Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Cuir – Industrie et commerce – Environnement”
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Rabodon, Ghislain. "Développement de nouveaux agents de tannage durables". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR32.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe manufacturing process used to obtain leather from skin is called tanning. It acts by chemical stabilization of collagen, which transforms the skin into a stable and durable material. Currently, more than 90% of the production of leather worldwide is carried out with chromium sulfate. Therefore, tanning effluents produce significant quantities of this metal salt, which must be treated by expensive processes. The purpose of this project is to offer a sustainable alternative to chromium for tanning. To this end, organic compounds have been synthesized and their ability to stabilize collagen has been evaluated by different methods. Small-scale tests were carried out on collagen and its stabilization by these organic compounds was evaluated by DSC. The organic compounds selected after these tests were then tested on hides
Rabodon, Ghislain. "Développement de nouveaux agents de tannage durables". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR32.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe manufacturing process used to obtain leather from skin is called tanning. It acts by chemical stabilization of collagen, which transforms the skin into a stable and durable material. Currently, more than 90% of the production of leather worldwide is carried out with chromium sulfate. Therefore, tanning effluents produce significant quantities of this metal salt, which must be treated by expensive processes. The purpose of this project is to offer a sustainable alternative to chromium for tanning. To this end, organic compounds have been synthesized and their ability to stabilize collagen has been evaluated by different methods. Small-scale tests were carried out on collagen and its stabilization by these organic compounds was evaluated by DSC. The organic compounds selected after these tests were then tested on hides
Cuq, Marie-Hélène. "Le procedé Cr. A. B. : nouvelle approche écologique du passage de la peau au cuir par l'étude des intéractions chrome/collagène/colorants/lipides". Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT020A.
Pełny tekst źródłaHeim, Stéphane. "La coopération dans un environnement concurrentiel : une comparaison France-Japon". Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA1058.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis analyzes the recent evolutions and roots of cooperation in the automotive sector, the discourses that support these changes and the actors’ practices of activities coordination in automotive supply chains. Since the mid-1980s, several studies converge towards an interpretation of these relationships in terms of industrial partnership, with roots to be found and inherited from Japan. However, a study of interactions at different levels of supply chains on two territories of the global automotive sector, the Great East in France and Germany and the Tokai Region in Japan, shows a remaining and strong tension between cooperation and competition. While it is undeniable that some former suppliers tended to the relational model with their clients because of the complexity of their activities, other suppliers are still struggling with choices between interdependence and autonomy. Cooperation with their clients, suppliers, and competitors appears to be a complex mechanism in which it is important to simultaneously maintain its individual position in a market of organizations and to contribute to the collective effort towards this market reproduction. This thesis puts forward the idea that, beyond the logics and choices between authority, price and trust, one may find the dynamics of participation, often forced, in this mechanism
Le, Bot Florent. "La réaction industrielle : mouvements anti-trusts et spoliations antisémites dans la branche du cuir en France, 1930-1950". Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082460.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe 1930-1950 period, in a time of political and economical crisis, tallies, in the leather branch, with a cycle of industrial reaction induced by a concentration and a technological change process. This cycle can be divided into three periods : from 1930 to 1939, the professional federations, speaking for medium sized enterprises mostly grouped in industrial districts, were able to obtain protectionist and Malthusian measures while expressing at the same time views based on corporatism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism ; from 1939 to 1944, they associated themselves with the anti-Semitic despoilment, considered as legitimate in order to reverse the process ; from 1945 to 1950, they tried without success, to obtain the perpetuation of corporatism and to restore the pre-war Malthusian measures. Nevertheless, they could not block the renewal of a phenomenon marked by the passage from a supply-side economics to a demand-side economics
Arnaud, Martine. "Fiscalité et promotion des exportations de biens manufacturés : théorie et application au secteur du cuir au Bangladesh, en Inde et au Pakistan". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF10143.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlandières, Anne. "Qualité et environnement : innovation de produit et dynamique organisationnelle dans l'alimentaire". Toulouse 1, 2005. http://publications.univ-tlse1.fr/698/.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrowing environmental preoccupations and a rapid evolution in food consumption tendancies have led us to analyse the strict interdependance between farming and food production with regards to the natural environment. Environmentaly friendly food products are the result of modifications in production practices, that we consider to be a technological change within the farm, and thus add a social fonction to the food function, making these products highly specific. The major stake in developing these products will be to suceed in showing their economic and commercial value. From varius examples of organic or integrated products, we have made an attempt to list the quality conditions requiered for these products. These conditions are established through coordination between agents and quality agreements based on trust. But new technological changes in environmentally friendly farming practices are going to make production structures evolve because they necessitate individual and collective learning. This evolution can lead to new forms of business organizations in order to maintain the specificity of theses products to the end consumer. Observing varius examples allow us to suggest some ways to develop these products
Brossault, Henri. "Arts et métiers en Franche-Comté aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles : le cuir". Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010717.
Pełny tekst źródłaEl, Alami Marouan. "Les effets de l'ouverture de l'économie marocaine sur la compétitivité des entreprises : cas du secteur textile habillement et cuir". Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32058.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this research is to contribute to the estimation of the relative weight of the opening of the Moroccan economy weighing on the competitiveness of Textile Clothing and Leather firms. The empirical study was conducted in two phases: In a first step, companies forming our sample were classified according to their activity. In a second step, the impact of the opening of the Moroccan economy on the part of Morocco in supplies Textile Clothing and Leather European Union was apprehended by means of an econometric approach that mobilizes the panel data from a model that was originally used by Goldstein and Khan (1985). The estimate of changes in the competitive environment in both categories preformed corroborated the assumption that the resistances of Moroccan companies following the program’s policy upgrade. In reality, the situation is far from simple in Textile Clothing and Leather firms. First, the results of regressions were used to highlight the weight of globalization of the economy (the dismantling of the multi-fiber agreement, FTA: fiber trade agreement). Then it turned out that companies forced by intense competition react through various strategies for developing exports (creativity, responsiveness, valuing the bid, market diversification, building a commercial network International…), under the policy of upgrading. In general, the study reveals completeness of the impact of constraints on the opening of the Moroccan economy on the firms’ competitiveness
Buridant, Jérôme. "Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle". Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040173.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlavier, Yves. "La société linière et son environnement industriel (1845-1891) : une entreprise de Landerneau". Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES0001.
Pełny tekst źródłaDelpal, Franck. "Analyse des pratiques d'intégration verticale par les entreprises du luxe en France et en Italie. Illustration dans le secteur textile-habillement-cuir". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED018.
Pełny tekst źródłaUnlike the outsourcing trend stated during the last decades in the textile-apparel-leather sector, luxury-fashion firms show in increasing degree of vertical integration. This thesis’ aim is to reveal the objectives and effects of this strategic move using the concepts and methods of industrial economics.The specific behavior of the luxury industry lead us to choose a microeconomic approach, based on quantitative and qualitative data gather on 21 luxury companies, and empirical statistical tests carried out on 18 firms.Results show that the main justification for a greater level of integration is the search for efficiency and rent-seeking strategies. This strategy led to higher barriers to entry on the luxury market and increased performances for installed firms
Derrien, Dominique. "L'industrie et le commerce maritime du cuir en Bretagne au XVIIIe et dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle (v. 1700-v. 1830) : l'intégration d'une industrie et de ses acteurs dans l'espace économique français". Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20006.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeather manufacturing appears as an old industry, mainly established in peripheral regions of France, along borders and seashores, as in the case of Brittany where it particulary expanded during the modern era. Nets as well as local and international links prove that tanneries belonged to the proto-industrial structures, although integrating various resources at the same time. Breton made leathers were sent all round the Atlantic ocean. They were then most of the time sold in Bilbao, Lisbon and as far as Portuguese colonies. Manufacturers and merchants made big fortunes through this activity. They stayed wealthy until the end of the "Ancien Régime" (1789), taking advantage of royal privileges which helped their products compete on the international markets. Though, while this industry was more and more attracted by sea trade, French monarchy gradually increased national norms and control proceedings, allowing for instance a few manufactures in Brittany to raise State subsidy. Not only did these experiences fail, but also tanneries were deeply affected when France was isolated by British maritime blockade throughout the Revolution and the Empire. If one could think that trade would take up again after the "Restauration" (1815), the manufactures never regained prosperity but started to decline, although they often survived as a significant part of Breton industrial landscape
Slaouti, Abdenour. "Élargissement de la dimension géographique d'un secteur et approche des alternatives stratégiques dans un environnement global : le cas des industries de l'électroménager en Europe". Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10019.
Pełny tekst źródłaBascourret, Jean-Marc. "L'intégration de la protection de l'environnement dans la gestion de l'entreprise : analyses et répercussions stratégiques : étude sur le secteur des fabricants de peintures et vernis en France". Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN11011.
Pełny tekst źródłaIntegration of environment preservation in firm management is enrolled in a double analytical view : either by the "external" way, that is to by learning on environmental rules setting, or by the "internal" way, integrating ecological requirement in its strategic reflexion. Our research deals with strategic repercussions of these two ways for the firm. "External" integration, built on taxation-subvention mechanisms (which come from internalization of environment externalities) and on overstepping procedures of simple reglementary conformity, is managed by public authorities for a specific aim : to orient firm management toward more environmental integration. Then, we lay down this problem : may be, the firm does a specific strategic reading about environmental rules. "Internal" integration is done at the stratégic reflexion level of the firm. It lays on environmental information system and more or less planned strategic reflexion process. The aim of these tools is to allow the development of ecologic behavior in firm. To this point, we found necessary to ask what is reality, and how firm reacts towards available tools. To answer these question, an empirical ananlysis was realiezd : a study on 65 french paint and varnish manufacturers and three post-test lead to two conclusions. First, in a "external"integration way, firms do have an indirect strategic reading of environmental rules. Second, in an "internal" integration way, strategic reflexion does not lean on planned systems, but however, they are not rejected. Firms retain reactive and preactive behaviors, wich are strategic orientations they want to find in reflexion processes
Gyuran-Humbert, Nathalie. "Mise au point de méthodes pour l'analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des matrices liquides ou solides en provenance de la filière cuir". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10056.
Pełny tekst źródłaTeulère-Maynat, Laurence. "Le coût externe lié à la production et à la consommation d'électricité". Bordeaux 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR40033.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuimeneuf, Emmanuelle. "Innovation technologique et réglementation environnementale : le cas de l'industrie automobile". Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090036.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the greening of business perceptive, we have investigated the way a competitive advantage would stem from the technological innovation-environmental regulation relationship. First, environmental regulation is considered as a spur to technological innovation. Regulation may, thus, induce a change in the technological trajectory of the firm, leading to a bunch of innovations. Actually, the European vehicle emission standards did compel the adoption of the electronic injection device and the catalytic converter. This theoretical stance does not provide a relevant analytical framework to describe the lobbying behavior of carmakers, though. Consequently, environmental regulation should be perceived as a selection criterion of technological innovation. In this perspective, the evolutionist model is enriched by the dynamic capacity’s analysis, which provides a convenient microeconomic foundation through a strategic behavior. The existence of integrative and traductive dynamic capacities of environmental regulation is, then, stated. These competencies allow the firm to cope with regulation variations and provide the basis of a competitive advantage
Grousseau, Johnny Johan. "De la libre commercialisation des eaux-de-vie face à l'essor du droit national et communautaire de l'environnement". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05D005.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn france and in the ec, the rise of regulations more and more demanding for environment, have a direct effect on the trade of distilled spirits, because of the importance taken by packging in this industry. In front of such a challenge, we will study the reaction of the profession, and in particular its choices in setting up an organisation meant to deal with its packaging waste. At the same time, while expecting a solid european consensus on the matter of packaging waste, several member states have alrendy adopted their awn regulations, some of which question the very use of packaging compoments, traditionnal for the packaging of distilled spirits. Although several measures are trully justified by environnment purposes, others hide in fact a certain form of protectionism. Therefore it becomes necessary to find the border-line between such essential requirements, as protection of the environment on one hand and free trade on the other. "normalisation" of the technical specification and the development of a management system of the legal constraints are possible means to which we will give some consideration, provided however the access to information on environment is effective. Then, the evolution of the principles of liability of the legal entities, the introduction of the principal "who pollutes pays" and the rise of objective liability are so many other reasons to entice the operators to manage their obligations towards environment
Pirard, Romain. "Les paradoxes apparents de l'expansion papetière en Indonésie : une exploration des liens finance-gouvernance-environnement pour l'analyse d'un secteur en terme de durabilité". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0027.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe rapid expansion of the Pulp & Paper industry in Indonesia has generated large overcapacities because fiber supplies were based mainly on the conversion of tropical forests. Using financial theory about financial expropriation and debt entrenchment in East Asia, we show that the ultimate owners of the groups have been able to capture most of the rents owing to a divergence between their control rights and their ownership rights. Their profits were done in the short term, but their costs were postponed owing to a capital structure based on debts. Politics and public gouvernance have also played an important role in favor of the interests of the ultimate owners, and all the apperances seem to suggest that the expansion followed a model of political economy. Recent efforts to develop large-scale fast-growing plantations have poor impacts on the sustainable developement of the rural areas, because of environmental irreversibilities and a loss of flexibility for the rural poor. However, economic irreversibilities lower the probability that the current trend be voluntarily modified
Bleuze, Laurent. "Rouissage au sol du chanvre industriel (Cannabis sativa L.) : dynamique sous environnement contrôlé et modélisation Tracking the dynamics of hemp dew retting under controlled environmental conditions". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS022.
Pełny tekst źródłaDew retting is a process that, through selective microbial degradation of the outer tissues of the stems, leads to partial dissociation of extraxylemic cellulosic fibres, facilitating their subsequent mechanical extraction. It is under the control of biotic and abiotic factors whose effects are still poorly understood. The objective of the doctoral work was to quantify and model the influence of these factors on retting for industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).The development of an innovative experimental system has made it possible to carry out retting on soil in a controlled environment (humidity, temperature and lightning). The retting dynamics was characterized by measurements of the physicochemical parameters of the mulch (color, mass, chemical composition, stem tissue architecture) and biological parameters (enzymatic activities). The harvesting time of hemp (at the flowering stage or at the seed maturity stage) modified the chemical characteristics of the stems and their retting dynamics by reducing by about 14 days (at 15°C) the retting duration for the stems harvested at flowering. The dynamic of microbial colonization has been highlighted at the stem level, but also vertically within the mulch. The results allowed the development of a numerical retting model simulating the biological degradation of external tissues (BioRETTING) and the evolution of mulch properties during retting (MulchRETTING). Colorimetric and infrared spectroscopy (ATR) analyses are promising for the development of dew retting monitoring indicators
Bakalli, Marlen. "Gouvernance des organisations et institutions : la prise en compte du contexte culturel et des traditions pour une gouvernance des entreprises de la filière cuir en Ethiopie". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA0001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile a majority of the work focuses on the control mechanisms and the ethics around management practices, few empirical studies focus on the emergence, effectiveness or appropriateness of these mechanisms in the context in which they apply. We conducted our study on the specific case of the leather sector in Ethiopia to understand how governance mechanisms are born and what their influence on business performance is. The thesis objective is thus the identification and analysis of governance mechanisms in a specific territory by focusing on employees. If employees are an integral part of the business, their inclusion in the governance mechanisms should influence the company's performance. This raises the issue on how to qualify performance, the terms of employees’ consideration, the evaluation of its effects and their inclusion in a cultural context conceived in its historical depth
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Audisio-Poulin, Ghislaine. "Les négociants à Grasse dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle : "des parcours de vie" : thèse". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE2006.
Pełny tekst źródłaDjembi-Koumba, Siméon. "Gestion de l'environnement, des risques et problèmes d'aménagement urbains de Port-Gentil au Gabon". Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30097.
Pełny tekst źródłaPort Gentil is an industrial and harbour town relatively young. After having been the principal way of penetration of the interior of the country during the fifteenth century, Mandji remained a long time the stronghold of wood before becoming the economic capital of Gabon thanks to and especially oil which covers more 70% of the receipt of Gabon. This industrialization involved flows of populations to meet the industrial requirements in labour. Thus, Port-Gentil ast since the years 1950, the second most populated city country, in spire of the natural conditions unfavorable to the installation of the men. The city thus developed of its site initial towards the marshy west and whose altitude of the grounds is very in lower part of the sea level. Blow, the populations are victims of the floods. In addition, the installation of industries along bay of the Cape-Lopez and especially the infrastructures oil (pipelines and gas pipelines) became spaces at the risks. Because, the current urban development largely crossed these limits. Beyond the fact that Port-Gentil always does not receive on behalf of the State the rebate which it deserves, the city is today confronted with the problems of floods, anarchistic urbanization, an insufficiency maintenance of the network cleansing, of pollution industrial, and especially of a coastal erosion. All these risks are responsible for morphodynamic urban, harm pubic health and obstruct extension continues urban fabric. The stablishment of the men and the management of environment of Port-Gentil thus imply the control of these instabilities. That implies an application of the plan; installation and cleansing, the protection of the emissary of urban drainage and, the rigorous management of waste
Rey, Aurélien. "Mise au point de méthodes pour l’analyse de substances critiques issues des rejets industriels et de la fabrication des produits de la filière cuir". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10015/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTaking in account the increasing needs and demands in environmental and consumer protection, CTCis always seeking improvement in analytical methods and development of new ones dealing with leather,fabrics and aqueous samples. In this thesis, several new methods were developed to be able to handleanalytical requests dealing with leather and textile materials being parts of shoes, clothes and other leathergoods.A GC/MS method using chemical ionization was developed to detect short polychlorinated alkanes down to aconcentration of 0.6 μg/L in aqueous sample and 2 mg/kg in leather samples. Alkylphenols and theirethoxylates were similarly determined by GC/MS down to 0.05 μg/L.Flame retardants are another large class of chemicals becoming suspicious. Polybromodiphenylethers weredetermined in aqueous samples and leathers. The respective GC/MS highest limits of quantification (LOQ)were0.05 µg/l and 80 μg/kg. Other members of this class are hexabromocyclododecane andorganophosphates. Both were determined by LC/MS-MS with LOQ of about 6 mg/kg.Carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also determined in leather samples using GC/MS-MS down to250 μg/kg.The last improved GC/MS analytical method was handling sewage sludge seeking multi residues of organicpolluants down to the 0.1 µg/l level or below. The analytical performances developed or improved allowedfor an efficient and useful control of the various sample received from the CTC customers and followinginternational quality rules
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Juteau-Martineau, Guilhem. "Quand les instruments de participation reconduisent l'incapacité politique : le cas de la régulation sociale et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Équateur". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/7252.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we study the social (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) and environmental regulation of oil activities in the Ecuadorian Amazon, through two case studies: the parishes of Pacayacu and Dayuma, where oil exploitation begins in the mid-1970s. From the 1990s, a series of publications (Little, 1992, UPPSAE, 1992, Kimerling, 1993, CESR, 1994, San Sebastian, 2000) links petroleum activities to different environmental, health and socio-cultural impacts. Their mediatization forces the state and oil companies to adopt a series of social and environmental standards. Recently, a series of instruments of institutionalized political participation claim to integrate local populations in the environmental regulation of oil activities. In this thesis, we study the implementation of these norms and their effects on the capacities of populations located in the area of influence of oil activities to collectively reduce their overall vulnerability (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). The historical evolution of the structural vulnerability of populations, particularly economic and social, leads to the diversion of environmental standards from their primary objective (right to a healthy environment): on the one hand, people accept pollution in exchange for punctual economic and social favors granted by the companies; on the other hand companies agree to run off a portion of the oil profits to ensure social peace. We show that under the guise of reform, the new instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) fulfill a function of "socialwashing", staging the social acceptance of oil activities by the populations with the aim of producing an image effect (social participation) in the service of promoting the expansion of the oil border in new territories
Beaudoin, Jean-François. "Contrôle actif d'écoulement en aérodynamique automobile". Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1284.
Pełny tekst źródłaSimba, Ngabi Marcellin. "Proposition d'une méthode de maîtrise des risques industriels pour le respect de l'hygiène, de la santé, de la sécurité et de l'environnement dans le secteur pétrolier". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001941.
Pełny tekst źródłaOllendorf, Franziska. "The transformative potential of corporate social responsibility in the global cocoa-chocolate chain : Insights from sustainability certification practices in Ghana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20078.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study engages with the implications of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in their supply chains. Taking the case of an UTZ cocoa sustainability certification project in Ghana, the study examines the implementation process of a transnational CSR intervention and its local outcomes. The Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain (GCCC) is a particular interesting case for this study because the GCCC is facing complex sustainability challenges, most notably the extreme poverty of millions of cocoa farmers and environmental degradation in production areas, and therefore, CSR projects became widespread over the past decades. The study explores how CSR strategies affect sustainability conditions in a supply chain and who is finally benefitting from it. Thereby, it puts a particular emphasis on changes in the organization of the local level Ghana’s cocoa sector linked to CSR and in farmers perspectives. The study reveals that CSR rather helps TNCs to increase their influence over local cocoa production instead of overcoming key sustainability challenges in the GCCC
Belleaubre, Micaël. "Contrôle, surveillance et promotion des eaux-de-vie Quel rôle pour l’État ? Angoumois, Aunis, Saintonge et sud Poitou (1709-1870)". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROF001.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the 18th century, the production of brandy was the main economic activity in a limited area whose reference market became Cognac. Many trades were involved in the production of these products before and after the still. Taxes were soon applied to these drinks. The State thus found new resources, especially as the whole society was concerned, despite the existence of privileges. In order to facilitate trade, the regulations sought to harmonize measures and containers. Controls were carried out to detect fraud. During the 19th century, the presence of the state at local and national level was confirmed in three main ways. Firstly, through the protection of entrepreneurs and private property, which led to the consideration of environmental and public health issues. Secondly, in the context of great creativity, innovation and transformation of distilling material, by the preservation of the rights of inventors through the filing of patent applications which gives the possibility to denounce counterfeiting. Ultimately, the authorities are developing procedures to protect trademarks. Prefectural decrees supplement the legal arsenal that is being deployed. Nevertheless, challenges and other practices limit the reality of the exercise of power
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Garrab, Mehdi. "L'apport des ressources, capacités et capacités dynamiques à la performance". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020075.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis we have tried to explain business performance based on the resource-based View (RBV) and the Dynamic capabilities View (DCV), two approaches within the resource-based theory (RBT)that benefits from being integrated. To address the problem, we have developed two main stream of research: "The detention of resources / capabilities and performance" and "The management of resources / capabilities and performance." The first conceptual model presented the relations linking the various operational capabilities to performance. The global conceptual model has focused the relation “Ordinary capabilities – Environment – Diversification strategy- Dynamic capabilities –Performance”. Our epistemological position in this research wished to be positivist. At the methodological level we opted for a hypothetical-deductive approach with a quantitative approach based on secondary data collected from the French database DIANE and INSEE statistics, and to evaluate capabilities we used the DEA method. The first empirical study that aims on “ordinary capabilities – performance” link, is based on four industries samples representing the French manufacturing industry: the pharmaceutical industry, the automotive industry, the chemical industry and the clothing industry. The second study tested the empirical model linking ordinary capabilities,dynamic capabilities, environment and diversification, based on a multisectorial sample comprising the four sectors. The results revealed first the importance of financial capability for all sectors, second the moderating role of the environment and the diversification and thirdly the magnitudes of dynamic learning (absorption) and adaptive capabilities in explaining performance. These results could serve managerial decisions and public policy
Iosif, Ana-Maria. "Modélisation physico-chimique de la filière classique de production d'acier pour l'analyse de l'Inventaire du Cycle de Vie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL074N.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work was devoted to a new methodological framework, which combines the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method and the process simulation software (Aspen Plus), in order to improve the quality of data used for carrying out the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of the classical steelmaking route. The new approach adopted in the present work, is to carry out the inventory of the defined system via simplified physical-chemical models. Using Aspen Plus software, we have developed simplified physical-chemical models for each of the subsystem defined by the boundaries of the classical steelmaking route: coking plant, sintering plant, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace and hot rolling. The modelling strategy was based on physical and chemical considerations and on the experimental observations made on an industrial and/or a pilot scale for each subsystem.The models allow for calculation of the principal pollutants evolved by the system such as CO2, CO, NO, SO2, COV, HCl, H2S, dust, heavy metals and solid waste. The models validation was made by comparing the calculated results with experimental data given by the industrial sites. Furthermore, the maturity of the models was tested through simulations using data coming from the "benchmark" data base defined in the frame of ULCOS project (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking).Through the models simulation, it was proved that this methodological framework assures the total control of mass and heat balances of the system which is difficult to achieve when using only data from industry and/or literature. However, the fact that the emissions calculated within the models are based on physical-chemical considerations gives a strong credibility to the life cycle inventory
Labarthe, Sunniva. "La légende dispersée de l’affaire Chevron en Équateur : le pari manqué de la transnationalisation des droits de l’homme et de l’environnement (1993-2020)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0148.
Pełny tekst źródłaEcuador seems to have emerged as the big loser from the transnational lawsuit generallybaptized "the Chevron case." Fueled by a variety of private actors since 1993, this historic lawsuitfavored Chevron in international arbitration tribunals even though operations by the American oilcompany, originally Texaco, contaminated the Ecuadorian Amazon. This legal case is unique interms of its duration and the magnitude of its economic, financial and political stakes ; it is alsounique for its procedural complexity given the transnational character of the case, the density of itswritten documentation, and the infinite twists and turns involving a large number of protagonists. Theemblematic re-victimization of the small Latin American country by international courts of tradearbitration calls for a socio-historical approach of the judicial process, combining studies on theinternational defense of human rights and nature, the evolution of Ecuadorian political life and thedevelopment of the international market for legal services. This legal case that set a negativeprecedent for all parties brought North-American litigation to the forefront of Ecuadorian socialmovements, calling into question the perspectives of a judicialization of great natural disasters thatare related extractivista forms of development in Latin America.Focusing on the Chevron Case in the Ecuadorian context since 2013, this thesis analyzes therelationship of transnational actors, in this case lawyers, to social organizations and the Ecuadorianstate as they represent the interests of victims of oil contamination. This analysis suggests that theevolution of this transnational judicial process should be understood in the logic of the NorthAmerican "activist lawyers", including pioneering entrepreneurs from both the poker industry andlitigation finance, even if the case has accompanied dynamics indigenous and environmental socialmovements that have engaged with it in a vriety of ways. Conceived on the basis of legal principlesand tools drawn from U.S. law, this recourse to justice was conceived, nurtured and defended by itsinventors as a form of profit-making activism : a business model for the defense of human rights and 10the environment. To circumvent the problem of the co-responsibility of the Ecuadorian State at theprocedural level, and then to obtain the political favor of the government and even its intervention inthe trial in order to obtain an extraordinary economic reward : this was their strategy, based on amercantile, financialized and speculative conception of law.The industrial exploitation of nature and indigenous peoples in Latin America has evolved fromTexaco’s black gold rush in the Amazon of the 1960s to the extra-activism of internationalspeculation in the decade 2000-2010 on the vein of the multi-billion-dollar sentence of theEcuadorian courts against Chevron. The "progressive neoliberalism" of the self-proclaimed legaldefenders of the Ecuadorian victims in the Chevron case was for a time able to mobilize resourcesfrom the "left-wing populism" of Rafael Correa Delgado's Citizen Revolution (2007-2017). From thepoint of view of this research, it is this common bet that failed against one of the bridgeheads of theoil industry, both in the field of law and business
Soobadar, Aneeza. "Impacts agronomiques et environnementaux de l'épandage de vinasse et de cendre de charbon/bagasse sur les terres agricoles de l'Île Maurice". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464233.
Pełny tekst źródłaNafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Milor, Alice. "Construire l’automobile, conduire l’Europe. Industriels, consommateurs et responsables politiques (1972-1998)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUL100.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThrough the making of a European policy for the automotive industry, the future of this sector and that of European governance in a context of increased globalization were at stake. At the crossroads of business history and the history of European integration, the objective was to analyze the intertwined trajectories of the automobile industry and the European project at a time when competition from Japanese manufacturers had intensified. The Europeanisation of automobile policies since the 1970s has not only influenced the future of this sector, but has also had an impact on the European project, contributing to the emergence of a form of neoliberalism. High-ranking European officials have used the automobile to forge the Europe they wanted, while manufacturers have sought a Europe that best served their economic interests. In this way, the various stakeholders have tried to shape a form of European automotive identity with variable geometry, which is difficult to capture. This raises the question of European governance, i.e. the way in which the stakeholders – Member States, European decision-makers, industrialists, association activists and civil society – have defended their interests at Community level, between confrontation and co-construction. The battles waged by lobbies and the Commission's secret negotiations, which have led to soft-law agreements with no legal basis, raise the delicate question of the EU's democratic deficit at a time when Euroscepticism is on the rise and the car is increasingly perceived as a product that damages the environment
Baya-Laffite, Nicolas. "Gouverner par la promesse du développement durable : évaluation d'impact environnemental et meilleures techniques disponibles dans le conflit des usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0078.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhat does it imply to govern through the concept of sustainable development the sitting of polluting industries in developing countries? To answer this question, the thesis traces, in an STS approach, a history of the govemment of the globalization of the paper industry since the 1980s. The inquiry focuses on the instruments to achieve the promise of sustainable development, including environmental impact assessment and the best available techniques. Building on the narrative as a methodology adapted to the analysis of collective action, the thesis follows the trajectories of the controversies about manufacturing technologies of pulp and their impacts on the environment, from their origins in Europe and the United States to the banks of the River Uruguay. The case of pulp mills on the River Uruguay in the 2000s offers the opportunity to study the confiieting confluence of larger trajectories: the globalization of the paper industry, the forestry development in Uruguay, the conflict between Uruguay and Argentina around the good government of the River Uruguay and the approach of the International Court of Justice to the resolution of environmental disputes. Thus, starting from this récent case of a rare richness, the thesis offers an original analysis, focused on the structural constraints, of struggles that unfold in a large number of local, national, international and transnational arenas around controversial projects and in the light of that empty political signifier they seek substantiate : sustainable development
Abdourahman, Djama Idyle. "La sélection participative : un mode alternatif d'innovation environnementale en agriculture : trois essais en économie". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENE014.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis provides an economic analysis of an alternative mode of innovation in the seed sector : Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB). PPB is defined as the involvement of users in the plant breeding process and typically consists in the collaboration of farmers and scientists who become co-researchers. These programs aim at developing local varieties adapted to sustainable agriculture.In the seed sector, regulation plays a key role: a stringent market approval process limits the seeds on the market to pre-defined types of varieties. Marketing rules also influence the orientation of plant breeding and limit the exchanges of farmers’ seeds. In chapter 1, the economic rationale of the seed regulation, its limits and possible alternatives are analyzed. Chapter 2 consists of a case study on the farmers’ motivations for participating in PPB projects. This multifaceted question enables to study the economic, environmental and societal issues at stake. Farmers’ motives are indeed directly related to the history of seed research, the limits of the intensive agricultural model and its environmental impacts, the seed industry’s structure and the regulatory framework. Finally, a theoretical model represents the strategic interactions between commercial and farmers’ seeds. The impacts in terms of price, profit, market coverage, pollutions and social welfare are explored
Caurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD thesis addresses the issue of assessing the impacts of various climate policies on the French forest sector. It starts from the observation that, in France, most climate policies are based upon the stimulation of additional fuelwood consumption through bottom-up processes. Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of these fuelwood policies, we also analyze the impacts of two alternatives climate policies : a policy based upon carbon sequestration in forest and a policy to stimulate the forest sector through a top-down carbon tax policy. In order to test these policies, we develop a bio-economic model of the French sector called French forest sector model (FFSM). It contains two interconnected modules: the economic module represents the economy of the national forest sector in a partial equilibrium framework while the biological module represents the French forest resources dynamics. FFSM takes into account the consumption of 6 final products, the production of 3 primary products and represents tradesbetween the 22 French administrative regions and between France and the rest of the world. From FFSM, we assess the economic effectiveness of policies by interpreting policies costs and by measuring the impacts on the sector through economic variables. We also assess the environmental effectiveness by comparing their carbon balances and their impacts on the forest resource dynamics
Ibrahim, Mohamad. "Le contrat de service pétrolier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA020009.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe service contract, the latest generation of upstream petroleum contracts, appeared in the 70s during the revolution in petroleum countries on concession contracts. Since this period, its spread in the world as its evolution are continuous. Considered one of the most complex contracts, its entry into force is preceded by a pre-contractual period longer than that of a classic contract and followed by a contractual period which lasts several decades. The pre-contractual period is that of study, planning and negotiation procedures. It results in the conclusion of a contract that meets the expectations of the parties. It is during the contractual period that the effects of the contract appear on the parties but also on the environment. The rights and obligations arising from the contract must be executed in accordance with the texts; if necessary, arbitration is envisaged