Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cross-examination

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cross-examination”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cross-examination"

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Wheeler, Robert. "Cross-examination". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, nr 6 (czerwiec 2017): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2017.235.

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Wheeler, Robert. "Cross-examination". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 100, nr 3 (maj 2018): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2018.157.

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Wheeler, Robert. "Cross-examination: Defamation". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 103, nr 8 (listopad 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2021.149.

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Merrill, Leanne, i TJ Rabosky. "Calculus Cross-Examination". Math Horizons 31, nr 2 (3.11.2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10724117.2023.2249341.

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Erard, Robert, i Daniel Pickar. "Countertransference Bias: Self-Examination, Not Cross-Examination". Journal of Child Custody 4, nr 3 (1.03.2008): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j190v04n03_08.

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Carofiglio, Gianrico, i Pierre Thévenin. "Éloge d'un cross-examination". Les Cahiers de la Justice N° 4, nr 4 (2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdlj.1104.0041.

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Myers, John E. B. "Cross-examination: A defense." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 23, nr 4 (listopad 2017): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000131.

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Mandell, Marc S. "Surviving Destructive Cross-Examination". AJN, American Journal of Nursing 93, nr 6 (czerwiec 1993): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199306000-00013.

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Hickey, Leo. "Presupposition under cross-examination". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 6, nr 1 (luty 1993): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01458741.

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Delibasic, Veljko. "Cross-examination: Rules and challenges". Nauka, bezbednost, policija, nr 1 (2014): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nbp1401069d.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cross-examination"

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Henderson, Lorenza Emily Preston. "Cross-examination : a critical examination". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251482.

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Zenker, Renate Andrea Ruth. "Understanding music cross-culturally : philosophical examination". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12395.

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This dissertation presents a philosophical examination of an important question in music education: What does it mean to understand the music of our own culture or the music of another culture? It begins with a conceptual analysis of understanding, an analysis that reveals understanding has many different senses and that it involves a multidimensional range of considerations. The work presents an overview, summary, and analysis of various arguments, from both the Western and cross-cultural perspective, concerning what understanding music means. The literature and the arguments from the cross-cultural perspective are situated in the important debate of whether there are generic musical characteristics that can help us understand the music of non- Western cultures, characteristics shared by Western music, or if we can only understand the music of each culture based in the study of that culture. I argue that there has been an artificial "gap" created between understanding Western art music and understanding the music of other cultures. Based on my analysis of understanding, and the issues raised by the literature, I present a multidimensional and interrelated set of factors involved in understanding music cross-culturally. These factors are: elements (including expressive elements), concepts, terminology, internal/external musical context/structure, culture, listening, hearing, performing, and personal experiences, among others. This range of considerations is supported by philosophical literature on the general nature of understanding and attempts to resolve the tension between understanding music through generic concepts and understanding music through culture. The important point of the multidimensional nature of understanding for music education is that levels of sophistication of understanding are suggested and that moving from a less sophisticated to a more sophisticated level of understanding music should be a major aim of music education. Finally, I consider the educational implications of my range of considerations. Teaching for understanding music crossculturally involves both "top down" (teaching music through concepts) and "bottom up" (teaching music through culture) approaches. It also includes all the ways in which we engage ourselves with music: listening, performing, composing, improvising, and reading.
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Linz, Alec. "A Cross-Examination of Global Homicide Rates". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1274.

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Homicide rates have become a growing concern worldwide, yet many countries lack the proper resources and materials to adequately and efficiently report the data. While homicide rates on a global scale have had a history of lacking datasets and misreporting, the UNODC’s Global Study on Homicide 2013 aimed to identify some key factors and variables that trigger spikes or drops in homicide rates. This paper will focus on analyzing data from both the UNODC and World Bank to identify more factors that explain the levels and changes in homicide rates from 2006-2011. While this paper is not successful in explaining all determinants, it does find that variables relating to income distribution and population prove to be better explanatory variables of homicide.
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O'Neill, Sarah Christine, i n/a. "Factors influencing children�s responses to cross-examination questioning". University of Otago. Department of Psychology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090428.150450.

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Under an adversarial legal system, witnesses� testimony may be challenged by the opposing lawyer during cross-examination. Cross-examination has been shown to negatively affect the accuracy of children�s event reports, but as yet, the mechanisms driving this effect are unknown. Experiment 1 aimed to tease apart the roles of question type and repeated interviewing in mediating children�s cross-examination performance. Five- and 6-year-olds (N = 82) and 9- and 10-year-olds (N = 103) took part in a staged event, and 1 to 2 days later they took part in a direct examination interview. Next, either 1 to 3 days or 6 months later, all children were interviewed for a second time. For half of the children, this second interview was a repeat of their direct examination interview. The remaining children were interviewed in a cross-examination format. A second interview reduced response accuracy after both short and long delays, however, cross-examination questioning impaired the accuracy of children�s reports the most. Although, overall, children have considerable difficulty answering cross-examination questions correctly, variation in their performance has been observed. Experiment 2 assessed whether individual differences in cognitive abilities mediate cross-examination performance. Five- and 6-year-olds (N = 116) and 9- and 10-year-olds (N = 58) visited the police station and subsequently reported their experiences in direct examination and cross-examination interviews. Children�s memory, receptive language ability, expressive language ability, and intelligence were also measured. Age, intelligence, and memory predicted aspects of cross-examination performance. Overall, these cognitive factors accounted for between 16.6% and 19.5% of the variance in cross-examination outcome measures. Given the negative effect of cross-examination on children�s responding, and our inability to identify the children who are most at risk of poor performance during this interview, Experiment 3 assessed our ability to facilitate children�s responding to cross-examination questioning. Specifically, the effect of manipulating the timing of a pre-trial intervention, which gives children practice and feedback at cross-examination questioning, was investigated. Five- and 6-year-olds (N = 88) and 9- and 10-year-olds (N = 108) visited the police station. One to 3 days later they completed the direct examination interview and 6 months after the event, children were cross-examined. The timing of the preparation intervention was varied (1-day, 1-week, 1-month before cross-examination), and the children�s subsequent cross-examination performance was compared to that of children in the control group. When the preparation intervention was delivered 1 day or 1 week before the cross-examination interview, children�s cross-examination performance was significantly improved. The findings from the three experiments suggest that cross-examination is likely to pose considerable problems for children, especially younger children. Our greater understanding of factors that influence children�s responding to cross-examination questioning may guide reform of the cross-examination process for child witnesses. Bottom-up initiatives, such as pre-trial preparation, and top-down changes, including educating professionals, expert testimony, and reducing the delay to cross-examination, may improve the reliability of child witnesses� testimony during cross-examination.
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Swann, Natalie. "A cross-generational narrative examination of women's career journeys". Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1566783.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine women's career journeys and how these journeys vary by generational cohort. Sixteen women wage-earners were interviewed to examine women's career journeys and how these journeys vary by generation. Specifically, the internal and external barriers to and facilitators of women's career advancement, success and fulfillment were examined. The women reported five influencers on their career choices: mentors or role models, work-life balance considerations, passions and interests, financial needs, and hostile work environments. The process of career planning and exploration the women described was consistent across the generations and included a period of exploration, failure of their initial plans leading to continued exploration or limbo, and their avocations and careers ultimately seeming to unfold naturally.

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Coutler, David Erskine. "A cross-cultural examination of the Outward Bound movement". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301772.

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Rossberg, Max A. E. (Max Alexander Ernst) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "An examination of cross-national differences in organizational culture". Ottawa, 1989.

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Wheatcroft, Jacqueline Mary. "Some influences of courtroom questioning styles on eyewitness confidence and accuracy". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250313.

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Hall, Kara L. "A meta-analytic examination of decisional balance across stage transitions : a cross-sectional analysis and cross-sequential cross-validation /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3145423.

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Gaines, Phil. "Cross purposes : a critical analysis of the representational force of questions in adversarial legal examination /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9431.

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Książki na temat "Cross-examination"

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1935-, Iannuzzi John Nicholas, red. Cross-examination handbook. Wyd. 2. Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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Kakakhel, Mian Muhib Ullah. Excellent cross examination. Lahore: Excellent Publishers, 1996.

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MacCarthy, Terence. Maccarthy on cross-examination. Chicago, Ill: American Bar Association, 2007.

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Singh, G. B. Gandhi under cross-examination. Wyd. 2. Lathrop, CA: Sovereign Star Publishing, 2008.

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Fishman, Kenneth J., 1950- author, red. Excellence in cross-examination. New York, NY]: Thomson Reuters, 2013.

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Copeland, James M. Cross-examination in debate. Lincolnwood, Ill. (4255 West Touhy Ave., Lincolnwood 60646-1975): National Textbook Co., 1988.

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Advocate, Azam Muhammad, red. Key to cross examination. Lahore: Hassan & Haider Law Books Publishers, 2008.

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W, Keker John, Gross Herbert 1929- i California Continuing Education of the Bar., red. Effective direct & cross examination. Berkeley, Calif: California Continuing Education of the Bar, 1986.

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J, Dodd Roger, red. Cross-examination: Science and techniques. Charlottesville, Va: Michie Co., 1993.

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G, Garrity Paul, i Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, Inc. (1982- )., red. Direct and cross-examination skills. Boston, MA (20 West St., Boston 02111): Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "Cross-examination"

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Dux, Moira C. "Cross-Examination". W Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1016–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_961.

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Dux, Moira C. "Cross-Examination". W Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_961-2.

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Dux, Moira C. "Cross-Examination". W Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 747–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_961.

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Luzniak, Chris. "Cross-Examination". W Up for Debate!, 47–62. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032682969-4.

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Hampel, George. "Conducting Cross-Examination". W Victim Advocacy before the International Criminal Court, 125–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56733-0_10.

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Leal, Fernando, i Hubert Marraud. "Final Cross-Examination". W How Philosophers Argue, 437–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85368-6_15.

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Alwitry, Amar, i Janine Collier. "Handling cross-examination". W Complaints, Litigation and Clinical Errors, 127–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003179351-31.

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Spencer, John R. "Evidence and Cross-Examination". W Children's Testimony, 285–307. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119998495.ch14.

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Theisler, Charles. "Cross-Examination of Physician Defendant". W Maximum Malpractice Protection, 189–212. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003352464-14.

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Cossins, Anne. "Contemporary Reforms to Cross-Examination". W Closing the Justice Gap for Adult and Child Sexual Assault, 425–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-32051-3_9.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cross-examination"

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Delimitrou, Christina, i Christos Kozyrakis. "Cross-Examination of Datacenter Workload Modeling Techniques". W 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCS Workshops). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcsw.2011.45.

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"Organizational Politics and Organizational Commitment: A Cross Industry Examination". W Sept. 21-22, 2017 Cebu (Philippines). URUAE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae.uh09171025.

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Zahn, Alexander, Ethan Knight, Vijay Anand, Justas Jodele i Ephraim J. Gutmark. "Examination of Counter-Rotating Detonation Waves Using Cross-Correlation". W 2018 Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-4568.

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Marotta, Angelica, i Stuart Madnick. "Decoding Cyber Incident Reporting Requirements: A Cross-Regulatory Examination". W 2023 10th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ficloud58648.2023.00061.

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Cohen, Roi, May Hamri, Mor Geva i Amir Globerson. "LM vs LM: Detecting Factual Errors via Cross Examination". W Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.778.

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Liu, Cong, i Yajun Luo. "Cross-cultural Examination of Chinese Cross-border E-commerce Web Sites Design and Contents". W Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Economics (ICMETE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmete-19.2019.106.

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Fischer, Ronald, Johnny Fontaine, Fons van de Vijver i Dianne van Hemert. "An Examination of Acquiescent Response Styles in Cross-Cultural Research". W International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/zopq4160.

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Response styles constitute a formidable challenge for cross-cultural research. In this article, three different response styles are discussed (acquiescence, extremity scoring, and social desirability). Acquiescence responding (ARS) is then integrated into a larger classical test theoretical framework, which allows for an examination of the various roles that ARS may play in cross-cultural research. A new meta-analytical method is proposed to examine the prevalence and nature of ARS. Preliminary evidence suggests that ARS has only a small, but systematic effect on survey responses. The meaning of ARS is explored through correlations with nation-level indicators. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Ishiko, Keiichi, Atsushi Hashimoto, Yuichi Matsuo i Shigeya Watanabe. "Numerical Examination of the Effect of Cross-Wind on Jet Blast". W 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-862.

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TIMOFTE (COCA), Cristina, Dorel MATES, Dan Andrei COCA i Simona Maria TANASA (BRINZARU). "The Relationship between Tax Evasion and Corruption. A Cross-country Examination". W 1st International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS), 15 May 2020, Bucharest, Romania. LUMEN Publishing house, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2020/18.

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Ogodo, Justina. "Pathways to Constructivism: A Cross-Examination of Science and Mathematics Lessons". W 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1684320.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Cross-examination"

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De Jong, Marla J. A Cross-Sectional Examination of Changes in Anxiety Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416443.

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Jin, Byoungho, Heesoon Yang, Naeun Kim i Minji Jung. The role of prototypical brand image on shaping country image and product quality evaluation: A cross-cultural examination. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1782.

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Thomas, Anne G., Bonnie R. Tran, Marcus Cranston, Malerato C. Brown, Rajiv Kumar i Matsotetsi Tlelai. Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Circumcision Self-Report and Physical Examination Findings in Lesotho. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562780.

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Sakurauchi, Yoko. Teaching and Learning for Intercultural Sensitivity: A Cross-Cultural Examination of American Domestic Students and Japanese Exchange Students. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1642.

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Aggarwal, Reena, Isil Erel, Rene Stulz i Rohan Williamson. Do U.S. Firms Have the Best Corporate Governance? A Cross-Country Examination of the Relation between Corporate Governance and Shareholder Wealth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12819.

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Chong, Alberto E., Nicoló Andreula i Jorge Guillén. Institutional Quality and Fiscal Transparency. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010923.

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This paper uses new data on fiscal transparency for a cross-section of countries; these data possess several advantages. First, the data are based on in-depth reports using a standardized methodology and protocol. Second, this study covers 82 countries, more than previous comparable studies. Third, the fiscal measures used have been obtained with the collaboration of government authorities, which makes them particularly reliable. Finally, the data collection has been undertaken at a high level. These new data permit examination of a relevant but little-studied issue, the role of institutional quality in a countrys fiscal transparency. It is shown that there is in fact a causal relationship between institutions and transparency. The findings are robust to changes in specification and a host of transparency sub-measures.
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Connell, Sean D. Geologic map of the Albuquerque - Rio Rancho metropolitan area and vicinity, Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/gm-78.

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This is the most comprehensive compilation of the geology of the Albuquerque Basin to be printed in 30 years. The area covered by this new compilation, though not as large as the earlier map, is presented at a scale nearly four times the detail (1:50,000 scale compared to the earlier map's 1:190,000 scale). This new geologic map is a compilation of sixteen 7.5-min USGS quadrangle maps and encompasses an area from Tijeras Arroyo on the south to Santa Ana Mesa north of Santa Ana and San Felipe Pueblos, and from the crest of the Sandia Mountains westward across the Rio Grande and onto the Llano de Albuquerque (West Mesa) west of the city limits of Albuquerque and Rio Rancho.This geologic map graphically displays information on the distribution, character, orientation, and stratigraphic relationships of rock and surficial units and structural features. The map and accompanying cross sections were compiled from geologic field mapping and additionally from available aerial photography, satellite imagery, and drill-hole data (many published and unpublished reports, examination of lithologic cuttings, and from the interpretation of borehole geophysical log data).The map and accompanying cross sections represent the most informed interpretations of the known faults in the Albuquerque-Rio Rancho area that are presently available. In addition to the positions of many faults, the cross sections show the approximate vertical extent of poorly consolidated earth materials that may pose liquefaction hazards. This map also contains derivative maps selected to portray geologically important features in the metropolitan area, such as elevations of ground water levels, and the mostly buried boundary between generally poorly consolidated and saturated aquifer materials and the more consolidated underlying materials. The gravity anomaly map is a geophysical dataset that shows major geological structures buried beneath the metropolitan area and vicinity.
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Jimenez Mori, Raul Alberto. Rural Electricity Access Penalty in Latin America: Income and Location. Inter-American Development Bank, czerwiec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008513.

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This paper examines three intrinsic underlying variables affecting the provision of rural electricity services: household income, household location and a country's relative wealth in terms of per capita income. A cross section of nationally representative household surveys from sixteen Latin American countries provides a recent snapshot of access to electricity in the region. This examination shows that despite recent progress in rural electrification, lowincome countries still face significant challenges. Rural electricity coverage is as low as 55% for the poorest income group in some LAC countries, while around 90% of the total access gap is concentrated among the poorest households living in rural areas of low-income countries. Location explains most of the lack of access, however in low-income countries, income is also a key barrier to electrification. These patterns translate into a sizeable electricity access penalty mainly affecting poor households in poor countries, emphasizing the need for effective rural electrification programs to promote inclusive economic growth and social well being.
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Anderson, Olin, i Gad Galili. Development of Assay Systems for Bioengineering Proteins that Affect Dough Quality and Wheat Utilization. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568781.bard.

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The quality and utilization of wheat is largely dependent upon the exact physical/chemical properties of the doughs made from flour/water mixtures. Among the wheat seed components most correlated with dough visoelastic parameters are the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits whose disulfide cross-linked macropolymer is critical for dough functionality. We have used the tools of molecular biology, wheat transformation, heterologous expression of HMW-glutenin subunits in bacteria, and dough micro-mixing experiments to examine some of the molecular basis of HMW-glutenin functionality. In addition, we have developed sets of modified and synthetic gene constructs and transgenic wheat lines that will allow further examination of the role of the HMW-glutenins. Among the results from this work is evidence that the HMW-glutenin repeat domain is directly related to dough properties, the demonstration that interaction between subunits is dependent upon domain presence but not order, a novel understanding of the restrictions on intra-vs inter-chain disulfide bonds, the demonstration that HMW-glutenin genes can be transformed into wheat for simultaneously high expression of the transgene and suppression of the endogenous genes, and the construction of a set of modified HMW-glutenins capable of being epitope tagged for studying polypeptide subcellular processing and the fate of HMW-glutenins in dough mixing experiments.
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10

Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie i Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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