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Ekka, Anjana, Saket Pande, Yong Jiang i Pieter van der Zaag. "Anthropogenic Modifications and River Ecosystem Services: A Landscape Perspective". Water 12, nr 10 (27.09.2020): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102706.
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The process of development has led to the modification of river landscapes. This has created imbalances between ecological, economic, and socio-cultural uses of ecosystem services (ESs), threatening the biotic and social integrity of rivers. Anthropogenic modifications influence river landscapes on multiple scales, which impact river-flow regimes and thus the production of river ESs. Despite progress in developing approaches for the valuation ecosystem goods and services, the ecosystem service research fails to acknowledge the biophysical structure of river landscape where ecosystem services are generated. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature to develop the understanding of the biocomplexity of river landscapes and its importance in ecosystem service research. The review is limited to anthropogenic modifications from catchment to reach scale which includes inter-basin water transfer, change in land-use pattern, sub-surface modifications, groundwater abstractions, stream channelization, dams, and sand mining. Using 86 studies, the paper demonstrates that river ESs largely depend on the effective functioning of biophysical processes, which are linked with the geomorphological, ecological, and hydrological characteristics of river landscapes. Further, the ESs are linked with the economic, ecological, and socio-cultural aspect. The papers show that almost all anthropogenic modifications have positive impact on economic value of ESs. The ecological and socio-cultural values are negatively impacted by anthropogenic modifications such as dams, inter-basin water transfer, change in land-use pattern, and sand mining. The socio-cultural impact of ground-water abstraction and sub-surface modifications are not found in the literature examined here. Further, the ecological and socio-cultural aspects of ecosystem services from stakeholders’ perspective are discussed. We advocate for linking ecosystem service assessment with landscape signatures considering the socio-ecological interactions.
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Jiang, Xin, Xin Li, Mingrui Wang, Xi Zhang, Wenhai Zhang, Yongjun Li, Xin Cong i Qinghai Zhang. "Multidimensional Visual Preferences and Sustainable Management of Heritage Canal Waterfront Landscape Based on Panoramic Image Interpretation". Land 14, nr 2 (22.01.2025): 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020220.
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As an important type of linear cultural heritage and a waterfront landscape that integrates both artificial and natural elements, heritage canals provide the public with a multidimensional perceptual experience encompassing aesthetics, culture, and nature. There remains a lack of refined, micro-level studies on heritage canal landscapes from a multidimensional perspective of visual preference. This study focuses on a typical segment of the Grand Canal in China, specifically the ancient canal section in Yangzhou. We employed SegFormer image semantic segmentation techniques to interpret features from 150 panoramic images, quantitatively identifying the waterfront environmental characteristics of the heritage canal. Four perceptual dimensions were constructed: aesthetic preference, cultural preference, natural preference, and hydrophilic preference. Through a questionnaire survey and various statistical analyses, we revealed the relationships between visual preferences for the waterfront landscape of heritage canals and environmental characteristics. The main findings of the study include the following: (1) Aesthetic preference is positively correlated with cultural, natural, and hydrophilic preferences, while natural preference shows a negative correlation with cultural and hydrophilic preferences. (2) Aesthetic preference is influenced by a combination of blue-green natural elements and artificial factors. Natural preference is primarily affected by increased vegetation visibility, cultural preference is associated with a higher proportion of cultural facilities and high-quality pavements, and hydrophilic preference is linked to larger water surface areas, fewer barriers, and better water quality. (3) There are spatial differences in canal waterfront landscape preferences across different urban areas, with the old city exhibiting higher aesthetic, cultural, and hydrophilic preferences than the new city and suburban areas. Finally, this study proposes strategies for optimising and enhancing the quality of waterfront landscapes of heritage canals, aiming to provide sustainable practical guidance for the future planning and management of these heritage sites.
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Kruse, Alexandra, i Bernd Paulowitz. "The Hollerroute – landscape awareness as a driving factor in regional development". Tájökológiai Lapok 17, Suppl. 1 (29.12.2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3568.
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The Holler Landscapes are a European testimony of a marsh and dyke landscape through land reclamation starting in the High Middle Ages. This Dutch originating cope cultivation were found in many places in Europe, but spread particularly in Germany and Poland. These landscapes had, and for most of their part still have in common that they were created by Dutch water experts – most often on demand from local authorities, like archbishops or kings – and are therefore called Holler Colonies. The tangible landscape heritage was often linked to the import of many Dutch society features (e.g. related to laws, habits, equal rights of men and women), making the Holler Colonies a unique document to the intangible heritage as well. Today, the remainders of these landscapes give an important testimony to European economic and social history. These landscapes were predominately shaped during the great clearances in the High Middle Ages, with some of them, in particular Poland, dating from a later period. Of course, not all landscapes and associated traditions have survived until today. Several Holler landscapes have been completely transformed by more recent land reclamation processes or due to abandonment. The examples that still bear the vivid impression of the land transformation are therefore not only a unique but as well rare testimony of tangible and intangible heritage of European history. The article focusses on an awareness raising process that took place in the Altes Land (Lower Saxony, Germany) within the last 15 years: After a difficult beginning, finally the understanding of the historical transformations and of the particularity of this traditional cultural landscape became a trigger towards local and regional development strategies. The awareness on the Dutch landscape heritage lead to an identification process among the inhabitants and last but not least, triggered local development. It helped finally to start the will to sustain the historic regional character, allowing a sustainable economic development, and is accompanied by tourism and awareness building measures. One of them is the “Holler Route” – a project recognized within the European Year of Cultural Heritage, which will develop, among others, teaching materials about Holler Landscapes which will be integrated into the official geography curriculum for schools and will be available at the online-education server (NibiS) of the Federal State of Lower Saxonia.
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Trebeleva, Galina, Andrey Kizilov, Vasiliy Lobkovskiy i Gleb Yurkov. "Evolving Cultural and Historical Landscapes of Northwestern Colchis during the Medieval Period: Physical Environment and Urban Decline Causes". Land 11, nr 12 (4.12.2022): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122202.
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In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, both coastal and sub-mountainous parts of Colchis underwent rapid urbanization. In the 12th century, the processes of decline began: Large settlements were replaced by small farmsteads with light wooden buildings, and the economy transformed from commodity-based to subsistence-based. What caused this decline? Was it the social and political events linked to the decline of the Byzantine Empire and changes to world trade routes, or were there other reasons? This article provides the answer. The synergy of archaeological, folkloristic, historical cartographic, climatological, seismological, and hydrological data depicts a strong link between these processes and climate change, which occurred at the turn of the 12th–13th centuries. The beginning of cooling led to a crisis in agriculture. A decline in both farming and cattle breeding could not fail to affect demography. Seismic activity, noted in the same period, led to the destruction of many buildings, including temples, and fortresses, and changes in hydrological networks, which were directly linked to climate change and caused water logging, led to a loss of the functions of coastal areas and their disappearance.
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Vílchez-Lara, María del Carmen, Jorge Gabriel Molinero-Sánchez, Concepción Rodríguez-Moreno, Antonio Jesús Gómez-Blanco i Juan Francisco Reinoso-Gordo. "High Resolution 3D Model of Heritage Landscapes Using UAS LiDAR: The Tajos de Alhama de Granada, Spain". Land 13, nr 1 (8.01.2024): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13010075.
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The Tajos de Alhama de Granada, which since ancient times have inspired and surprised locals and strangers, especially foreign travelers, constituted a unique landscape, cultural and ethnological heritage of Spain, linked to water and its old flour mills. And, they are currently at serious risk of degradation. The aim of this research is to obtain a high-resolution 3D model capable of documenting this historical heritage environment with a high level of detail, using a methodology that includes small light weight LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system for UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System). The model obtained should serve, on the one hand, as a valuable tool for knowledge and analysis of all the elements (river, lake, ditches, dams, mills, aqueducts, and paths) that made up this place, registered as a picturesque landscape for its extraordinary beauty and uniqueness, and on the other hand, as a basis for the development of rehabilitation and architectural restoration projects that would have to be undertaken to preserve this cultural and landscape legacy.
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Palomares Alarcón, Sheila. "Agua y patrimonio histórico: una visión multidisciplinar en el contexto internacional". Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, nr 25 (17.01.2025): 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.25.8760.
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The aim of this article is to promote scientific reflection on hydraulic architecture and the influence it has had on the places where it has been built, as well as to study the historical heritage linked to water as a tool for the development of our society. In order to carry out this research, on the one hand, an exhaustive study of the treatises published during the 18th and 19th centuries in Spain has been carried out with the intention of studying the presence of hydraulic architecture in them, both at a conceptual level and in terms of the identification of heritage assets. On the other hand, the results of several contributions have been analysed, which, from the points of view of different disciplines, have hydraulic architecture, archaeology, city supply, cultural landscapes, and hydraulic and industrial heritage in Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Morocco, as their object of analysis.
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SCALES, BEN R., i STUART J. MARSDEN. "Biodiversity in small-scale tropical agroforests: a review of species richness and abundance shifts and the factors influencing them". Environmental Conservation 35, nr 2 (czerwiec 2008): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004840.
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SUMMARYAlthough small-scale agroforestry systems (swiddens, complex and single-crop-dominated agroforests, and homegardens) form a diverse and important tropical land use, there has been no attempt to collate information on their value for biodiversity. This paper reviews 52 published studies that compared species richness and/or abundance between agroforests and primary forest, and 27 studies that compared biodiversity parameters across agroforests. The former covered a broad range of taxa and geographical areas, but few focused on homegardens, while those comparing across agroforestry systems were biased towards studies of plants (21 studies) and homegardens (13 of 27). Of 43 studies comparing species richness or diversity across habitats, 34 reported lower richness in agroforests than in adjacent forest. There was also high β diversity between primary forests and agroforests. Patterns of abundance shifts were less straightforward, with many species traits (for example diets) being generally poor indicators of response to agricultural disturbance. Among the few trends identified, restricted-range or rare species, and terrestrial and some understorey vertebrates tended to decline most, and open country species, granivores and generalists increased most in agroforests. Variability in biodiversity retention across systems has been linked most strongly to economic function, management intensity and extent of remnant forest within the landscape, as well as more subtle cultural influences. Species richness and abundance generally decrease with increasing prevalence of crop species, more intensive management, decreasing stratum richness and shortening of cultivation cycles. Increasing holding size did not necessarily reduce α diversity. Knowledge of the general effects of small-scale agroforestry on biodiversity is substantial, but the great diversity of systems and species responses mean that it is difficult to accurately predict biodiversity losses and gains at a local level. Further work is required on the influence of spatial and temporal structure of agricultural holdings on biodiversity retention across agriculture/succession/forest mosaics, how β diversity across individual holdings influences biodiversity across landscapes, and ultimately on how agricultural intensification can be best managed to minimize future losses of biodiversity from tropical landscapes.
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Rodríguez De La Rosa, Isabel. "Raw Materials in Transition: Narratives Around Water in the Construction of an Industrialized Spain". Change Over Time 12, nr 1 (marzec 2023): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cot.2023.a927229.
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Abstract: Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, various fascist states in Europe embraced a type of industrial autarky based on the exploitation of natural resources. In these cases, autarky and raw material became two strongly linked concepts. In Spain, from 1939 onward and under the Francoist slogan "produce, produce, and produce," a major autarkic industrialization process was developed defining vast territorial structures. From raw to elaborated materials, the implementation of autarkic policies gave rise to a process of signification of matter based on an anthropocentric vision of nature. In a first stage, this paper analyzes the relationship between the concepts of autarky and raw material, to apply it to the case of the Spanish autarkic industrialization process. In a second stage, the paper observes the case of the use of water as a raw material considered essential for industrialization. For this purpose, it presents two case studies: the first from a perspective based on a territorial analysis, and the second one from a perspective based on the analysis of several aesthetic conditions. Through these cases, the paper examines the connection between the construction of new anthropogenic landscapes and the cultural meanings, both projected and non-projected, associated with the process.
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Domene, Elena. "Changing patters of water consumption in the suburban Barcelona: lifestiles and welfare as explanatory factors". Investigaciones Geográficas, nr 61 (15.06.2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo2014.61.03.
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Atlantic gardens and swimming pools constitute one of the most relevant features of a new phase in the history of the urbanization process in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona, coinciding with the real state “madness”, by which the traditionally compact urban form typical of Mediterranean cultures lose ground to more disperse patterns of settlement characteristic of Anglo-Saxon countries. The change in the urban form also bears a noticeable relationship with changing lifestyles more and more akin to the suburban landscapes of many areas of Atlantic Europe and above all North America. Low density housing with gardens and swimming pools are associated with a better quality of life and considered as positional goods, giving the owners the status and prestige that is absent from other urban forms. In this paper I will therefore illustrate how new “suburbia lifestyles” linked to water use are gaining terrain in a geographical, social and cultural context that traditionally has been quite conservative in the use of this resource. I will show also how new, water-related lifestyles are endowed also with a strong income component. Thus high income households prefer and can afford more water-consuming Atlantic gardens with swimming pools whereas lower income households have to resort to more climate-adapted species in what constitutes a growing socio-spatial differentiation.
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Momblanch, Andrea, Lindsay Beevers, Pradeep Srinivasalu, Anil Kulkarni i Ian P. Holman. "Enhancing production and flow of freshwater ecosystem services in a managed Himalayan river system under uncertain future climate". Climatic Change 162, nr 2 (29.08.2020): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02795-2.
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Abstract Future climate change will likely impact the multiple freshwater ecosystem services (fES) provided by catchments through their landscapes and river systems. However, there is high spatio-temporal uncertainty on those impacts linked to climate change uncertainty and the natural and anthropogenic interdependencies of water management systems. This study identifies current and future spatial patterns of fES production in a highly managed water resource system in northern India to inform the design and assessment of plausible adaptation measures to enhance fES production in the catchment under uncertain climate change. A water resource systems modelling approach is used to evaluate fES across the full range of plausible future scenarios, to identify the (worst-case) climate change scenarios triggering the greatest impacts and assess the capacity of adaptation to enhance fES. Results indicate that the current and future states of the fES depend on the spatial patterns of climate change and the impacts of infrastructure management on river flows. Natural zones deliver more regulating and cultural services than anthropized areas, although they are more climate-sensitive. The implementation of a plausible adaptation strategy only manages to slightly enhance fES in the system with respect to no adaptation. These results demonstrate that water resource systems models are powerful tools to capture complex system dependencies and inform the design of robust catchment management measures. They also highlight that mitigation and more ambitious adaptation strategies are needed to offset climate change impacts in highly climate-sensitive catchments.
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Adesina, John Adekunle, Xiaolan Tang, Nnezi Uduma-Olugu i Michael Adebamowo. "Regenerating Urban Landscapes through Wetlands Restoration and Outdoor Open Space Connectivity: Off-road Bicycle Lane Planning Principles for Tourism Development". Turismo: Visão e Ação 27 (3.01.2025): e20521. https://doi.org/10.14210/tva.v27.20521.
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Purpose – Sustainable tourism development and outdoor activities are linked to the effective utilization of open spaces and green corridors within the city. The regeneration and revitalization of this landscape are vital for the emergence of a smart, resilient, and biophilic city for the health and well-being of both the residents and the tourists. This area is part of the urban fabric and is essential for the transportation network development and interconnectivity within the metropolitan space. The wetland and green corridor comprise marshes and canal drainage routes located within the setbacks of the Ikeja, Ojodu, Agidingbi, Opebi, Oregun, Maryland, Yaba, and Iwaya rivers floodplain. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative and descriptive analysis of the on-site data collection, observations, and evaluations, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were utilized to map out the developmental and adaptive strategies through GIS-based network mapping. This involved randomly selecting twenty-six (26) points that are landmarks and notable hubs within the city at approximately 750m intervals aligned within the 20km corridor of the waterways and wetlands of the selected study area. Findings – Through a variety of on-site observations, assessments, interviews, and inferential methods, people’s perceptions of the use of off-road bike lanes, and its economic and social information were gathered. Research limitations/implications – A healthy ecosystem, less reliance on fossil fuels, more green space, habitat restoration, clean water and air, and increased green space are all important for a city's overall well-being. Practical implications – This study suggested off-road non-motorized transportation connectivity, and other strategically adapted alternatives for resilient and sustainable city growth, in addition to carbon sequestration through restoration and preservation of already-existing wetlands. Originality/value – The restoration of urban desolate spaces, improvement of sanitation, governance of floodplains, recreation, and cultural values within metropolitan areas.
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Gasse, F., L. Vidal, A. L. Develle i E. Van Campo. "Hydrological variability in the Northern Levant: a 250 ka multi-proxy record from the Yammoûneh (Lebanon) sedimentary sequence". Climate of the Past 7, nr 4 (24.11.2011): 1261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1261-2011.
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Abstract. The Levant is a key region in terms of both long-term hydroclimate dynamics and human cultural evolution. Our understanding of the regional response to glacial-interglacial boundary conditions is limited by uncertainties in proxy-data interpretation and the lack of long-term records from different geographical settings. The present paper provides a 250 ka paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on a multi-proxy approach from northern Levant, derived from a 36 m lacustrine-palustrine sequence cored in the small intra-mountainous karstic Yammoûneh basin from northern Lebanon. We combined time series of sediment properties, paleovegetation, and carbonate oxygen isotopes (δc), to yield a comprehensive view of paleohydrologic-paleoclimatic fluctuations in the basin over the two last glacial-interglacial cycles. Integration of all available proxies shows that Interglacial maxima (early-mid MIS 7, MIS 5.5 and early MIS 1) experienced relatively high effective moisture, evidenced by the dominance of forested landscapes (although with different forest types) associated with authigenic carbonate sedimentation in a productive waterbody. Synchronous and steep δc increases can be reconciled with enhanced mean annual moisture when changes in seasonality are taken into account. During Glacials periods (MIS 2 and MIS 6), open vegetation tends to replace the forests, favouring local erosion and detrital sedimentation. However, all proxy data reveal an overall wetting during MIS 6, while a drying trend took place during MIS4-2, leading to extremely harsh LGM conditions possibly linked to water storage as ice in the surrounding highlands. Over the past 250 ka, the Yammoûneh record shows an overall decrease in local effective water, coincident with a weakening of seasonal insolation contrasts linked to the decreasing amplitude of the eccentricity cycle. The Yammoûneh record is roughly consistent with long-term climatic fluctuations in the northeastern Mediterranean region (except during MIS 6). It suggests that the role of seasonality on effective moisture, already highlighted for MIS 1, also explains older interglacial climate. The Yammoûneh record shares some features with speleothem isotope records of western Israel, while the Dead Sea basin generally evolved in opposite directions. Changes in atmospheric circulation, regional topographic patterns and site-specific hydrological factors are invoked as potential causes of spatial heterogeneities. Further work is needed to refine the Yammoûneh chronology, better understand its functioning through hydrological and climate modelling, and acquire other long records from northern Levant to disentangle the relative effects of local versus regional factors.
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Maslov, Yurii. "TRANSFORMATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, nr 3 (1.08.2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-108-115.
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The attention of the supranational level to transboundary regions increased with the development of regional policy. The reform of the European structural funds, the concepts of equalization and identification of the endogenous potential of regions led to the intensification of cross-border cooperation. Of course, this is not only the merit of the European Union; the growth of Euroregions stimulated financial support, and this led to a new round of growth of Euroregions in the EU territories. The purpose of the article is to determine problems of transformational aspects for elaborating and improving the European Union Strategy for the Danube Region up to the condition of its possible implementation, as well as propose specific measures for its step-by-step implementation until 2020. The European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) is another initiative created in the zonal field of Euroregions for greater cohesion with the supranational level. Most of the EGTC members are located in Eastern and Southern Europe. Moreover, if on the early stages EGTC were projects for the implementation of exclusively cross-border cooperation, then since 2012 they began to be created as platforms for cooperation between cities of different EU member states. EU regions are very diverse from a cultural and historical point of view and have different levels of socio-economic development. In the Danube region over the past two decades, fundamental changes have occurred, taking this into account, the article highlights several strategic directions of development. 1) Geographical association of Europe and the East. There is a huge potential for the development of existing transport and trade links. 2) The developed infrastructural architecture of the education system. Including different universities, but the quality of training varies. Education and training should be linked to the needs of the labour market, along with supporting student mobility throughout the entire Danube region. 3) The presence of millennial traditions of cultural, ethnic, and natural diversity. The presence of large cities and world heritage sites, including the concentration of capitals and cultural centres. This requires a modern approach to tourism offers and infrastructure so that both the guest and the host can get profit from this activity. 4) The ability to optimize and improve the use of renewable energy sources, such as water, wind biomass, thermal springs. There are also wide opportunities for improving energy efficiency by enhancing the efficiency of energy demand management and modernizing building and logistics. These measures will facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy. 5) Availability of natural wealth: unique fauna and flora, the most valuable water resources and unique landscapes (for example, the Danube Delta, the Carpathians). They must be in constant preservation and recovery. Each designated area contains priority recommendations in various fields of activity. The transformational optimization strategy proposed by the author provides a stable framework for the policy of integration and cohesive development of the Danube region. It establishes priority areas aimed at creating the EU Region of the 21st century.
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Stundžienė, Bronė. "Lithuanian Cultural Landscape in Folklore from the Perspective of Values". Vilnius University Open Series, nr 5 (4.12.2020): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2020.5.
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In the article, the contemporary human being’s search for values is primarily linked to the folkloristic reflection of Lithuanian cultural landscape. Following the framework of hermeneutics and based on the folkloristic symbolism of landscape in Lithuanian folklore (mainly in the oldest layer of folk songs), the manifestations of a long-lasting solidarity between community and nature are discussed. The focus has been placed on the small community – the family and its immediate relationship with the surrounding nature. In the introductory part of the article, the notion of ritualism is discussed which is based on the universally acknowledged concept of the rites of passage (les rites de passage). Within the context of this concept, the depiction of the public events of family life (the rituals of marriage and death) constituted a solid premise for the investigation of the so-called common places (loci communes) in Lithuanian folk poetry, which in this regard are usually represented by landscape-related narrative segments and symbolism. Folkloristic interpretations of the prominent elements of Lithuanian landscape (trees, water, stones) have been selected for the investigation. The introduction also reveals the importance of a family over an individual in the exploration of a human being’s relationship with the surrounding nature. The first part of the article ‘The Reflections of Anthropomorphic Reception of Trees’ asserts that in the folk songs marked by archaic stylistics, the poetic narrative of trees contains abundant mythopoetic allusions to the constant identification of a human being (usually, a family member) with a tree, as well as other metamorphoses and motifs which attest their mutual dependence. This poetic tradition influences the poetry created by individual authors to this day. The article briefly introduces the meaning of a tree in the world of ancient Lithuanian beliefs and customs and notices the major changes in the purpose of the image of a tree in the late tradition of romances. The second part of the article analyses the long-term trajectories of mythopoetic depiction of water and stones in folklore. It is well known that any traditional culture has accumulated a wide range of meanings which pertain to different forms of water and connote rebirth, renewal, as well as fertility and life. Therefore when the article emphasizes the tropes of being near water, drowning in watery depths, which through the lens of myth and ritual embody the act of love (marriage) in Lithuanian singing folklore, it should be noted that this variation of meaning found in Lithuanian folklore constitutes an organic part of the whole of international aquatic symbolism. The mythicised story of a live stone as reflected in folklore could be partially associated with the folkloristic reception of trees and water. Animation of a stone is revealed through the attribution of the qualities of a live being to a stone (in the legends, they move, communicate with each other, live in families). Contrarily, the lifelessness (immobile state) of a stone is mythicised in cases where people who deviate from moral laws are turned into stones. The mythologem of a stone as the landmark signifying the boundary between this and the other world, as well as the association of stones with sacrality and sacred places visited by deities, is widespread. It is ascertained that the narrative of the sacrality of stones did not cease in the period of Christianity.Therefore, the landscape approach applied in this study provided a possibility to observe how, in folklore, the meanings of different components of landscape organically combine into a cohesive union which operates on the principles of synergy. A conclusion may be drawn that folklore unequivocally asserts the idea of a continuous coexistence of a human being and nature and exalts the perception of nature as an essential spiritual value.
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Wood, Claire M., Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George i in. "Integrated ecological monitoring in Wales: the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme field survey". Earth System Science Data 13, nr 8 (26.08.2021): 4155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021.
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Abstract. The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016 and was probably the most comprehensive programme of ecological study ever undertaken at a national scale in Wales. The programme aimed to (1) set up an evaluation of the environmental effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme and (2) quantify environmental status and trends across the wider countryside of Wales. The focus was on outcomes for climate change mitigation, biodiversity, soil and water quality, woodland expansion, and cultural landscapes. As such, GMEP included a large field-survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and use, soils, freshwaters, birds, and insect pollinators from up to three-hundred 1 km survey squares throughout Wales. The field survey capitalised upon the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) Countryside Survey of Great Britain, which has provided an extensive set of repeated, standardised ecological measurements since 1978. The design of both GMEP and the UKCEH Countryside Survey involved stratified-random sampling of squares from a 1 km grid, ensuring proportional representation from land classes with distinct climate, geology and physical geography. Data were collected from different land cover types and landscape features by trained professional surveyors, following standardised and published protocols. Thus, GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment, including the impacts of agri-environment interventions. One such repeat survey is scheduled for 2021 under the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring & Modelling Programme (ERAMMP). Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions, but there is major potential for further analyses. The precise locations of data collection are not publicly available, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality. However, the wide variety of available datasets can be (1) analysed at coarse spatial resolutions and (2) linked to each other based on square-level and plot-level identifiers, allowing exploration of relationships, trade-offs and synergies. This paper describes the key sets of raw data arising from the field survey at co-located sites (2013 to 2016). Data from each of these survey elements are available with the following digital object identifiers (DOIs): Landscape features (Maskell et al., 2020a–c), https://doi.org/10.5285/82c63533-529e-47b9-8e78-51b27028cc7f, https://doi.org/10.5285/9f8d9cc6-b552-4c8b-af09-e92743cdd3de, https://doi.org/10.5285/f481c6bf-5774-4df8-8776-c4d7bf059d40; Vegetation plots (Smart et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/71d3619c-4439-4c9e-84dc-3ca873d7f5cc; Topsoil physico-chemical properties (Robinson et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/0fa51dc6-1537-4ad6-9d06-e476c137ed09; Topsoil meso-fauna (Keith et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/1c5cf317-2f03-4fef-b060-9eccbb4d9c21; Topsoil particle size distribution (Lebron et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/d6c3cc3c-a7b7-48b2-9e61-d07454639656; Headwater stream quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020a), https://doi.org/10.5285/e305fa80-3d38-4576-beef-f6546fad5d45; Pond quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020b), https://doi.org/10.5285/687b38d3-2278-41a0-9317-2c7595d6b882; Insect pollinator and flower data (Botham et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/3c8f4e46-bf6c-4ea1-9340-571fede26ee8; and Bird counts (Siriwardena et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/31da0a94-62be-47b3-b76e-4bdef3037360.
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Pastuszka, Anna. "Europe‘s Cultural Landscapes in Travel Literature. An Introduction". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 48, nr 1 (12.04.2024): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2024.48.1.1-18.
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The cultural landscape is understood as the area of human habitation and the result of human activities in a particular space. In literature, it manifests itself as an emotionally charged local landscape, as a sensually and intertextually explored travel destination or as a former historical region (as a lost cultural landscape). The article examines literary topographies and factors that influence the perception and literary representation of the cultural landscape. The existential dimension of the landscape experience is linked with spatial categories, motifs of travelling and movement in different configurations. Finally, on the basis of the contributions collected in the volume, representations of cultural landscapes in travel literature are discussed.
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Ballouche, Aziz. "Missing Landscapes: A Geohistory of Parkland Landscapes in Northwestern Morocco". Land 13, nr 5 (10.05.2024): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13050649.
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Northwestern Morocco is characterized by highly anthropized landscapes under the combined effect of agricultural intensification, resource overexploitation, urbanization, and tourism, but also local reforestation. Reconstructing the recent changes in vegetation in the region of the lower valley of the Loukkos river near Larache and their relationship to the settlement history are particularly helpful for understanding the processes at work within the landscape construction. The geohistorical approach combines paleoenvironmental, documentary, and historical data. The last few centuries have seen the emergence of wooded stands, in which cork oaks are a structural element. As forests were retreating, parklands intended for agriculture, agroforestry, and herding, like the Spanish dehesa and Portuguese montado, began to emerge. Nearly all of them have disappeared today, but we can identify their legacy and evaluate their cultural significance through comparing them with their counterparts in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in other areas of Morocco. Their deep historical roots give this landscape an evolving heritage character that is directly linked to the communities’ lifestyles, culture, and history.
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Nesci, Olivia, Rosetta Borchia i Laura Valentini. "The Backgrounds of Renaissance Paintings in the Ancient Duchy of Urbino (Central Italy): Exploring New Forms of Valorization of Geoheritage through Their Inclusion in UNESCO Cultural Landscapes". Geosciences 14, nr 3 (13.03.2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14030076.
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The ancient Duchy of Urbino (Marche and Emilia-Romagna Regions, Italy) is known for its spectacular landscapes linked to a unique geological history. This area owns an unexpected cultural resource, which concerns using its landscapes in art. Some great Renaissance artists, including Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Leonardo, were so impressed by the landscapes that they reproduced them in their most famous paintings. This paper summarizes research concerned with their identification, employing a multidisciplinary method that has enabled the recognition of many morphologies. This contribution provides the scientific community with information on the methodology and regional and national projects developed in this area to enhance its cultural landscapes. Starting from the geological description of the territory, the research focuses on famous works by three great Renaissance artists, providing evidence and morphological details related to the recognition of places: “Nativity” by Piero della Francesca, “Madonna Litta” by Leonardo da Vinci, and “Knight’s Dream” by Raphael. Finally, it is proposed to make these landscapes a timeless resource through their inclusion in UNESCO’s cultural heritage. This contribution is addressed to representatives of the administration, conservation, and enhancement of artistic and landscape heritage to stimulate new perspectives for research, education, and tourism within the cultural heritage of this area.
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Strasser, Michael, T. Berberich, S. Fabbri, M. Hilbe, J.-J. S. Huang, S. Lauterbach, M. Ortler i in. "Geomorphology and event-stratigraphy of recent mass-movement processes in Lake Hallstatt (UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape, Austria)". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 500, nr 1 (19.12.2019): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp500-2019-178.
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AbstractWe report the first-ever basin-wide geomorphological characterization of a high-resolution bathymetry map in a steeply incised valley-occupying intra-mountainous lake in the Eastern Alps. The resulting new geomorphological map of Lake Hallstatt is then combined with high-resolution reflection seismic and sedimentary core analyses to document, characterize and date recent (<200 years) subaquatic landslides. The area is located in the UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape of the Hallstatt–Dachstein area, famous for its well-documented medieval and prehistoric human settlement history. This allows us to calibrate observed mass-transport deposits (MTDs) in the high-resolution sedimentary archive (sedimentation rates c. 0.5 cm a−1) of this deep lake dominated by clastic sedimentation.The hydro-acoustic data document a multitude of different MTDs linked to rock falls, subaqueous slope failures and shore collapses. Sediment cores document laminated background sediments intercalated with distinct event deposits that can be linked to historically documented major flood events and moderately strong earthquakes. Our study suggests that the larger MTDs result from earthquake-triggered subaquatic delta slope instabilities and that the deeper subsurface provides evidence of even larger mass-movement processes, yet to be validated by longer cores. Thus, Lake Hallstatt is a potential natural laboratory for studying causes and consequences of subaquatic landslides in steeply incised intra-mountainous lakes and comparable fjord settings.
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Ruiz Pulpón i Cañizares Ruiz. "Potential of Vineyard Landscapes for Sustainable Tourism". Geosciences 9, nr 11 (8.11.2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110472.
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According to the World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism fosters the conservation of natural resources, respects the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities and ensures the maintenance of economic activities in the long term. With reference to these three areas, this article examines how vineyard landscapes, seen as one of the many resources of wine tourism, represent a potential for promoting forms of sustainable tourism, which be understood as tourism that assumes a balance between the environmental, economic and social determining factors behind a region. For this purpose, different theoretical and thematic approaches are used to highlight the importance of key issues, such as the status of the vineyard landscape as part of the conservation of natural resources in general and the elements linked to tangible and intangible heritage as part of the social authenticity of these landscapes. The results show how the strong cultural nature of vineyard landscapes, which are rich in heritage and aesthetics, guarantees their sustainability for tourist activity, provided that appropriate planning criteria are used.
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Tomé, Pedro. "Unexpected Effects on Some Spanish Cultural Landscapes of the Mediterranean Diet". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 7 (6.04.2021): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073829.
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The declaration of the Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in order to preserve a cultural and gastronomical legacy included the protection of lifestyles, knowledge, sociability, and environmental relationships. However, the patrimonialization, popularization, and globalization of a certain conception of this diet have turned it into a de-territorialized global phenomenon. As a consequence of this process, it has been necessary to notably increase the production of its ingredients to satisfy its growing demand, which, in turn, has generated “secondary effects” in some Mediterranean environments of Southeastern Spain. If, on the one hand, their wealth has increased and population has been established, on the other hand, the continuity of certain cultural landscapes linked to local knowledge and particular lifestyles has been broken, replacing them with agro-industrial landscapes exclusively at the service of production. This, at the same time, has caused social and environmental inequalities
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Zamyatin, D. N. "Post-urbanism and cold: geo-cultural images and representations of cultural landscapes of the Northern and Arctic cities". VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, nr 4 (51) (27.11.2020): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-19.
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The purpose of this article is to show the specifics of the formation of cultural landscapes and geo-cultural images of Northern and Arctic cities within the concept of post-urbanism. The ontological and phenomenological category of cold, crucial for understanding of this specificity, has a decisive influence on the formation of both material and expressive (mental) environments and identities of the inhabitants of the Northern cities. Cultural landscapes of cold represent an ambivalent anthropological phenomenon. This phenomenon captures the com-plex integrity of the unique geo-cultural imagery, spatial representations, and a system of adaptation patterns to low temperatures, and their consequences. The rise and fall of the Northern and Arctic cities, in conjunction with history of development of particular countries and regions, show the fragility of their cultural landscapes, whose representations may reflect the stages of decline, ruining or long-term conservation of residential areas, adminis-trative and industrial buildings, technological and public infrastructure. Geo-cultural images of the Northern and Arctic cities are genetically linked to the increased mobility of their founders and inhabitants. The same Northern city can «produce» many differentiated images of cold, due to its geo-cultural patchiness. The image of cold can be considered as an important component of the symbolic asset of the Northern and Arctic cities, as well as a field of implementation and struggle of various post-colonial practices. Cold as an autonomous ontology and cul-tural landscape of the Northern city can be a phenomenological basis for the dynamic post-urbanism of the Northern and Arctic territories. The phenomenon of co-spatiality, fundamental for understanding the post-urban trends of social development, acquires a special configuration in the cultural landscapes of the Northern cities, contributing to the enrichment of the semantic space of post-urbanism in general. In the future, geo-cultural and cultural-landscape studies of the Northern and Arctic cities may become some of the most important sources for accelerated development of new ontologies of mobile settlement systems.
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D’Orefice, Maurizio, Piero Bellotti, Tiberio Bellotti, Lina Davoli i Letizia Di Bella. "Natural and Cultural Lost Landscape during the Holocene along the Central Tyrrhenian Coast (Italy)". Land 11, nr 3 (25.02.2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030344.
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Landscape evolution over the last 8000 years in three areas located along Tuscany, Latium, and Campania coasts (central Tyrrhenian) has been deduced through a morphological, stratigraphical, and historical approach considering the physical evolution and human activity. Between 8000 and 6000 yr BP, the Sea Level Rise (SLR) dominated and, near the river mouths, inlets occurred. In the Tuscany area, Mt. Argentario was an island and to SE of the Ansedonia promontory a lagoon occurred. The areas were covered by a dense forest and the human influence was negligible. Between 6000 and 4000 yr BP, humans organized settlements and activities, and a general coastline progradation occurred. A tombolo linked Mt. Argentario to the mainland. In the Tiber and Campania areas, coastal lakes and a strand plain developed. Between 4000 and 3000 yr BP, near Mt. Argentario, two tombolos enclosed a wide lagoon. At the SE of the Ansedonia promontory, the lagoon split into smaller water bodies. In the Tiber and Campania areas, delta cusps developed. The anthropogenic presence was widespread and forests decreased. During the last 3000 years, anthropic forcing increased when the Etruscans and Romans changed the territory through towns, salt pans, and ports. After the Roman period, natural forcing returned to dominate until the birth of the Italian State and technological evolution.
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Pikner, Tarmo. "Poliitilised ökoloogiad ja antropotseen urbaansuse pingeväljade maastikes". Mäetagused 84 (grudzień 2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2022.84.pikner.
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This article approaches complex relationships between disturbance-based ecologies and processes of urbanisation by focusing on urban fringes and valuation of life-forms within landscapes. The thematic discussion is inspired by changes of the Paljassaare Peninsula in Tallinn, which motivated the author to analytically assemble historical layers, ecological imaginations, and stories of planetary affects. The fieldwork related to the article’s argumentation is mainly based on the ethnographic method bringing together observations, interviews, and thematic narratives. The study indicates that disturbances and non-humans/birds become part of the landscape as intertwined materiality and perceiving-with, which involve tensions between presence and absence, and also tensions between past and future. The environment is not a passive “stage” in the process, but appears through emotional landscapes by creating relations between humans and non-humans. Transboundary flight trajectories of birds widen the perspective on earth-bound connections in urban space and make to rethink ways of co-existing. Urban landscapes linked to the sea accumulate diverse disturbances and ruptures, and their effects can be conflicting and interpretations change in time. The current study reveals tension fields and partial continuity of processes in which the Soviet-era legacy forms just one part in the complex assemblage. The border zone and the closed military-industrial complex in Tallinn coastal terrain generated conditions for disturbance-based ecologies, which have significantly influenced urban landscapes. Interim usages and valued ecologies slowed down effects of urbanisation and gave “voice” to particular characteristics of urban nature through which the Paljassaare Peninsula and migratory corridors of birds became part of a wider urban change. The desired (urban) nature appears as an expression of good and bad ecologies influenced by imaginations about landscapes and infrastructure. The evolvement of green areas and waterfront spaces in post-socialist cities is approached as part of Europeanisation, in which practices of European Union states are smoothly and uncritically adapted. The example of Paljassaare reveals entangled multi-dimensional connections between history, civil-society initiatives, and ideas of spatial planning, which were based on care and enabled the bordering of Natura 2000 bird protection area despite urbanisation pressure. Therefore, urban nature and urban landscapes as contested links between the (post)Soviet heritage and Europeanisation require in-depth analysis for revealing a more complex process than linear transformation. The following of disturbance-based ecologies and longer durations make it possible to problematise the Soviet-era homogenous legacy. Anthropocene traces, as a dominant force of humankind, have materialised in Paljassaare through industry, mining, building of a military complex and infrastructure of urbanisation, which, step-by-step, firmly linked the former islands to the city. Urban spatial futures lean on environmental legacy and simultaneously try to distance from the dark side of legacies. The paradox is that the terrains extensively disturbed by human activities can become meaningful within landscapes in problematising the forces of humankind and the position of humans in the context of the Anthropocene.
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Eliasson, Ingegärd, Susanne Fredholm, Igor Knez, Eva Gustavsson i Jon Weller. "Cultural Values of Landscapes in the Practical Work of Biosphere Reserves". Land 12, nr 3 (28.02.2023): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030587.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the landscape’s cultural values in the practical work of biosphere reserves and to identify what opportunities there are to increase awareness and knowledge about these values. The paper draws upon data collected in a Swedish biosphere reserve, including a survey of residents, interviews with public officials involved in cultural heritage management, and an analysis of documents produced by the Biosphere Reserve Association. Residents showed a broad knowledge about the landscape’s cultural values, and they linked immaterial heritage to material objects. The residents’ strong identity and pride in relation to the landscape were confirmed by the officials, who argued that it is the deep layers of history and the cultural diversity of the landscape that make the biosphere reserve attractive. However, concepts related to the landscape’s cultural values were barely touched upon in the documents analysed; the landscape’s cultural values were presented as a background—as an abstract value. The findings reveal several unexplored opportunities and practical implications to increase awareness and knowledge of the landscape’s cultural values. Suggested actions include definition of goals, articulation and use of concepts, inventories of actors, increased collaboration, and use of residents’ knowledge. Cultural values of landscapes are often neglected in the practical work of biosphere reserves, despite the social and cultural dimensions of sustainable development being an important component of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. This research indicates several ways of bridging this gap between theory and practice.
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Marques, Bruno, Jacqueline McIntosh i Hannah Carson. "Whispering tales: using augmented reality to enhance cultural landscapes and Indigenous values". AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 15, nr 3 (30.06.2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180119860266.
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Increasingly, our built and natural environments are becoming hybrids of real and digital entities where objects, buildings and landscapes are linked online in websites, blogs and texts. In the case of Aotearoa New Zealand, modern lifestyles have put Māori Indigenous oral narratives at risk of being lost in a world dominated by text and digital elements. Intangible values, transmitted orally from generation to generation, provide a sense of identity and community to Indigenous Māori as they relate and experience the land based on cultural, spiritual, emotion, physical and social values. Retaining the storytelling environment through the use of augmented reality, this article extends the biophysical attributes of landscape through embedded imagery and auditory information. By engaging with Ngāti Kahungunu ki Wairarapa, a design approach has been developed to illustrate narratives through different media, in a way that encourages a deeper and broader bicultural engagement with landscape.
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Shen, Jing, i Rung-Jiun Chou. "Cultural Landscape Development Integrated with Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Songkou Ancient Town". Land 10, nr 4 (13.04.2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040406.
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As a form of World Heritage, cultural landscapes have evolved linked with production systems and living space and have become an important topic of rural studies worldwide. This paper attempts to examine the development experiences of local revitalization combined with the cultural landscape in Songkou ancient town, China. Firstly, the rural livelihood-based landscape characteristics of mixing natural and man-made environments are the resources of cultural landscape development. Secondly, community action forms the cultural landscape through a spatial identification process involving place, identity, and heritage. Thirdly, “experience grafting” is a coordinated action for industrial development that has allowed the experience of community revitalization in Taiwan to make an effective contribution to the cultural landscape development of Songkou ancient town. The main findings are as follows: (1) The close connection between man and nature is confirmed from the perspective of landscape cognition and provides farmers with a means of earning a living. Hence, agricultural activities meet the principles of sustainable and organic agriculture by using natural resources responsibly. (2) By considering ecological orchards as cultural landscapes, community actions promote a consensus of local values and an effective way of making a livelihood.
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Trigger, David S., i Lesley Head. "Restored Nature, Familiar Culture: Contesting Visions for Preferred Environments in Australian Cities". Nature and Culture 5, nr 3 (1.12.2010): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050302.
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How are preferences for “native” and “introduced” species of plants and animals given expression in Australian cities? Given the nation's predominantly European cultural heritage, how do urban Australians articulate multiple desires for living environments encountered in everyday life? In examining the cases of inner city parks, backyards, and more general views about flora and fauna appropriate for the city, the paper considers a range of deeply enculturated attachments to familiar landscapes. While residents have considerable interest in the possibilities of urban ecological restoration, our interviews, ethnographic observation, and textual analysis also reveal cultural preferences for introduced species and emplaced attachments to historically modified landscapes. These preferences and attachments are linked to senses of identity developed during formative life experiences. In the relatively young post-settler society of Australia, such drivers of environmental desires can sit uneasily alongside science-driven propositions about what is good for biodiversity and ecological sustainability.
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Alves, Susana. "Affordances of Historic Urban Landscapes: An Ecological Understanding of Human Interaction with the Past". European Spatial Research and Policy 21, nr 2 (27.01.2015): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0002.
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Heritage has been defined differently in European contexts. Despite differences, a common challenge for historic urban landscape management is the integration of tangible and intangible heritage. Integration demands an active view of perception and human-landscape interaction where intangible values are linked to specific places and meanings are attached to particular cultural practices and socio-spatial organisation. Tangible and intangible values can be examined as part of a system of affordances (potentialities) a place, artefact or cultural practice has to offer. This paper discusses how an ‘affordance analysis’ may serve as a useful tool for the management of historic urban landscapes.
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Kõivupuu, Marju. "Maastikule kleepuv tekst: põrgupärimus". Mäetagused 84 (grudzień 2022): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2022.84.koivupuu.
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On the landscape, there are natural caves known as hells or hell graves, formed, for example, as a result of the outflow of spring water and in some cases expanded and deepened by human hands over time, as well as sandstone outcrops, feather holes or sölls or valleys, where, according to folk tales, mythological creatures-giants have lived or live: old pagans or devils. In this article, the focus is on “hell” as a traditional landscape element and places named “hell” in place lore and place creation, in original fiction based on folk tales, in tourism economy, etc. I claim that hell-themed place stories written down by folk over the ages stick to the landscape in different ways, whether it is the reuse of stories based on standard motifs in place creation, the consolidation of the landscape image embedded in traditional texts in tourism, even when the landscape itself has long since changed, etc. Scenically interesting places need attractive stories; this is one of the key themes of placemaking. As a concept, I use local place lore as an umbrella term for oral tradition in the field that can be linked to certain places in the landscape. Local place lore includes both international motifs and local legends, which in some cases have also been told as true stories. Local lore, as a type of lore that shows the connection between a person and a place, has been valued mainly because of the aspect that creates and supports local identity. However, the landscape surrounding the community is not a static but a dynamic space, in which new meanings that reflect the life of the community arise or are created, and these are also reflected in the lore related to the landscape.
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Manola, Maria. "Cultural Routes in Cappadocia – Suggestions for Tourist Development". Open Journal for Anthropological Studies 7, nr 1 (26.04.2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojas.0701.02007m.
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This study aims to promote the special cultural monuments of Cappadocia and their organization in cultural routes, in order to promote and use them for touristic purposes. Cappadocia as a destination is a journey of life in the East. It has a strong Greek element, unique landscapes, such as the famous rock formations, the underground cities and the Byzantine cave churches. Its history is linked to the multicultural roots of different people, who have left their mark on the region. The special morphology, the volcanic rocks, as well as the rock formations, led to the creation of cities and neighborhoods with special natural beauty, functioning as a pole of attraction for tourists. Suggestions for the use of caves and cave churches could follow the example of Matera and Spinalonga.
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Lagerqvist, Bosse, Lennart Bornmalm i Sándor Némethy. "European inland waters : The history of seafaring, shipping, and shipyards at the Lake Balaton". Ecocycles 7, nr 1 (2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v7i1.194.
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Maritime history and development of waterways is often perceived as a mostly marine issue including activities linked directly to the oceans and seas and their coastal zones. However, inland waters and waterways constitute an important landscape-forming factor in terms of transport, wetland formation, watercourse regulations and flood prevention, agriculture, forestry, fishery, settlement structures, tourism and a number of related services. Lake Balaton in western Hungary is a unique environment regarding its geology, biodiversity, water resources (including springs and thermal waters) and rich cultural heritage. Inland navigation has greatly contributed to the development of settlement structures and trades in the region already from Roman times, but only with the appearance of steamboats and the internationally renowned shipyards the shipping of goods and personal transport reached a larger volume. Since Lake Balaton is a shallow lake, producing ships (both sailing boats and larger vessels) was a technical challenge. The largest shipyard around the lake was in the town of Balatonfüred with some ancillary facilities in Siófok. With the continuous development of railway traffic first on the southern and later on the northern shore successively replaced the goods transport on the lake and changed the system of its water level control through the Sió-channel. In this study, we analyse the development of inland navigation on lake Balaton and its influence on trade and settlement structures and cultural heritage in the region, the connections to international inland waterways through the Sió canal and the River Danube and the changes of ship building industry during history. The article is based on a number of studies on the history of Lake Balaton and a specific focus is put on the industrial era and how international influences have been instrumental in this development.
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Wang, Ke, NOR HASLINA BINTI JA`AFAR, Noraziah Binti Mohammad i MOHD ISKANDAR BIN ABD MALEK. "To Evaluate the Value of Traditional Village Landscape Elements in Influencing the Huizhou Character of the UNESCO World Heritage Site: A Case Study of Huizhou, Anhui, China". International Journal of Religion 5, nr 11 (19.07.2024): 4195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/j2fvyh77.
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Social classes, areas of residence, environmental factors, and customs all influence a society's cultural values. These factors typically work together to help in creating the values of the traditional cultural landscape of any society. The traditional village landscape's significance as a cultural heritage is closely linked to the existence of cultural norms and the cultural environment, which together include all of the cultural values. As a result of this, maintaining these elements is essential to ensuring the permanence of history and culture. To assess the significance of traditional village landscape components in shaping the Huizhou identity of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, a case study of Huizhou, Anhui in China was considered. This research employs a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to explore the value of the traditional village landscape in influencing Huizhou’s identity. The research also examines the heritage value of the traditional village landscape on the Huizhou identity of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS). The results of the study revealed that traditional village landscape elements have greatly influenced the Huizhou identity of UNESCO’s WHS. The findings also demonstrated that traditional village landscapes have valuable recreational, artistic, production, and ecological purposes. This presents justification for the pressing need for the preservation and protection of traditional village landscapes, which requires prioritizing safeguarding the historical aspects of these settlements as well as the overall traditional settlement space and environment.
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Soltani, G. A., i D. S. Shilnikov. "Transformation of historical landscapes as a result of biological invasions". Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, nr 156 (31.12.2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-3-156-37-43.
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Immovable objects of cultural heritage are inextricably linked to the place where they are located. The preservation of the object itself and its perception in the historical context guarantees the immutability of the protected area. Pyatigorsk historical and cultural heritage sites were used to assess the stability of their associated landscapes. The transformation of historical landscapes over time was established as a result of field research and analysis of the photo bank of data over a 125-year period. Landscape changes are associated with changes in vegetation during biological invasions, that is, they are the result of a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Laburnum anagyroides Medik., Syringa vulgaris L. participate in the transformation of the landscape of the Lermontov grotto, and Robinia pseudoacacia L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. participate in the transformation of the landscape of the Diana’s Grotto. All of them in previous years were introduced to the culture for use in landscaping Pyatigorsk. Their distribution and introduction to local cenoses began at the end of the XX century, after they entered the stage of naturalization. The listed invasive species have different geographical origins (Europe, Eas t Asia, North America) and belong to different life forms (coniferous tree, deciduous tree, deciduous shrub, deciduous liana). Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Syringa vulgaris L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle are phytocenozotransformers, that is, they are dangerous not only for the landscapes of cultural heritage sites, but also for native plant communities. Robinia pseudoacacia L., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. And Laburnum anagyroides Medik. are currently epectophytes, which does not exclude the possibility of their transition to agriophytes. The restoration of historical landscapes requires human intervention.
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Hastrup, Frida, i Marianne Elisabeth Lien. "Welfare Frontiers? Resource Practices in the Nordic Arctic Anthropocene". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 29, nr 1 (1.03.2020): v—xxi. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2020.290101.
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This article outlines the thematic section’s main anthropological interventions and introduces the inherently ambiguous notion of welfare frontiers, implying allegedly benign practices of resource development. Through ethnographic analyses from Iceland, Norway, and Greenland, it shows that Nordic Arctic landscapes become resourceful through careful crafting, entangled with practices and ideals of nation-building, egalitarianism, sustainability, good governance, and a concern for liveability for legitimate citizens. Further, the authors suggest that seeing natural resource development as linked to specific welfare state projects, with attention to the sometimes colonizing aspects of such practices, specifies and captures the current era, bringing the Anthropocene back home.
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Castejón Porcel, Gregorio. "El patrimonio hidráulico en Chile: consideración cultural y turística". Cuadernos de Turismo, nr 44 (28.11.2019): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.44.404741.
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A pesar de los innumerable recursos de Chile, fundamentados en sus atractivos naturales, en su historia e importantes recursos arqueológicos y en una cultura con raíces indígenas milenarias, el patrimonio tangible e intangible ligado al agua, el patrimonio hidráulico, ha sido, poco estudiado, apenas considerado culturalmente como elemento de interés y pobremente promocionado por los organismos turísticos estatales. Situación incomprensible en un espacio en el que el control y aprovechamiento del agua mediante distintas infraestructuras e ingenios, ha sido, desde tiempos históricos, una cuestión de enorme transcendencia, tanto en los territorios de escasa e incluso nula pluviometría como en aquellos en los que los valores de precipitación son muy elevados. Despite the innumerable heritage of Chile, based on its natural attractions, in its history and important archaeological resources, and in a culture with thousands-year-old indigenous roots, the tangible and intangible heritage linked to water, the hydraulic heritage, has been scarcely studied, hardly considered culturally as an element of interest and poorly promoted by state tourism agencies. Incomprehensible situation in a space in which the control and the use of water through infrastructures and inventions, has been, since historical times, a matter of enormous importance, both in the territories of hydric scarce, and even zero rainfall, as in those in which the values of precipitation are very high.
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Papantoniou, Giorgos, i Anna Depalmas. "Cyprus and Sardinia at the Transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age: A Sacred Landscape Approach". Religions 13, nr 1 (5.01.2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010048.
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In the framework of this contribution, and taking a macro-historic sacred landscapes approach, we established a comparative project analysing in parallel the development of sacred landscapes of two mega-islands, Cyprus and Sardinia, at the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age. In both Cyprus and Sardinia, the period between the 12th and 8th centuries BC seems to have been a time when re-negotiations of individual, societal, and political identities took place, and this is clearly reflected on the construction of the sacred landscapes of the two islands. We first present our ‘landscape/macro-historic approach’; we then define the chronological horizon and the socio-historical contexts under discussion for each island, exploring at the same time how the hierarchical arrangement of ritual sites appearing at this transitional phase seems to be related with articulated social order or linked with shifting relations of power and cultural influence. Finally, we proceed to a discussion addressing the following three questions: (1) what is the relation between individual insularities and the construction of sacred landscapes on these two mega-islands?; (2) how can a ‘landscape/macro-historic approach’ assist us in better formulating microscopic approaches on both islands at the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age?; and (3) is a comparative approach viable?
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Lewis, Ian D. "Evolution of Geotourism in Australia from Kanawinka Global Geopark and Australian National Landscapes to GeoRegions and Geotrails: A Review and Lessons Learned". Land 12, nr 6 (6.06.2023): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12061190.
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The geological heritage of Australia’s landscapes and World Heritage areas has generally been underpromoted to the public by the tourism industry. However, in 2008, the fledgling world of geotourism in Australia received a significant boost with two events: the Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference ‘Discover the Earth beneath our Feet’ held in Fremantle, Western Australia, and the declaration of the UNESCO Kanawinka Global Geopark, which linked volcanic regions in South Australia and Victoria. Simultaneously the Australian Federal Government launched the ‘Australian National Landscapes’ (ANL) program. However, this impetus was not sustained when the Kanawinka Global Geopark was deregistered as a UNESCO-branded geopark in 2012, and the ANL program faded within a decade. Despite these setbacks, as an outcome of the 2008 Fremantle conference, several productive lines of geotourism have developed across Australia. This paper reviews the history of Australian geotourism since 2008. It examines the impacts of the experiences, lessons learned, problems for geology as perceived by National Parks and the Environment movement, geological communication problems, and the subsequent evolution of Australian geotourism. From these issues, new non-government bodies and initiatives have arisen, including the Australian Geoparks Network, the Australian Geoscience Council, and the recent development of a National Geotourism Strategy. Strong elements emerging from these initiatives are the increasing development of geotrails (which suit the large Australian continent) and the new Australian concept of ‘GeoRegions’. These are in response to an awareness that geotourism requires a flexible outlook to widen the appreciation and appeal of geological heritage and landscapes to the broader public. A further new direction is suggested: for Australian geotourism to combine with some elements of ICOMOS Cultural Routes. An outstanding example, the ICOMOS Overland Telegraph Line (OTL) Cultural Route that crosses Australia from south to north, is considered. For 2000 km, the construction of this line in the 1870s followed the regional geology and hydrology, relying upon the available biota but bringing about a clash of human cultures. The six colonies of Australia were finally linked to the world by wire, but the arrival of the OTL had a significant impact on the country’s Indigenous inhabitants. In Australia and globally, geotourism is incorporating the A–B–Cs (abiotic, biotic and cultural elements) to more effectively encourage the public to value their landscapes and the associated stories. The OTL provides an example of a newly introduced fourth dimension for geotourism, which gives consideration to the socio-political context of landscape adaptation.
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AZCÁRATE, Asun LÓPEZ-VARELA. "A Call for Sustainable Actions: The Voice of Little Things in Tom McCarthy Micro-story “Mermaid Figurine”". Cultura 20, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul012023.0004.
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Abstract: This paper reveals the importance of stories associated to specific objects. The study argues that storytelling can infuse life and meaning into insignificant things. From a semiotic point of view, material objects become signs linked to particular people, experiences, desires, values, thus creating strong emotional bonds with the landscapes part of human daily routines. Beyond fetishism or consumerism, these significant objects could serve the purpose of eco-critical awareness. Through the lenses of a micro-narrative by British novelist Tom McCarthy, attached to the insignificant object of a “Mermaid figurine”, the paper explores the ecology of little things in order to draw attention to sustainability concerns.
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Shormakova, A. B. "LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CONTENT OF PLANT NAMES IN THE TOPONYMIC SYSTEM". Tiltanym, nr 4 (20.12.2021): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2021-4-91-101.
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It is impossible to imagine people’s lives without geographical names. Geographical names are required to distinguish one place from another. Our people have long observed the benefits and harms of each plant in their habitat, using it in their daily practice. Because nomadic life habits required knowledge of the characteristics of each pasture land: climate, terrain, water sources, vegetation, suitability of grazing, seasonal use. In this regard, special attention is paid to the efficiency of cultivation of various types of agricultural products, which are characteristic of these regions. For example, it was convenient to breed cows in A Quiet Place, sheep and horses in sagebrush, in a secluded place, camels in a desert area. It can be seen that the more often phytotoponymic names appear on our Earth, the more influence the cultural code has. Because the culture of the people is inextricably linked with its way of life. By studying the phytotoponymic vocabulary in toponymy, you can reveal the secret of interesting information about the disappeared features of the landscape of a particular region. This article discusses the importance of Geographical Names, draws attention to how the plant world manifests itself in Kazakh toponymy, in particular in the system of oronyms, hydronyms and oikonyms, and provides information about the language code and cultural code of several plants.
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Gandy, Matthew. "What is this thing called “the urban” and how might we critique it?" sub\urban. zeitschrift für kritische stadtforschung 10, nr 1 (3.06.2022): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36900/suburban.v10i1.786.
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In recent years, the growing interest in new patterns of urbanization that seem to contradict conventional conceptions of the city has increasingly brought the question “What is urban?” to the surface. The neolefebvrian focus on “complete urbanization” visibly directed attention to a broader range of spaces, such as “operational landscapes” and other kinds of “extractive frontiers” that are closely linked to global urbanism. At the same time, the idea of “the city” as a characteristic form of dense urban agglomeration remains, despite everything, an important cultural and material marker.
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Schmitz, María F., Cecilia Arnaiz-Schmitz i Patricio Sarmiento-Mateos. "High Nature Value Farming Systems and Protected Areas: Conservation Opportunities or Land Abandonment? A Study Case in the Madrid Region (Spain)". Land 10, nr 7 (8.07.2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070721.
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European rural landscapes contain high nature value farmlands that, in addition to being the main economic activity in many rural areas, host habitats and species of great conservation value. The maintenance of these farming systems largely depends on traditional ecological knowledge and the rural lifestyles of the local populations. However, they have not been sufficiently appreciated and protected, and as a result, they are currently threatened. In this study, which was performed in the Madrid region (central Spain), we analyse the social-ecological changes of the rural landscape after the establishment of a protected natural area network. The obtained results highlight a significant loss of these high nature value farming systems and a marked increase in the rewilding processes characterised by scrub–forest transition and the development of forest systems. These processes are linked to the disruption of the transmission of traditional ecological knowledge, which may imply negative consequences for both the high biocultural diversity that these systems host and the cultural identity and the socioeconomics of the rural populations that live there. A useful methodological tool is provided for social–ecological land planning and the design of effective management strategies for the conservation of rural cultural landscapes.
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Acebes, Pablo, Zuriñe Iglesias-González i Francisco J. Muñoz-Galvez. "Do Traditional Livestock Systems Fit into Contemporary Landscapes? Integrating Social Perceptions and Values on Landscape Change". Agriculture 11, nr 11 (6.11.2021): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111107.
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European traditional cultural landscapes are increasingly modified by rural abandonment and urban growth processes. Acknowledged as of High Nature Value for providing multiple ecosystem services while contributing to human well-being, the future of these social-ecological systems is uncertain. Here we aim to (1) explore dominant land use and cover (LULC) changes linked to extensive livestock farming across an urban-rural gradient defined by a large city (Madrid) over the last three decades; (2) identify and classify the main driving forces shaping these landscape trajectories and; (3) acknowledge the main landscape values for promoting landscape stewardship under participatory governance frameworks. For doing so, we combine mapping analyses (CORINE Land cover) with stakeholder perceptions and positions. Our results show a dual process of progressive abandonment of agroecosystems linked to traditional livestock farming and an ever-increasing urban growth over the last three decades as the most important driving forces. The growing urban sprawl in areas close to Madrid begins to be perceived as problematic for interviewees. The decline of extensive livestock farming in detriment of tourism, particularly evident in rural areas far from Madrid, is perceived as a threat to the cultural heritage and traditions of rural people. This decline is also perceived as a worrying increase of wildfire risk. Stakeholders stressed the need of valuing extensive livestock farming to prevent rural-urban migration, dynamizing rural economies, conserving landscapes and traditions while producing food-quality products. Interviewees advocated for science-based, stakeholder-inclusive and participatory landscape planning and co-management, leading to more context-specific, regionalized policymaking.
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Kowarik, Ingo, Leonie K. Fischer i Dave Kendal. "Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Urban Development". Sustainability 12, nr 12 (18.06.2020): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124964.
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Urbanization is a major driver of environmental change and is closely linked to the future of biodiversity. Cities can host a high richness of plants and animals, and this urban biodiversity supports multiple regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services. Developing biodiversity-friendly cities is thus inextricably linked to sustainable urban development and human wellbeing. The contributions to this Special Issue on “Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Urban Development” in the journal Sustainability illustrate the role of urban environments as pressures on biodiversity, and envision pathways towards developing more biodiverse urban environments that are accepted and supported by people. Contributions reveal promising opportunities for conserving biodiversity within many urban landscapes. The insights from this Special Issue can support urban conservation policies and their implementation in the development of sustainable cities.
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SCHMITZ, MARÍA F., CECILIA ARNAIZ-SCHMITZ, CRISTINA HERRERO-JÁUREGUI, PABLO DÍAZ, DANIELA G. G. MATOS i FRANCISCO D. PINEDA. "People and nature in the Fuerteventura Biosphere Reserve (Canary Islands): socio-ecological relationships under climate change". Environmental Conservation 45, nr 1 (22.03.2017): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000169.
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SUMMARYThis paper analyses the interdependence between environment and society in terms of socio-ecological webs, in which human and biophysical systems are linked. A quantitative model, based on canonical correlation analysis applied in Fuerteventura Island (Canary Archipelago), detected indicators of human–landscape relationships and predicted potential shifts based on simulated environmental changes. In the last few decades, the landscape of Fuerteventura Island has changed: natural components and cultural agrarian uses have decreased, while the population has increased due to immigration, mainly from mainland Spain and other European countries. The island shows a transition from a coupled local socio-ecosystem to one based on the interaction between environment and coastal tourism that decouples native inhabitants from the landscape and traditional land-use practices. As vulnerability and adaptation to climate change represent critical sets of potential interactions in Canary Islands, a model and a map of the socio-ecological system under four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios show rural decoupling through ‘deagrarianization’ and ‘deruralization’, as well as stronger links to the tourism system.
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Cuca, B. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES TO MONITORING STRATEGIES OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND SITES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (18.08.2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-135-2017.
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Coupling of Climate change effects with management and protection of cultural and natural heritage has been brought to the attention of policy makers since several years. On the worldwide level, UNESCO has identified several phenomena as the major geo-hazards possibly induced by climate change and their possible hazardous impact to natural and cultural heritage: Hurricane, storms; Sea-level rise; Erosion; Flooding; Rainfall increase; Drought; Desertification and Rise in temperature. The same document further referrers to satellite Remote Sensing (EO) as one of the valuable tools, useful for development of “professional monitoring strategies”. More recently, other studies have highlighted on the impact of climate change effects on tourism, an economic sector related to build environment and traditionally linked to heritage. The results suggest that, in case of emergency the concrete threat could be given by the hazardous event itself; in case of ordinary administration, however, the threat seems to be a “hazardous attitude” towards cultural assets that could lead to inadequate maintenance and thus to a risk of an improper management of cultural heritage sites. This paper aims to illustrate potential benefits that advancements of Earth Observation technologies can bring to the domain of monitoring landscape heritage and to the management strategies, including practices of preventive maintenance. The attempt here is to raise awareness on the importance of integrating satellite remote sensing imagery and the deriving products with other geospatial information (even geo-referenced historic maps) for a more complete insight on the environmental dynamics of landscapes.
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Griber, Yu А. "Man and color: the coloristics of the cultural landscape". Čelovek 35, nr 6 (14.12.2024): 108–23. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0236200724060078.
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The article presents an overview of modern theories and methodological approaches that expand the usual research practice of studying the colorism of cultural landscapes, offering special tools capable of recording how people actually see color in a cultural landscape, what they feel, how they remember and use it. Cultural landscapes, among which modern man spends most of his life, combine natural and anthropogenic layers, representing a special system of cultural matrices and codes directly linked to a particular territory. Regardless of type, size and structure, each cultural landscape has a characteristic color. The study offers an analysis of a number of ideas important for comprehending (1) the spatial imagery of cultural landscape colorism, (2) the mechanisms of perception and (3) the construction of its constituent color images. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the multimodal nature of the color image, its mobility and holism of perception. The methodological significance of geographical determinism theories for understanding the mechanism of colorism formation in the cultural landscape is discussed. The analysis presented in the article allows us to better understand the nature, highlight the key features of cultural landscape colorism and determine its significance for human beings. The shift of emphasis from the study of the relationship between color and objects to the relationship between color and man sets a special vector of research: not “from above”, but “from within”, “at close range”, from the position of an observer immersed in the color environment. Such a change in optics, along with theoretical aspects, is important for applied projection into various target spheres of the cultural landscape. In particular, for the formation of color environment corresponding to the expectations and demands of various social groups of modern society.
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Joranger, Terje Mikael Hasle. "Creating a Sense of Place: Norwegian Ethnicization in the Pacific Northwest, 1870–1960". Norwegian-American Studies 42, nr 1 (2024): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nor.2024.a943157.
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Abstract: The article discusses the symbols and myths in a process of translocal transplantation and spatial orientation in Poulsbo and Puget Island, Washington, from the late nineteenth century until 1960. Formerly inhabited by Indigenous nations, Norwegian immigrants migrating from the Upper Midwest and Norway formed settlements in these places in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Observers in the twentieth century linked the cultural development of the two settlement areas to double landscapes: namely, the character-building of the population in the rugged landscape in sending regions in Norway and the hardships that their descendants encountered in the communities in America.
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Xie, Dan, Meng Wang i Weiya Zhang. "Cultural landscape resilience evaluation of Great Wall Villages: A case study of three villages in Chicheng County". PLOS ONE 19, nr 4 (18.04.2024): e0298953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298953.
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The Great Wall Villages (GWVs) are linked to the Great Wall in history, culture, and ecology. The cultural landscape resilience of Great Wall Villages (CLRGWVs) is distinctly significant. However, it is influenced by urbanization, pollution, and a lack of awareness of cultural landscape protection. Therefore, conservation and development practices still lack scientific strategies and guidance. This study proposes a new assessment system to quantify CLRGWVs, an analysis of the main influencing factors of resilience, and optimization paths to maintain sustainable development. Based on the socio-ecological system, this research designed the assessment with three criteria, eleven factors, and thirty-three indexes from the perspective of CLRGWVs. Furthermore, a demonstration test was constructed in Ningyuanbao Village, Dushikou Village, and Longmensuo Village in Chicheng County, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that there is some disparity between the three GWVs, with the resilience score of Dushikou Village being the highest in terms of resistance and learning. In contrast, Ningyuanbao Village’s resilience score is the lowest since resistance, recovery, and learning capacity are lower than in Dushikou and Longmensuo. Some influencing factors were found to be highly related to adaptive capacity. Lastly, some low-resilience aspects were identified as critical improvement targets for which corresponding optimization strategies should be proposed. This could be applied to streamline resilience optimization paths according to local conditions. This paper provides new ideas and directions for dealing with the sustainable development of villages and the conservation of cultural landscapes. It will also help villages deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the conservation of cultural landscapes.
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Sun, Ying, i Quanfeng Ou. "Research on the traditional zoning, evolution, and integrated conservation of village cultural landscapes based on “production-living-ecology spaces” – A case study of villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China". Open Geosciences 13, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0279.
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Abstract Using traditional remains and the evolution of cultural landscapes as bases for overall protection and “production-living-ecology spaces” (PLE spaces) as carriers, we have established a regional and holistic research path, “evaluation – zoning – zone evolution – integrated conservation,” to cultural landscape protection. The traditional cultural landscape of more than 97% of all administrative villages in Meicheng was evaluated, and the overall Hakka cultural landscape was divided into three zones of low, medium, and high traditional values. The study found that the different impacts of urbanization on geographical space were leading contributors to the generation of different spatial zones. To accommodate the evolving trends of the zones, three conservation modes and their corresponding protection strategies have been proposed: construction with traditional elements; parallel conservation and development; and authenticity preservation. Meanwhile, the regional artery-tributary pattern has been constructed to foster interconnection across hubs, artery-tributary systems, and different zones. Cultural tourism routes should be established, and regional courier roads and greenways should be linked, to ensure the alignment of traditional landscape networks with modern Hakka cultural landscape networks, featuring traditional elements to facilitate integrated regional conservation of the Hakka cultural landscape.