Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Croissance urbaine – Environnement”
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Moschella, Miloslavich Paola. "Peri-urbanization and land management sustainability in Peruvian cities". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH013.
Pełny tekst źródłaUncontrolled urban expansion is related to several socio-environmental problems in developing countries like Peru. In order to understand the urban expansion in non-developable areas, the research combines three dimensions of analysis: spatial analysis, social behavior analysis, and the evaluation of urban management and spatial planning. The study focuses on three Peruvian cases: a seasonal fog-oasis in the arid city of Lima, the prime farmlands in Cajamarca valley, and the wetlands of the small city of Huamachuco. Urban expansion in the case studies is predominantly informal and disorganized as a consequence of serious deficiencies in local public management, road planning, and the culture of informality. However, some communal organizations and social leaders contribute to a more sustainable land-use
Saidani, Keltoum. "Acteurs, projets urbains et environnement : les mutations urbaines à Alger". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0059.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Sustainable development is presently, one of the major priorities of urban issues. This inscription is related to the control of space, the sustainability of urban development, the preservation of biodiversity, the reduction of carbon balances, the controlled management’resources ..., Introducing sustainable development in urban problems impose to develop specific knowledge on the urban system, on societies, knowledge and knowledge conceptual capacities are part of a spatial and temporal dimension. Faced with the strong urban growth of the capitals of the Mediterranean cities on which Algiers is rebuilding a new image and which is going through profound changes. Algiers nowadays, is articulated between its Turkish and Moorish past, between the past and Western modernity of colonial periods, and a recent expansion resolutely turned towards modernism! With its exceptional density of population and economic activities, Algiers has since 2005, the maturation of the general policies of the environment and urbanism translated by the new approach of urban planning based on the urban projects, the urban graphics and the need for sorting out issues of the housing crisis as part of the preparation and implementation of new urban planning documents. The amplification of urban projects is faced to main challenges of sustainable urban development and is presently, a major concern of national authorities and urban planners, very preoccupied by grown beyond the excessive urban growth that is moving away from theprinciple of sustainable development against the sustainability of the territory
CHARDON, ANNE CATHERINE. "Croissance urbaine et risques "naturels", évaluation de la vulnérabilité à Manizales, Andes de Colombie". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10157.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoukir, Hamid. "Croissance urbaine et problèmes de l'eau dans la Médina de Fès, les conséquences sanitaires : Contribution à l'analyse de la relation population-environnement en milieu urbain". Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11063.
Pełny tekst źródłaGhodbani, Tarik. "Environnement et littoralisation dans l'Ouest algérien". Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083042.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis deals with the problem of intensive coastal growth and its impacts on environmental in the western coast of Algeria, "From the slope of the Dahra Mountains eastward to Oued Kiss Westward". It focuses on the man – environment relationship by combining the knowledge of physical geography to human geography. It analyzes the different modes of occupation of the coastal area, and addresses the interactions between different components of the landscape at the ecological, economic and social level. The thesis is structured in three parts, and includes analysis based on case studies. The first deals with environmental issues by three entries: the disruption of coastal dynamics, the loss of biodiversity and degradation of the natural landscape. The second focuses on explaining the causes of degradation through the study of littoralization and its various mutations at the regional and local level. The third and final section is devoted to the study of management tools, the main actors involved and the use conflicts around the issue of environment and coastal land, in order to end up finall to a set of proposals for an integrated management of coastal areas in Algeria, in general, and the west coast in particular. Two methods are applied: one diachronic and the other multiscalaire. The diachronic, deals with evolution over time, of the interactions between coastal occupation and natural landscape. The multiscalaire, deals with an analysis of various phenomena through several layers of scales, from local to global, and vice versa
Regnier, Camille. "Développement urbain et services écosystèmiques : une analyse du marché foncier". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCG002.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the end of the industrial revolution, scientists as well as politicians have been interesting in the questions related to the optimal shape of cities. Initially, a majority branch advocates for a « garden city », with open space and low density. However, the paradigm has turned over time and especially after the rise of new environmental stakes. The public debate is now focused on the need to intensify urban growth and to combat urban sprawl. This raises the question of the validity of such measures and, more broadly, of the design of a public intervention strategy on the land market ensuring urban development compatible with the preservation of the environment. This thesis proposes to contribute to the debate on the optimal forms of sustainable cities by answering the following question: is it possible to reconcile urban development and environmental preservation? More specifically, is the compact city a form of sustainable city? If so, is it the only one? Is the provision of ecosystem services conditioned by the urban structure and, if so, what services and how? Through a micro-economic analysis of the land market, and using the concept of ecosystem services, we propose to answer these questions. In general way, this thesis reveals the following major element: due to the complexity of the link between the different ecosystem services and the interconnections between them and urban development, the conclusions on sustainable city structure can only be done in conditional terms. This result is an invitation to undertake adequate researchs upstream in order to better grasp and foresee the potential perverse effects associated with the promotion of a single form of sustainable city, as is currently the case with the paradigm of the compact city
Katalayi, Mutombo Hilaire. "Urbanisation et fabrique urbaine à Kinshasa : défis et opportunités d'aménagement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30036.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur investigation is a study of the process of spatial creation and uncontrolled development of the city of Kinshasa, in the hills of the West and of the Southwest. This research has attempted to analyze the challenges and opportunities for planning and urban development. We focused on the issue of the invasion of open spaces and interstices to cables in planned cities and its environmental and socio-economic consequences. Based on our analysis, we concluded that urban policies suffer from a lack of coherent organizing space. Management of urbanization includes controlling land which could constrain spatial expansion, characterized by the paradigm of ecological marginalization. This is one of the main ways to tame urban growth and give neighborhoods as well as the city of Kinshasa the desired physiognomy
Colomb, Maxime. "Simulation de formes réalistes de développement résidentiel, de l’échelle du bâtiment à celle de l’ensemble d’une région urbaine". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2070.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe process of urban sprawl of urban agglomerations is very often criticised for numerous reasons.The dynamics of residential developments, at the origin of urban sprawl, are very complex and result from the interaction of several phenomena. Many laws and regulations are supposed to control the construction of buildings in order to limit the negative impacts of urbanisation.It is nevertheless difficult to anticipate the effects of such a regulatory corpus. Its multi-scale nature, related to the different levels of regulation, the different regulated subjects and the different parties executing those regulations complicate the forecasting of their effects and the spatial configurations they contribute to create. Here, we propose a simulation model for the residential development of an urban agglomeration. It produces realistic configurations respecting the orientations, goals and constraints stemming from urban planning documents. To that end, we elaborate a coupling of two existing spatial simulation models. This coupling, named ArtiScales, follows a top-down approach in simulating the shape of the residential development of an entire study area by selecting the constructible parcels and by simulating the construction potential of each plot. ArtiScales integrates the MUP-City model, that allows us to select interesting locations with respect to the built configuration of the study area and to several points of interest (transportation networks, shopping facilities, services, etc.). We develop a parcel management model in order to select the existing parcels interesting for residential development and to recompose them when needed according to the chosen scenarios and to specific situations (densification, special operations). Finally, we use the SimPLU3D model to simulate the constructibility of each parcel. This model generates spatial configurations, in three dimensions, respecting the regulatory constraints originating from the local urban planning scheme (Plan Local de l’Urbanisme - PLU). We concentrate the analysis of the coupling results on the estimation of created housing units and its agreement with the goals defined by the local housing program (Programme Local de l’Habitat - PLH) and on the housing density by hectare and its agreement with the goals defined by the territorial coherence scheme (Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale - SCoT). Spatial simulation models are subject to an important variability that questions the reliability of simulation results. MUP-City being particularly subject to such variability, we conduct a complete analysis of its simulation results in order to caracterise the parameters responsible for this variability and how it translates to the produced spatial configurations. We distinguish two types of variations : the ones caused by scenaristic parameters, allowing to simulate different residential development forms, and those caused by technical parameters (internal to the model), allowing to propose variants of the scenarios. The variability between the variants is compared with the variability found in the study of MUP-City results in order to see if the model coupling absorbs or amplifies it. The ArtiScales model (https://github.com/ArtiScales/ArtiScales) is available as free and open source software and can be used in many applications. A set of simulations representing different scenarios has been explored on the Grand Besançon territory (East of France). Simulations carried out represent a potential for residential development conforming to all the regulations at work. We also propose simulations that modify the zoning authorising the construction or not
Jouvaud, Magali. "Localisation des services aux entreprises et croissance des agglomérations". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32037.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis attempt to understand the location and distribution of producer services between agglomerations and their role in the economic growth of cities. Firstly, we analyse locational factors (market proximity, needs in human ressources, services and informations). We point out, with a typology of producer services according to their locational factors, that modalities of service delivery (servuction), type of firms and activities are determinant for explaining the different combinations of locational factors existing in this industry. Secondly, we examine the impact of location decisions in the urban system. Producer services are still very concentrated in the biggest metropolitan areas. Our analysis confirms that agglomerations which high concentration of producer services, grew faster. The relation between producer services and urban growth is explained by their role in the two major mechanisms of urban economic growth. We found that producer services are part of the economic base of agglomerations and generate multiplier effects as well as manufacturing mutipliers. A study of french metropolitan departments underline the favorable effect of producer services and their executive workers on employment productivity and productivity gains. Therefore, producer services importance differs according to cities but their effect is essential for explainning disparities in economic growth of agglomerations: they play a prime role for the structuration of the french urban system
Valy, Janique. "Croissance urbaine et risque inondation en Bretagne". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624646.
Pełny tekst źródłaOgalama, Yabo Gabriel. "La pratique de l'urbanisme en Afrique Subsaharienne : bilan et perspective stratégique. L'exemple de la ville de Bangui (Centrafrique)". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1804/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCities in Africa often grow in population develop at the rate of 5% yearly and sometimes go beyond 7%. When a city grows at the rate of 7% per year, its population doubles every ten years. This means that the capacities of infrastructures and equipments should be doubled. But developing countries do not have the financial capacities to stand it. As a result, there are many problems among which the degradation of equipments, the environment and precarious areas. How to plan such cities? After a study of large cities such as Abidjan, Lomé, Ouagadougou and their planning documents methods used, Bangui is chosen as the main site of the research. To plan is to articulate strategic stakes to local practices. This involves to link planning documents to other sectoral documents (for sewage, retail trade, transports…)
Moschella, Miloslavich Paola. "Peri-urbanization and land management sustainability in Peruvian cities". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH013/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUncontrolled urban expansion is related to several socio-environmental problems in developing countries like Peru. In order to understand the urban expansion in non-developable areas, the research combines three dimensions of analysis: spatial analysis, social behavior analysis, and the evaluation of urban management and spatial planning. The study focuses on three Peruvian cases: a seasonal fog-oasis in the arid city of Lima, the prime farmlands in Cajamarca valley, and the wetlands of the small city of Huamachuco. Urban expansion in the case studies is predominantly informal and disorganized as a consequence of serious deficiencies in local public management, road planning, and the culture of informality. However, some communal organizations and social leaders contribute to a more sustainable land-use
Bourgeois, Marc. "Impacts écologiques des formes d'urbanisation : modélisations urbaines et paysagères". Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1029/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe global increase of urbanization during the past decades have induced a progressive artificialization of natural environments. The building of transport infrastructures and new housings causes a landscape fragmentation in an irreversible way and a strong decrease of the connectivity of ecological habitats. Maintaining the functionality of ecological networks is becoming a major goal of sustainable urban planning policies. With a special focus on urban evolutions in the horizon 2030 in the urban area of Besançon in eastern France (residential development and road traffic evolutions), this thesis aims to assess the potential impact of urban forms on landscape connectivity of animal species’ ecological networks. This research work promotes a modelling approach both on the field of theoretical and quantitative geography and landscape ecology.This approach follows three main steps: (1) simulating residential development and its associated road traffic changes using five prospective scenarios of differentiated urban forms; (2) modelling landscape graphs of various animal species using land-cover maps and ecological data; (3) assessing the potential impacts of each scenario on ecological networks from these graphs using connectivity metrics, with measures of the connectivity decrease attributable to each residential development scenario. Contrary to sprawled cities, the results show that compact and dense urban forms best promote the maintenance of ecological connectivity for the majority of species groups. Further analysis highlights the great contribution of road traffic evolutions regarding the ecological impacts of each scenario.According to some sensitivity analysis, the model used is quite robust. It demonstrates the interest of modelling in the decision-making process for environmental conservation and urban planning to think out the city of tomorrow in a sustainable way
Katalayi, Mutombo Hilaire. "Urbanisation et fabrique urbaine à Kinshasa : défis et opportunités d'aménagement". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30036/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur investigation is a study of the process of spatial creation and uncontrolled development of the city of Kinshasa, in the hills of the West and of the Southwest. This research has attempted to analyze the challenges and opportunities for planning and urban development. We focused on the issue of the invasion of open spaces and interstices to cables in planned cities and its environmental and socio-economic consequences. Based on our analysis, we concluded that urban policies suffer from a lack of coherent organizing space. Management of urbanization includes controlling land which could constrain spatial expansion, characterized by the paradigm of ecological marginalization. This is one of the main ways to tame urban growth and give neighborhoods as well as the city of Kinshasa the desired physiognomy
Czerkauer-Yamu, Claudia Hedwig. "Strategic planning for the development of sustainable metropolitan areas using a multi-scale decision support system : the Vienna case". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1041.
Pełny tekst źródłaA sustainable and sustaining planning strategy is globally important for metropolitan areas. Sustainable planning addresses the development of strategies to reduce the use of resources, increase economic efficiency and improve integration of social aspects (e.g. pedestrian-friendly environments, well-balanced public and private transport modes, efficient street networks, land use, movement economy; access for all to jobs, retail, services; healthcare, culture and leisure). In contrast, splinter development (e.g. urban sprawl) involves damage to nature and generation of an increasing volume of traffic (these are the main criticisms following a study by Newman and Kenworthy (1989) on the relationship between settlement density and energy consumption). Interestingly, the overly compact city also has this effect as it may generate traffic flows for accessing green and leisure areas, or changes of residence due to a favouring of sites that lie farther away from the centre than the inhabitants’ current places of residence. Households not only consume urban amenities integrated into densely populated areas, but also aspire to have access to green and leisure areas. Schwanen et al. (2004) showed that households usually optimize their residential choice with respect to accessibility to various types of amenities, which is inherently linked to the frequentation rate of these amenities (daily, weekly, monthly, and occasional) (c.f. spatial practice of people). Moreover, on an urban scale, over-compactness causes ecological problems such as a lack of green wedges for supplying the city with fresh air (urban microclimate).Thus, we aim to find a solution for managing dispersed development which marries the twin elements of green and built-up space in a highly efficient manner. This solution also needs to incorporate dynamic aspects of a city as well as minimizing traffic costs and emissions. Based on the observation that urban space is founded on the principle of fractal geometry, it seems interesting to explore to what extent fractal geometry may be drawn upon for solving the spatial antagonism of compactness and urban sprawl.The decision support system “Fractalopolis” developed herein allows an articulation of green areas and urbanised space based on the underlying hierarchical concept, thus providing leisure areas in the neighbourhood of urbanised space but avoiding fragmentation of open landscape. In addition, this concept introduces hierarchy of centres and sub-centres on a metropolitan scale, allowing accessibility to daily, weekly, monthly and occasionally frequented facilities to be improved. Larger distances are accepted for less frequented amenities
Canessa, Emeline. "Lorsque l'eau révèle la ville : cas du Bas Sahara algérien". Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10053.
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