Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cross-linked Polyesters

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cross-linked Polyesters”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cross-linked Polyesters"

Shao, Fen Juan, Qun Yang, Lan Ying Li i Da Nian Lu. "Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester by Enzyme-Catalyzed". Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (wrzesień 2013): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.67.

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Unsaturated polyester was prepared with adipic acid (AA), fumaric acid (FA), itaconic acid (IA) and 1, 6-hexanediol (HD) by enzyme-catalyzed polmerization. The insoluble gel fraction (Qs), as the cross-linking degree of cured unsaturated polyesters which could be self-cross-linked at high temperature through C=C in it, was got by Soxhlet Extraction. The properties were investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, DSC, XRD and so on. The results indicated that the C=C in unsaturated diacids reduced the acitvity of N435, which affected the polmerization. With the introduction of C=C of IA or FA, the Mn of polyester reduced. The C=C could self-cross-link under high temperature for lengthy time. The higher the temperature and the longer the time, the Qs increased. As the C=C of IA was in the side chain, it could move easily. Then Qs of poly (AA-co-IA-co-HD) was higher than ploy (AA-co-FA-co-HD). With the increased content of unsaturated diacid, Qs increased. And the biodegradation of cross-linked polyesters became worse.

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Mountaki, Stella Afroditi, Maria Kaliva, Konstantinos Loukelis, Maria Chatzinikolaidou i Maria Vamvakaki. "Responsive Polyesters with Alkene and Carboxylic Acid Side-Groups for Tissue Engineering Applications". Polymers 13, nr 10 (18.05.2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101636.

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Main chain polyesters have been extensively used in the biomedical field. Despite their many advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others, these materials are rather inert and lack specific functionalities which will endow them with additional biological and responsive properties. In this work, novel pH-responsive main chain polyesters have been prepared by a conventional condensation polymerization of a vinyl functionalized diol with a diacid chloride, followed by a photo-induced thiol-ene click reaction to attach functional carboxylic acid side-groups along the polymer chains. Two different mercaptocarboxylic acids were employed, allowing to vary the alkyl chain length of the polymer pendant groups. Moreover, the degree of modification, and as a result, the carboxylic acid content of the polymers, was easily tuned by varying the irradiation time during the click reaction. Both these parameters, were shown to strongly influence the responsive behavior of the polyesters, which presented adjustable pKα values and water solubilities. Finally, the difunctional polyesters bearing the alkene and carboxylic acid functionalities enabled the preparation of cross-linked polyester films by chemically linking the pendant vinyl bonds on the polymer side groups. The biocompatibility of the cross-linked polymers films was assessed in L929 fibroblast cultures and showed that the cell viability, proliferation, and attachment were greatly promoted on the polyester surface, bearing the shorter alkyl chain length side groups and the higher fraction of carboxylic acid functionalities.

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Sassmann, Pia B., i Oliver Weichold. "Synergistic effects in cross-linked blends of ion-conducting PEO-/PPO-based unsaturated polyesters". Ionics 27, nr 9 (8.07.2021): 3857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04149-z.

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AbstractIon-conductive unsaturated polyesters (UP) were synthesised from poly(ethylene oxide) (Xn = 9, 13, 22, 90) or poly(propylene oxide) (Xn = 7, 13, 20, 34, 68) and maleic anhydride. Subsequently, the polyesters were doped with LiClO4 and cross-linked with styrene using a redox initiator. For PEO-based polyesters, the minimum resistivity is found at an O/Li+ molar ratio of 50/1. In contrast, more lithium is required to reach the minimum when using PPO (O/Li+ = 10/1). Unlike the PEO-based polyesters, cross-linking of the PPO types gives rise to decreasing resistivities at increasing molecular weight. This correlates well with the transverse proton relaxation time determined by single-sided NMR, which is an indicator of the chain mobility. The cross-linking reaction of these UP with styrene exactly follows the predictions based on the copolymerisation parameters and is, therefore, not dependent on the ratio of styrene to UP double bonds as previously reported. Due to the opposing effects of the molecular weight on the ion conductivity of PEO- and PPO-based UP, 1:1 blends of short-chain PPO and long-chain PEO polyesters were cross-linked with styrene. The resulting networks showed a resistivity of 4 kΩ m (σ = 2.5∙10−4 S∙m−1), which is 5 times lower than the pure PEO and 3 times lower than the pure PPO materials.

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Dasgupta, Queeny, Kaushik Chatterjee i Giridhar Madras. "Controlled Release of Salicylic Acid from Biodegradable Cross-Linked Polyesters". Molecular Pharmaceutics 12, nr 9 (24.08.2015): 3479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00515.

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Șucu, Theona, i Michael P. Shaver. "Inherently degradable cross-linked polyesters and polycarbonates: resins to be cheerful". Polymer Chemistry 11, nr 40 (2020): 6397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01226b.

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We summarise the most recent advances in the synthesis and characterisation of degradable thermosetting polyester and polycarbonates, including partially degradable systems derived from itaconic acid and isosorbide.

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Acharya, Keyur Harihar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cross-Linked Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1911ecst.

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Due to high-performance property, many industries interested recently for production of waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs). In the present study first WPUDs were prepared by polyaddition reaction of hydroxy terminated unsaturated polyesters (HTUPEs) and isophorone diisocyanate (IDPI) in presence of dibutyl dilaurate (DBTL) as a catalyst. Cross-linking bridge were created between WPUD chains to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties by addition of ethylene diacrylate, hydroxy ethyl acrylate as end capped and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide cobalt naphthenate as a catalyst. All the resultant cross-linked WPUDs (designated as CWPUDs) were studied by thermal and mechanical properties.

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Şahin, Yeşim Müge, Gökhan Çaylı, Jesmi Çavuşoğlu, Emre Tekay i Sinan Şen. "Cross-Linkable Epoxidized Maleinated Castor Oil: A Renewable Resin Alternative to Unsaturated Polyesters". International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5781035.

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As an alternative resin to conventional synthetic unsaturated polyesters (UPEs), epoxidized maleinated castor oil (EMACO) was synthesized in two steps. For this purpose, castor oil was reacted with maleic anhydride at 70°C to obtain maleinated castor oil (MACO). Then, epoxidation of MACO was carried out by using a mixture of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide at 0–5°C. Then, the free carboxyl groups of the synthesized EMACO were further reacted with free epoxide groups of EMACO at 90°C. At the end of the reaction, an unsaturated polyester precursor-prepolymer was obtained (P-EMACO). FTIR and1H NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the monomers synthesized. The P-EMACO was then mixed with styrene and cross-linked in the presence of AIBN at 50°C. Thermal and mechanical properties of the final cross-linked product were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques. The degradation onset temperature of the material at which cross-linked X-EMACO loses 5% of its weight was found to be 209°C. Its dynamicTgand storage modulus at 25°C were determined as 72°C and 1.08 GPa, respectively. These results are higher than some of the different oil based polymers reported in the literature.

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Kong, Xin, Ze-Lin Qiu, Chun-Er Lin, You-Zhi Song, Bao-Ku Zhu, Li-Ping Zhu i Xiu-Zhen Wei. "High permselectivity hyperbranched polyester/polyamide ultrathin films with nanoscale heterogeneity". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, nr 17 (2017): 7876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00246g.

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Brzeska, Joanna. "Biodegradable Polyurethanes Cross-Linked by Multifunctional Compounds". Current Organic Synthesis 14, nr 6 (28.09.2017): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666161115155149.

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Background: Cross-linking structure of polyurethanes determines no degradability of these materials. However, introducing the hydrolysable substrates (of natural or synthetic origin) into the cross-linked polyurethanes structure makes them biodegradable. Moreover compounds (such as polycaprolactone triol, glycerin, lysine triisocyanate, etc.) that are used for polyurethane cross-linking are degraded in non-toxic products. All these kinds of compounds can be introduced into soft or hard segments via urethane bonds. Objective: The review focuses on kind of multifunctional polyols and isocyanates, and low molecular crosslinkers used for cross-linked polyurethanes obtaining. These compounds are natural substrates (in the native state or after modification) or are synthetic compounds with degradable linkages. They belong to polyesters, plant oils, proteins, saccharides, and others (e.g. lignocellulosic materials), and they are synthesized chemically or via biosynthesis by algae, plants, microorganisms, and by animals. Conclusion: Incorporation of degradable groups (such as ester moieties) into the polymer structure, and using of substrates with the structure known and metabolized by microorganisms for soft or hard segments building, facilitate degradation of cross-linked polyurethanes.

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van der Meulen, Inge, Yingyuan Li, Ronald Deumens, Elbert A. J. Joosten, Cor E. Koning i Andreas Heise. "Copolymers from Unsaturated Macrolactones: Toward the Design of Cross-Linked Biodegradable Polyesters". Biomacromolecules 12, nr 3 (14.03.2011): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm200084y.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cross-linked Polyesters"

Dasgupta, Queeny. "Tailored Xylitol-based Biodegradable Polymers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery". Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4256.

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Tissue regeneration is an intricate physiological phenomenon that involves the interplay of various factors to restore tissue formation and function. Diseased or damaged tissues have often been replaced with synthetic materials such as polymers, metals, ceramics or their composites to facilitate their normal functioning. Polymeric materials such as poly(caprolactone) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) are widely used for engineering matrices for tissue development. However, many of these commercially available materials suffer from drawbacks such as slow degradation and high immune rejection. This necessitates use of immunosuppressive drugs and makes secondary surgery imperative. The three vital properties of a material that play important roles in controlling cell behaviour are degradation, release and mechanical properties. Developing materials with properties that could appropriately replace the native tissue is a major challenge in this field. The present work focuses on developing a general strategy to develop a library of biodegradable, crosslinked polymers in which these properties can be independently tuned. A rapid screening platform was subsequently engineered to select the correct processing parameters to synthesize materials with tailored compendium of properties. A thermally curable gradient biomaterial was developed as a specific case study. This study further investigated the release of an entrapped drug from the gradient material and opened up a new avenue for developing resorbable materials with degradation-controlled drug release. Polymer modifications to facilitate drug incorporation are important since implant related infections and inflammatory responses are a major healthcare burden. Thus further, three different generic synthesis strategies were developed to incorporate different anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs onto injectable or implantable polymers. These bioactive materials exhibit high loading of the drug, controlled release and consequent antimicrobial activity. This work provides a basis for the future of tissue engineering by describing tools and strategies for the development of tailored, drug releasing, biodegradable polymers.

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Yang, Jia-Ni, i 楊佳霓. "The Study of Doped-PANI Filled Cross-linked Polyester/Melamine Resin for Corrosion Protection". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08466320262807387210.

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碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系博碩士班
101
In this research, saturated polyester resin mixed with methyl-etherified melamine resin was taken as the base materials of cross-linked polyester resin coating so as to discuss the effect of resin mixing ratios, drying temperature, and resin coating added with polyaniline (PANI) powder on its corrosion resistance. This research is composed of three parts. In part I, the two above-mentioned resins are mixed in different weight ratios, then applied to the surface of the steel substrate by dip coating, and heated at different temperature to form corss-linked polyester coatings. After that, the property test is carried out to obtain the optimal ratio of resins (Rxy). In part II, the doped PANI (PDzz, PCzz and PTzz) is synthesized by using emulsion polymerization, which is doped with three different kinds of sulfonic acid, namely dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and p-toluene- sulfonic acid (p-TSA) in different ratios (0.5~3mole ratio), under a low temperature. In part III, the resin having optimal ratio (and drying temperature, curing time, obtained in part I), is mixed with the PANI powder to form composite coating so as to prepare the test specimen on which the corrosion resistance of the coating is tested. During research, FTIR is applied to monitor the synthesis and to identify the structure; the cross-cut test is used to test the adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate; the corrosion potential(Ecorr), corrosion current(Icorr) and resistance value (Rp) in the electrochemical Tafel curve are applied to compare the corrosion resistance of the coating specimen; and the conventional salt spray test is used to distinguish the corrosion resistance of the coating to the test solution. The research result shows that resin coating R64 (with a resin content ratio of 6:4), dried at 180℃, has the best corrosion resistance and a slower corrosion rate. In cases of wherein PANI powder is added to the resin, the same adhesiveness can be maintained and better corrosion resistance can be obtained effectively. When the coating thickness is 10μmT, the electrochemical test shows that the resin base coating R64 has a minimum current density, specifically, 6.697E-10 A/cm2; while the corrosion resistance can last for 24 hours in the salt spray test. When the resin base material R64 is added with different sulfonic acid-doped-PANI power to form the composite coating, the electrochemical test shows that aromatic sulfonic acid doped-PANI can offer higher corrosion resistance than the aliphatic one, and indicates that coating R64-PD3 has a minimum current density, specifically 9.939E-11 A/cm2; while the corrosion resistance can last for 96 hours in the salt spray test.

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Chuan-ter, Yan, i 顏傳特. "The Effect of Nanoparticles of Polysilicic Acid on the Properties of N,N-dimethyacrylamide/Polyester cross-linked copolymer". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91358442576281411611.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
纖維及高分子工程研究所
88
英文摘要 The nanoparticle of polysilicic acid (PSA) was prepared by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) under the influence of the amide group of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (NDMA). The PSA was then mixed thoroughly with unsaturated polyester (UP) and NDMA, and the transparent hybrid material, NDMA/UP/PSA , was obtained by the free radical copolymerization of UP with NDMA in the presence of PSA using benzoylperoxide (BPO) and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine as initiator and accelerator, respectively. The effect of nanoscale PSA particle on the crosslinked NDMA/UP copolymer was evaluated by the investigation of the microstructure, dynamic Mechanical properties and other physical properties of the formed hybrid material. It was found that the nanoscale PSA particle could be compatible thoroughly with the cross-linked NDMA/UP copolymer through the hetero-associated hydrogen bonding between the organic an inorganic phases. PSA not only increases the homogenity of the cross-linked copolymer, but also increases the Tg and storage modulus of the hybrid material thus formed.

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Książki na temat "Cross-linked Polyesters"

Hiltz, J. A. Low temperature thermal degradation studies of styrene cross-linked vinyl ester and polyester resins. Dartmouth, N.S: Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, 1988.

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Hiltz, John A. A comparative study of the fire and flammability characteristics of styrene cross-linked polyester and resol-type phenolic resins. Dartmouth, N.S: Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, 1990.

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Części książek na temat "Cross-linked Polyesters"

JIAN, SONG ZHONG, JULIA LUCKI, JAN F. RABEK i BENGT RÅNBY. "Photooxidation and Photostabilization of Unsaturated Cross-linked Polyesters". W ACS Symposium Series, 353–58. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0280.ch024.

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Suyama, Kanji, Masafumi Kubota, Masamitsu Shirai i Hiroyuki Yoshida. "Degradation of Cross-Linked Unsaturated Polyesters by Using Subcritical Water". W ACS Symposium Series, 88–97. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1004.ch008.

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McGarry, F. J., i R. Subramaniam. "The Molecular Network System: A Toughened, Cross-linked Polyester System". W Advances in Chemistry, 133–50. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ba-1996-0252.ch010.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cross-linked Polyesters"

Ahuja, Suresh. "Interface and Dynamic Indentation of Crosslinked Polyester Films". W ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67693.

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Nano-indentation is increasingly used to estimate the mechanical properties of polymeric films of nanometer-scale thickness. Hardness and modulus, as obtained on indentation are parameters that are strongly dependent upon tip geometry, elastic and inelastic material behavior, and specimen boundary conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanical response of nano-indentation loading on surfaces and interfaces of polymer films both linear and cross-linked. Polymer films on nano-indentation show confinement effect on their modulus and hardness. Reduced modulus and hardness in polyester and polycarbonate show strain softening that is associated polymer chain flexibility. The spatial constraints imposed to the plastic flow of the interface layer by the rigid indenter and substrate surfaces produce a dynamic effect, demonstrated by the loading rate dependence of the deformation response. In nano-indentation of cross-linked polymers, entanglements physical and chemical affect reduced modulus and hardness dependence on strain. Strain softening and strain hardening as well as dynamic frictional response are applied to indented polymer films consisting of surface, intermediate, and interface layers.

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Ahuja, Suresh. "Effect of Interface and Depth on Hardness and Viscoelastic Modulus in Polycarbonate and Polyester Films". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42727.

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Hardness and modulus of a polymer is known to depend on its structure, molecular weight and number of segments between entanglements. Nano-indentation is used increasingly as a powerful tool to determine hardness and visco-elastic modulus of polymer surfaces linear, cross-linked or composites. Hysitron Nanoindenter was used in our investigation of contact deformation of surfaces of polyester and polycarbonate supported on an aluminum substrate. Bar coatings of polymer films were made from solutions and dried all at 110C for half an hour. The coatings were subjected to indentation including sinusoidal deformation at various contact depths and hardness as well as modulus is computed. The results show that hardness of surface of polycarbonate on polyester is higher than hardness of surface of polycarbonate, which in turn is higher than polyester surface. It appears that diffusion of polyester chains into compatible polycarbonate chains results in higher modulus of the surface than the modulus of either of the two polymers. Hardness and modulus of polycarbonate is found to decrease with contact depth and reaches a plateau around 600nm while that of polyester keeps on decreasing. Differences in contact deformation including the one arising from dynamic deformation between polycarbonate from that of polyester is analyzed in terms of morphology, molecular weight and entanglements.

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Bayer, I. S., C. M. Megaridis, J. Zhang i D. Gamota. "Use of Contact Angle Hysteresis in Estimating Thin Polymer Film Surface Energy and Wettability". W ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16173.

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A recent surface energy estimation method [1] interpreting contact angle hysteresis measurements was used to estimate surface energy of various commercially important polymer films including UV radiation cross-linked acrylic based monomer systems. The validity of the method was tested on highly hydrophobic non-polar amorphous fluoro-polymers using a number of polar and low surface tension liquids. Contact angle hysteresis was present on these surfaces even though surface morphology of the solution processed fluoro-polymers is close to ideal. Estimated surface energies using such probe liquids were consistent varying slightly with the probe liquid type. On such highly ordered and non-polar polymer surfaces use of polar and low surface tension liquids results in accurate surface energy estimation. However, use of polar probe liquids commonly employed in surface energy estimation methods, such as, Harmonic mean (HM), Geometric mean (GM) or Lewis Acid-Base method (LWAB) on polar surfaces such as polyester resulted in inconsistent surface energy values. To strengthen this observation, the ASTM surface energy estimation procedure (ASTM D2578 04a) developed for polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces (both non-polar) was employed on a sample polar polyester surface using the ASTM probe liquids. Results showed inconsistent surface energy values supporting the conclusion that care must be exercised during use of polar probe liquids in estimating surface energy on polar polymers with the contact angle hysteresis method. Finally, UV radiation cross-linkable acrylic polymer surface energies were estimated with the hysteresis method. Surface energy results were consistent based on five different probe liquids. It was observed that surface energy of the cross-linked monomer networks decreased slightly with increasing UV curing time.

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Bonner, Jr., Carl E., Stephen Charter, Jedidah Isler, Zeinab Roz i Sam-Shajing Sun. "Measurement and temperature dependence of the electro-optic coefficient of a range of cross-linked DR-19 doped polyester films". W Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, redaktorzy Robert A. Norwood, Manfred Eich i Mark G. Kuzyk. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.561083.

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Rahm, Michael, i Franz Evegren. "Structural Fire Integrity Testing of Lightweight Structures". W ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54418.

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To reduce environmental impact and to manage weight in shipping and offshore, lightweight structures are becoming increasingly important. A critical issue for loadbearing structures is their structural fire integrity. It is generally evaluated by loaded furnace fire resistance tests based on ISO 834. As part of the EU project BESST, a series of such tests were performed with typical lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite sandwich structures. The purpose was to determine whether structural fire integrity is sensitive to the design load, design method and safety factor against buckling. In particular was examined whether the temperature at the interface between the exposed laminate and the core is critical for structural integrity and how it depends on the applied loading. Independence of the applied load would make performance solely a matter of heat transfer, which would significantly reduce necessary testing. The tests were carried out with starting point in an insulated sandwich panel system, certified as a 60 minute Fire Resisting Division (FRD-60) for high-speed craft in accordance with the Fire Test Procedures (FTP) Code. The structure consisted of 1.3 mm glass fiber reinforced polyester laminates surrounding a cross linked PVC foam core called Divinycell H80 (80 kg/m3). It was constructed for a 7 kN/m design load, which is the loading applied in the FTP Code furnace test for high-speed craft. Hence, with a conventional safety factor against buckling of 2.5 it was designed to resist a critical load of 17.4 kN/m. With basis in this design, tests were performed with structures where the thickness of the laminates or core had been altered and with adjusted safety factor against the applied loading. In addition, a test was performed with a stiffened panel. Firstly it was noted that 60 minutes of fire resistance was not achieved in most of the tests, which was a consequence of an alteration in the FTP Code test procedures. The FRD-60 structure used as starting point was certified before the 2010 edition of the FTP Code was ratified. This harmonized the test procedure between laboratories and gave a slightly tougher temperature development than when the structure was certified. However, the test results are still valid and show a small variation in the time to failure in the tests with unstiffened sandwich structures, ranging between 51 and 58.5 minutes. Changing the safety factor from 2.5 to 1.5 resulted in a relatively small decrease in time to failure of 3 minutes. The stiffened test showed that structural resistance is better achieved by use of stiffeners than by thick laminates. Furthermore, applying this as a design principle and using a safety factor of 2.5 leaves a test variation between 55 and 58.5 minutes. The temperature at the exposed laminate-core interface was quite similar in the tests at the time of failure. This excludes the test when the laminate thickness was increased as a measure for structural improvement. In conclusion, the test series shows that fire resistance bulkhead testing of insulated FRP composite panels can be simplified and does not have to be performed with varying design loads. To achieve conservative evaluation, a design concept should be evaluated by testing the panel designed for the highest applicable load level, not by testing a weak panel at 7 kN/m loading. This applies to non-stiffened solutions.

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