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Ouattara, Oumar. "La veille technologique, adaptation aux pays africains : information, environnement, moyens, culture". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30071.
Pełny tekst źródłaPigeon, Louis-Étienne. "Environnement, mésologie et politique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24131.
Pełny tekst źródłaAntunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
Plasai, Virachai. "Culture politique et environnement régional : la politique thai͏̈landaise vis à vis de l'URSS, 1975-1985". Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010314.
Pełny tekst źródłaCasadebaig, Pierre Debaeke Philippe. "Analyse et modélisation des interactions génotype - environnement - conduite de culture application au tournesol (Helianthus annuus) /". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000669.
Pełny tekst źródłaValantin, Muriel. "Fécondation, environnement climatique, équilibre source-puits et qualité du melon cantaloup charentais (cucumis melo L. )". Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30023.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlanco, Corinne. "Le pin maritime, son environnement, sa culture, les facteurs climatiques et fongiques responsables de son affaiblissement". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P004.
Pełny tekst źródłaCharef, Rania. "Management interculturel : entre contraintes nationales, contraintes organisationnelles et particularismes locaux : études de cas chez Veolia Environnement". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT3028.
Pełny tekst źródłaDespite the importance given to cross-cultural management, very little research has focused on tools for the management of cultural diversity. This thesis proposes a link between the theoretical framework of cross-cultural management and the management tools. Three cases studied were conducted in the same international company in France: Veolia Environment. This qualitative research, through longitudinal case studies and action research, was done thanks to a CIFRE agreement, and aims to answer the question: what is the role of management tools for managing cultural diversity? This research reveals that we can distinguish a multiplicity of visions of cultural diversity desired and promoted, sustained and denied, ambivalent, a screen for other problems, or a political opportunity. We have shown that the management tools have effects at the strategic, organizational, cognitive and relational levels. As a polymorphous phenomenon, cultural diversity is a political and organizational challenge for the actors who try to develop and transform diversity management tools. Thus, cross-cultural management tools need to be contextualized to the specific situation of each organization. All internal tensions do not necessarily fall under cultural differences. Indeed, they can mask difficulties related to the devaluation of jobs or the lack of career prospects
Schoving, Celine. "Analyse écophysiologique et modélisation dynamique des intéractions génotype x environnement x conduite de culture chez le soja". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0009.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merrill) is a leguminous crop that does not require nitrogen fertilizer, which is grown with few pesticides, has a very good greenhouse gas balance and provides protein-rich seeds (38 to 42% of the dry matter on average). Water is the main limiting factor in soybean production (Merrien, 1994), particularly for cropping systems in southwestern France facing the context of climate change (more frequent droughts) and increasing pressure on the use of water resources for irrigation. A water deficit imposed during the seed filling period is particularly detrimental to soybean yield (Pardo et al., 2015). Facing diversified and diverse production contexts constrained by water, the characteristics of the variety are becoming increasingly important (Maury et al. 2015). The approach implemented in the thesis is based on three wellconnected approaches: (i) analysis of key physiological processes under controlled conditions and varietal phenotyping (i.e. phenology response to temperature and photoperiod over a wide varietal range), (ii) evaluation of genotype-environment-crop management interactions (GEMI) for field reference varieties with different planting dates and water management, and (iii) dynamic modelling of GEMI. The response of 10 genotypes to progressive soil drying was evaluated in 2017 and 2018 on the Heliaphen outdoor platform. The germination response to temperature was studied to characterize the cardinal temperatures of the genotypes tested. It was completed by a pot experiment on the Heliaphen platform, involving several planting dates from March to July, to study the response of these same genotypes to photoperiod and temperature. The information collected during these two experiments made it possible to develop and calibrate a simplified phenology algorithm (SPA). Field experiments combining different planting dates and water managements were carried out as part of the Sojamip project (2010-2014) and the thesis (2017- 2018). All these data, produced in the Occitanie region (from Toulouse to Béziers), made it possible to calibrate and evaluate the STICS model for Soybean. The model could be used to perform a posteriori diagnosis of the conditions encountered by genotypes in the field. Our results show the diversity of responses of soybean genotypes grown in Europe to photoperiod, temperature and water stress. The satisfactory performance of the phenology algorithm made it possible to explore the cultivation areas of the varieties studied under current and future climates in France. The study of the response to water stress made it possible to identify genotypes that maintain their stomatal functioning for a longer or shorter period of time ("conservative" vs "efficient" types). The performance of the STICS model was satisfactory, except for the simulation of the yield and characteristics of the grain (oil, nitrogen), highlighting the need for an adaptation of the formalisms for soybean. The model was able to be used to diagnose experimental conditions in the field through the calculation of stress indices. This diagnosis made it possible to show the interest of early planting to delay the soybean cycle and thus reduce the intensity and duration of water stress. In conclusion, we have shown that the integrated study of GEMIs is necessary to understand the situations that soybean plants have faced. However, it will be necessary to continue the exploration process using STICS to be able to test many cultural practices and varietal traits. This perspective will make it possible to propose soybean ideotypes for waterconstrained environments in France and possibly Europe
Plasai, Virachai. "Culture politique et environnement régional la politique thailandaise vis-à-vis de l'URSS, de 1975 à 1985 /". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376004296.
Pełny tekst źródłaCharbonnier, Pierre. "Les rapports collectifs à l’environnement naturel : un enjeu anthropologique et philosophique". Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1056/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnthropology and philosophy share a common interest in the idea of nature. Both of themaddress the value of this fundamental element of the Western conceptual framework and thegeneral signification of the alleged great divide between nature and society, or culture. Overthis common interrogation they are also facing the same issues and paradoxes.Nevertheless anthropology benefits from its comparative approach, which brings toknowledge different cosmological patterns, some of them dealing without the very idea ofnature. This thesis is an historical and critical exploration of some key classicalanthropological theories of the collective relationships with natural environment. Namely, theDurkheimian school of social sciences, the structural anthropology of Claude Lévi-Straussand his followers, and the present day anthropology of nature, which constitutes the main lineof French social anthropology. The core hypothesis of this work is that social anthropology isintimately linked to the theoretical acknowledgment of the role played by the idea of nature inour historical dynamics. What we usually call modernity, and in what sense it differs fromother social formations, are major anthropological concerns. These questions lead to acritical examination of the ecological thought from an anthropological point of view. Ifenvironmental philosophy is in a sense a way out of modern naturalism, which terms andconditions are required to make it possible and legitimate ?
Faria, Marília. "Culture et design : application de l'interculturalité à l'évaluation et à la conception de produits dans un environnement globalisé". Compiègne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001COMP1327.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuerrero, Julien. "Devenir des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines dans un environnement tridimensionnel : application à l’ingénierie du tissu osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0200/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBone tissue engineering aims to resolve the existing limitations of boneregeneration methods. One of the proposed strategies consists on the association,within a three-dimensional (3D) matrix, with autologous cells able to regenerate afunctional 3D tissue. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate theimpact of cellular communication, between cells of the stromal compartment andendothelial cells, within the three-dimensional porous matrix made of biodegradablenatural polysaccharides, focusing on bone repair. Our results show that thearchitecture and the nature of the 3D macroporous matrix promotes the guidance ofmesenchymal stems cells, derived from human bone marrow, towards theosteoblastic lineage. Also, that the organization in aggregates, promoted by the 3Dmatrices, stimulated cell communication, evidenced by the formation of GAPjunctions and activity of Connexins 43. We also focused on the function ofPannexines 1 and 3 for the 3D culture in these matrices of polysaccharides. Inconclusion, this work shows that cell-cell interactions play a major role in order toimprove bone tissue regeneration. Also, cellular and experimental data demonstratesthe advantage of using a total fraction of bone marrow cells to promote both boneformation and vascularization
Angéliaume, Alexandra. "Ruissellement, érosion et qualité des eaux en terre de grande culture : étude comparée de deux bassins versants du Laonnois et du Soissonnais (02)". Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-338-1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlondeaux, Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la nucléation de l'eau par un agent biologique : Pseudomonas syringae : optimisation du milieu de culture, études physiologique et écologique". Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD745.
Pełny tekst źródłaJeaunereau, André. "Analyse et construction de professionnalité dans un environnement dynamique lié au vivant : cas de l'implantation d'une culture de colza". Paris, CNAM, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CNAM0583.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe following research took place in the general framework of professional didadits, which aims at three objectives : (1) to understand the work in order to facilitate its completion by confronting the usual pardigms of professional didatics with a professionnal situation related to dynamic environments linked to the living, i. E. The setting up of a colza crop. (2) The results derived from this study were then used to establish a simulator of colza crop. (3)This simulator was finally tested, first with a group of professionals in order to check its reliability, and then with a second year class of students preparing a vocational training certificate in agriculture. Our study allowed us to put into evidence two types of organizers in the activity of farmers. These two types were then used as guide-lines in the perspective of a better understanding of the activity. The elaboration of a simulator brought us to a reflexive stand concerning the nalysis of the activity and required the elaboration of tricks for its realization and presentation. Finally, the test situations that we experimented proved the relaibility of the simulated models thanks to the play on temporality that they allow. The study led with students helped us determine different strategies of use and of reaction in front of these situations and opened the way to a deeper analysis of debriefing practices
Tixier, Philippe. "Conception assistée par modèle de systèmes de culture durables : application aux systèmes bananiers de Guadeloupe". Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0019.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuadeloupe banana cropping systems are threatened by agronomic (low yield due to phytoparasitic nematode development), environmental (pesticide leaching to water, particularly important in a fragile insular setting) and economic (seasonal variations in fruit prices, manpower costs) unsustainability. New systems have to be designed to solve both economic and environmental problems. Rotations with other crops or fallows, biodiversity restoration, pesticide management are some current investigated solutions. Modelling tools have been developed to combine practices, explore and optimise such systems. Banana cropping systems have some characteristics that cannot be taken into account by generic crop models; a specific model called SIMBA has been developed. The evolution of the banana population structure over time is a key point; it is simulated by SIMBA-POP, a cohort population model. Parasitism dynamics mainly due to phytoparasitic nematodes lower cropping sustainability and lead to massive use of pesticides; this is simulated by the dynamic SIMBA-NEM module. SIMBA also simulates plant growth, the soil cover and structure or water balance. Cropping practices are taken into account by decision rules that give rise to realistic technical recommendations. Qualitative, integrated and dynamic indicators are linked to biophysical modules and allow evaluation of the pesticide leaching risk, erosion risk and soil fertility. SIMBA provides agronomic (yield), environmental and economic (profit margin) outputs for multicriteria evaluation of the simulated system based on different viewpoints. An original 2-step method has been used to prototype new cropping systems with SIMBA (first a global exploration then a specific optimisation). Some interesting cropping systems have thus been highlighted and should be tested in the field. This scientific approach permits to develop some significant progress in the banana modelling by aggregating the existing knowledge and highlight the missing ones
Matieyendou, Matieyendou. "Analyse de Sensibilité pour les modèles dynamiques utilisés en agronomie et environnement". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470153.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeblanc, Adeline. "Environnement de collaboration et mémoire organisationnelle de formation dans un contexte d'apprentissage". Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1816.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe MEMORAe approach aim is to see in how it is possible to put into practice organizational learning in a learning organization. To that end, i focus on two dimensions: facilitate organization of resources and knowledge and competences within the organization and favour the collaborative work (resources sharing, knowledge and competences transfer, communication and coordination in a community). Within the context of my thesis, I chose to : a) model a learning organizational memory in order to organize and capitalize resources, knowledge and competences of the organization, b) structure this memory thanks to domain and application ontologies, c) model several memory in order to favour collaboration within a community, d) use Web2. 0 technologies to facilitate exchange and coordination. In order to validate our modelling, I develop a web platform : E-MEMORAe2. 0
Zeng, Zhe. "Pour une application du Feng shui dans la conception de l’architecture contemporaine et son environnement : contribution à la recherche de l’origine de ses fondements". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20017.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Feng shui brings together the knowledge of the Chinese on the notions of time, space, environment and all the building infrastructures. It is indeed Feng shui has guided, from its "coming" almost all the buildings constructed for the living and for the dead in China. Modern ecology and environmental protection are the top priorities to be considered in architectural design. Faced with the idea transmitted by the Feng shui, we can’t help thinking that such ancient discipline, very focused on the environment and housing, can serve as a reference and inspiration in the design of contemporary architecture and treatment of the environment. The basic question of this research is to know what was, or what were, the true (s) source (s) of the doctrine of Feng shui. Through our research, we want to take a step back to the multitude of methods of Feng Shui, and intended to fully concentrate on their cross philosophy, and try to synthesize the different approaches that can have globally of the Feng shui. We have found two major "red threads" of Feng shui .First thread: the "qi 气" is the basic material of the composition of the world. Second thread: Temporality and action of Heaven understood as an impersonal power and instructing exerted on the world through natural regularities. This research is in order to build a research facility on the topic of "the application of Feng Shui in contemporary architectural and environment design" and we hope that this first step will be considered important to the continued reflection
Al, Tawil Elias. "Conception de biomatériaux tridimensionnels appropriés au développement de cellules humaines et leur application dans l'ingénierie tissulaire du cartilage et dans l'ingénierie tumorale". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES062.
Pełny tekst źródłaTchoba, Charles. "Culture, développement durable et démocratie participative : l'exemple des ONG environnementales gabonaises". Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU1005.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt present, the sustainable development is one of the topics that worry more the nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) on the international scene. How could NGO's constitute a strong vector of popular mobilization and promotion of the sustainable development through the projects that they implement ? Which are the links between sustainable development, culture and participative democracy ? The objective of this thesis is to wonder about the role of culture in sustainable development and participative democracy, related to the environmental protection. After a development on the concept of culture, the thesis shows that the little of interest granted to this concept constitutes an important lack in the approach of sustainable development and participation. Indeed, the culture is mediating the relations that the subject maintains with its environment. Such a lack explains the difficulties encountered by the actors who work in favour of the sustainable development and the conservation of biodiversity. It is what we show in the precise field of the forest starting from an empirical case : the Gabonese environmental NGO's. Ultimately, this thesis suggests not ignoring the topic competence, i. E. The capacity of subject to know how to function in space. Within the framework of sustainable forest management, it thus appears necessary to develop the aforementioned competence in thought and action, by holding account of the various representations of nature as well as deep aspirations of the topic actors
Aguilar, Alicia. "Impact des contraintes physiques sur la maturation des mégacaryocytes : rôle de la rigidité de l'environnement". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMegakaryopoiesis is the process of differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the aim to produce platelets able to prevent hemorrhages. These mechanisms are not well known. To better understand the process of platelet formation, we mimicked the medullar microenvironment in vitro, in 3D using hydrogel of stiffness comparable to the bone marrow. In this study we: i) characterized the physical properties of the hydrogel and design the culture of hematopoietic progenitors in this system, ii) showed the MKs ability to feel the physical constraints of their environment, then iii) showed the impact of these constraints on the MK maturation and proplatelet generation, and finally iv) highlighted the MK response to stiffness. MKs are “mecanosensitives”, being able to feel and to adapt to the physicals modifications of the environment. The activation of mechanotransduction pathways (including MKL1) and the cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular physical constraints improves MK maturation, in terms of ploïdy, ultrastructure and ultimately proplatelet generation
Sambakhé, Diariétou. "Recherche de carte d'idéotypes de sorgho d'après un modèle de culture : optimisation conditionnelle à l'aide d'un métamodèle de krigeage". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS022/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Sahel region, the irregular rainfall distribution in time and space generates variety x year and variety x location interactions. Therefore, determining variety with the best expected yield would take many years of experimentation in each location.Alternatively, the best variety could be identified by maximizing the predicted yield using a crop simulation model that describes growth and development of a crop in interaction with agro-environmental conditions.The average yield depends on the probability distribution of environmental inputs, which is location specific, while the cultivar parameters that maximizethis yield define the ideotype, i.e. the selection target.In this work, we want to draw the map of sorghum ideotypes in Sub Saharan Africa. To face the problem of optimizing a complex model, an algorithm conventionally used in this context is the Efficient Global Optimization method (EGO), based on kriging as a surrogate model. Here, the distribution of meteorological inputs follows a stochastic model whose parameters varycontinuously in space along a North-South gradient. Consequently, the optimization of varietal parameters is conditional on these climate parameters. Moreover, the function to maximize is noisy, because expectation and quantilesare merely estimated with a limited number of simulations. We aimed at adapting the EGO algorithm to the conditional optimization of a noisy function. Extensions exist either for the optimization of noisy functions or for the conditional optimization of deterministic functions, ie the search for the values of a subset of parameters that optimize the function conditionally to the values taken by another subset, which are fixed. A metaphor for conditional optimization is the search for a crest line. No method has yet been developed for the conditional optimization of noisy functions: this is what we propose in this thesis. Testing this new method on test functions shows that, in case of a high level of noise on the function, the PEQI criterion that we propose is better than the PEI criterion usually implemented in such a situation.The application of this new optimization method sorghum ideotypes parameters mapping has been tested in the area covered by Senegal, southern Mali and Burkina Faso. It consisted in maximizing the expected yield with respect to 4 parameters of Samara model: vegetative phase length, maximum root length, stem reserve potential, and leaf mortality. The results of this optimization partly coincide with the sensitivity analysis conducted on these same parameters
Delfino, Max. "Le tourisme en Méditerranée : situations et perspectives". Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX32045.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this thesis is on the one hand to provide something to lean on so that the whole incidence of tourist activity upon the mediterranean space may be better estimated, and on the other hand to draw attention to the new part which can be played by the tourist industry as regards a policy preserving the physical environment and the blooming of man with a joint and soustainable development in mind. The fisrt part points out what the present situation of the general environment in the mediterranean area is. This general environment which is considered from three points of view i. E. Physical, demographic, socioeconomic draw attention to the differences between the northern side and the southern side of the area. The second part specifies the factors of the demand and measures the tourist activity in mediterranean countries. The third part makes an inventory of the incidences of tourism upon the economy, the physical and sociocultural environments of the accomodating countries in the mediterranean. The fourth part together with a prospective study suggests two necessary methods to a better approach to tourism and its various effects as well as a new idea of tourism
Lévesque, Vicky. "Potentiel des marais filtrants à traiter les effluents de serre issus d'une culture de tomate". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28453/28453.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeininger, Caroline. "Le développement durable et ses enjeux éducatifs : acteurs, savoirs, stratégies territoriales". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20087/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSustainable development and education for sustainable development are linked burning socials, which explains the strong interest politicians demonstrate in this topic. Several times of stakeholders are involved in this them such as French State and its administrations, public schools, regions, townships, nongovernmental organizations... most of the time, They work in partnership, though each one has its own approach of environmental education and education for sustainable development. The question is to know if these stakeholders are walking on the same path. Do they pursue the same goals most of time? This research proposes a critical approach of environmental education and education for sustainable development. It analyses current practices of stakeholders involved in education for sustainable development and their territorial’s strategies. It also question the knowledge which under standers this education
Ly, Delphine. "Prédictions génomiques des interactions Génotype x Environnement à l'aide d'indicateurs agro-climatiques chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.)". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22669/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a climate change context, assuring high and stable yield in more sustainable agricultural systems is a major challenge for plant breeding. We are aiming for future wheat varieties which will be heat and drought tolerant, and also productive in limited fertilization input environments. New prediction methods of the response to these stresses are needed to move forward. In this study, we first identified stresses that generated interactions between genotypes and environments (GxE) in our experimental trials and then developed a genomic model for adaptation to a particular environmental stress (Factorial Regression genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction ou FR-gBLUP), in our case drought. This model hypothesizes that the more individuals are genetically close, the more their response to a stress will resemble. We used cross-validations to measure prediction accuracy gains compared to an additive model and observed gains between 3.5% and 15.4%. Besides, simulation studies showed that the more the variance explained by the responses to the stress is important, the more the FR-gBLUP model will improve the additive model. Furthermore, fine characterization of the stresses limiting the plants’ growth is required to predict varietal responses to a particular stress. We focused on the particular case of nitrogen stress in France. By establishing crop model based stress indicators and comparing them to classical indicators, such as the management system or the available nitrogen, we pointed out the interest of crop model to characterize GxE interactions and to predict the genomic response to nitrogen stress, as long as the GxE interaction signal is strong enough. Beyond the potential applications of these methods for breeding or recommendation for varieties more adapted or tolerant to environmental stresses, this study also raises the interest of coupling eco-physiological and genetics approaches
Julien, David. "Le développement de l'activité dans les communautés virtuelles d'apprentissage en contexte de diversité culturelle". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2814.
Pełny tekst źródłaObaidalahe, Zakia. "Analyse des déterminants du comportement de fidélité des abonnés à un service culturel multi-expériences : le cas du théâtre". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12009.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the cultural field of public sector - which mission is to make art available to the greatest number without having to respond to special expectations or tastes - the risk of disappointment is inherent in consumption of the service itself. Numerous marketing studies have examined the issue of consumer loyalty, but precious few have studied the more specific determinants of the loyalty of subscribers to a multi-experience cultural service, taking into consideration the disappointments experienced. For this question, the theatre was selected as the field for study. After having developed a framework of propositions, a qualitative study brought out the concept of tolerance of disappointment. The theoretical model proposed was then tested empirically with theatre ticket subscribers. While the results confirm that the emotional experiences toward the shows influence subscribers' intention of loyalty, they particularly show that the theatrescape, or the ensemble of experiences of the peripheral services and social interactions involved, strongly influences the intention of loyalty for certain categories of subscribers. These results also demonstrate the moderating roles played by social identification and tolerance of disappointment. The managerial implications of this research should satisfy company cultural directors wishing to expand, through subscription renewal, the "circle of connoisseurs". The study’s contributions also open avenues to future research on the issue about the determinants of the tolerance of disappointment in the commercial sector of multi-experience services
Chaarani, Majeda. "Educations familiales et dynamiques identitaires et interculturelles au Liban- Philosophie de la différence et question de l’identité entre vie privée et environnement socioculturel et politique". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20127.
Pełny tekst źródła16 Lebanese families (father, mother and youth) have been the subject of a retrospective, non-randomized study, to explore notions of identity transmission and dynamics, in relation to the various family educations. Inclusion criteria were family cohesion and the level of youth instruction level, greater than or equal to High School. Families were selected according to the main structural communities in a multi communitarian society, namely the Lebanese society (specifically: confessional, geographic, and socioeconomic communities). The comprehensive and interpretative analysis of data collected, followed a qualitative methodology, according to the grounded theory method: 1) establishment of initial interpretive markers; 2) co-construction of meaning; 3) inductive / deductive analysis; 4) categorization, while analysis is in progress, of various conceptualizations; 5) modeling of these conceptualizing categories in two stages (two-dimensional and three dimensional), the result of which was a theoretical modeling of individual identity; 6) use of this model to propose an original approach o identity transmissions, and identity and intercultural dynamics; and 7) ultimately to reach a theorization about the “intercultural imperfect crystal”, (I.I.C.), and about its eventual and potential applications and implications, especially in terms of education. The main initial interpretive and personal landmark, was that of the Arabic word of “oumour”: a representation, in temporal terms, of Existence. The main conceptualizations that this study made it possible to categorize, were: 1) the distinction between three forms of belonging: the existential identities, the essential gender-related identity, and the necessary “oumour”-related identity; 2) the tripartite structure of existential belongings, due to the double influence carried on by the family and the society; 3) the individualization of a third intermediate circle of belonging, between the private and public, circles, which is the circle of “assabiyya”; 4) the incompleteness of each of the three circles of belonging; and 5) the concept of “necessary identity dynamics” (N.I.D.), which is the sum of two inseparable necessary identity movements. As for the theorization of the “intercultural imperfect crystal”, this corresponds to a simplification, for didactic purposes, of our understanding of the structuring of individual identity, of its transmission, and of its dynamics. It is based on two fundamental concepts: 1) identity subcomponents, or elementary particles of this imperfect crystal; and 2) the N.I.D. of the being, that “dynamizes” the whole, through internal processes of rationalization and “relativization”. The intercultural approach is prominent in this theory, on regard of the understanding of the identity transmission and dynamics.That’s why otherness is presented as the elementary relationship of this structure. And whose approach is characterized by its combined, interactive and mandatory use of three distinct logics: 1) the inter-subjective and existential logic; 2) the subjective and essential logic; and 3) the necessary logic, as to the meaning, that the individual gives to his being, and which is related to his “oumour” (his N.I.D.)
Laniray, Pierre. "Identité professionnelle, environnement de travail et pratiques sociomatérielles : le cas des conducteurs de train à la SNCF". Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090070.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to material evolutions (technical and technological), organizations are changing at a very fast pace. This phenomenon influences how workers thrive meaning from their activities. This dual issue has been adressed by two separate research streams : on the one hand, scholars have tried and understand identity construction within organizations (Alvesson et Willmott, 2002), on the other hand, more work is being published on the role of materiality in organizing (Orlikowski, 2007 ; Leonardi, 2011, 2012, 2013). In my research, I try to draw on both these research streams in order to study the relations between the professional identity of an occupational community and the materiality of its work environment, focusing on everyday practices. To do so, I fulfilled organizational ethnography amongst the occupational community of train drivers at SNCF. Empirical evidence shows the role of their professional identity in building their representations and use of artefacts present in the train cabin. This research also analyses the influence of evolving driving artefacts on train driver's identity by establishing parallel deskilling and job enrichment dynamics
Roger, Perrine. "Réponses de Streptococcus salivarius K12 à l'environnement et à la dynamique de la bouche simulés en bioréacteur". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0071/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims to better understand the effect of oral environmental conditions on the behaviorof the probiotic bacteria Streptococcus salivarius K12. Growth and maintenance of S. salivarius K12 have been characterized in a complemented artificial saliva (CAS), designed for this study. In this medium, S. salivarius demonstrated highspecific growth rate and low lag time, but it did not produce active bacteriocins. However, the survival of S. salivarius K12 during stationary phase was affected during fermentation in CAS medium. This was mainly explained by a reduced synthesis of proteins involved in energy and glycogen metabolisms. Thus, despite an increased sensitivity in stationary phase, the "complemented artificial saliva" allowed the growth and maintenance of S. salivarius K12. The effects of several environmental oral factors on S. salivarius K12 were determined in complemented artificial saliva. Adding sucrose decreased cellular viability. Enzymes added to their physiological concentration also affected the bacteria. Lysozyme increased S. salivarius mortality by acting on cellular wall. Peroxidase enhanced viability, by reducing the redox potential. The key role of redox potential on S. salivarius K12 was confirmed by the negative impact of the injection of air containing 5% CO2, which increased redox potential. The amylase demonstrated both positive (biomass increase) and negative roles (reduced growth rate). Consequently, studies involving oral bacteria must integrate these environmental factors that affected the bacterial physiological state. Continuous cultures, taking into account the variations in salivary flow and the periodical supply of nutrients, and combining all environmental conditions previously identified, allowed simulating oral dynamic conditions. From our results, a good adaptation of S. salivarius K12 took place in these culture conditions. Cells were able maintaining a constant level of cultivability despite nutritional starvation and wash out. Some molecular mechanisms explaining this bacterial adaptation have been characterized: activation of alternative carbon sources pathways, energy storage, and increase of natural genetic competence. Finally, this work made it possible identifying some mechanisms used by Streptococcussalivarius K12 to adapt itself to the oral environment, through the establishment of in vitro methods for studying the behavior of oral bacteria
Barbottin, Aude. "Utilisation d'un modèle de culture pour évaluer le comportement des génotypes: Pertinence de l'utilisation d'Azodyn pour analyser la variabilité du rendement et de la teneur en protéines du blé tendre". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001262.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarbier, Elodie. "Prévalence de Mycobacterium bovis dans les agroécosystèmes : analyse de réservoirs environnementaux potentiels (sol, eau douce, faune du sol et faune aquatique) et traçage de la circulation de cette bactérie entre les différents compartiments". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This disease affects cattle, and many species of domestic and wild mammals, and humans. The circulation of the bacteria in various multi-host systems promotes the maintenance of the disease and the contamination of cattle in the vicinity. Beside direct transmission of the bacteria through the respiratory route, indirect transmission, through inhalation or ingestion of environmental matrices contaminated by an infected animal excretory, is suspected in several countries. Environmental contamination with M. bovis appears to be a crucial factor in the persistence of the infection in multi-host systems.In Côte d'Or, a French department affected by bovine tuberculosis since 2004, the indirect transmission of the bacteria from infected wildlife to cattle is suspected in several cases. To assess this type of transmission of the bacillus, we evaluated the environmental contamination with M. bovis on a large number of samples taken in areas shared by cattle and / or wildlife infected. For this purpose, we developed or modified molecular detection systems adapted for environmental complex matrices. We also assessed the impact of physicochemical properties of both soil and temperature on survival of M. bovis and the role of earthworms in the spread of the bacteria from contaminated organic material. The environmental study showed the contamination of two media in particular: wetlands pastures and soil badger setts. Moreover, experimental studies have shown that M. bovis can survive in soil for several months at 4 ° C and the worms could spread the bacteria in the soil, or even play a potential role for vector animals that consume them. These results will propose improvements to existing biosecurity measures on cattle farms and provide new knowledge about the persistence and circulation of M. bovis in the environment in Côte d'Or
Boudreault, Simon. "Effets des propriétés physiques et chimiques des substrats sur la croissance et le développement de plants d'épinette blanche en récipient après un saison de culture". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27189/27189.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSneessens, Inès. "La complémentarité entre culture et élevage permet-elle d’améliorer la durabilité des systèmes de production agricole ? : Approche par modélisation appliquée aux systèmes de polyculture-élevage ovin allaitant". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22505/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSpecialization of farming systems and territories are not environmental-friendly, moreover those systems are threatened by the expected higher prices of inputs of production. Diversification and integration of crop and livestock at the farming system scale appears to be a valuable way to enhance farming system sustainability. We posit that they must be conditions of integration that permit mixed crop-livestock systems to be more sustainable than specialized systems and that existing methods of mixed crop-livestock systems characterization do not permit identifying those conditions. To test those hypothesis, we designed a whole-farm model – Sheep’n’Crop – that permits simulating contrasted mixed crop-livestock systems and evaluating (i) their sustainability through economic, productive and environmental (MJ, GHG, N balance) indicators and (ii) their energetic efficiency through a DEA production frontier analysis in order to characterize the complementarity that exists between crop and livestock subsystems. Those analyses were run on three contrasted farming system strategies, distinguished by a decreasing possibility of interactions between crop and livestock subsystems: integrated systems, non-integrated systems and virtual diversified systems. Those systems are also characterized by various crop-livestock organizations (% of crops) and lambing’s periods (spring or autumn). The analysis of sustainability indicates that crop-livestock interactions and spring seasonality permit enhancing each performance of sustainability. However, a high percentage of crops makes decrease the MJ consumption and N balance performances. The characterization of mixed crop-livestock systems through their energetic efficiency gains – the complementarity – show that integrated and non-integrated systems are respectively more efficient than virtual diversified systems by +6.4% and +0.4%. Comparing the complementarity index and indicators of sustainability of farming systems, we highlighted the existence of trade-off. Before analyzing and identifying the best trade-off compromise, we recommend completing our results by testing various pedoclimatic and socio-economic context, the effect of scale efficiencies, the effect of livestock intensification and increasing agronomic and technical effects of crop-livestock interactions
Synowiecki, Jan. "Paris en vert. Jardins, nature et culture urbaines au XVIIIe siècle". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0123.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe public gardens of Paris from the eighteenth century provide study material through which various developments and the urban culture of the Enlightenment City can be understood. This study examines the apparent contradiction of creating natural spaces in the middle of a city, by studying their urban contexts, historic plant conservation practices, plant supplies, as well as the relationships between animal, people and plants. These various influences resulted in the creation of a special urban form of nature, full of negotiations, tensions and asymmetries. They are a field of study that is all the more interesting as the royal and princely authorities of the time were unable to impose their mark on these gardens without provoking resistance and protest. Against that background, a public garden policy was developed, which, for the first time, allowed the users and residents to fully participate in the creation of urban, green spaces. This study also aims to improve our understanding of the relationship between gardens and the cities that surround them, in a context where borders seem increasingly fluid, and to rethink urban culture, based on the nature of its green spaces
Rouatbi, Amina. "Entrepreneuriat féminin et performance : essai de comparaison France - Tunisie". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIME001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe role of entrepreneurship has been highlighted as leverage for many economies (see Schumpeter). In this sense, according to the OECD (2016) "Entrepreneurship is an important source of job creation and innovation". In addition, "entrepreneurship is seen as a key driver of economic recovery and employment growth" (OECD, 2012)However, the "economic" aspect of entrepreneurship seems to be less obvious for the case of women entrepreneurs. In 2013, self-employed women earned between 13% and 60% less than men in the OECD area (OECD, 2016). This finding concerning the gap in economic performance and the characteristics of firms created and managed by women entrepreners is consistent with academic research results. Reserchers concluded that women entrepreneurs create smaller and with lower-growth rate firms.In this thesis we opt for a research focused exclusively on women. Thus we emphasize the notion of corporate performance as seen and defined by those women entrepreneurs.The purpose of this research is to highlight a definition of performance given by women entrepreneurs. We aim to contribute to the literature by bringing new knowledge on performance and on women entrepreneurs. Indeed, the phenomenon called "underperformance" is questioned, and the performance of small firms is seen from another angle. Then, on a practical level, politics need to understand certain phenomena and behaviors. That would help them to put in place the necessary devices to better guide women enrepreneurs and especially to encourage them
Bénard, Camille. "Étude de l'impact de la nutrition azotée et des conditions de culture sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL050N/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentrations
Beillouin, Damien. "Conception et évaluation d’idéotypes variétaux et culturaux en orge d’hiver brassicolepour des conduites culturales à bas niveau d’intrants : approche par expérimentation et modélisation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA027/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrance is the largest European producer of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the leading exporter of malt worldwide, accounting for 20% of world trade. French barley production has relied heavily on the use of synthetic inputs and has led, as other arable crops, to considerable environmental damage. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate crop and management ideotype adapted to a lower use of synthetic fertilizer. From a multi-environment trial, we conclude that the grain protein content and the calibrated yield (weight of grains >2.5 mm) have to be specifically improved in low-input management systems. We experimentally identified genotypic characteristics adapted to a low grain protein content loss and calibrated yield loss under N stress. With a crop model we adapted to malting barley, we also identified optimal N fertilization strategies allowing to reach high quantitative and qualitative performances whilst minimizing N losses toward the environment. Based on a precise characterization of environments the French barley belt, the best N fertilization strategies were identified for different regions. Finally, we identified new combinations of genotypic characteristics optimizing quantitative and qualitative performances in low management system. We showed that, in silico, a simultaneous adaptation of genotypic characteristics and optimization of N fertilization management allowed to reach similar performances as current genotypes in high-input management systems. We discuss methods to breed genotypes with high performances in low-input systems and the method used for innovative design of new management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems
Clairac, Bernard. "L'aerosol en foret tropicale humide d'afrique : application a l'etude des echanges entre la foret et son environnement". Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30144.
Pełny tekst źródłaRocchi, Steffi. "Relations entre profils microbiologiques de l'environnement intérieur et maladies respiratoires infectieuses et allergiques". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA3008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work was to study the microbiological composition of indoor environments to assessmicroorganisms, or profiles of microorganisms, related to the development of respiratory diseases, bycategory of patients (immunocompromised or allergie)Local studies, local study, FIQCS and TIARE, were conducted in immunocompromised patients dwellings (atrisk for invasive fungal infection) and in cystic fibrosis patients dwellings (at risk for bronchopulmonaryaspergillosis allergie). A national study (ELFE : Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance ) wasconducted too and analyzed 3,200 children' dwellings.The différent studies showed différent contamination levels in dwellings and demonstrated the importanceof environmental measures in the homes to prevent infectious and allergie risks
Sunya, Sirichai. "Dynamique de la réponse physiologique d'Escherichia coli à des perturbations maîtrisées de son environnement : vers le développement de nouveaux outils de changement d'échelle". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0018/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIneffective mixing entailing heterogeneity issues within industrial bioreactors have been reported to affect microbial metabolisms at cellular and/or molecular levels. Substrate gradients inside large-scale bioreactors are common environmental fluctuations that microorganisms would have to encouter along with the bioprocess. Depending on intensity, frequency and duration of those fluctuations, microorganisms may respond in a different manner. The objective of this work is to study the impact of intensity, frequency and amplitude of glucose perturbations on the dynamics of Escherichia coli responses. An E. coli bioluminescent strain is used for in situ and real-time monitoring of both metabolic and transcriptional changes. For this purpose, short-term glucose excess was simulated, using pulse-based experiments into glucose-limited chemostat cultures. In addition, an important effort is devoted to the development and validation of technical and mathematical tools in order to acquire quantitative and kinetic data on time scales from seconds to minutes. The transient responses are characterized, using specific rates, yields, transcriptional induction profiles and characteristic response times, and are compared in the different defined perturbation scenarios. The results reflected the fact that short-term heterogeneities of substrate affect both cell metabolism and regulation at macroscopic and/or molecular levels. Quantitative understandings of the dynamics during transient responses to environmental perturbations can thus shed light on the bioprocess optimization
Miollis, Frédérick de. "Développement d’un système de culture in vitro 3D et microfluidique pour étudier les interactions tumeur-stroma et la résistance aux drogues de l’adénocarcinome du pancréas". Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUI015.
Pełny tekst źródłaPancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with an extremely poor prognosis. In 2020, the 5-year survival rate remains very low (only 3 to 9%) and the median is less than 6 months. Despite significant progress in the patient care, current therapies do not have the expected effectiveness. This is due to the strong chemoresistance observed in this cancer. The key factor of this resistance is the complex tumor microenvironment mainly composed of stroma and a dense extracellular matrix limiting the access of therapies to the tumor. The current models’ limitations, particularly in terms of physiological relevance, are a major obstacle in understanding this chemoresistance. In response to this issue, researchers are turning to different approaches by developing brand new models that are alternatives to those already available (in vitro and in vivo).The objectives of this work were: (i) to develop an in vitro 3D microfluidic culture device allowing to reproduce the tumor microenvironment both biologically and mechanically, as well as to model the flows and mass transport present in a pancreatic tumor, and (ii) to approach the morphological changes of the co-culture by studying epithelio-mesenchymal markers and to study the impact of FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy in this model.First, we have shown numerically and experimentally the feasibility of such an in vitro model. The chosen extracellular matrix is a combination of collagen I and hyaluronic acid creating a rigid structure close to in vivo conditions. It allows long-term culture maintenance under the effect of the perfusion as well as the activation of pancreatic stellate cells. The chosen perfusion rate allows to apply an interstitial flow in the model equivalent to the one observed in the in vivo microenvironment, inducing hydrostatic pressure and shear stress on the cancerous cells.Then, we demonstrated the biological contribution of this model by showing an increased chemoresistance to the FOLFIRINOX protocol of tumor cells both in mono- and in co-culture in the microfluidic device. We also show the establishment of a process presenting characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a possible promotion of a dedifferentiated phenotype of tumor cells by activated pancreatic stellate cells.In conclusion, we present in this thesis an original microfluidic model allowing to mimic a tumor (co-culture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells) and to study the kinetics of a complex multidrug chemotherapy. In the future, the device should allow us to further study the mechanisms of drug resistance and tumor-stroma interactions in pancreatic cancer
Girard, Fabien. "Essai sur la preuve dans son environnement culturel". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GREND010.
Pełny tekst źródłaA solid theory of proof has been built, for some decades now, around a theoretical framework well known to French jurists. Free proof and legal proof, accusatorial model and inquisitorial model, practical truth and substantial proof, preponderance of evidence and intime conviction provide the backbone of that framework. Scientific advancements have shown the robust nature of the framework, despite raising new questions. French law will nevertheless have to face the new challenge of the globalization of law, based on Common Law systems. The hegemony of Common Law systems compels French doctrine to face the subjectivity of its own typology. This might explain the publication of various pieces of work looking to very different perspectives in the search of cultural significance of the Law of Evidence. In the wake of those new pieces, the aim of this work is to show that the Law of Evidence is deeply connected with the organization of the French State and its judicial institutions. This organization has created a coherent system, probatory in nature, aimed at finding material proof. This probationary model is referred to as hierarchical (strong State) and will be confirmed by the study of three Common Law models: American Law, English Law and Canadian Law. This study will cast a light on the phases of definition of facts open to proof or disproof, the fact-finding process and the appreciation of the relevancy and the weight of evidence and will help in the understanding of the singularity of the French model, its internal evolution and the pressure of acculturation forces applied by the probationary logic of the Common Law model, such as the one promoted by the ECHR
Moussa, Ibrahim. "Evolution et adaptabilité du système comptable en Libye par rapport aux changements environnementaux". Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726058.
Pełny tekst źródłaGall, Jean-Marie. "Rene schickele environnement familial social et culturel (1883-1904)". Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR20038.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe writtings about rene schickele chiefly regard the etablished writer. The initial period of his life has not given matter to any specific study. New documents have allowed to mitigate that indiquacy. The "deutsche literaturarchiv" in marbach keeps the schoolboy's diary (1899-1900). 36 letters are included in the schickele fund of munich's town library. Adding those contained in other funds, we get a total number of 55 messages, all written between 1899 and 1904. Those letters not only provide biographical information, but interesting high lights on the poetry collections "sommernachte" and "pan". A further source of information derives from the registry office, as well as publications issued by educational etablishments, the university of strasbourg, address books, etc. . As to the publications by the "sturmer" group, i discovered one album unknown to literary history: la st. Georges, and completed rene schickele's list of youth works. Our study throws light on rene schickele's stay abroad, that is outside alsace, and on certain episodes of his life, such as his first great passion, as to the joungest alsace, we have called attention to the share he tock in the movement of ideas that prevailed in the europe of that time
Sion, Caroline. "Development of an optimized perfused-continuous process of culture of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) grown on innovative adhesion supports". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0113.
Pełny tekst źródłaMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show great interest in cellular therapies. Their various characteristics such as their immuno-modulatory properties, their ability to differentiate, and also the secretion of factors, are numerous and promising for new clinical treatments for diseases where few therapies are proposed or have few efficiencies. The doses to be injected for significant results must be repeated and generally contain high quantities of cells (106 cells kg-1 per patient approx). Large scale production methods must be implemented to meet the demand, and in the least costly way possible. In this PhD work, the main objective was to develop a scalable process adapted to these support-dependent cells. For this end, a first study allowed to understand part of the mechanisms of interaction of cells with their growth supports, the microcarriers. The adhesion time but also the cell migrations between microcarriers were characterized and evaluated. A strategy of fed-batch mode strategy with microcarriers addition at specific times in the culture was also proposed. Following this, the second part of the study of this work was to determine the efficiency on larger scale expansion process (1.5 L), using of innovative microcarriers developed by the partner teams of the ‘ImprovesStem’ European project. Several microcarriers candidates with chemically modified surface proved to be promising for the expansion of Wharton’s jelly stem cells. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, an innovative process based on the removal of empty microcarriers, avoiding the risk of deleterious frictions between highly concentrated microcarriers was proposed. Moreover, an on-line monitoring of viable cell concentration was carried-out in the stirred tank bioreactor. Innovative commercial microcarriers, soluble under the action of enzymes, were used in this last part of the study. An improvement of the expansion factor (by a factor of 1.5) was obtained in this continuous-perfused mode of culture in the stirred bioreactor. In addition, these enzymatically-soluble commercial microcarriers allowed for an excellent detachment yield, essential to consider their use in cell therapy
LOCATELLI, Bruno. "Pression démographique et construction du paysage rural des tropiques humides l'exemple de Mananara (Madagascar)". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005769.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe tableau dressé par ces textes présente des forêts brûlées par des populations en accroissement rapide : les forêts tropicales humides de l'est de Madagascar qui regorgent de richesses naturelles partent en fumée, en particulier à cause des paysans pratiquant la riziculture sur brûlis (essartage). Cette activité consiste à défricher et à brûler une parcelle de forêt pour cultiver du riz pluvial pendant un ou deux ans, avant que le terrain soit abandonné et que l'agriculteur parte brûler ailleurs.
Les mêmes textes avancent que, dans un contexte de grande pauvreté, des agriculteurs de plus en plus nombreux ne survivent que par l'essartage. La pauvreté et l'incapacité des agriculteurs face à la situation gênent le développement d'alternatives à l'essartage, comme la riziculture irriguée. Avec la croissance démographique, les durées des jachères diminuent, les sols s'épuisent et l'érosion s'aggrave. Telle est la vision de la côte est de Madagascar propagée par certains écrits.
Notre découverte de la région de Mananara à Madagascar a bouleversé la vision à priori donnée par ces textes. Les collines n'étaient pas dénudées mais étaient couvertes par de grandes étendues d'arbres plantés (des girofliers et des caféiers). La transparence de l'eau des rivières dénotait un transport de sédiments et une érosion assez faibles. Outre les bas-fonds entièrement aménagés en rizières, des terrasses rizicoles étaient visibles sur les collines et des techniques originales de riziculture étaient appliquées. Leur présence contrastait nettement avec les discours sur l'absence d'alternatives à l'essartage.
Un autre fait marquant de l'observation de la région de Mananara est lié à la densité de population. Alors que l'accroissement démographique est considéré comme un fléau dans certains discours sur l'environnement, nous avons découvert que les zones les plus peuplées sont celles où les paysages ressemblent le moins aux visions catastrophiques.
Cette confrontation entre différentes lectures des paysages nous a conduit à vouloir étudier la dynamique du paysage. En supposant que la démographie joue un rôle dans la construction du paysage, une question émerge : quel est ce rôle ?
L'hypothèse est que les actions des agriculteurs, bâtisseurs du paysage, dépendent de la situation dans laquelle ils évoluent et qu'il existe des facteurs expliquant la construction du paysage. La situation économique locale, comme les prix des produits agricoles ou l'enclavement, a probablement une influence sur les paysages, de même que les politiques foncières ou forestières. Peut-on mettre en évidence des relations entre la construction du paysage et le contexte ? Plus généralement, quel est le rôle de la démographie et du contexte politique, économique ou social dans la dynamique environnementale ? Le contexte est défini comme l'ensemble des facteurs exogènes à un décideur qui influencent sa décision. Il comprend à la fois les facteurs exogènes à un groupe social qui influencent les décisions individuelles (les lois, les prix, le marché du travail,) et les facteurs qui régissent les interactions entre les individus au sein du groupe (les relations sociales, les règles d'actions collectives,).
A partir de cette observation de terrain et des interrogations qui l'ont suivie, une question spécifique de recherche s'est progressivement construite. Après un aperçu des théories relatives aux relations entre population et environnement, la formation de la question de recherche sera présentée. Elle concerne le rôle de la démographie et du contexte économique, politique ou social dans la construction des paysages ruraux et s'applique à la région de Mananara. Nous voulons montrer que l'évolution démographique est un moteur de la construction du paysage et que le contexte oriente cette construction.
L'application de la question de recherche au terrain a conduit au développement d'un itinéraire méthodologique à plusieurs échelles. Des résultats de terrain seront présentés. Enfin, une comparaison avec d'autres sites et une réflexion sur la méthode seront proposées.