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1
Andersson, Torsten N., i Per Milberg. "Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen". Weed Science 46, nr 1 (luty 1998): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090135.
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Weed species composition and density were recorded in three identical field experiments established 26 to 30 yr ago in southern Sweden. Each experiment compared three 6-yr crop rotations and four rates of nitrogen application. The rotations differed by having (1) a 2-yr rotational grassland, (2) a 2-yr mixed rotational grassland (legume/grass), or (3) spring wheat followed by fallow. Other crops in the rotations were winter turnip rape, winter wheat, spring oats, and spring barley. Using multivariate analyses, the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen application rate on the weed flora was determined. The greatest difference was found between sites, and the second most important factor was crop species. Nitrogen application rate weakly influenced the weed flora, while differences between crop rotations were hardly detectable.
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Holod, R., О. Bilinska i H. Shubala. "The efficiency of the crop rotations with short rotation with different levels of their saturation of cereals and crops in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe". Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, nr 92 (31.05.2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.62-68.
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There were analyzed and disclosed the basic components of arable farming systems and their Meaning, the current state and scientific principles in the context of the further development of field crop cultivation in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe.
The purpose of research. To study an effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency.
Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and analytical.
Results. The results of researches on study of productivity of four-field crop rotations with short rotation depending on their saturation by the grain and tilled cultures, of various use of mineral fertilizers, green manure crops and collateral products which were conducted during 2014-2015 in the stationary experiment of the scientific and technological department of plant growing and arable farming, of the TDSGDS of the IKSGP of NAAN are resulted In the article.
The elements of the biologization of farming are the basis of our development of crop rotations with short rotation. The study of the effect of green manure crops and collateral products in four-field crop rotations with a different set of crops on the change of soil fertility and productivity of crop rotations as a whole was carried out to this purpose. According to the results of the research, is provided the information on the effectiveness of improving the field crop rotations with short rotation with varying degrees of saturation by grain and tilled crops, that ensure the production of environmentally friendly products, reducing the cost of grain, improving the quality of marketable products.
The study of the effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency showed that an increase in crop rotation productivity is observed in short-rotation crop rotations, if they are saturated by grain crops up to 100%, cereals crops reduction to 50% in crop rotations contributes to a decrease in crop productivity.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the research showed that with the correct construction of short rotational crop rotations, such problems as rational use of nutrients and soil moisture, control of weeds and pests of agricultural crops, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increased efficiency in the use of fertilizers and equipment, Cheapening of the received agricultural product may be solved.
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Larkin, Robert P. "Use of Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and Green Manures for Disease Suppression in Potato Cropping Systems". Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 8 (15.11.2021): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2021.08.12.
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Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.
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Kaipov, Ya Z., i N. A. Chukbar. "Impact of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in arid steppe conditions of Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan". Agrarian science, nr 5 (17.06.2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-67-72.
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Relevance. The influence of crop rotations on the infestation of crops has been little studied. А goal was to investigate the influence of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in the arid steppe of the Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan.Methods. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. The soil is black soil, common medium-coal. The climate is arid, with periodically hot summer and moderately cold and little snow winter periods. During the years of experiments (2019–2021), the amount of precipitation for the vegetation period, May — August, averaged 88 mm. Over the past 10–15 years, the aridity and unevenness of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation has noticeably increased, which led to the oppression of field crops and the complication of the fight against weeds.The method of field experimentswas applied. Accounting of infestation was carried by quantitative and weight method. The effect of biologized crop rotations with cereals and alfalfa on the degree ofinfestation of crops compared to traditional grainfallow rotation was evaluated.Results. The infestation of crops in experimental crop rotations depended on the strength of the development of cultivated crops and suppression of weed plants. In the favorable conditions of 2019, weeds developed poorly in well-developed crops, with an amount of 8–10 piece /m2 in biologized crop rotation. In grain-fallow crop rotation, the infestation was 1.2–1.9 times greater. On average over three years at the beginning of the field crop vegetation there are 14–19 piece /m2 weeds in biologized crop rotations, which is 45–56% less than in grain-fallow crop rotation. Before harvesting, the difference in infestation between crop rotations is reduced to 12–29%, but the advantage in reducing infestation in biologized crop rotations remains. In more humidi fied years, fertilizers contribute to a decrease in infestation compared to a back ground without fertilizer. In especially dry years, fertilizers lead to some increase of infestation of crops. Thus, it was found that biologized crop rotations effectively reduce the infestation of crops, regardless of the background of fertilizer.
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Чибис, Валерий, Valeriy Chibis, Светлана Чибис, Svetlana Chibis, Илья Кутышев, Il'ya Kutyshev, Евгения Фалалеева i Evgeniya Falaleeva. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FIELD CROP ROTATION IN OPTIMIZATION OF OF SOWING AREAS STRUCTURE". Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, nr 4 (18.01.2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f05dc679404.30714646.
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In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.
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Kozlova, Zoya V., i Vlada V. Kolocheva. "Influence of forage crop rotations on crop yields and phytosanitary conditions of soils in the Baikal region". E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601004.
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The article considers the practical aspects of ensuring the preservation of natural ecosystems based on the use of organic farming technologies. It presents the results of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region for 2011-2018. On the basis of the phytosanitary state of crops studying analysis, it was found that the correct alternation of crops in crop rotation suppresses the level of weeds, thereby not affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. The paper reveals the characteristics of agrophysical and water properties of gray forest soil, the influence of forage crop rotations with meadow clover on the yield of cultivated crops. According to the research results, the authors found that overseeding of legumes in the fields of forage crop rotations increases the average productivity by 16.6% in comparison with the control option. The influence of the aftereffect of perennial legumes in crop rotations increases the yield of grain fodder and silage crops by 20-31.8%. The crop rotation with two fields of meadow clover (crop rotation No. 3) was determined to be the best for all indicators.
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Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik i K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. "Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops". Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, nr 2 (11.12.2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.
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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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Musser, Wesley N., Vickie J. Alexander, Bernard V. Tew i Doyle A. Smittle. "A Mathematical Programming Model for Vegetable Rotations". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, nr 1 (lipiec 1985): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017180.
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AbstractRotations have historically been used to alleviate pest problems in crop production. This paper considers methods of modeling rotations in linear programming models for Southeastern vegetable production. In such models, entering each possible crop rotation as a separate activity can be burdensome because of the large numbers of possible rotational alternatives. Conventional methodology for double crop rotations reduces the number of activities but must be adapted to accommodate triple crop rotational requirements in vegetable production. This paper demonstrates these methods both for a simple example and an empirical problem with numerous rotation alternatives. While the methods presented in this paper may have computational disadvantages compared to entering each rotation as a separate activity, they do have advantages in model design and data management.
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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais i Ol'ga Glushkova. "INFLUENCE OF FODDER CROP ROTATIONS ON CROP CONFERENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN BAIKAL REGION". Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, nr 2 (8.09.2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-20-24.
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The research was carried out in Irkutsk region in 2011–2014. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of forage crop rotations on the degree of weediness of fields and the yield of forage crops. The objects of research are three forage crop rotations: one control without perennial legumes (meadow clover) and two with meadow clover in the structure of sown areas of 20 and 40%. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest heavy loamy, with the following characteristics: salt extract pH 4.7 ... 4.9, humus content 4.5 ... 4.8%, mobile phosphorus - 160 mg/kg, potassium - 130 mg/kg. The least amount of weeds in the experiment was in variants with perennial leguminous grasses (7 ... 9 pcs/m2), which ensured an increase in yield by crop rotation on average for 4 years of research by 14 ... 19%. The most contaminated was the control crop rotation. The greatest number of weeds in this crop rotation was noted in the crops of corn and pea-oat mixture - 5 ... 12 pcs/m2. Of the juvenile weeds, mainly gray mice (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), of perennial weeds, yellow sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) prevailed. Weediness of crops did not have a significant effect on the yield of forage crops in the links of crop rotations. Among the five-field crop rotations, the highest productivity was observed in the variant with two fields of meadow clover (2.5 thousand fodder units/ha) with the content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit 99.1 g
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov i Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "The change in grain yield by rotation of crop rotations of the chernozem steppe of the Lower Volga region". Agrarian Scientific Journal, nr 6 (30.06.2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i6pp4-8.
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The influence of rotation length and fullness of grain – fallow crop rotations with a different set of biological groups (biogroupps) - winter, early spring and late spring crops on the yield of grain crops and grain yield from 1 hectare (ha) of arable land in the chernozem steppe of the Saratov Right Bank is analyzed, based on calculations for 4-field - 8 rotations, starting from 1989 and ending in 2020 (2-field - 16 rotations, 3-field - 10). It was revealed that the highest grain yield of 1.63 tons (t) from 1 ha of arable land, both on average for 32 years (1989-2020), and (1.82 t / ha) in the first-fourth (1989-2004) and (1.44 t/ha) of the fifth-eighth rotations (2005-2020), is observed in the 4-field grain – fallow crop rotation with a set of biogroupps-winter, spring early and late. The absence of a field of spring late crop (millet) in the 2 - and 3-field crop rotations reduces the grain yield by 0.11 and 0.30 t/ha, respectively, in comparison with the 4-field, both on average for all years, and by 0.22 and 0.28 t/ha in the first-fourth and by 0.20 and 0.32 t/ha in the fifth-eighth rotations. During the transition from the first-fourth rotation to the fifth-eighth, a significant decrease in the yield of field crops was established: winter wheat in the 3-field crop rotation by 0.87 t/ha or 26.6 %, 2-field by 0.72 t/ha or 22.4% and 4-field by 0.70 t/ha or 21.8 %; millet by 0.43 t/ha or 16.3 %, spring hard by 0.40 t/ha or 29.6 %, soft by 0.35 t/ha or 24.6 %. In all three spring crops, the yield reduction is 2.0 times lower than that of winter wheat. In general, according to crop rotations, the yield of winter wheat, both for the entire period of research, and in the first-fourth, fifth-eighth rotation, fluctuated within limited of the error of the experiment.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov i Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Efficiency of grain production in crop rotations of the dry steppe of the Lower Volga region". Agrarian Scientific Journal, nr 2 (18.02.2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the productivity and efficiency of grain crops is given. It was revealed that the highest grain yield is observed in a 4-field grain-fallow crop rotation. The absence of a field of late spring crops (millet) in 2- and 3-field crop rotations reduces grain yield in comparison with 4- and 7-field crops, both on average over 28 years (1991-2018), and in wet and middle years. The bioenergy coefficient, judging by the costs and grain yield, was highest in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (4.94), then in a 4-field rotation (4.60), then in decreasing order: 7-field (3.86) and 3- field (3.73). In calculating the costs of labor, fuel and energy per 1 ton of grain from arable land, the lowest indicators were obtained in 2-field and 4-field crop rotations. It has been established that in terms of production costs per hectare of arable land, the cost of production of 1 ton of grain, conditionally net income per hectare of arable land, the level of profitability, the leading place is occupied by a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation. For example, the lowest production costs were noted in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (7782.00 rubles), the highest - in a 7-field (13835.56 rubles). Hence, the lowest production cost of 1 ton of grain was obtained in a 2-field crop rotation, amounting to 5598.56 rubles, followed by a 4-field crop rotation with millet - 7392.66 rubles. And according to the level of profitability, as mentioned above, grain-fallow crop rotations are arranged in decreasing order with the advantage of a 2-field crop rotation in the following order: two-, four-, three- and seven-field - respectively 116.1; 53.2; 48.2 and 37.0 %.
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Brooks, Steven A., Merle M. Anders i Kathleen M. Yeater. "Influences from Long-Term Crop Rotation, Soil Tillage, and Fertility on the Severity of Rice Grain Smuts". Plant Disease 95, nr 8 (sierpień 2011): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0689.
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False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) and kernel smut (Neovossia horrida) are diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) that reduce both grain yield and quality. Susceptible rice cultivars are in widespread use on production acreage in the United States, and the effects from crop management practices on smut control are poorly understood. We studied the long-term effects of crop rotation, soil tillage, and fertility level on rice smut severity. The highest levels of false smut observed in this study were on cultivars grown in rotation with soybean, on traditionally tilled soils, with high fertilizer treatments. The highest levels of kernel smut were observed in a rice-soybean rotation with winter wheat grown between summer crops. These rotations are commonly used in rice-growing regions of the southern United States. Using combinations of crop rotation, soil tillage, and fertility rate, several alternative crop-management practices were identified that provided effective control of smuts in susceptible rice cultivars. The most effective method for controlling both false smut and kernel smut was in 3-year rotations of rice, soybean, and corn. Regardless of rotation order or tillage and fertility treatments within the rotations, rotating out of rice for 2 years was the most effective approach for smut control.
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Mashchenko, Yu V., I. M. Semeniaka, M. I. Cheriachukin i O. M. Hryhoreva. "Effectiveness of short-term crop rotations under different fertilization systems in the insufficient moisture zone of the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine". Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, nr 1 (15.08.2022): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0220.
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Topicality. In the condition of insufficient moisture in the Right Bank Steppe of Ukraine, agriculture is associated with weather risks, non-compliance with the appropriate structure of sown areas and fertilization systems, which makes it difficult to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops. The development of agricultural systems is the basis for increasing both yield levels and the competitiveness of the agricultural industry as a whole. Aim. To study the influence of fertilization systems on the fertility of ordinary chernozems and crop productivity in biological short-term crop rotations. Methods. Field trial, laboratory, statistical methods. Results. It was found that the field crops of both grain-fallow-row and grain-row crop rotations were formed the highest productivity under high level of fertilization. Under different fertilization systems, it was noted that the productivity of grain-fallow-row crop rotation is higher than grain-row crop rotation by 8.3 t/ha or by 5.6 %. The productivity of both crop rotations was increased by an average of 6.4–7.8 % due to the application of microbial preparations against the background of mineral and organomineral fertilization systems. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in all variants of both crop rotations increased due to studied fertilizer rates, but these rates were insufficient to maintain the content of nitrogen and humus at the initial level. In both crop rotations, it was noted that the lowest degree of "burning" humus was on the background of the organomineral fertilizers. When organomineral fertilizers were applied in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.50 % that was 0.06 % less compared to variant with the mineral fertilization and control, and in grain-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.46 % that was less by 0.11 and 0.06 %, respectively. Conclusions. Profit at the level (on average) of UAH 9114.4/ha was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation, it is more by UAH 1039/ha, or 11.4 % compared to grain-row crop rotation. The advantage was that the predecessor residues in the organomineral fertilizer system was used as organic fertilizer, which have a positive effect on the synthesis of organic matter in the soil, productivity and economic efficiency. Keywords: crop rotations, fertilizers, yield, productivity, soil fertility, economic efficiency.
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Wortman, Sam E., John L. Lindquist, Milton J. Haar i Charles A. Francis. "Increased weed diversity, density and above-ground biomass in long-term organic crop rotations". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, nr 4 (18.06.2010): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051000030x.
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AbstractWhile weed management is consistently a top priority among farmers, there is also growing concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Maintaining diverse weed communities below bioeconomic thresholds may provide ecosystem services for the crop and the surrounding ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine if weed diversity, density and biomass differ within and among organic and conventional crop rotations. In 2007 and 2008, we sampled weed communities in four long-term crop rotations near Mead, Nebraska using seedbank analyses (elutriation and greenhouse emergence) and above-ground biomass sampling. Two conventional crop rotations consisted of a corn (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)–soybean (Glycine max)–sorghum or corn–soybean sequence and a diversified corn or sorghum–sorghum or corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence. Two organic rotations consisted of an animal manure-based soybean–corn or sorghum–soybean–wheat sequence and a green manure-based alfalfa (Medicago sativa)–alfalfa–corn or sorghum–wheat sequence. Species diversity of the weed seedbank and the above-ground weed community, as determined by the Shannon diversity index, were greatest in the organic green manure rotation. Averaged across all sampling methods and years, the weed diversity index of the organic green manure rotation was 1.07, followed by the organic animal manure (0.78), diversified conventional (0.76) and conventional (0.66) rotations. The broadleaf weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic animal manure rotation was 1.4×, 3.1× and 5.1× greater than the organic green manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The grass weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic green manure rotation was 2.0×, 6.1× and 6.4× greater than the organic animal manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The above-ground weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic rotations. The broadleaf weed biomass in sorghum and wheat did not differ between organic and conventional rotations (CRs), but grass weed biomass was greater in organic compared to CRs for all crops. The above-ground weed biomass did not differ within CRs, and within organic rotations the grass weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic green manure rotation. The weed seedbank and above-ground weed communities that have accumulated in these rotations throughout the experiment suggest a need for greater management in long-term organic rotations that primarily include annual crops. However, results suggest that including a perennial forage crop in organic rotations may reduce broadleaf weed seedbank populations and increase weed diversity.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov i Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Stability of grain production in crop rotations in the steppe conditions of the Lower Volga region". Agrarian Scientific Journal, nr 7 (30.07.2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i7pp4-9.
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The analysis of the influence of crop rotation types on the productivity of grain crops is given. The expediency and efficiency of cultivation in crop rotations with a displaced passage of development phases is justified. A comprehensive assessment of hydrothermal vegetation conditions has shown that winter and late grain crops are more adapted to steppe conditions than early spring crops. In all years of observation, when converted to grain units, it was revealed that the highest yield of grain is observed in the 9-month grain – grass crop rotation. Close to the dipole grain – fallow crop rotation 4, which are present winter, spring, late spring and early culture. Significantly lower yield of grain units in 2 – full and 3 – full grain - pair crop rotations compared to the above considered ones. In the arid chernozem steppe of the Volga region, the productivity of arable land and the stability of grain production increases if winter, late spring and early crops with a fallow area of no more than 25.0 % are present in crop rotations, which allows, observing the principle of technological diversity, to improve the environmental role of field crops and reduce negative changes in agroecosystems under the influence of unilateral anthropogenic influence.
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Costa, Marcela Porto, David Chadwick, Sophie Saget, Robert M. Rees, Michael Williams i David Styles. "Representing crop rotations in life cycle assessment: a review of legume LCA studies". International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, nr 10 (22.08.2020): 1942–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01812-x.
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Abstract Purpose There is an imperative to accurately assess the environmental sustainability of crop system interventions in the context of food security and climate change. Previous studies have indicated that the incorporation of legumes into cereal rotations could reduce overall environmental burdens from cropping systems. However, most life cycle assessment (LCA) studies focus on individual crops and miss environmental consequences of inter-annual crop sequence and nutrient cycling effects. This review investigates state-of-the-art representation of inter-crop rotation effects within legume LCA studies. Methods A literature review was undertaken, starting with a search for all peer-reviewed articles with combinations of ‘LCA’, ‘legumes’ and ‘rotations’ or synonyms thereof. In total, 3180 articles were obtained. Articles were screened for compliance with all of the following requirements: (i) reporting results based on LCA or life cycle inventory methodology; (ii) inclusion of (a) legume(s); (iii) the legume(s) is/are analysed within the context of a wider cropping system (i.e. rotation or intercropping). Seventy articles satisfying these requirements were analysed. Results and discussion We identified three broad approaches to legume LCA. Most studies involved simple attributional LCA disregarding important interactions across years and crops in rotations. N-fertilizer reduction through legume residue N carryover is either disregarded or the benefit is attributed to the following crop in such studies, whilst N leaching burdens from residues are usually attributed to the legume crop. Some studies applied robust allocation approaches and/or complex functional units to enable analysis of entire rotation sequences, accounting for nutrient cycling and break crop effects. Finally, a few studies applied consequential LCA to identify downstream substitution effects, though these studies did not simultaneously account for agronomic effects of rotational sequence changes. Conclusions We recommend that LCA studies for legume cropping systems should (i) evaluate entire rotations; (ii) represent nitrogen and ideally carbon cycling; (iii) for attributional studies, define at least two functional units, where one should encompass the multifunctional outputs of an entire rotation and the other should enable product footprints to be calculated; (iv) for CLCA studies, account for both agronomic changes in rotations and markets effects; (v) include impact categories that reflect hotspots for agricultural production.
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Laamrani, Ahmed, Paul R. Voroney, Aaron A. Berg, Adam W. Gillespie, Michael March, Bill Deen i Ralph C. Martin. "Temporal Change of Soil Carbon on a Long-Term Experimental Site with Variable Crop Rotations and Tillage Systems". Agronomy 10, nr 6 (12.06.2020): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060840.
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The impacts of tillage practices and crop rotations are fundamental factors influencing changes in the soil carbon, and thus the sustainability of agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to compare soil carbon status and temporal changes in topsoil from different 4 year rotations and tillage treatments (i.e., no-till and conventional tillage). Rotation systems were primarily corn and soy-based and included cereal and alfalfa phases along with red clover cover crops. In 2018, soil samples were collected from a silty-loam topsoil (0–15 cm) from the 36 year long-term experiment site in southern Ontario, Canada. Total carbon (TC) contents of each sample were determined in the laboratory using combustion methods and comparisons were made between treatments using current and archived samples (i.e., 20 year and 9 year change, respectively) for selected crop rotations. Overall, TC concentrations were significantly higher for no-till compared with conventional tillage practices, regardless of the crop rotations employed. With regard to crop rotation, the highest TC concentrations were recorded in corn–corn–oats–barley (CCOB) rotations with red clover cover crop in both cereal phases. TC contents were, in descending order, found in corn–corn–alfalfa–alfalfa (CCAA), corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW) with 1 year of seeded red clover, and corn–corn–corn–corn (CCCC). The lowest TC concentrations were observed in the corn–corn–soybean–soybean (CCSS) and corn–corn–oats–barley (CCOB) rotations without use of cover crops, and corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW). We found that (i) crop rotation varieties that include two consecutive years of soybean had consistently lower TC concentrations compared with the remaining rotations; (ii) TC for all the investigated plots (no-till and/or tilled) increased over the 9 year and 20 year period; (iii) the no-tilled CCOB rotation with 2 years of cover crop showed the highest increase of TC content over the 20 year change period time; and (iv) interestingly, the no-till continuous corn (CCCC) rotation had higher TC than the soybean–soybean–corn–corn (SSCC) and corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW). We concluded that conservation tillage (i.e., no-till) and incorporation of a cover crop into crop rotations had a positive effect in the accumulation of TC topsoil concentrations and could be suitable management practices to promote soil fertility and sustainability in our agricultural soils.
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Khripunov, A. I., i E. N. Obshchiya. "Productivity of grain crop rotations in the landscape conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia". Agrarian science, nr 7-8 (24.09.2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-351-7-8-89-92.
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Increasing the yield of the most profitable field crops and their placement in crop rotations is an urgent problem of agriculture. The purpose of the studies is to study the productivity of grain crop rotations with various saturation of winter wheat on various power backgrounds and landscape taxons in the zone of unstable moisturizing of the Stavropol Territory. Productivity of grain crop rotations depends on the developing weather conditions, the introduction of mineral fertilizers, saturation of crop rotations with winter wheat and location in the relief. The maximum yield of grain units was observed in crop rotations with winter crops. In crop rotation with a spring barley, they were collected by 3.5–4.2 с less. The use of fertilizers increased the collection of grain units on average by 4.9–6.1 c/ha. On the outskirts of the placard (A1) due to lower soil fertility the minimum collection of grain units was obtained (20.2 с). On average (A2) and lower (A3) slopes their fee increased by 11.7 c, or 57.9%, and by 14.5 c, or 71.8%. In the first crop rotation with 60% saturation of winter wheat the maximum yield of the grain of this culture was obtained. In the second and third crop rotation with 40% grain saturation wasassembled by 6.2–6.3 c less. Putting fertilizers in a dose of N40P40K40 increased the grain collection in the first crop rotation by 4.1, in the second — by 2.2 and in the third — by2.4 c, and according to taxons: on A1 — by1.4,on A2 — by3.6 and onA3 — by 3.8 c. According to the landscape taxons, the release of grain of winter wheat differed at 7.9–10.2 c with the maximum value on the lower slope. Upon the exit of the grain and feed units on all power backgrounds, 1st and 3rd crop turns were leading, and in the exit of the grain of winter wheat — crop rotation with 3 fields of winter wheat.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtiullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov i Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Ecologization of grain production technology in crop rotations of the droughty steppe of the Lower Volga region". Agrarian Scientific Journal, nr 10 (17.11.2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i10pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the ecologization of grain production is given. The most ecologically clean crop rotation is a 2-field grain-fallow: a fallow of black winter wheat. Its productivity and efficiency are slightly inferior to crop rotations, where, in addition to winter wheat, there are spring early and late grain crops. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating nutrients, and cleaning the soil from weeds, pathogens, and pests is revealed. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating food elements, cleansing the soil from weeds, pathogens diseases and vermins is revealed. It has been established that the advantage of the fallow predecessor in increasing the productivity and technological properties of winter wheat grain in different types of crop rotations is due to the optimization of the elements of soil fertility and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis. Reducing the length of rotation of grain-fallow crop rotations to two or three fields can significantly reduce weediness of crops and abandon the use of herbicides. An increase in the specific gravity weight of black fallow in crop rotations up to 25% makes it possible to increase its efficiency in clearing fields from weeds of the first two fields, reducing the volume of herbicide application by 75%. Thanks to 2, 3-field grain-fallow crop rotations, it is possible to obtain products without the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection agents, especially against weeds, thereby improving the ecological situation of the environment.
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Larkin, Robert, i Ryan Lynch. "Use and Effects of Different Brassica and Other Rotation Crops on Soilborne Diseases and Yield of Potato †". Horticulturae 4, nr 4 (30.10.2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4040037.
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Soilborne diseases are persistent problems in potato production, resulting in reductions in tuber quality and yield. Brassica rotation crops may reduce soilborne potato diseases, but how to best utilize Brassica crops in potato cropping systems has not been established. In this research, two two-year trials were established at three different sites with histories of soilborne diseases, and up to six different Brassica crops (canola, winter rapeseed, yellow and brown condiment mustards, oriental mustard, oilseed radish, and a mustard blend) and standard rotation crops (ryegrass and buckwheat) were evaluated as rotation and green manure crops. Tuber yield did not vary substantially among the rotation crops, but rotation treatments significantly affected incidence and severity of soilborne diseases at all sites. However, results were variable among sites and years. Perennial ryegrass and mustard blend rotations reduced powdery scab disease by 31–55% relative to other rotations in the only field where powdery scab was a serious problem. Mustard blend, ryegrass, and other Brassica rotations also reduced common scab, silver scurf, and black scurf at various sites, but not consistently at all sites. At one site, mustard blend and barley/ryegrass rotations reduced black scurf (by 21–58%) and common scab (by 13–34%) relative to no rotation. Overall, disease control was not correlated with biofumigation potential or rotation crop biomass production. Although both Brassica and non-Brassica rotations provided disease reduction in potato cropping systems, no single rotation crop performed consistently better than several others.
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Soon, Y. K., i G. W. Clayton. "Eight years of crop rotation and tillage effects on crop production and N fertilizer use". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, nr 2 (1.05.2002): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-047.
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Although tillage systems and crop rotations can affect crop production and uptake of nutrients, their long-term effects, particularly their interactions, are not well-documented. Therefore, we measured the N, P, and K contents and yields of crops through two rotation cycles, especially wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), of four crop rotations managed under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems. The study was conducted 1993 through 2000 on a sandy loam soil in northwestern Alberta, Canada. The four-course crop rotations were: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat; (ii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat; (iii) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and (iv) continuous wheat (CW). The crops were fertilized using regional recommendations based on soil test results. Previous crop effect on wheat yield was in the order: field pea = red clover green manure > fallow > canola > wheat (CW); it had little influence on N, P or K content in wheat grain or straw. There was no interaction of tillage with crop rotation on wheat production or nutrient content. Tillage treatments affected neither production of other rotation crops nor their nutrient concentrations. During the second rotation cycle, N fertilizer requirement decreased, and wheat yield was 22% higher, under NT as compared to CT. This study showed that (i) field pea is an attractive replacement for red clover green manure; and (ii) recommendations for N from soil test results should factor in the type of tillage system used. Key words: Canola, field pea, red clover, nitrogen, tillage, wheat
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Tsymbal, Ya S., P. I. Boiko, I. V. Martyniuk, T. R. Kalchun i L. P. Yakymenko. "Productivity and quality of sunflower seeds in different rotation crop rotations of the Forest-steppe zone according to the organo-mineral intensification system". Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, nr 2 (6.07.2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2022.02.02.
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Aim. To determine the influence of the structure, selection and placement of field crops in different crop rotations on the general productivity, yield and quality of sunflower seeds in particular. Methods. The research was carried out in the subzone of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on typical low-humus chernozem of the Panfil Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences. The technology of growing agricultural crops in the experiment is generally accepted and recommended for the research area. Chemical plant protection agents were used to produce competitive commercial sunflower products. Results. Research was conducted in a long-term stationary field experiment, which was established in 2001, to study crop rotations on typical chernozems of unstable moisture in the Left Bank Forest Steppe, convincingly show that during the 2016–2020 research period, a 7-field crop rotation turned out to be the most rational in this zone saturated with sunflower by 14.3% (winter rape – winter wheat – sunflower – spring wheat – soybean – winter wheat – spring barley) under the organo-mineral intensification system (predecessor by-products + N90P60K90). Conclusion. The yield of sunflower seeds, which was grown after winter wheat, as a predecessor, with the saturation of crop rotations from 12.5 % to 20 % and the corresponding set of crop rotations, was in the range of: 3.91–4.44 t/ha, while the oil content in of sunflower seeds was at the level of 45.4–45.7 %.The economic efficiency of sunflower cultivation in the structure of multi-rotational crop rotations is: conditionally net profit – 24.93–30.14 thousand UAH/ha with a high level of profitability – 176–211%. .
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OLESEN, J. E., I. A. RASMUSSEN, M. ASKEGAARD i K. KRISTENSEN. "Whole-rotation dry matter and nitrogen grain yields from the first course of an organic farming crop rotation experiment". Journal of Agricultural Science 139, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960200268x.
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The possibilities for increasing total grain yield in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop rotation design were investigated in a field experiment on different soil types in Denmark from 1997 to 2000. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: (1) proportion of grass-clover and pulses in the rotation, (2) catch crop (with and without) and (3) manure (with and without). Three four-course rotations were compared. Two of the rotations had 1 year of grass-clover as a green manure crop, either followed by spring wheat or by winter wheat. The grass-clover was replaced by winter cereals in the third rotation. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the nitrogen (N) demand of the cereal crops.Rotational grain yields of the cereal and pulse crops were calculated by summing yields for each plot over the 4 years in the rotation. The rotational yields were affected by all experimental factors (rotation, manure and catch crop). However, the largest effects on both dry matter and N yields were caused by differences between sites caused by differences in soils, climate and cropping history. The rotation without a green manure crop produced the greatest total yield. Dry matter and N yields in this rotation were about 10% higher than in the rotation with a grass-clover ley in 1 year in 4. Therefore, the yield benefits from the grass-clover ley could not adequately compensate for the yield reduction as a result of leaving 25% of the rotation out of production. There were no differences in dry matter and N yields in grains between the rotations, where either spring or winter cereals followed the grass-clover ley. The N use efficiency for ammonium-N in the applied manure corresponded to that obtained from N in commercial fertilizer. There were only very small yield benefits from the use of catch crops. However, this may change over time as fertility builds up in the system with catch crops.
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Khakbazan, M., R. Henry, J. Haung, R. Mohr, R. Peters, S. Fillmore, V. Rodd i A. Mills. "Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-050.
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Khakbazan, M., Henry, R., Haung, J., Mohr, R., Peters, R., Fillmore, S., Rodd, V. and Mills, A. 2015. Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 161–174. A rotation study was initiated in 2007 in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, to determine the economic effects of converting from conventional potato production to organically managed systems. Seven organically managed rotations, which used various crop combinations to help control pests and soil-borne diseases as well as maintain nutrient levels, were assessed for 2 yr before and 2 yr after organic certification requirements were met in 2009. Each rotation included potato as the main cash crop and at least one other cash crop in a 4-yr rotation and these rotations were compared to a 4-yr conventional rotation. Results indicated that without an organic price premium, significant net revenue losses are expected for most of the seven rotations because of lower yields and high costs. The rotation that included carrots (potato, carrots and mixed peas–oats grain as the cash crops) produced the highest net revenue amongst all rotations studied; however, carrot yield and the net revenue associated with it also showed the greatest variability among all the crops. Organically managed cash crops generated higher net revenues than the conventional potato system only if the average PEI organic price premium was applied. Conventional potato systems produced economic benefits similar to most of the organic rotations when a traditional potato–cereal–green manure rotation was evaluated. The comparison of seven possible rotations provides producers with options if growing organic potatoes.
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Ghosh, Probir Kumar, Kali Krishna Hazra, Madasur Subbabhat Venkatesh, Chandra Sekhar Praharaj, Narendra Kumar, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Ummed Singh i Sati Shankar Singh. "Grain legume inclusion in cereal–cereal rotation increased base crop productivity in the long run". Experimental Agriculture 56, nr 1 (10.09.2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000243.
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AbstractSustainability of cereal-based cropping systems remains crucial for food security in South Asia. However, productivity of cereal–cereal rotations has declined in the long run, demonstrating the need for a sustainable alternative. Base crop, that is, common crop in different crop rotations, productivity could be used as a sustainability indicator for the assessment of different long-term crop rotations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grain legume inclusion in lowland rice–wheat (R-W) and upland maize–wheat (M-W) rotation on system’s base crop (rice in lowland and wheat in upland crop rotations) productivity and sustainability and also in soil fertility. Mung bean (April–May) inclusion in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 10–14%. In upland, mung bean inclusion in M-W rotation increased wheat grain yield by 5–11%. Replacing wheat with chickpea in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 5–8%. Increased base crop productivity in legume inclusive rotations was attributed to significant improvement in panicle (rice) or spike (wheat) attributes. Increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in the legume inclusive rotations significantly influenced the base crop productivity in both the production systems. Among the crop rotations, R-W-Mb (in lowland) and M-W-Mb (in upland) rotations had the highest system productivity and net return. Therefore, intensification/diversification of cereal–cereal rotations with grain legume could improve soil fertility and sustain crop productivity.
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Heineman, Emily Marrs, i Christopher J. Kucharik. "Characterizing Dominant Field-Scale Cropping Sequences for a Potato and Vegetable Growing Region in Central Wisconsin". Land 11, nr 2 (11.02.2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020273.
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Crop rotations are known to improve soil health by replenishing lost nutrients, increasing organic matter, improving microbial activity, and reducing disease risk and weed pressure. We characterized the spatial distribution of crops and dominant field-scale cropping sequences from 2008 to 2019 for the Wisconsin Central Sands (WCS) region, a major producer of potato and vegetables in the U.S. The dominant two- and three-year rotations were determined, with an additional focus on assessing regional potato rotation management. Our results suggest corn and soybean are the two most widely planted crops, occurring on 67% and 36% of all agricultural land at least once during the study period. The most frequent two- and three-year crop rotations include corn, soybean, alfalfa, sweet corn, potato, and beans, with continuous corn being the most dominant two- and three-year rotations (13.2% and 8.5% of agricultural land, respectively). While four- and five-year rotations for potato are recommended to combat pest and disease pressure, 23.2% and 65.9% of potato fields returned to that crop in rotation after two and three years, respectively. Furthermore, 5.6% of potato fields were planted continuously with that crop. Given potato’s high nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements, the prevalence of sandy soils, and ongoing water quality issues, adopting more widespread use of four- or five-year rotations of potato with crops that require zero or less N fertilizer could reduce groundwater nitrate concentrations and improve water quality.
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Benaragama, Dilshan I., William E. May, Robert H. Gulden i Christian J. Willenborg. "Functionally diverse flax-based rotations improve wild oat (Avena fatua) and cleavers (Galium spurium) management". Weed Science 70, nr 2 (10.01.2022): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.79.
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AbstractWild oat (Avena fatua L.) and false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) are currently a challenge to manage in less competitive crops such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Increasing the functional diversity in crop rotations can be an option to improve weed management. Nonetheless, this strategy had not been tested in flax in western Canada. A 5-yr (2015 to 2019) crop rotation study was carried at three locations in western Canada to determine the effect of diverse flax-based crop rotations with differences in crop species, crop life cycles, harvesting time, and reduced herbicides on managing A. fatua and G. spurium. The perennial rotation (flax–alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]–alfalfa–alfalfa–flax) under reduced herbicide use was found to be the most consistent cropping system, providing A. fatua and G. spurium control similar to the conventional annual flax crop rotation (flax–barley [Hordeum vulgare L.]–flax–oat [Avena sativa L.]–flax) with standard herbicides. At Carman, this alfalfa rotation provided even better weed control (80% A. fatua, 75% G. spurium) than the conventional rotation. Furthermore, greater A. fatua control was identified compared with a conventional rotation in which two consecutive winter cereal crops were grown successfully in rotation (flax–barley–winter triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)]–winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]–flax). Incorporation of silage oat crops did not show consistent management benefits compared with the perennial alfalfa rotation but was generally similar to the conventional rotation with standard herbicides. The results showed that perennial alfalfa in the rotation minimized G. spurium and A. fatua in flax-cropping systems, followed by rotations with two consecutive winter cereal crops.
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Kozlova, L. M., E. N. Noskova i F. A. Popov. "Improvement of crop rotations aimed at increasing their efficiency and conserving soil fertility in conditions of biological intensification". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, nr 5 (21.10.2019): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.5.467-477.
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The long-term research conducted in 2002-2017 in a long stationary experiment on studying different types of field crop rotations under conditions of the Kirov region showed that on sod-podzolic soils the loss of humus could be lowered using agro technical methods. The most critical of them include the reduction of a portion of bare fallow, transition to sown and green-manure fallow, expanded use of perennial legume and grain-legume crops and intercrop sowings. In eight-field crop rotations when using such means of a biologization as plowing of the root-stubble residues, aboveground mass of green-manure crops in fallow fields and intercrop sowings, the supply of organic substance was within 17.24-83.03 t/ha. By mineral-ization of this substance 7.64-11.51 t of humus were produced. In a crop rotation with bare fallow there is a negative balance of humus of -0.06 t/ha. The positive balance is obtained when using sown, green-manure fallows, intercrop sowings (two-three fields), and introduction of up to 25% perennial legumes to the structure of crop rotations. The formation of 0.96-1.44 t/ha of humus in the arable layer provides positive balance of 0.20-0.72 t/ha. The increase of the part of grain crops up to 62.5-75.0% in the structure of crop rotations resulted in rise of their efficiency up to 4.74-4.79 thousand fodder units. It was 0.27-0.32 thousand fodder units higher than in the control crop rotation with bare fallow. Dependence of productivity of agricultural crops on humus content was insignificantly negative (r = -0.16). The efficiency of the studied crop rotations depended considerably on the amount of productive moisture in the soil in a phase of ear formation of grain crops (r = -0.78) and on biological activity of the soil (r = -0.80).
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Stevenson, F. Craig, i Adrian M. Johnston. "Annual broadleaf crop frequency and residual weed populations in Saskatchewan Parkland". Weed Science 47, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091633.
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The development of problematic weed populations is a concern in western Canadian fields where canola and pea are grown in a 4-yr sequence with spring cereal grains. Weed densities were examined at a site near Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1994 to 1997 in seven zero-till managed crop rotations. Four rotations that included canola, pea, or flax in at least 3 of 4 yr (HBF: high broadleaf–crop frequency) were compared with three rotations that included broadleaf crops grown in 2 of 4 yr (LBF: low broadleaf–crop frequency). Spring wheat and barley were the cereal crops in rotation. Residual (postherbicide application) weed density for each weed species in a given year was summed across all phases for each rotation to reflect the overall weed infestation. Four annual broadleaf weed species were most abundant in 1996 and a second group of three species, having a variety of reproductive strategies, became progressively less abundant as the study progressed. The difference between the HBF and LBF rotations for the density of these species varied and was most prominent in years when environmental conditions were conducive for their growth. More frequent applications of ethafluralin, with its residual weed control, best explained why wild oat and catchweed bedstraw generally were less abundant in the HBF rotations. Of particular interest was the 8 plants m−-2greater density of dandelion and perennial sowthistle in the HBF vs. LBF rotations in the last year of the study. It is thought that the limited herbicide options for the control of these species could present a future problem if they continued to develop in the HBF rotations. Differences in herbicide use between the HBF and LBF rotations were considered the primary factor controlling the rotation effects on weed density.
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Koropeckyj-Cox, Lydia, Reid D. Christianson i Yongping Yuan. "Effectiveness of Conservation Crop Rotation for Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas". Transactions of the ASABE 64, nr 2 (2021): 691–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14017.
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HighlightsAdjusting nitrogen (N) fertilization rates for corn following legumes can reduce N losses.Including perennial legumes in corn rotations can reduce nitrate-N losses and improve water quality.Crop rotations that include three or more years of legumes can be cost-effective.Corn-soybean was the most cost-effective, with a net benefit in nitrate-N loss reduction compared to continuous corn.Abstract. Legumes included in corn-based crop rotation systems provide a variety of benefits to the subsequent crops and potentially to the environment. This review aims to synthesize available data from the literature on legume N credits and the effects of crop rotations on water quality, as well as to analyze the cost benefits associated with different legume-corn rotation systems. We found that there was much variation in reported values for legume N credits to subsequent corn crops, from both empirical results and recommendations made by U.S. land grant universities. But despite inherent complexity, accounting for this contribution is critical when estimating optimal N fertilizer application rates as part of nutrient management. Results from research on the influence of crop rotations on water quality show that including legumes in corn-based rotation systems generally decreases nitrate-N concentrations in subsurface drainage discharge. Our cost analysis showed that incorporating legumes in cropping systems reduced N fertilizer and pesticide costs compared to conventional cropping systems, i.e., continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations, but extended rotations, such as corn-soybean-alfalfa-alfalfa-alfalfa, are not as profitable as conventional systems in the U.S. Midwest. In comparing continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations, although their impacts on water quality are not significantly different when using overall means from the literature data, corn-soybean rotations are more profitable than continuous corn. When using data from papers that directly compared the two, we found that switching from continuous corn to corn-soybean can provide a benefit of $5 per kg N loss reduction. The cost analysis methods used could be tailored to any location or management scenario with appropriate inputs and serve as a useful tool for assessing cost benefits for other agricultural conservation practices. Legume-corn crop rotations have the potential to be an effective conservation practice with the ultimate goal of improving water quality, and, with further research, these rotations could be made even more effective by integrating them into a multi-practice system. Keywords: Conservation practice, Cost analysis, Crop rotation, Nitrate, Nutrient management, Water quality.
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Ball, B. C., I. Bingham, R. M. Rees, C. A. Watson i A. Litterick. "The role of crop rotations in determining soil structure and crop growth conditions". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, nr 5 (1.11.2005): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-078.
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Increasing concern about the need to provide high-quality food with minimum environmental impact has led to a new interest in crop rotations as a tool to maintain sustainable crop production. We review the role of rotations in the development and preservation of soil structure. After first introducing the types of rotations in current practice and their impact on yield, we assess how soil and crop management in rotations determines soil structure, and in turn how soil structure influences crop growth and yield. We also briefly consider how soil structure might contribute to other beneficial effects of rotations, namely nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Emphasis is given to the influence of crop choice and, where relevant, interaction with tillage system and avoidance of compaction in the improvement and maintenance of soil structure. Crop rotations profoundly modify the soil environment. The sequence of crops in rotation not only influences the removal of nutrients from a soil, but also the return of crop residues, the development and distribution of biopores and the dynamics of microbial communities. These processes contribute to the development of soil structure. We have identified areas where further research is needed to enable the potential benefits of rotations in the management of soil structure to be fully exploited. These include: improved quantitative linkages between soil structure and crop growth, the consequences to soil structure and nutrient cycling of crop residue incorporation, developing natural disease suppression, amelioration of subsoils by crop roots, the fate of carbon deposited by plant roots in soil and the fate of organic nitrogen in soil. Key words: Organic farming, microbial activity, nutrient cycling, compaction, disease suppression, soil structure
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Plaxina, V. S., A. N. Astashov, Ju V. Bochkareva, Z. M. Azizov i A. A. Safronov. "Improvement of the ecological sustainability of short-termrotation under the aridization conditions". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 949, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 012135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/949/1/012135.
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Abstract Reducing the use of pesticides is one of the priorities of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, the use of crop rotation is an opportunity to increase the ecological sustainability of agroecosystems. In connection with global climate changes, it is necessary to study the issue of increasing the productivity of crop rotations in conditions with uneven precipitation during the growing season. The purpose of the study was to assess the efficiency of short-term rotation in terms of grain yield taking into account consideration the main agro-climatic factors, as well as to identify the possibility of using a pesticide-free technology for crops cultivation under the aridization conditions. The highest productivity of the studied crop rotations was in five-field and four-field crop rotations with the inclusion of legumes and slow sowing crops. The grain yield from one hectare of arable land was 1.70-1.81 tons with an average productivity of all the studied crop rotations of 1.54 tons. According to the results of long-term research, it has been established that in order to achieve the optimal efficiency of agroecocenosesduring climate aridization, it is necessary to sowcorn and grain sorghum, which can form stable yields in years different in meteorological conditions.
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Ram, Basta, Ajeet Pratap Singh, Veer Singh, Navneet Pareek i Poonam Gautam. "Long term effect of different crop rotations on soil physical properties in a Mollisol". Journal of Phytopharmacology 11, nr 1 (25.02.2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2022.11102.
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The present study was conducted for the study about the effect of different rotations on physical properties in a Mollisol. The study area was located at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, which lies at 290N latitude, 790 3’ E longitude and 243.84 m above the mean sea level altitude. The crop rotation selected for study were T1 (Rice- Wheat-Fallow) T2 (Rice- Vegetable pea- Summer Rice) T3 (Maize- Wheat- Cowpea) T4 (RiceWheat- Sesbania) T5 (Maize- Toria- Urd) T6 (Rice- Yellow Sarson- Grain Cowpea) T7 (Multi-Cut Sorghum- Barseem + Oat- Maize + Cowpea) T8 (Napier + Fodder cowpea- Barseem- Fodder cowpea) T9 (Basmati rice- Potato- Maize Cob) T10 (Maize- Broccoli- Okra) T11 (fallow (uncultivated land)). The soil sample was collected from 20cm depth for the study of soil physical properties (soil color, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, and water holding capacity). Among the different crop rotations, T4 treatment was obtained a significantly high value (except bulk density) of soil texture, particle density, porosity, and water holding capacity. T11 (except bulk density) treatment was obtained a significantly lowest value of soil texture, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity Results indicated that soil under Sesbania rotation was found superior with respect to soil physical properties followed by other crop rotation and the uncultivated land. By taking a crop for a long time on same and using chemical fertilizers that are decrease of soil physical properties. Therefore, in this experiment taking different crop rotations. under the different crop rotations, soil physical properties influenced positively and especially the green manure cycle has had the greatest positive impact. According to experimental data concluded that incorporation of green manure crop rotations was effect more positive an effect on soil physical properties. Crop rotations and green manure crops are improved soil physical properties and soil health.
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Mamiev, D. M. "Optimized crop rotation schemes for the steppe zone of Republic of North Ossetiа — Аlania". Agrarian science, nr 9 (12.11.2022): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-362-9-74-78.
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Relevance. The most important condition for the growth of crop production is the correct use of arable land, the improvement of the structure of areas under crops and the optimization of crop rotation schemes. The purpose of the work is to optimize crop rotation schemes for the steppe zone of Republic of North Ossetiа — Аlania. The novelty lies in the fact that for the first time for the natural conditions of the steppe zone of Republic of North Ossetiа —Alania the schemes of soil-protective crop rotations of a new type were optimized in order to increase soil fertility, ecological balance and productivity of agricultural landscapes.Methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of scientific principles and approaches set out in the methodological guidelines: "Agroecological land assessment, design of adaptive-landscape farming systems and agricultural technologies" (2005), "Methodology for designing the basic elements of an adaptive-landscape farming system" (2010) and "Methodology for optimizing crop rotations and patterns of arable land use” (2004).Results. For more efficient use of arable land, increasing crop yields, meeting the needs of farms with crop products and improving soil fertility, improved crop rotations are proposed. In the developed structure, winter crops should account for 42%, corn for grain — 13%, millet — 1%, peas — 3%, soybeans — 4%, sunflower — 8%, potatoes — 0.5%, fodder root crops — 1%, vegetables — 3%, corn for silage — 4%, annual grasses — 1.5%, perennial grasses — 3%, winter rapeseed — 7%, flax — 3%, mustard — 2%, pure fallows — 4%. Optimization of the structure of sown areas and crop rotations developed on its basis will make it possible to grow intermediate crops on 30–50% of arable land, provide farms in the steppe zone of Republic of North Ossetiа — Аlania with high-quality and balanced fodder and a longer operation of the "green conveyor". Optimized crop rotation schemes for the steppe zone of Republic of North Ossetiа — Аlania provide a reduction in degradation processes, increase soil fertility and crop productivity by 12–15%.
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Peachey, B. Edward, Ray D. William i Carol Mallory-Smith. "Effect of Spring Tillage Sequence on Summer Annual Weeds in Vegetable Row Crop Rotations". Weed Technology 20, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-111r2.1.
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The effects of spring tillage sequence on summer annual weed populations were evaluated over two cycles of a 3-yr crop rotation of snap beans, sweet corn, and winter wheat. Continuous no-till (N) planting of vegetable crops each spring (NNNN) reduced summer annual weed density 63 to 86% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage (CCCC), depending upon site and herbicide level. Hairy nightshade populations were reduced by 88 to 96% when spring tillage was eliminated from the crop rotation. The effects of the NNNN spring tillage sequence on weed density were similar at two sites even though the crop rotations at the two sites began with different crops. The rotational tillage sequence of NCNC at the East site, in a crop rotation that began with corn, reduced summer annual weed density by 46 to 51% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage and planting (CCCC) at low and medium herbicide rates, respectively. In contrast, the tillage sequence of CNCN in the same crop rotation and at the same site increased weed density by 80% compared to that of CCCC at a low herbicide rate. The effects of the NCNC and CNCN rotational tillage sequences on weed density were reversed at the West site, and was probably caused by pairing sweet corn with conventional tillage rather than no tillage. The reduction in summer annual weed density caused by reduced spring tillage frequency did not significantly increase crop yields.
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Zwingli, Michael E., William E. Hardy i John L. Adrian. "Reduced Risk Rotations for Fresh Vegetable Crops: An Analysis for the Sand Mountain and Tennessee Valley Regions of Alabama". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 21, nr 2 (grudzień 1989): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200001266.
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AbstractA mixed integer linear programming model was developed to simulate the decision environment faced by an entry-level vegetable producer contemplating production for the whole-sale market. The model included activities which permitted consideration of 13 vegetable crops within a spring, summer, and fall rotational system. Rotations were permitted within given bounds established by marketing, rotational, and price risk constraints. Rotations were generally stable with respect to markets and relative to crop mixes as target income and acceptable negative deviation levels were varied. Spring and fall broccoli and turnip greens and late spring-summer yellow and zucchini squash were dominant crops in the triple crop rotations in the Atlanta and Cincinnati markets.
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Chibis, Valery. "Principles of formation of field crop rotations in the conditions of the forest-steppe of western Siberia". BIO Web of Conferences 47 (2022): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224709001.
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The article analyzes soil and climatic zoning of the territory of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, population degree, contour of fields, biological economic features of crops, including the leading - spring wheat. The adaptive landscape approach to the zonal features of crop alternation was used in the work, which makes it possible to determine a reasonable ecological niche for each one, select crops in accordance with biological requirements, productivity, profitability of production, as much as possible to reduce repeated and monocrops. Monitoring of economic activity over the past 35 years has shown a tendency for commodity producers to be stratified by resource capabilities, technical equipment, and, above all, the level of agriculture intensification. In this regard, recommendations for optimizing field crop rotations are focused on expanding to 8-10 crops and adaptive varieties, considering their profitability and "soil improvement", limiting resowing, excluding continuous cultivation of agricultural crops. In conditions of limited intensive agriculture, about 5-10% of the arable land area belongs to crop rotations with winter, tilled crops, legumes, melilot, rapeseed, millet, clover, annual multicomponent grasses, the efficiency of which in terms of the yield of fodder units often surpasses grain-fallow crop rotations with short rotation. It is noted that in recent years, special attention has been paid to alternate crop rotations, which allow, with increase in farming standards and use of intensification means, to slightly reduce the fallow field and optimize the structure of arable land use, to increase the biodiversity of a set of crops and adaptive varieties. The tendency to switch to rotation crop, among commodity producers of a more humidified forest-steppe zone, is possible only with the use of fertilizers and the improvement of agrophytocenoses. The expansion of alternate crop rotations and the reduction of repeated sowing of spring wheat is also due to positive changes in hydrothermal conditions in arid soil and climatic zones of Western Siberia.
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Schlegel, Alan J., Yared Assefa i Daniel O’Brien. "Productivity and Profitability of Four Crop Rotations under Limited Irrigation". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, nr 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13416.
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Abstract. Selection of optimal crops and cropping systems for most efficient water use specific for local environments can improve global water security. Limited irrigation with ground water is one alternative to alleviate crops from low amount or unevenly distributed water in the growing seasons in semi-arid regions. The main objectives of this research were to quantify yield-water use relationships of three limited irrigated crops, determine effect of crop selection on profitability with limited irrigation, and identify profitable and alternative crop production systems. A field study was conducted at the Kansas State University Southwest Research-Extension Center near Tribune, Kansas, from 2012 through 2017. There were four treatments in the study, two 1-yr systems of continuous corn ( L.) (C-C) and continuous grain sorghum (L.) (GS-GS) and two 2-yr rotations of corn-grain sorghum (C-GS) and corn-winter wheat ( L.) (C-W). Overall corn yield after wheat (C-W) was about 1.4 Mg (ha)-1 greater than C-C. Corn and sorghum yields were similar grown as monoculture or in rotation with each other. Available soil water at corn planting and during the growing season were 20 to 40 mm (240 cm profile-1) less in the C-GS rotation compared with C-C and C-W rotations. Corn yield increased as water use (yield-water use) increased in C-W rotation but yield-water use relationships tended to be negative in C-C and C-GS rotations. Grain sorghum yield increased with water use in both rotations but at a greater rate in GS-GS compared with C-GS. Despite greater corn grain yield in C-W, our economic analysis showed that wheat was the least profitable of the three crops causing the C-W rotation to be least profitable. In this study, the most profitable limited irrigation crop rotation was corn-grain sorghum (C-GS). Keywords: Corn-sorghum-wheat, Crop rotation, Limited irrigation, Profitability, Supplementary irrigation, Sustainability.
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Mustafayev, Zh S., A. A. Sagaev, Y. N. Alimbaev i V. V. Pchelkin. "BASIC CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL HYDRO AGROLANDSCAPE SYSTEMS". REPORTS 6, nr 334 (15.12.2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.144.
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Based on the principles of natural analogies, the necessary diversity, the ability of soil formation and the integration of knowledge, multifunctional hydroagrolandscape systems have been developed, including multifunctional systems (crop rotation fields and irrigation technique), which ensure the fulfillment of the ecological and economic functions of the soils of hydroagrolandscape systems. Multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape systems for the purposeful regulation of the soil-forming process on irrigated crop rotation fields by designing crop rotation and an irrigation system on irrigated lands (hydro-agricultural landscape system) with the linkage of agricultural crops to irrigation equipment and technology, which move along with agricultural crops according to the rotational scheme, adopted in the crop rotation, ensure the maximum possible use of solar energy for the soil-forming process in specific natural and climatic conditions. The environment-forming functions of a multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape system are provided on the basis of the use of integral criteria to ensure the agroecological sustainability of irrigated crop rotations (hydroagrolandscapes), taking into account geoecological restrictions, that is, the weighted average irrigation rate (water demand deficit) of agricultural crops in the crop rotation should not exceed the deficit of the ecological water requirement of agricultural land systems. Thus, the design of highly productive hydrolandscape systems requires ensuring compliance with not only the principles of the necessary diversity and natural analogies, based on the creation of se-rotations with mobile irrigation techniques to control and regulate soil-forming processes, that is, the soil as an object of influence (reclamation) performing an ecological function , and agricultural crops as a subject perform an economic function, requires the need, on the basis of the principle of knowledge integration, to form ways of regulating the natural process that provide targeted regulation and control of soil-forming processes as environment-forming systems.
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Sorensen, R. B., i C. L. Butts. "Peanut Response to Crop Rotation, Drip Tube Lateral Spacing, and Irrigation Rates with Deep Subsurface Drip Irrigation". Peanut Science 41, nr 2 (1.07.2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps13-19.1.
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ABSTRACT Long term crop yield with various crop rotations irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is not known for US southeast. A SSDI system was installed in 1998 on Tifton loamy sand soil with five crop rotations, two drip tube lateral spacings, and three irrigation levels. Crop rotations ranged from continuous peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) to four years between peanut. Laterals were installed beneath each crop row (0.91-m) and alternate row middles (1.83-m). Crops were irrigated daily at 100, 75 and 50% of estimated crop water use. Laterals spaced at 1.83 m had the same yield as laterals spaced at 0.91-m in nine out of ten years. The 50, 75, and 100% irrigation treatments averaged 3263, 3468, and 3497 kg/ha, respectively. There was no yield difference between the 75 and 100% irrigation treatments implying 25% water savings. Crop rotation affected peanut yield seven out of eight years and continuous peanut had lowest yield across all years. As time between peanut crops increased peanut yield increased. Irrigation treatment had no effect on total sound mature kernels (TSMK). Lateral spacing affected TSMK 20% of the time and crop rotation affected TSMK 90% of the time. Continuous peanut rotation had the lowest TSMK with higher TSMK occurring as time between peanut crops increased. There was no evidence of any one crop rotation negatively affecting kernel size distribution except for continuous peanut. When using SSDI, it is possible to save 25% irrigation water, install drip laterals in alternate row middles, and rotate with peanut every three years without negatively affecting peanut yield or grade.
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Svechnikov, A. K. "Advantages of grass-grain crop rotations due to prolonged use of clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, nr 6 (13.12.2020): 752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.6.752-763.
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It is known that significant saving of nitrogen fertilizers are due to perennial legume-cereal grasses use in crop rotations. From 2013 to 2018in the Mari El Republic six-field grass-grain fodder crop rotations were compared on sod-podzolic soils with a very high level of phosphorus and potassium. In the third rotation their productivity and bioenergetic efficiency, changes in several important soil fertility indicators, and crud protein content in the produced fodder were evaluated. The main difference between the crop rotations was based on the duration of the clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture (CAG) use: from one year to three years. In given experiment there was also studied the effect of mineral nitrogen (variants N0, N60) against Р60К60 background on the yield of crop rotations. During six years, there was no significant soil acidification in the variants. Each additional year of clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture use raised the energy efficiency ratio of crop rotations by 24-47 % (from 1.13-1.24 by one-year use to 2.08-2.25 by three years of use). Three-year CAG use as compared with one- and two-years has given to the crop rotation significant advantages in energy efficiency (up to two times) and productivity (approximately 40-80 %) of cultivated crops. After refusing to apply nitrogen fertilizations in such crop rotation, average crop productivity, soil humus and nitrogen content in the soil were better preserved. The average crude protein content in dry matter of the obtained fodder increased from 12.7 % to 14.6 % when prolonging theca use up to two years. The average energy value of the yield per rotation was recorded low (8.4-8.7 MJ/kg) and did not depend on the studied factors.
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Schnell, H., M. Kunisch, M. C. Saxena i J. Sauerborn. "Simulation of the Seed Bank Dynamics of Orobanche crenata Forsk. in some Crop Rotations Common in Northern Syria". Experimental Agriculture 32, nr 4 (październik 1996): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001484.
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SUMMARYSimulations of the dynamics of the seed bank of Orobanche crenata Forsk. under different crop rotations are presented. Rotations studied involved four host species, lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill.), and non-host species. Simulation showed that the Orobanche seed bank dynamics in three-course crop rotations would result in a high Orobanche seed population and hence in low yields of the respective crops. Replacing the susceptible by resistant legumes such as woolly-pod vetch in some of the cycles of the rotations would keep the Orobanche infestation at a low level without reducing the proportion of legumes. A three-course crop rotation with faba bean would have to be changed to a 12-coursc rotation in which faba bean was grown every twelfth year but was replaced by woolly-pod vetch or other resistant legumes in seasons 3, 6, 9; 15, 18, 21; and so on. In the three-course rotations with chickpea or lentil, these susceptible legumes would be grown every ninth year but would have to be replaced in seasons 3 and 6; 12 and 15; 21 and 24; and so on, thus changing these three-course rotations into nine-course rotations.
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Schnell, H., M. Kunisch, M. C. Saxena i J. Sauerborn. "Simulation of the Seed Bank Dynamics of Orobanche crenata Forsk. in some Crop Rotations Common in Northern Syria". Experimental Agriculture 32, nr 4 (październik 1996): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003768.
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SUMMARYSimulations of the dynamics of the seed bank of Orobanche crenata Forsk. under different crop rotations are presented. Rotations studied involved four host species, lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill.), and non-host species. Simulation showed that the Orobanche seed bank dynamics in three-course crop rotations would result in a high Orobanche seed population and hence in low yields of the respective crops. Replacing the susceptible by resistant legumes such as woolly-pod vetch in some of the cycles of the rotations would keep the Orobanche infestation at a low level without reducing the proportion of legumes. A three-course crop rotation with faba bean would have to be changed to a 12-coursc rotation in which faba bean was grown every twelfth year but was replaced by woolly-pod vetch or other resistant legumes in seasons 3, 6, 9; 15, 18, 21; and so on. In the three-course rotations with chickpea or lentil, these susceptible legumes would be grown every ninth year but would have to be replaced in seasons 3 and 6; 12 and 15; 21 and 24; and so on, thus changing these three-course rotations into nine-course rotations.
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Norton, MR, R. Murison, ICR Holford i GG Robinson. "Rotation effects on sustainability of crop production: the Glen Innes rotation experiment". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, nr 7 (1995): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950893.
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This study, which commenced in 1921, is the longest running crop rotation experiment in the summer rainfall region of Australia. The 7 rotation treatments comprise various frequencies and combinations of maize and spring oat crops with and without autumn oats and red clover ley. The maize and oat yields are analysed separately using principles described by Paterson (1964). Spline regressions are used to describe the trends of yields with time and to make comparisons amongst the rotations. Yield performance of maize and oats was improved as legume ley duration increased, although as maize cropping became more frequent this effect was reduced. Autumn-sown oats benefited both maize and spring oat yields, independent of the presence of a legume ley. Crop yields were generally maintained in those rotations containing a grazed clover ley. After alteration of ley management in the mid 1960s so that clover crops were subsequently removed as hay, crop yields in these rotations declined. The benefits of clover ley to crop productivity were considered to be primarily due to the maintenance of those soil chemical, physical, and biological properties associated with sustainable crop production.
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Snowdon, Emily, Bernie J. Zebarth, David L. Burton, Claudia Goyer i Philippe Rochette. "Growing season N2O emissions from two-year potato rotations in a humid environment in New Brunswick, Canada". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, nr 3 (sierpień 2013): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-115.
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Snowdon, E., Zebarth, B. J., Burton, D. L., Goyer, C. and Rochette, P. 2013. Growing season N2O emissions from two-year potato rotations in a humid environment in New Brunswick, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 279–294. Few studies have examined the effects of crop rotation on N2O emissions. This study quantified N2O emissions from seven 2-yr potato rotations over a 3-yr period, 2008–2010, where the potato phase was present in 2008 and 2010. In addition, the potential to predict variation in cumulative growing season N2O emissions was examined using indices of nitrate availability [nitrate exposure (NE), a time integrated measure of soil nitrate concentrations in the surface soil], carbon availability (cumulative growing season CO2emissions) and aeration [time-weighted average water-filled pore space (WFPS)]. In the potato phase of the rotations, even for treatments receiving the same fertilizer N rate (193 kg N ha−1), a wide range in cumulative growing season N2O emissions was measured in both 2008 and 2010 (0.39–1.49 and 0.81–2.03 kg N ha−1, respectively). The NE explained 52 and 70% of the variation in growing season N2O emissions under potato production in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Carbon availability also had a significant effect on N2O emissions, as indicated by increased N2O emissions in rotations where residues of the preceding crop resulted in increased CO2emissions early in the growing season. A large proportion (67%) of the variation in cumulative N2O emissions among rotation crops was also explained by NE. Choice of rotation crop resulted in an almost twofold difference (0.9–1.7 kg N ha−1) in N2O emissions over the 2-yr rotation cycle. Greater N2O emissions over the 2-yr rotation cycle were measured for rotation crops of soybean, Italian ryegrass, red clover and potato than for rotation crops of corn, canola and barley. However, the fertilizer N management in both the potato and rotation crop phases may be as or more important than the choice of rotation crop in influencing the risk of N2O emissions.
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Larkin, Robert P., Timothy S. Griffin i C. Wayne Honeycutt. "Rotation and Cover Crop Effects on Soilborne Potato Diseases, Tuber Yield, and Soil Microbial Communities". Plant Disease 94, nr 12 (grudzień 2010): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-10-0172.
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Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997–2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.
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Martyniuk, I. V., P. I. Boiko i Ya S. Tsymbal. "Productivity of spring barley in short-term crop rotation of Left-Bank Forest Steppe depending on the fertilization system". Scientific Journal Grain Crops 5, nr 2 (2022): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0194.
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The article analyzed the research results for 2016–2020 in a long-term stationary experiment, which was established in 2001 on typical chernozems with unstable humidity of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, namely, on the Panfil research station National Science Center "Institute of Agriculture NAAS". The research results convincingly showed that 4-field crop rotations with 100 % saturation with grain crops (peas–winter wheat–maize for grain–spring barley) under different fertilization systems, such as control (without fertilizers), mineral (with the application of N60P60K60), organo-mineral (NPK + by-products of the predecessor), organic (by-products of the predecessor) fertilization systems, are most rational for highly specialized farms the in this area. The grain yield of spring barley, depending on the fertilization system, was in the range of 4.18–5.54 t/ha. Productivity of crop rotation area in a 4-field crop rotation for harvesting spring barley per 1 ha was: grain – 5.50–7.69 tons, fodder units – 7.48–10.47; digestible protein – 0.60–0.84 tons. The economic efficiency of growing spring barley in short-term crop rotation depending on the fertilization systems is: relatively net profit – 14.2–20.7 thousand UAH/ha, profitability – 122.6–197.0 %. Balanced short-term crop rotations with an optimal set and ratio of crops have been studied and introduced into production. Under market conditions, these crop rotations will ensure the production of competitive products and the preservation of soil fertility. Key words: crop rotation, rotation, fertilizers, productivity, yield, grain, fodder units, digestible protein, economic efficiency.
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Seben Junior, Getulio de Freitas, José Eduardo Corá i Rattan Lal. "Physical quality of an Oxisol under no-tillage subjected to different cropping systems". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, nr 9 (wrzesień 2016): 1568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900056.
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Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical quality of an Oxisol under no-tillage subjected to different crop rotations and crop sequences. The experiment was carried out in a clayey Oxisol, during six years, in a randomized complete block design, with strip plots and three replicates. The following physical indicators of soil quality were evaluated: soil density and carbon content, as well as mean weight diameter and tensile strength of aggregates. Treatments consisted of three summer crop rotations - corn/corn (Zea mays), soybean/soybean (Glycine max), and soybean/corn - and of seven second crops (crop sequences) - corn, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea). Crop rotations and sequences did not affect soil carbon contents. Corn, as a summer crop, increased the tensile strength and mean weight diameter of aggregates, similarly to pearl millet and sorghum as second crops. Soybean/corn rotation with sun hemp as a second crop increases soil physical quality, promoting higher tensile strengths and lower soil densities.
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Larkin, Robert P., C. Wayne Honeycutt i O. Modesto Olanya. "Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato with Disease-Suppressive Green Manures and as Affected by Previous Cropping History". Plant Disease 95, nr 5 (maj 2011): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0670.
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The ability of disease-suppressive rotation crops to reduce potato disease problems and increase crop productivity in a field with prior severe Verticillium wilt, as well as the potential influence of previous cropping history on disease suppression, was evaluated over three field seasons in Maine. Disease-suppressive rotations consisted of: (i) a high-glucosinolate mustard blend (‘Caliente 119’) as a mixture of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea) with known biofumigation potential and (ii) a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Each were grown as single-season green manures followed by a subsequent potato crop. These rotations were compared with a standard barley rotation and a barley rotation followed by chemical fumigation with metam sodium as controls. Both green manure rotations significantly reduced (average reductions of 25 and 18%, respectively) Verticillium wilt in the subsequent potato crop compared with the standard barley control but were not as effective as chemical fumigation (35% reduction). The mustard blend also reduced other soilborne diseases (black scurf and common scab) better than all other rotations. Mustard blend and chemical fumigation treatments increased tuber yield relative to the barley control by 12 and 18%, respectively. However, by the second rotation cycle, disease levels were high in all rotations, and only chemical fumigation resulted in substantial disease reduction (35%). Rotations also had significant effects on soil microbiology, including soil bacterial and fungal populations and microbial community characteristics based on fatty acid profiles. However, only chemical fumigation significantly reduced soil populations of Verticillium spp. and increased general soil microbial activity. Previous cropping history did not significantly affect disease reduction, tuber yield, or soil microbial communities. This research indicates the potential for using disease-suppressive rotations for managing Verticillium wilt and other soilborne diseases but also indicates that multiple years of disease-suppressive crops may be needed to substantially reduce disease in heavily infested fields.
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Kozlova, L. M., E. N. Noskova, F. A. Popov i E. V. Svetlakova. "BALANCE OF NUTRITION ELEMENTS IN CROP ROTATION UNDER BIOLOGIZED ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPE FARMING". TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 3 (27) (2021): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-3-27-84-94.
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In the light of recent developments, the use of biological techniques in crop cultivation technologies needs to be expanded. The role of crop rotations with a high proportion of legume grasses, green manure crops and intermediate crops is increasing. The purpose of the research is to study soil fertility dynamics in terms of the main nutritional elements and determine their balance for the development of the adaptive landscape farming system in the North-Eastern region of the European part of Russia. Experiments were carried out on the experimental plots of the FARC of the North-East in 2002–2009. Soil – sod-podzolic middle loamy. We analyzed data of a long-term stationary experiment in four grain-fallow-grass field crop rotations. Meteorological conditions during the years of research were close to the average long-term values and favorable for crop cultivation. The introduction of low doses of fertilizers (N45P45K45 as mineral, 11.5–22.5 t/ha as green manure) increased the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by 11–14 mg/kg (LSD05 = 9.5) in crop rotations with occupied and green manure fallows. An increase in exchangeable potassium by 15 mg/kg (LSD05 = 14.1) was noted in crop rotation with two clover fields for green manure. A positive balance of nitrogen and phosphorus was obtained in crop rotation with occupied and green manure fallows. The nitrogen balance was with a higher intake of +157.8 – +483.5 kg/ha and balance intensity – 115–140 %. The balance of phosphorus has developed at +6.0…+49.6 kg/ha. The positive balance of potassium was only in crop rotations with the introduction of green manure fertilizers and intermediate crop (+69.9…+175.8 kg/ha). The intensity of the balance of these elements was 101–118 %. In the control crop rotation with bare fallow at a minimum intake of nutrients, the negative balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was obtained; the intensity was below 100 %. Productivity of crop rotation was at the level of 4.90–5.41 thousand fodder units. According to the optimal combination of productivity and the balance of nutritional elements, crop rotation with two clover fields for green manure and an intermediate crop stood out.