure to B. cinerea in dual liquid cultures. Crude culture filtrate of A. fumigatus K16/2 showed the lowest suppression of B. cinerea growth. A maximal percentage inhibition achieved within the study was 38.2%, 39.8% and 23.8 for crude filtrates of P. paneum K7/1, P. chrysogenum K11/1 and A. fumigatus K16/2, respectively. Presence of B. cinerea in dual liquid culture induced significant increase in antifungal capacity of the culture filtrates in comparison to pure culture filtrates of the chosen isolates. The antifungal activity of all of the isolates? culture filtrates retained after heat treatment suggesting the presence of some thermostable antifungal metabolites. The results indicate the complexity and specificity of the interaction between filamentous fungi and B. cinerea. Grape marc is a good source for isolation od B. cinerea fungal antagonists and their antifungal metabolites. Specificity of fungal-fungal interactions suggests that further research on the antagonistic mechanisms and factors affecting them should be studied separately for each pair of antagonists.

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Cheng, Haomiao, i Zhiyuan Liu. "Brachionus plicatilis culture filtrate promotes sedimentation and harvesting of Chlorella". Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie 193, nr 3 (21.04.2020): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/fal/2020/1275.

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Harvesting of microalgae has been one of the major bottlenecks for commercial use. Sedimentation of the microalgae cells can facilitate the harvesting process, thus reducing the cost of yielding algae-based industrial products. We investigated the potential of Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia salina culture filtrates for promoting Chlorella sedimentation. B. plicatilis culture filtrate demonstrated the potential for promoting Chlorella sedimenta- tion, the sedimentation rate of Chlorella cells treated with the filtrate increased to 53.4 % within 24 h (20 % higher than control). The secretion of soluble extracellular polymeric substances was significantly increased in the Chlorella culture treated with either filtrate. The PSII quantum efficiency and growth rate in B. plicatilis culture treated Chlorella were not significantly affected. As the presented method is non-toxic and non-pathogenic, it may be an alternative for facilitating the harvesting of unicellular microalgae species used in the pharmaceutical sector and as food supplements.

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DEWI IBRAHIM, MEYNARTI SARI, OTIH ROSTIANA, NURUL KHUMAIDA i SUPRIADI SUPRIADI. "PENGGUNAAN FILTRAT Ralstonia solanacearum DALAM SELEKSI KALUS IN VITRO UNTUK KETAHANAN JAHE TERHADAP PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI". Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 16, nr 2 (19.06.2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v16n2.2010.49-55.

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ABSTRAKPenyakit layu bakteri yang disebabkan oleh Ralstonia solanacearummerupakan kendala utama budidaya jahe, yang menyebabkan kehilanganhasil lebih dari 90%. Upaya pengendalian yang dilakukan belum optimal,karena tidak tersedianya varietas jahe tahan patogen tersebut. Kendalautama untuk memperoleh varietas jahe yang tahan adalah terbatasnyasumber gen ketahanan dan adanya hambatan fisiologis pada prosespersilangan jahe karena sifat inkompatibilitas sendiri, serta rendahnyafertilitas polen menyebabkan persilangan jahe secara konvensional sulitdilakukan. Seleksi in vitro menggunakan medium selektif yangmengandung filtrat patogen merupakan salah satu metode inkonvensionaluntuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman. Penelitian ini dilakukan diLaboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Penyakit Balai PenelitianTanaman Obat dan Aromatik (Balittro) dari bulan April 2008 sa,mpaiOktober 2008 dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan jahepada stadia kalus terhadap filtrat R. solanacearum dan memperolehkonsentrasi filtrat yang tepat sehingga diperoleh varian kalus baru tahanterhadap filtrat patogen tersebut. Kalus embriogenik jahe putih besar asaleksplan meristem berumur 8 minggu, diseleksi selama 3 minggu di dalammedium proliferasi (MS + 3% manitol tanpa zat pengatur tumbuh),mengandung filtrat R. solanacearum. Seleksi bertingkat dilakukan denganmengaplikasikan filtrat R. solanacearum pada konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu:0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 1; 2; 3; 4; dan 5%, pada tahap pertama. Padaseleksi tahap kedua, kalus disubkultur ke dalam media yang sama dengankonsentrasi filtrat dinaikkan 10 kali dari konsentrasi awal. Penelitianmenggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, diulang 10 kali. Hasil penelitianmemperlihatkan penggunaan filtrat R. solanacearum di dalam mediumkultur in vitro jahe pada seleksi tahap pertama dan kedua menyebabkanterjadinya perubahan warna kalus dari putih kekuningan menjadi kuningkecoklatan dan coklat kehitaman. Berat dan diameter kalus, jumlahembrio globular serta embrio torpedo berkurang secara nyata setelahperlakuan filtrat, pada seleksi tahap pertama maupun kedua seiring denganbertambah tingginya konsentrasi filtrat. Konsentrasi filtrat R.solanacearum yang mampu menginduksi dan menyeleksi kalusembriogenik berkisar antara 0,3 - 2% dari volume medium seleksi kaluspada seleksi tahap 1 dan 3 - 20% pada seleksi tahap 2.Kata kunci : Zingiber officinale Rosc., kalus, seleksi in vitro,ketahanan, filtrat R. solanacearumABSTRACTThe use of R. solanacearum filtrate in callus selection ofin vitro for ginger resistance to bacterial wilt diseaseBacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the mainconstraint in ginger cultivation. It often causes significant yield loss ofmore than 90%. Various controlling techniques are not able to overcomethe disease, due to unavailability of resistant ginger cultivar. Limitation inobtaining resistant ginger variety is caused by several factors includingthe lack of resistant gene, physiological barrier due to the selfincompatibility, and low pollen fertility, these cause difficulty inconventional cross breeding. Therefore, genetic variability enhancementhas to be carried out unconventionally, to obtain ginger variety resistant tothe disease. In vitro selection using a selective medium containing filtrateof the pathogen is one of the potential unconventional method to improveginger plant resistance. The study was conducted at Meristem Culture andPlant Disease Laboratories of IMACRI from April to October 2008 aimingat determining the level of resistant ginger on stage of calli to the filtrateof R. solanacearum and to obtain an appropriate concentration of thefiltrate which induced calli variants resistant to the filtrate. Large whiteginger embryogenic calli meristems of 8 weeks old were selected for 3weeks in proliferation medium (MS + 3% mannitol without growthregulators), containing filtrate of R. solanacearum. For that purpose, twostages of in vitro selection were performed by applying differentconcentrations of R. solanacearum filtrate e.g; 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 1;2; 3; 4; and 5% at the first stage selection. Those concentrations were thenmultiplied 10 times at the second stage selection. Experiments werearranged in completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Resultsshowed that the use of R. solanacearum filtrate as selection agent in gingerin vitro culture medium has caused changes in calli color from theyellowish white into the blackish brown. In addition, increase of R.solanacearum filtrate concentration at the 1 st and 2 nd selection stages wasin line with the decreased of the calli weight and diameter, as well asnumber of globular and torpedo embryo. The concentration of R.solanacearum filtrate applied at 0.3 to 2% in the 1 st selection followed by3 to 20% in the 2 nd selection induced resistant embryogenic calli of ginger.Key words : Zingiber officinale Rosc., calli, in vitro selection,resistance, R. solanacearum filtrate

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Lin, Chin-Wen, i Hsiao-Ling Chen. "Screening and characterization of fungal cultures for a milk-clotting enzyme for use in an oriental style dairy product". Journal of Dairy Research 63, nr 3 (sierpień 1996): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900031964.

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SummaryThe aim of this work was to develop new oriental style dairy products coagulated with culture filtrates from lao-chao, a traditional fermented rice product. The fermenting fungal cultures screened wereRhizopus javanicus, Rhiz. oryzae, Rhiz. chinensis, Rhiz. oligosporus, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor racemosusand chiu-yao, a commercial starter. All the inocula liquefied a steamed glutinous rice base and produced culture filtrates with both milk-clotting and proteolytic activities. Of the fungal products tested,Rhiz. javanicuswas the most successful, producing a good yield of culture filtrate with the desired milk-clotting activity, and the resultant yogurt-like product was more acceptable to consumers than any except that from chiu-yao. The firmness was less acceptable, but this could be improved by using mixed pure cultures ofRhiz. javanicusandM. racemosus.

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C, Sangeetha, i Krishnamoorthy AS. "Production of Volatile Organic Compounds of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Coinoculation with the Metabolites of Chaetomium globosum". Madras Agricultural Journal 108 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000508.

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e present study focused on divulging the effect of 15 and 30 days old culture filtrates of Chaetomium globosum on the mycelial growth and toxin production of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The cell-free culture (CFC) filtrate of C. globosum was inoculated in the liquid medium of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The results revealed that mycelial growth was reduced in the CFC filtrate of C. globosum inoculated medium compared to control (pathogen alone). The mycelial dry weight of the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was 0.864g in fifteen days old CFC filtrate followed by 30 days old CFC filtrate of C. globosum (1.374g) amended medium. Metabolites from the CFC filtrate and control were extracted separately using chloroform followed by ethyl acetate and the extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analyses showed that methyl ester group was present in 15 days old culture filtrate condensate compared to 30 days old CFC. The compounds are methyl tetradecanoate, octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, and DL-Proline, 5-oxo-, methyl ester. Thirty days old culture filtrate condensate of C. globosum contained more phenol groups like phenol 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) at 17.62 RT followed by diisooctyl phthalate, 17-pentatriacontene, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3a,5a) and bicycle [4.1.0]heptanes,-3-cyclopropyl,-7-hydroxymethyl,trans. Metabolites of F. o. f. sp. lycopersici were also characterized by GC-MS, which showed very few volatile compounds like methyl tetradecanone , oleic acid, eicosyl ester, methyl stearate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. These compounds were not detected in co-inoculation of 15 and 30 days old CFC filtrate of C. globosum and F. o. f. sp. lycopersici. The difference in the volatile profile may be due to the effect of the metabolites of C. globosum on F. o. f.sp. lycopersici.

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Hemon, A. Farid. "Efektifitas Filtrat Kultur yang Dihasilkan Oleh Berbagai Ras Sclerotium Rolfsii Terhadap Pertumbuhan in Vitro Kecambah Kacang Tanah". JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN 8, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jstl.v8i2.385.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate of culture filtrate effectiveness produced by S. rolfsii races against in vitro growth of peanut seedling. The experiment was inisiated with characterize and hyphal anastomosis group test of S. rolfsii isolates. This experiment has been gotten 4 races (race 1, 8, 6, 9). Four races were proliferated for used as culture filtrate selective agents. This culture filtrate will be used as material to be added with MS medium to peanut seedling growth test. Culture filtrate MS medium (MS+CF) consisted of MS based medium, B5 vitamin, sucrose (30 g/L), agar, and culture filtrate (different concentration 0, 25, 30, 35%). Seeds of peanut (cv. Local Bima, Kelinci, G-250, G-300) were cultivated in different concentration of culture filtrate of MS+CF medium. Results of study showed that culture filtrate from different races affected significantly againts seed germination ability and inhibited growing peanut seedling. Culture filtrate concentration 35% was more inhibited to peanut seedling growing compared with lower culture filtrate concentration or compared control (without culture filtrate).

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Knysh, O. V., O. Y. Isayenko, O. V. Falko, Y. M. Babych, V. Y. Prokopyuk, O. S. Prokopyuk i M. S. Pogorila. "Cellular metabolic activity as a marker of cytotoxicity and immunotropicity of probiotics’ derivatives". Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, nr 2 (11.05.2018): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021833.

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Structural components of cells and metabolites of probiotics with biologically active potential, along with the study of effectiveness, require a series of tests to ensure their safety. The study aims to test the cytotoxicity and potential of structural and metabolic derivatives of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri to affect the immunocompetent cells using in vitro tests that characterize the metabolic activity of test-cells. Structural components of probiotic bacteria were obtained by the physical method of disintegration – cyclic freezing-thawing. Metabolic derivatives were obtained by cultivation of producers – bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in their own disintegrates. Cultures of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and splenocytes were used as the test cells. MTT and Alamar Blue® were used as redox indicators. According to the MTT test, filtrates that contain structural and metabolic derivates at a concentration of 5% and 10% in the incubation medium did not cause significant changes in the metabolic activity of the embryonic mouse fibroblasts. An increase of up to 20% of content in the incubation medium of filtrates of lactobacilli disintegrates led to a reduction of metabolic activity of test cells by 52.7 ± 6.2%, of filtrates of bifidobacteria disintegrates – by 26.5 ± 6.5%, of filtrates of lactobacterium culture – by 15.7 ± 6.9%, of filtrates of bifidobacterium cultures - by 40.4 ± 6.8%. According to the Alamar Blue® test, filtrates that contained only structural derivatives of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria at concentrations of 5% and 10%, as well as filtrates that contained a complex of structural and metabolic derivatives at a concentration of 5%, did not cause significant changes in the reducing ability of mouse splenocytes. At concentrations of 10%, filtrate containing a complex of structural and metabolic derivatives of lactobacilli, caused the inhibition of metabolic activity of splenocytes by 14.6 ± 3.5%, and bifidobacteria – by 10.0 ± 2.8%. With the contents of the incubation medium at 20% concentration, the filtrate of the disintegrates of lactobacilli decreased the metabolic activity of splenocytes by 12.2 ± 3.0%, and the filtrate of lactobacillus cultures that were grown on their own disintegrates – by 43.2 ± 3.3%. Increasing the content of the disintegrate filtrate and the bifidobacteria culture that were grown on their own disintegrates in the culture medium by up to 20% led to a decrease the metabolic activity of splenocytes by 38.0 ± 2.0%. Thus, the research has shown: the orientation of changes in cellular metabolism under the influence of the studied biologically active derivatives is similar in all model systems, and their intensity depends on the type of test cells, regenerative substrates and concentration of the agent of influence in model systems. The obtained results stimulate further exploration of the immunotropicity of the investigated derivatives of probiotic bacteria and can be used for development of new immunobiological preparations.

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Alamilla-Martínez, Diana G., Norma G. Rojas-Avelizapa, Iván Domínguez-López, José Barceinas-Sánchez i Marlenne Gómez-Ramírez. "Effect of culture media and silver nitrate concentration on nanoparticle biosynthesis by a filamentous fungus". Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 3, nr 3 (1.07.2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2018.3.3.1.

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Recently the demand in the development of eco-friendly nanoparticles as alternative to chemical and physical methods has been increasing so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silver nitrate concentration and extracellular filtrate (EF) produced by a filamentous fungus isolated from a spent catalyst and coded e identified as Penicillium purpurogenum CATMC-AH-1 on Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) production. The filamentous fungus was growth in two culture media named Sucrose and Czapeck media to produce biomass and its was put in contact with water to get two different extracellular filtrates called EFS (extracellular filtrate sucrose) and EFC (extracellular filtrate Czapeck), the EF has the molecules involved to synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. Three concentrations of AgNO3 1, 1.5 and 2 mM and both extracellular filtrates were used to produce AgNPs. The AgNPs produced were monitored by UV-visible absorption spectra from 200 to 800 nm while their morphology and size were identified by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and software analysis SPIP 2.6.0. Results showed that both extracellular filtrates had the ability to produce AgNPs with the three concentrations of AgNO3 used. TEM analysis showed AgNPs with spherical morphology in all systems. The AgNPs synthesized in EFS with the three AgNO3 concentrations showed average sizes of 8.9, 8.4 and 6.7 nm respectively. From EFC, the average sizes of AgNPs were of 14.9, 11.5 and 10.1 nm respectively. In summary, in EFS smallest sizes and diameter dispersion of AgNPs were obtained, comparing to EFC and the spherical shape was similar in both filtrates. The AgNO3 concentration had a positive effect when the EFC filtrate was used since a direct correlation was observed between the concentrations of silver nitrate and increase the absorption band around 420 nm as result of surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs produced. The AgNPs biosynthesized from both EF (EFS and EFC) could be used as antimicrobial agent by their small size. Parameter as silver nitrate concentrations and culture media are important because could be affect the size and concentrations of AgNPs biosynthesized.

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Knysh, O. V. "Bifidogenic properties of cell-free extracts derived from probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri". Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, nr 1 (10.02.2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021919.

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Comprehensive study of the biological activity of structural components and metabolites of “beneficial” microorganisms opens the prospects of efficient and rational use of their biotechnological potential in the correction of microecological and related disorders. The study tested proliferative activity and biofilm formation by Bifidobacterium bifidum probiotic strain under the influence of cell-free extracts containing structural components and metabolites of the probiotic strains of B. bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri. Cell-free extracts were obtained by disintegrating suspensions of probiotic cells by cyclic freezing-thawing, cultivating probiotic microorganisms in their own disintegrates and subsequent filtration of the obtained disintegrates and cultures. The proliferative activity and biofilm formation of the probiotic test culture were studied by spectrophotometric microtiter plate method with 10%vol, 30%vol and 50%vol content of cell-free extracts in the cultivation medium. All investigated extracts showed a significant concentration-dependent stimulatory effect on the proliferative activity of B. bifidum. According to the degree of stimulatory effect on the B. bifidum proliferation, cell-free extracts arranged in ascending order: MLG (filtrate of L. reuteri culture, grown in L. reuteri disintegrate supplemented with 0.8 M glycerol and 0.4 M glucose) < MB (filtrate of В. bifidum culture, grown in В. bifidum disintegrate) < B (filtrate of В. bifidum disintegrate) < ML (filtrate of L. reuteri culture, grown in L. reuteri disintegrate) < L (filtrate of L. reuteri disintegrate). With the same content in the culture medium, filtrates of disintegrates had a more pronounced stimulatory effect than filtrates of cultures grown in their own disintegrates. Cell-free extracts from L. reuteri (L and ML) exerted a more pronounced stimulatory effect than cell-free extracts from B. bifidum. Not all studied cell-free extracts stimulated the biofilm formation by B. bifidum. The effect of cell-free extracts on this process depended on their type and concentration. Extract L had a predominantly inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by B. bifidum. The most pronounced stimulatory effect on biofilm formation by B. bifidum came from extract MLG. ML, B and MB extracts stimulated this process approximately equally. The detection of significant bifidogenic effect of the studied cell-free extracts may contribute to their pharmaceutical applications. Cell-free extracts can be used as metabiotics or prebiotics for increasing the survival of the injected probiotic, facilitating its inoculation in the gastrointestinal tract when used together. The obtained data encourage further careful study of the biochemical composition of cell-free extracts and efforts to clarify the mechanism of their action.

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Xia, Yanfei, Shen Li, Guohui Xu, Shanshan Xie, Xueting Liu, Xiaomin Lin, Huijun Wu i Xuewen Gao. "The carB Gene of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) is Associated with Nematicidal Activity against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica". Pathogens 10, nr 2 (18.02.2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020222.

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Biological nematicides have been widely used to lower the losses generated by phytoparasitic nematodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nematicidal effects of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) against Meloidogyne javanica and to identify nematicide-related genes. Culture filtrates of BL21(DE3) caused juvenile mortality and inhibited egg hatching in a dose-dependent manner. In the greenhouse, treatment of tomato seedlings with BL21(DE3) culture filtrates at 50 and 100% concentrations not only reduced the amount of M. javanica egg masses and galls, but improved plant root and shoot fresh weight. Culture filtrate analysis indicated that the nematicidal active ingredients of strain BL21(DE3) were non-proteinaceous, heat and cold resistant, sensitive to pH and volatile. To identify the genes associated with nematicidal activity, a BL21(DE3) library of 5000 mutants was produced using Tn5 transposase insertion. The culture filtrate of the MB12 mutant showed no nematicidal activity after 72 h of treatment and thermal asymmetrical interlaced PCR demonstrated that the carB gene was disrupted. Nematicidal activity was restored when the pH of the MB12 culture filtrate was adjusted to the original pH value (4.15) or following MB12 complementation with the carB gene, confirming a role for carB in mediating pH value and nematicidal activity. The outcomes of this pilot study indicate that BL21(DE3) is a potential microorganism for the continuable biological control of root-knot nematode in tomato and that carB affects the nematicidal activity of BL21(DE3) by modulating the pH environment.

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Melo, Itamar Soares de, i Everaldo Piccinin. "Toxic metabolites from culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum and its effects on cucumber cells and plantlets". Revista de Microbiologia 30, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37141999000200003.

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Resistance of cucumber plantlets to culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum is correlated with resistance of single cells from callus. Single cells and plantlets of two cultivars of cucumber were incubated with culture filtrates. Rapid cell death occurred, as assessed by the stain fluorescein diacetate. More cell death ocurred in the cells of the cultivar Aodai than in to cells of the cultivar Caipira, which presented high level of resistance. Maximum toxic activity of culture filtrates was attained after 21-25 days of growth of the fungus.

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Campbell, M. A., R. W. Medd i J. F. Brown. "Phytotoxicity of metabolites produced by Pyrenophora semeniperda in liquid culture". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, nr 10 (2003): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02185.

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Pyrenophora semeniperda was shown to produce heat stable, biologically active metabolites under agitated liquid culture conditions. Using a seedling bioassay it was shown that filtrates harvested from P.�semeniperda cultures had a significant impact on coleoptile length of both wheat and Bromus diandrus, but had no effect on seed germination. The relative toxicity of filtrates derived from several isolates of P. semeniperda and infiltrated into wheat leaves was highly correlated with the virulence of these isolates. A comparison of metabolites harvested from P. semeniperda and Pyrenophora teres grown under the same cultural conditions revealed that P.�teres did not affect wheat coleoptile growth, but affected the coleoptile elongation of B. diandrus, although less than filtrates produced by P. semeniperda. Culture filtrates harvested after 6 days were toxic to wheat and B.�diandrus and toxicity was maximal in filtrates derived from cultures that were 12 days old. Culture filtrates diluted to 1 in 20 produced symptoms in wheat seedlings, but only undiluted or 5 × concentrated filtrates produced symptoms on B.�diandrus seedling leaves. Plants older than first node stage (Z 31) were significantly less sensitive to filtrate than younger plants. A degree of host selectivity to the metabolites was observed since leaves of Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus, Lablab purpureus and Xanthium occidentale were unaffected by infiltrates.

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Lee, Bai-Yu, Marcus A. Horwitz i Daniel L. Clemens. "Identification, Recombinant Expression, Immunolocalization in Macrophages, and T-Cell Responsiveness of the Major Extracellular Proteins of Francisella tularensis". Infection and Immunity 74, nr 7 (lipiec 2006): 4002–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00257-06.

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ABSTRACT A safer and more effective vaccine than the previously developed live attenuated vaccine is needed for combating Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious bacterial pathogen. To search for potential candidates for inclusion in a new vaccine, we characterized the proteins present in the culture filtrates of a virulent recent clinical isolate and the attenuated live vaccine strain of F. tularensis using a proteomic approach. We identified a total of 12 proteins; among these, catalase-peroxidase was much more abundant in the culture filtrate of the virulent clinical isolate, whereas bacterioferritin was more abundant in the culture filtrate of the live vaccine strain. Streptolysin O treatment of infected human macrophages indicated that catalase-peroxidase and the heat shock protein GroEL are released intracellularly by actively growing F. tularensis. Mice immunized with F. tularensis developed significant cell-mediated immune responses to catalase-peroxidase, the heat shock protein GroEL, and bacterioferritin as measured by splenic lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production. Finally, we expressed the major culture filtrate proteins that are promising vaccine candidates in Escherichia coli at high levels in soluble form to facilitate study of their immunobiology and potential role in vaccines.

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Xiang, Y., M. M. Scandiani, T. K. Herman i G. L. Hartman. "Optimizing Conditions of a Cell-Free Toxic Filtrate Stem Cutting Assay to Evaluate Soybean Genotype Responses toFusariumSpecies that Cause Sudden Death Syndrome". Plant Disease 99, nr 4 (kwiecień 2015): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-14-0791-re.

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Cell-free toxic culture filtrates from Fusarium virguliforme, the causal fungus of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), cause foliar symptoms on soybean stem cuttings similar to those obtained from root inoculations in whole plants and those observed in production fields. The objectives of this study were to (i) optimize the production conditions for F. virguliforme cell-free toxic culture filtrates and the incubation conditions of the stem cutting assay used to test the toxicity of the cell-free toxic culture filtrates, and (ii) use the optimized assay and a whole plant root inoculation assay to compare four SDS-causing isolates on a panel of selected soybean genotypes. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were highest (P = 0.05) when cuttings were immersed in culture filtrate of fungus grown in soybean dextrose broth, in filtrate produced from the fungus grown for 18 or 22 days, and when stem cuttings were incubated at 30°C. AUDPC values and shoot dry weights from the whole plant root inoculations and the AUDPC values from the stem cutting assay differed (P < 0.05) among nine soybean genotypes tested with F. virguliforme and F. tucumaniae isolates, and the AUDPC values from the two assays were positively correlated (r = 0.44 at P < 0.0001).

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Kuźniak, Elżbieta, Henryk Urbanek, Aneta Michalak i Katarzyna Herka. "Effect of Botrytis cinerea infection and elicitation on ß-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activity in bean leaves and cell cultures". Acta Agrobotanica 47, nr 2 (2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1994.013.

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The activity of ß-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in bean plants treated with B. cinerea products or/and infected and in cell cultures after application of fungal products has been studied. Botrytis cinerea infection and culture filtrates, ethanol precipitates, glucan and conidial extract treatment markedly enhanced the activity of both hydrolases. Cell cultures treated with B.cinerea products reacted similarly to intact plants. In plants pretreated with 2-day culture filtrate and conidial extract and then infected, ß-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were induced stronger than after infection without pretreatment.

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Abdel-Ghany, Tarek M., i Marwah M. Bakri. "Effectiveness of a biological agent (Trichoderma harzianum and its culture filtrate) and a fungicide (methyl benzimacold-2-ylcarbamate) on the tomato rotting activity (growth, cellulolytic, and pectinolytic activities) of Alternaria solani". BioResources 14, nr 1 (10.01.2019): 1591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1591-1602.

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Fungicides can have a good result against phytopathogens, but alternatives, such as a biological control agents, have also been found to be effective and ecofriendly. In this experiment, Alternaria solani was isolated from rotten tomato fruit. The culture filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum gradually inhibited the radial growth of A. solani at higher concentrations, but growth was not completely inhibited until a high filtrate percentage of 75% was reached (75% by volume). The microscopic study revealed that the T. harzianum culture filtrate and its spores changed the size, number, and shape of the A. solani conidiospores. A. solani produced both cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in vitro. The activity of these enzymes decreased with an increase in the T. harzianum filtrate percentage and chemical fungicide concentration. A. solani failed to produce hydrolytic enzymes, particularly pectinase, at high concentrations of fungicide (100 ppm and 150 ppm). When T. harzianum was used as a biocontrol agent, the detected hydrolytic enzyme activities increased compared with the other treatments.

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Istifadah, Noor, Adelia Septiandini, Sri Hartati i Fitri Widiantini. "Inhibition Effects of Culture Filtrates and Volatile Compounds of Antagonistic Microbes Isolated from Vermicompos and Compost Teas on the Growth of Alternaria solani Sor. in Vitro". CROPSAVER - Journal of Plant Protection 5, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/cropsaver.v5i2.43278.

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Alternaria solani Sor. is one of destructive pathogens in solanaceous plants including tomato. Bacteria and yeast isolated from water extract of organic matters are potential as biological control agents of plant pathogenic fungi. Mechanisms of antagonism of bacteria and yeast can be through antibiosis. This study was conducted to examine the abilities of culture filtrate and volatile compounds produced by antagonistic bacteria and yeast isolated from compost and vermicompost teas to inhibit the growth of A. solani in vitro. The experiments were arranged in randomized complete design with four replications. The culture filtrate experiment applied well diffusion method, while the volatile compound effect experiment used petri dish sandwich method. The results showed that the culture filtrates of four bacteria and three yeast isolates inhibited the growth of A. solani in vitro by 16.6-87.5%. The highest inhibition level was showed by KSB4 isolate (Bacillus subtilis), a bacterial isolate from cow manure compost tea. In the volatile compound effect experiment, the tested bacteria and yeast isolates inhibited the pathogen growth by 31.3-75.2%, with the highest inhibition was showed by KcB3, a bacterial isolate from vermicompost tea. The isolate that its culture filtrate and volatile compounds both showed high inhibition level (62.7% and 87.5%) on A. solani growth was KSB4 isolate (B. subtilis).

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Neethling, Diane, i Helena Nevalainen. "Mycoparasitic species of Trichoderma produce lectins". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, nr 2 (1.02.1996): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-022.

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Culture filtrates and mycelial extracts of two mycoparasitic Trichoderma species were tested for the presence of lectins, by haemagglutination with human and marsupial erythrocytes. In Trichoderma viride, haemagglutinating activity was present in both mycelial extracts and culture filtrate. While secreted lectins were only detected after 6 days of growth, the presence of mycelium-associated lectins was first noted in 3-day-old cultures. Agglutinating activity was also demonstrated in the mycelium of 6-, 9- and 13-day-old cultures of Trichoderma harzianum. In this species, however, lectins were not secreted. In all instances, haemagglutination was inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine and related sugars. This is the first report on the occurrence of lectins in Trichoderma spp.Key words: Trichoderma, lectins, mycoparasitism.

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Narzymski, Bogusław, i Jadwiga Chmielnicka. "Partial characterization of alkaline proteases". Acta Mycologica 11, nr 1 (21.11.2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1975.002.

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When Mucor Microsporus Nam. was grown in a chemically defined medium alkaline proteases produced by this organisms appeares in the culture filtrate. Crude proteolytic enzymes preparations isolated from these filtrates show two optima for thedigestion of casein, namely at pH 8 and 11.

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Niere, Bjoern, Shahasi Athman, Altus Viljoen, Clifford Gold, Thomas Dubois, Philip Ragama, Daniel Coyne i Nico Labuschagne. "In vitro antagonism of endophytic Fusarium oxysporum isolates against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis". Nematology 8, nr 4 (2006): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106778613976.

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AbstractRadopholus similis is one of the key pests of banana worldwide. In this study, nine endophytic Fusarium oxysporum isolates were screened for the production of secondary metabolites antagonistic to R. similis in culture. Undiluted and diluted culture filtrates were tested against motile stages and eggs of R. similis. All isolates tested demonstrated in vitro antagonistic activity, causing paralysis of R. similis motile stages. The percentage of paralysed nematodes increased with increase in the length of exposure time to culture filtrates. After 24 h exposure in culture filtrates up to 100% of the treated nematodes were paralysed compared to 26.5% in the control treatments. Nematode mortality rates after 24 h exposure in culture filtrates ranged from 76.4% to 100%. Paralysis was reversible at lower filtrate concentrations. Radopholus similis males were more sensitive to culture filtrates than females. Culture filtrates of all isolates demonstrated inhibitory effects on hatching of R. similis eggs. The results demonstrate the potential for using endophytic F. oxysporum as biological control agents against R. similis and for toxic derivatives from their secondary metabolism to be used as potential nematicides.

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Thi My Ngan, Luong, Nguyen Thien Vi, Doan Thi Mong Tham, Le Thi Thanh Loan, Pham Thanh Ho i Tran Trung Hieu. "Antioxidant and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of Hericium erinaceus mycelium and culture filtrate". Biomedical Research and Therapy 8, nr 3 (31.03.2021): 4266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v8i3.665.

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Introduction: Hericium erinaceus is known as a medicinal edible mushroom owing to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects. Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the major health concerns worldwide due to its high rate in global populations, frequent recurrence, and rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains. The present study aims to investigate antioxidant anti-H. pylori and urease inhibitory activities of solvent fractions from H. erinaceus mycelium and culture filtrate. Methods: H. erinaceus mycelium was purely cultured in a liquid medium. A polysaccharide fraction was obtained from the culture filtrate by precipitation with ethanol. The mycelium and culture filtrate were extracted by liquid extraction to obtain solvent-soluble fractions. The antibacterial effects of these fractions were determined using paper disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Urease inhibition was determined using the salicylate-hypochlorite method. The antioxidant activity of H. erinaceus was evaluated via 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Results: The ethyl-acetate (EtOAc) fractions derived from H. erinaceus culture filtrate (fEtOAc Fr.) and mycelium (mEtOAc Fr.) showed the strongest anti-H. pylori activity with MIC (MBC) of 1.25 – 1.5 (5.0 – 7.5) mg/mL and potential urease inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.34 – 0.35 mg/mL. In addition, fEtOAc Fr. exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity (IC50, 11.83 mg/mL), which was slightly stronger than that of mEtOAc Fr. (IC50, 14.75 mg/mL). Moreover, our study also found that the water fractions from the culture filtrate (fWater Fr.) and the mycelium (mWater Fr.) displayed considerable inhibitory activities against bacterial urease (IC50, 1.26 – 1.40 mg/mL), although they had low or no anti-H. pylori activities and low antioxidant properties. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the EtOAC fractions derived from the H. erinaceus mycelium and culture filtrate potentially have anti-H. pylori, anti-urease and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that H. erinaceus mycelium and culture filtrate could be utilized to develop functional foods and nutraceuticals to prevent H. pylori infection. More research is needed to prove the safety of the H. erinaceus mycelium and culture filtrate fractions and their in vivo efficacy in the treatment of H. pylori infection.

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Abo-Elyousr, Kamal A. M., Omer H. M. Ibrahim, Adel D. Al-Qurashi, Magdi A. A. Mousa i Maged M. Saad. "Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Fungi for the Eco-Friendly Management of Root Rot of Cuminum cyminum Caused by Fusarium solani". Agronomy 12, nr 11 (24.10.2022): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112612.

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Root rot disease of Cuminum cyminum caused by Fusarium solani is one of the most destructive diseases threatening cumin production. The present study investigates the biocontrol potential of some endophytes against F. solani and their effect on the induction of defense-related enzymes in a greenhouse. The results herein presented illustrate the strong biocontrol potential of three (out of twelve) endophytes. During the in vitro assay, three isolates demonstrated strong mycelial growth inhibition of F. solani: isolates 3, 4, and 9, with 87%, 65%, and 80% reductions, respectively, with respect to the control (100%). These isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and Chaetomium globosum, which produce siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Cumin seed priming with the culture filtrates of T. harzianum, C. globosum, and T. longibrachiatum positively affected the seed germination, as a higher germination (%) of culture filtrate-treated seeds was observed followed by infected and healthy control/untreated seeds. In the greenhouse, the application of T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and C. globosum caused a reduction in disease severity (67.7%, 58.1%, and 59.3%, respectively) on cumin plants, with a lower disease severity (20%, 26%, and 25%, respectively) recorded in treated plants compared to the infected control (62%). Furthermore, a significant increase in defense-related enzymes in culture filtrate-treated cumin plants was recorded. Higher peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and a higher content of phenolic compounds, were found in culture filtrate-treated plants. These results indicate that the culture filtrates of these bioagents not only increased seed germination, but also protected the plants from F. solani infection by acting as important elements of the cellular antioxidant system in plants upon infection, conferring the biocontrol potential of C. globosum and Trichoderma species toward mitigating the root rot disease of cumin plants in a greenhouse.

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Chaika, A. V., i O. V. Fedotov. "ІНТЕНСИВНІСТЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПЕРЕКИСНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ КСИЛОТРОФНИХ БАЗИДІОМІЦЕТІВ У ГЛИБИННІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 3, nr 02 (31.08.2013): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20133_30.

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The aim of the study was to determine the lipid peroxidation (LP) intensity of xylotrophic basidiomycetes cultures under submerged fermentation on glucose-peptone medium. The materials were submerged mycelium and culture filtrate of 79 strains of 18 species xylotrophic basidiomycetes. Among the studied strains, 60 strains belong to the order Agaricales and 19 – to order Polyporales. Most of the strains (85%) were isolated from the fruiting bodies collected in different localities of Donetsk city and its region. The following methods were used. Oven-dry biomass was determined by gravimetric method and biomass increase and specific growth rate were calculated. The pH of the culture filtrate was determined by potentiometric method. The intensity of lipid peroxidation processes was estimated with the modified thiobarbituric acid test. The study concluded that among the studied strains high level of LP in the mycelium is typical for the F. velutipes cultures, particularly the F-vv, F-03 and F-1. The low intensity of LP in the mycelium was established for the F. fomentarius Ff-09, Ff-1201 strains and the L. edodes Le-2, Le-4, Le-6, Le-7 strains. The high content of LP products in the culture filtrate is typical in most Polyporales cultures, for example, in the strains of I. lacteus IL-1201, T. hirsuta Th-11, D. quercina Dq-08 and F. fomentarius T-10. Paucity of the LP products in the culture filtrate established for some strains of F. velutipes, for example, F-204, F-11, S. commune Sc-1102 strain and G. lucidum cultures. Direct dependence between the content of LP products in the mycelium and culture filtrate was not established. Calculated correlation coefficients for the investigated strains showed the dependence of the growth rates and the intensity of LP in the mycelium and culture filtrate. Selected strains with high growth rate and a significant LP level in the culture filtrate are promising in technologies of lignocellulosic wastes and xenobiotics biodegradation and environment bioremediation. Key words: xylotrophic basidiomycetes, submerged fermentation, lipid peroxidation

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Massoud, Samia, Susan L. F. Meyer, Daniel Roberts i David Chitwood. "Evaluation of Trichoderma virens and Burkholderia cepacia for antagonistic activity against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita". Nematology 2, nr 8 (2000): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100750112815.

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AbstractThe bacterium Burkholderia cepacia (strain Bc-2) and the fungus Trichoderma virens (strain Gl-3) were investigated for activity against the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Culture filtrates from Bc-2 and Gl-3 contained extracellular factors that inhibited egg hatch and second-stage juvenile (J2) mobility. Size fractionation results and lack of detectable chitinase or protease activities from Bc-2 and Gl-3 culture filtrates suggested that the inhibitory factors in the in vitro assays were non-enzymic. Tomato root explant cultures of M. incognita treated with T.virens culture filtrate had 42% fewer eggs and J2 per g of roots than cultures treated with control medium that had not been inoculated with T. virens. In glasshouse tests with tomato, Bc-2 and Gl-3 were applied individually as seed coatings and as root drenches in both viable and non-viable formulations. At the 65-day harvest, non-viable B. cepacia was the only treatment that suppressed eggs and J2 per g of roots (29% suppression) compared to water controls. Evaluation de l'activité antagoniste de Trichoderma virens et Burkholderia cepacia envers le nématode Meloidogyne incognita - La bactérie Burkholderia cepacia (souche Bc-2) et le champignon Trichoderma virens (souche G1-3) ont été étudiés dans l'optique de leur action envers le nématode Meloidogyne incognita. Les filtrats de culture de Bc-2 et de G1-3 contiennent des facteurs extracellulaires inhibant l'éclosion et la motilité des juvéniles de deuxième stade (J2) du nématode. Les résultats de fractionnements relatifs à la taille et la nondétection d'une activité chitinasique ou protéasique dans les filtrats de culture de Bc-2 et G1-3 suggèrent que les facteurs inhibant présents lors des expériences in vitro ne sont pas de nature enzymatique. Des élevages de M. incognita sur explants de racines de tomate traités avec des filtrats de culture de T. virens produisent des oeufs et des J2 en nombre inférieur de 42% à celui d'élevages traités par un milieu témoin, non inoculé avec T. virens. Lors d'essais en serre sur tomate, Bc-2 et G1-3 ont été appliqués séparément, soit en pralinage des semences, soit sur la tranchée, et en formulation vivante ou non-vivante. A la récolte, après 65 jours, la formulation non-vivante de B. cepacia s'est révélée le seul traitement diminuant le nombre d'oeufs et de J2 par g de racines: moins 29% par rapport au témoin ne contenant que de l'eau.

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Duarte, Maria de Lourdes R., i Simon A. Archer. "In vitro toxin production by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis". Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, nr 3 (czerwiec 2003): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000300002.

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Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (teleomorph: Nectria haematococca f. sp. piperis), causal agent of root rot and stem blight on black pepper (Piper nigrum), produces secondary metabolites with toxigenic properties, capable of inducing vein discoloration in detached leaves and wilting in transpiring microcuttings. Production of F. solani f. sp. piperis (Fsp) toxic metabolites reached a peak after 25 days of static incubation on potato sucrose broth at 25 ºC under illumination. Changes in the pH of the culture filtrate did not alter the effect of toxic metabolites. However, when the pH was changed before the medium had been autoclaved, a more intense biological response was observed, with an optimum at pH 6.0. Isolates that produced red pigments in liquid cultures were more efficient in producing biologically active culture filtrates than those which produced pink coloured or clear filtrates suggesting that these pigments could be related to toxigenic activity. Detached leaves of seven black pepper cultivars and Piper betle showed symptoms of vein discoloration after immersion in autoclaved and non-autoclaved Fsp culture filtrates indicating the thermostable nature of these toxic metabolites.

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Ludwig, Andrew C., John F. Hubstenberger, Gregory C. Phillips i G. Morris Southward. "Screening of Allium Tester Lines in Vitro with Pyrenochaeta terrestris Filtrates". HortScience 27, nr 2 (luty 1992): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.166.

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Callus cultures were established from intraspecific lines of Allium cepa L., interspecific F1 progeny of A. cepa crossed to A. fistulosum L. and to A. galanthum L., advanced generations of A. fistulosum x A. cepa backcrossed to A. cepa, and lines of A. fistulosum and A. galanthum. These genotypes had been identified as susceptible, resistant, or partially resistant tester lines based on prior seedling and field nursery screenings using the pink-root pathogen Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker and Larson. Tester line calli were challenged in vitro with culture filtrates of the fungal pathogen and were assessed by visible damage ratings expressed as the percentage of pigmentation in response to the filtrate. The degrees of callus sensitivity to the filtrate observed in vitro corresponded well with the in vivo tester line classifications. These results eliminated the possible confounding influence of using various species of Allium for in vitro screening. Our results indicated the suitability of the in vitro screening approach for the possible identification of useful segregants or somaclonal variants possessing pink-root resistance. However, in vivo pathogenicity may involve mechanisms in addition to sensitivity to the putative toxins present in the filtrate.

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Pérez-Jiménez, Margarita, i Olaya Pérez-Tornero. "Comparison of Four Systems to Test the Tolerance of ‘Fortune’ Mandarin Tissue Cultured Plants to Alternaria alternata". Plants 10, nr 7 (28.06.2021): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071321.

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Alternaria brown spot is a severe disease that affects leaves and fruits on susceptible mandarin and mandarin-like cultivars, and is produced by Alternaria alternata. Consequently, there is an urge to obtain new cultivars resistant to A. alternata, and mutation breeding together with tissue culture can help shorten the process. However, a protocol for the in vitro selection of resistant citrus genotypes is lacking. In this study, four methods to evaluate the sensitivity to Alternaria of mandarin ‘Fortune’ explants in in vitro culture were tested. The four tested systems consisted of: (1) the addition of the mycotoxin, produced by A. alternata in ‘Fortune’, to the propagation culture media, (2) the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the propagation culture media, (3) the application of the mycotoxin to the intact shoot leaves, and (4) the application of the mycotoxin to the previously excised and wounded leaves. After analyzing the results, only the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the culture media and the application of the mycotoxin to the wounded leaves produced symptoms of infection. However, the addition of the fungus culture filtrate to the culture media produced results, which might indicate that, in addition to the mycotoxin, many other unknown elements that can affect the plant growth and behavior could be found in the fungus culture filtrate. Therefore, the application of the toxin to the excised and wounded leaves seems to be the most reliable method to analyze sensitivity to Alternaria of ‘Fortune’ explants cultured in vitro.

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Chiu, Yi-Shu, Yuh Tzean, Yi-Hui Chen, Chi-Wei Tsai i Hsin-Hung Yeh. "Fungal F8-Culture Filtrate Induces Tomato Resistance against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus". Viruses 13, nr 8 (23.07.2021): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081434.

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important economic crop worldwide. However, tomato production is jeopardized by the devastating tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses (WTBs). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of our previously developed plant antiviral immunity inducer, fungal F8-culture filtrate, on tomato to combat tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), the predominant WTB in Taiwan. Our results indicated that F8-culture filtrate treatment induced strong resistance, did not reduce the growth of tomato, and induced prominent resistance against TYLCTHV both in the greenhouse and in the field. Among TYLCTHV-inoculated Yu-Nu tomato grown in the greenhouse, a greater percentage of plants treated with F8-culture filtrate (43–100%) were healthy-looking compared to the H2O control (0–14%). We found that TYLCTHV cannot move systemically only on the F8-culture filtrate pretreated healthy-looking plants. Tracking the expression of phytohormone-mediated immune maker genes revealed that F8-culture filtrate mainly induced salicylic acid-mediated plant immunity. Furthermore, callose depositions and the expression of the pathogen-induced callose synthase gene, POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 were only strongly induced by TYLCTHV on tomato pretreated with F8-culture filtrate. This study provides an effective way to induce tomato resistance against TYLCTHV.

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Yoshida, S., S. Hiradate, T. Tsukamoto, K. Hatakeda i A. Shirata. "Antimicrobial Activity of Culture Filtrate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RC-2 Isolated from Mulberry Leaves". Phytopathology® 91, nr 2 (luty 2001): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.2.181.

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A potential antagonist, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain RC-2, against Colletotrichum dematium, mulberry anthracnose fungus, was obtained from healthy mulberry leaves by in vitro and in vivo screening techniques. Application of culture filtrate of RC-2 inhibited disease on mulberry leaves, indicating that suppression was due to antifungal compounds in the filtrate. Development of mulberry anthracnose on mulberry leaves was inhibited only when the culture filtrate was applied before fungal inoculation, and it was not inhibited by application after inoculation. These results suggest that the antifungal compounds in the filtrate exhibit a preventive effect on the disease. Peptone significantly increased production of the antifungal compounds. The culture filtrate of RC-2 also inhibited the growth of several other phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, such as Rosellinia necatrix, Pyricularia oryzae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, in vitro. From the culture filtrate of RC-2, seven kinds of antifungal compounds were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, and one of the compounds was determined as iturin A2, a cyclic peptide, by nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass analysis.

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Jagat, Lalu Muhammad Sakti Surya, Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa i I. Made Sara Wijana. "Potential Rhizopus spp. in control the growth of Aspergillus flavus FNCC6109 in broiler chicken concentrate feed". Jurnal Biologi Udayana 25, nr 2 (22.12.2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2021.v25.i02.p06.

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Aspergillus flavus contamination of agriculture in Indonesia can cause problems to animal health and productivity. Some factors can support the appearance of contamination in feed, especially temperature and humidity. The main objective of this research was to investigate potency of Rhizopus spp. on inhibit A. flavus FNCC6109 in broiler chicken concentrate feed. The experiments were conducted dual culture method and the inhibition test of the Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture was incubated for 3, 4 and 5 days on in vitro. The in vivo test was directly applied in broiler chicken concentrate feed which added Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture concentration at 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 40% (v/v), dan 50% (v/v). The results showed that the Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture significantly (P?0,05) to inhibit the growth of A. flavus FNCC6109 both in vitro and in vivo. The percentage inhibition of Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture incubated for 5 days showed 67,47±2,10% relatively better results than 3 and 4 days, and therefore was used in the in vivo. Application of 50% (v/v) Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture to the broiler chicken concentrate feed significantly reduced 82% population of A. flavus FNCC6109 after 15 days incubated relative to that of negative control (concentrate feed without addition Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture and A. flavus FNCC6109).

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ONO, Kazuaki, Hiroyuki MASAKI i Yoshikazu TOKUMARU. "Pyrogenic Effect of Culture Filtrate ofCampylobacter jejuni". Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 49, nr 8 (1996): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.49.569.

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Watanabe, Akira, Takayuki Kuriyama, Katsuhiko Kamei, Kazuko Nishimura, Makoto Miyaji, Toshikazu Sekine i Mayumi Waku. "Immunosuppressive substances in Aspergillus fumigatus culture filtrate". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 9, nr 2 (2003): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10156-002-0227-1.

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Samanich, K., J. T. Belisle i S. Laal. "Homogeneity of Antibody Responses in Tuberculosis Patients". Infection and Immunity 69, nr 7 (1.07.2001): 4600–4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.7.4600-4609.2001.

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ABSTRACT The goals of the present study were twofold: (i) to compare the repertoires of antigens in culture filtrates of in vitro-grown Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are recognized by antibodies from noncavitary and cavitary tuberculosis (TB) patients and (ii) to determine the extent of variation that exists between the antigen profiles recognized by individual TB patients. Lipoarabinomannan-free culture filtrate proteins of M. tuberculosis were fractionated by one-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the Western blots were probed with sera from non-human immunodeficiency virus (non-HIV)-infected cavitary and noncavitary TB patients and from HIV-infected, noncavitary TB patients. In contrast to earlier studies based on recombinant antigens of M. tuberculosis which suggested that antibody responses in TB patients were heterogeneous (K. Lyashchenko et al., 1998, Infect. Immun. 66:3936–3940, 1998), our studies with native culture filtrate proteins show that the antibody responses in TB patients show significant homogeneity in being directed against a well-defined subset of antigens. Thus, there is a well-defined subset of culture filtrate antigens that elicits antibodies during noncavitary and cavitary disease. In addition, another set of antigens is recognized primarily by cavitary TB patients. The mapping with individual patient sera presented here suggests that serodiagnostic tests based on the subset of antigens recognized during both noncavitary and cavitary TB will enhance the sensitivity of antibody detection in TB patients, especially in difficult-to-diagnose, smear-negative, noncavitary TB patients.

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RODRIGUEZ, JOSE L., PILAR GAYA, MARGARITA MEDINA i MANUEL NUÑEZ. "Bactericidal Effect of Enterocin 4 on Listeria monocytogenes in a Model Dairy System". Journal of Food Protection 60, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.1.28.

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Enterococcus faecalis INIA 4 produced the bacteriocin enterocin 4 during growth in raw ewe's milk at 30°C. Enterocin activity reached 2,200 to 3,600 AU/ml after 8 h, with a 1 to 8% (vol/vol) level of inoculum from an 18-h culture. An enterocin activity of 500 AU/ml significantly decreased counts of Listeria monocytogenes Ohio when incubated for 6 h in a model system consisting of filtrates from cultures of E.faecalis INIA 4 in raw ewe's milk, at pH 6.0 and 30°C. However, an enterocin activity of 2,400 AU/ml was needed in the same conditions to significantly decrease counts of L. monocytogenes Scott A. All 22 wild L. monocytogenes strains isolated from ewe's milk and tested were inhibited by a filtrate containing 400 AU/ml of enterocin 4. Incubation in the filtrate for 6 h significantly lowered counts of 16 L. monocytogenes strains, and incubation for 24 h, counts of 21 strains.

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Śliwińska, Sylwia, i Adam Latała. "Allelopathic Effects of Cyanobacterial Filtrates on Baltic Diatom". Contemporary Trends in Geoscience 1, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2012-0016.

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Abstract Allelopathy may be one of the factors affecting the formation of massive and harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments. Recent studies indicate that blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea has grown significantly in last decades, so it is important to determine the allelopathic interactions between the dominant species of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In this work we investigated the influence of allelopathic compounds on the growth of Skeletonema marinoi by addition of cell-free filtrate of the Baltic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena cultures grown under different temperature (15-25°C). Additionally the effects of filtrates of both an exponential and a stationary growing culture of N. spumigena were tested on diatom. These studies indicate that high temperature affected the donor species by increasing its production of allelochemicals. The highest drop of growth of analyzed diatom were observed after the addition of cell-free filtrate obtained from N. spumigena grown at 25°C and constituted 70% of their control. N. spumigena was only allelopathic in exponential growth phase, whereas the cyanobacteria filtrate from stationary phase have any effect on S. marinoi. These findings suggest that N. spumigena may reveal allelopathic activity and that the production of allelopathic substances is influenced by the temperature and growth phase of cyanobacteria.

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DeRosa, M., M. D. Ficken i H. J. Barnes. "Acute Airsacculitis in Untreated and Cyclophosphamide-pretreated Broiler Chickens Inoculated with Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli Cell-free Culture Filtrate". Veterinary Pathology 29, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900109.

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Ninety commercial broiler chickens were divided into three equal groups; 30 were injected with brain-heart-infusion broth into the cranial thoracic air sacs (controls), 30 were similarly inoculated with a culture of Escherichia coli, and 30 were similarly inoculated with E. coli cell-free culture filtrate. Birds were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation. E. coli-inoculated and cell-free culture filtrate-inoculated chickens reacted similarly, with exudation of heterophils into the air sac. Microscopically, heterophils were present in low numbers perivascularly 0.5 hour after inoculation and became more numerous by 3 hours post-inoculation. By 6 hours post-inoculation, there was severe swelling of air sac epithelial cells and thickening of the air sac by proteinaceous fluid and heterophils. Ultrastructurally, air sac epithelial cells were swollen and vacuolated, and interdigitating processes were separated. Histologically and ultrastructurally, all features in control chickens were normal, with only rare heterophils in the air sac interstitium. In E. coli-inoculated and cell-free culture filtrate-inoculated chickens, cell counts (predominantly heterophils) in air sac lavage fluids increased markedly at 3 and 6 hours, with only slight increases in counts from lavages of controls. Heteropenia was observed in E. coli-inoculated chickens, whereas heterophilia was observed in cell-free filtrate chickens and controls. Ninety additional chickens were pretreated with cyclophosphamide, subdivided into three equal groups, and inoculated and examined similarly as above. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment reduced inflammatory changes in air sacs, lowered cell numbers in lavage fluids, and abolished hematologic changes; however, it did not prevent epithelial cell changes. These results indicate that cell-free culture filtrate of E. coli induces changes similar to those induced by cultures of E. coli.

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Elkot, Gaber, i Aly Derbalah. "Use of Cultural Filtrates of Certain Microbial Isolates for Powdery Mildew Control in Squash". Journal of Plant Protection Research 51, nr 3 (1.07.2011): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-011-0042-8.

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Use of Cultural Filtrates of Certain Microbial Isolates for Powdery Mildew Control in SquashPowdery mildew induces significant losses in yield and quality of squash. Therefore, culture filtrates of certain microbial isolates, (Epicoccum nigrum,Epicoccum minitans,Epicoccumsp.,Trichoderma harzianum,Trichoderma virideandBacillus pumilus) were used alone, and in combination with the fungicide penconazole to control powdery mildew in squash, under field conditions. Moreover, GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the chemical components of the most effective culture filtrates against powdery mildew pathogen. The results showed that culture filtrates of different microbial isolates (except forTrichoderma harzianum) were more effective against powdery mildew in squash than the tested fungicide alone at the recommended levels, in both tested seasons. The results also showed that mixing different culture filtrates with penconazole improved efficiency against powdery mildew compared to using the fungicide alone, in both tested seasons. The efficacy of the culture filtrates of the tested microbial isolates against powdery mildew were due to the presence of a mixture of known antifungal compounds. The results suggest the possible use of the culture filtrates of the tested microbial isolates as alternative to fungicides, in powdery mildew control. Also, this study suggests the possible mixing of the culture filtrate of the tested biocontrol agents with fungicides to minimize the applied amount of fungicides.

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AKOMOLAFE, GBENGA FESTUS, Paul Tersoo Terna, Abraham Ubhenin i Jeremiah Abok. "Phytotoxicity of Filtrate Extracts of Fungal Pathogens on Selected Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars". ASM Science Journal 12 (22.07.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2019.263.

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The phytotoxic effect of culture filtrates of selected fungal pathogens on the morphology and anatomy of different tomato cultivars was evaluated in this study. Four tomato cultivars namely; Roma Savanna, Riogrande, Roma VF and Tropimech were treated with 21 days old culture filtrates of fungal pathogens namely; Alternaria triglochinicola, Aureobasidium pullulans, Pythium ultimum and Sclerotium rolfsii grown on Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB). These fungal filtrates were extracted using water, dichloromethane (DCM) and ethylacetate (EA). Healthy leaves excised from two months old tomato plants were inoculated by dipping their petioles in 20ml of each fungal filtrate for 3 days and observed for the appearance of disease symptoms. A. pullulans accounted for the highest necrotic and chlorotic leaf tissue area on all the studied tomato cultivars. The aqueous extracts were more biologically active, inducing the highest occurrence of mean total leaf necrosis (14.69%) and chlorosis (57.21%), compared to ethyl acetate (6.04% necrosis and 7.03% chlorosis) and dichloromethane (6.57% necrosis and 4.02% chlorosis). Filtrate extracts of A. pullulans showed significantly higher negative effect (P≤0.05) on anatomical features such as the thickness of epidermis, cortex and diameter of the vascular bundle of all the tomato cultivars. Further isolation and identification of phytotoxic compounds synthesized by the studied fungi are required for a better understanding of their mechanisms of disease initiation and yield reduction.

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Gourd, Julia M., G. Morris Southward i Gregory C. Phillips. "Response of Allium Tissue Cultures to Filtrates of Pyrenochaeta terrestris". HortScience 23, nr 4 (sierpień 1988): 766–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.766.

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Abstract Allium cepa L., A. fistulosum L., A. galanthum L., and A. cepa × A. fistulosum reciprocal interspecific hybrids were grown in vitro as calluses, shoots, and plantlets, and exposed to the filtrate of the pink root disease-causing fungus, Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker, and Larson. Tissue culture reponses to the filtrate were assessed by visible damage ratings and fresh weights. Calluses exposed to the filtrate incorporated into the culture medium reflected the degree of whole plant susceptibility among the tester lines. However, in vitro shoot and plantlet culture responses did not reflect this correlation. Filtrate action appeared to be localized in meristematic cells. This in vitro approach may prove useful in screening or selection for onion pink root disease resistance.

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Miura, Masashi, Haru Kato i Osamu Matsushita. "Identification of a Novel Virulence Factor in Clostridium Difficile That Modulates Toxin Sensitivity of Cultured Epithelial Cells". Infection and Immunity 79, nr 9 (11.07.2011): 3810–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00051-11.

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ABSTRACTTwo glucosylating toxins named toxins A and B play a role in the pathogenesis ofClostridium Difficileinfection. The interaction of the toxins with host cell factors proceeds to downstream stages of cytotoxic effects in cells, in which involvement of otherC. difficilefactors remains unknown. We utilized culture filtrate ofC. difficilewith a low dilution to characterize the influence of putative minor proteins on the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cultured epithelial cells and found a previously uncharacterized F-actin aggregated structure, termed “actin aggregate,” at the juxtanuclear region. We reasoned that formation of actin aggregate was due to an additional factor(s) in the culture filtrate rather than the glucosylating toxins, because treatment of purified toxins rarely caused actin aggregate in cells. We focused on a previously uncharacterized hypothetical protein harboring a KDEL-like sequence as a candidate. The product of the candidate gene was detected in culture filtrate ofC. difficileATCC 9689 and was renamed Srl. Purified glutathioneS-transferase-tagged Srl triggered formation of actin aggregate in the cells in the presence of either toxin A or B and enhanced cytotoxicity of each of the two toxins, including decreases in both cell viability and transepithelial resistance of cultured epithelial monolayer, although the recombinant Srl alone did not show detectable cytotoxicity. Srl-neutralized culture filtrate partially inhibited morphological changes of the cells in parallel with decreased actin aggregate formation in the cells. Thus, Srl might contribute to the modulation of toxin sensitivity of intestinal epithelial cells by enhancing cytotoxicity ofC. difficiletoxins.

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