Książki: „Critical parameters”

1

McKechnie, Johanne L. Critical parameters for bracing foot deformities. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Wall, Deborah K. Critical pathways: Moving from parameters to pathways : a guide for developing and implementing critical pathways. Santa Cruz, CA: Quality Team Associates, 1994.

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NATO Advanced Workshop on Asymptotic-Induced Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, Critical Parameters, and Domain Decomposition (1992 Beaune, France). Asymptotic and numerical methods for partial differential equations with critical parameters. Redaktorzy Kaper H. G i Garbey Marc 1955-. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993.

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Kaper, H. G. Asymptotic and Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations with Critical Parameters. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993.

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Kaper, Hans G., Marc Garbey i Gail W. Pieper, red. Asymptotic and Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations with Critical Parameters. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1810-1.

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Albert, Eric K. Interactive graphics for critical design of dragline parameters for spoil management. Lexington, KY: Office of Engineering Services, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 1988.

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7

Czerwiński, Dariusz. Modelling the critical parameters of high temperature superconductor devices in transient states. Lublin: Politechnika Lubelska, 2013.

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8

M, Proyect Mitchell, red. Moving from parameters to pathways: A guide for developing and implementing critical pathways. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998.

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Grundmann, Roy, Peter Schwartz i Gregory Williams, red. Labour in a Single Shot. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722421.

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This collection of essays offers a critical assessment of Labour in a Single Shot, a groundbreaking documentary video workshop. From 2011 to 2014, curator Antje Ehmann and film- and videomaker Harun Farocki produced an art project of truly global proportions. They travelled to fifteen cities around the world to conduct workshops inspired by cinema history’s first film, Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, shot in 1895 by the Lumière brothers in France. While the workshop videos are in colour and the camera was not required to remain static, Ehmann and Farocki’s students were tasked with honouring the original Lumière film’s basic parameters of theme and style. The fascinating result is a collection of more than 550 short videos that have appeared in international exhibitions and on an open-access website, offering the widest possible audience the opportunity to ponder contemporary labour in multiple contexts around the world.

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Apostolidi, Eftychia, Stephanos Dritsos, Christos Giarlelis, José Jara, Fatih Sutcu, Toru Takeuchi i Joe White. Seismic Isolation and Response Control. Redaktor Andreas Lampropoulos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed019.

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<p>The seismic resilience of new and existing structures is a key priority for the protection of human lives and the reduction of economic losses in earthquake prone areas. The modern seismic codes have focused on the upgrade of the structural performance of the new and existing structures. However, in many cases it is preferrable to mitigate the effects of the earthquakes by reducing the induced loads in the structures using seismic isolation and response control devices. The limited expertise in the selection and design of the appropriate system for new and existing structures is the main challenge for an extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems in practice.</p> <p>This document aims to provide a practical guide by presenting a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems and a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. Comparisons of the key parameters of the design processes for new buildings with seismic isolation are presented, while the application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by various case studies from Greece, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Turkey.</p>

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11

Grodskiy, Vladimir. Macroeconomicheskay teoriy. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02059-3.

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In the textbook, for the first time, a comprehensive comparison of traditional macroeconomics with the theory of modern neo-ricardianism is carried out. A new model of the historical devel-opment of macroeconomic knowledge is presented, which makes it possible to more clearly iden-tify and more effectively solve its main problems. The existing models of economic equilibrium and growth are critically and constructively analyzed, the concepts of economic regulation based on the system of social parameters are considered. Recommended for undergraduates, postgraduates, university professors and researchers specializing in economics.

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12

Critical parameters for a high-level waste repository. Washington, D.C: Division of Radiation Programs and Earth Sciences, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1985.

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Blokdyk, Gerardus. Critical Process Parameters a Complete Guide - 2020 Edition. Emereo Pty Limited, 2020.

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Whitesell, Lloyd. Concepts and Parameters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.003.0002.

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This chapter begins with a critical examination of previous scholarship on glamour, including works by John Berger, Richard Dyer, Linda Mizejewski, and Sarah Berry. It then argues for a widening of scope from visual and material culture to make room for a conception of sonic glamour. The connotations clustered in existing definitions of glamour are brought into precise focus with the concepts of artifice, allure, and magic. Moving to an analytical method, glamour is shown to blend four distinct aesthetic parameters: sensuousness, restraint, elevation, and sophistication. Although these parameters are illustrated in both visual and sonic media, the chapter concludes by suggesting their true innovation lies in the recognition of glamour as a sonic phenomenon.

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15

Roberts. Comparative Grammar: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Not Avail, 2006.

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G, Roberts Ian, red. Comparative grammar: Critical concepts in linguistics. London: Routledge, 2006.

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17

Armstrong, Philip Alexander Nikolas. Gustave Caillebotte's The floor-scrapers (1875): The parameters of a critical perspective. 1987.

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Guru, Subramanyam, i NASA Glenn Research Center, red. Correlation of electric field and critical design parameters for ferroelectric tunable microwave filters. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2000.

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Proyect, Mitchell M., i Deborah K. Wall. Moving from Parameters to Pathways: A Guide for Developing and Implementing Critical Pathways. Precept Press Inc., 1997.

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20

(Adapter), Gail W. Pieper, H. G. Kaper (Editor) i Marc Garbey (Editor), red. Asymptotic and Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations with Critical Parameters (NATO Science Series C:). Springer, 1992.

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21

Colebourn, Claire, i Jim Newton. Field guide to critical care echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757160.003.0008.

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This chapter is intended as a summary or reference for clinician echocardiographers at the bedside. It gives step-by-step algorithms which address both commonly asked questions and clinical situations which require rapid decision-making using echocardiography in the critically ill. These algorithms cover fluid status and fluid responsiveness, cardiovascular parameters, assessment of the shocked and breathless patient including trauma, assessment of the patient with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and assessment of the unwell obstetric patient and patients who are weaning from mechanical ventilatory support.

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22

(Editor), Heikki Jussila, Roser Majoral (Editor) i Chris C. Mutambirwa (Editor), red. Marginality in Space - Past, Present and Future: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Cultural, Social and Economic Parameters of Marginal and Critical ... of Marginal and Critical Regions). Ashgate Publishing, 1999.

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Heikki, Jussila, Mutambirwa Chris C, Majoral i. Moliné Roser i International Geographical Union, red. Marginality in space--past, present and future: Theoretical and methodological aspects of cultural, social and economic parameters of marginal and critical regions. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1999.

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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni i Andrew Rhodes. Respiratory monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0006.

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Pulmonary function tests in critical illness 90End-tidal CO2 monitoring 92Pulse oximetry 94Pulmonary function test results in critically ill patients can be important prognostically and guide ventilatory and weaning strategies. However, they are not straightforward to measure in mechanically ventilated patients and remain limited to dynamic volumes. Fortunately, most modern mechanical ventilators are able to calculate and display static and dynamic lung volumes, together with derived values for airway resistance, compliance and flow/volume/time curves. The ability to monitor these changes after altering ventilatory parameters has enabled more sophisticated adjustments of ventilation, to prevent potentially damaging mechanical ventilation....

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25

Cheng, Russell. Bootstrap Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0004.

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Parametric bootstrapping (BS) provides an attractive alternative, both theoretically and numerically, to asymptotic theory for estimating sampling distributions. This chapter summarizes its use not only for calculating confidence intervals for estimated parameters and functions of parameters, but also to obtain log-likelihood-based confidence regions from which confidence bands for cumulative distribution and regression functions can be obtained. All such BS calculations are very easy to implement. Details are also given for calculating critical values of EDF statistics used in goodness-of-fit (GoF) tests, such as the Anderson-Darling A2 statistic whose null distribution is otherwise difficult to obtain, as it varies with different null hypotheses. A simple proof is given showing that the parametric BS is probabilistically exact for location-scale models. A formal regression lack-of-fit test employing parametric BS is given that can be used even when the regression data has no replications. Two real data examples are given.

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Martich, Daniel, i Jody Cervenak. Integration of information technology in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0007.

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As we look to the evolving health care industry with improved care quality, health outcomes, and cost parameters, the demands of the critical care environment require a transformation. Technology, process, and people are at the centre of this transformation. The power is in the knowledge that can be achieved and the process improvements that can be made through automation. Five major areas of technology evolution include workflow automation, information exchange, clinical decision support, and predictive modelling, remote monitoring, and data analytics. If designed properly, technology can result in doing things differently (better) and doing different things. Information exchange is required for quality and efficient critical care information delivery. Data analytics will use information for comparative effectiveness, registry reporting, population management, and research study recruiting.

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Ladner, Travis R., Nishant Ganesh Kumar, Lucy He i J. Mocco. Neuroprotection for Vascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery. Redaktorzy David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer i Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0019.

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The complexity of neurovascular disease presents a challenge to the surgical and anesthesia teams managing patients with such conditions. With open or endovascular techniques, abrupt changes in hemodynamic status and intracranial pressure are an ever-present concern throughout the perioperative period. Monitoring of neurological status, hemodynamic parameters, and intracranial pressure are important adjuncts. Targeted physiologic and pharmacological interventions are critical to ensuring safe completion of complex procedures and the prevention secondary injury. This chapter reviews common complications of cerebrovascular and endovascular operations and their risk factors and summarize clinical principles, strategies, and considerations for maximizing neuroprotection in the treatment of neurovascular disease.

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Colebourn, Claire, i Jim Newton. Interpretation and implication of diastolic dysfunction in critically ill patients. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757160.003.0003.

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This chapter looks at the interpretation of parameters of diastolic function in the critically ill patient. It provides a guide to interpretation and how to avoid misinterpretation of these parameters in the context of severe illness. The assessment of left ventricular relaxation and left ventricular filling pressures are described in detail.

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Parker, Emily Anne, i Anne van Leeuwen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275594.003.0001.

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This volume returns to Beauvoir, to Irigaray, and to a critical dialogue between their projects. The motivation is not to produce dutiful interpretations that ignore their limits; rather the task here is to identify the most incisive moments of these bodies of work to articulate the trajectories that we find in these projects, ones that they set up as well as ones that they did not and could not have anticipated. We return to Beauvoir and Irigaray because the richness of their thought far exceeds the reductive parameters of a largely white, Eurocentric, bourgeois second-wave debate and because the fecundity these projects as well as an adequate critique of their work remains largely still to be elaborated. We hope that positioning them in critical dialogue will open up one possible richly complex and contested space for multiplicitous contemporary feminist theories.

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Kipnis, Eric, i Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance (pulse oximetry (SpO2) or tissue (StO2)). Global oxygenation may be monitored in blood, either intermittently through blood gas analysis, or continuously with specialized catheters. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) indirectly assesses tissue oxygenation as the net balance between global O2 delivery and uptake, decreasing when delivery does not meet demand. Lactate, a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, increases when oxygenation is inadequate, and can be measured either globally in blood, or locally in tissues by microdialysis. Likewise, CO2 (a by-product of cellular respiration) and PCO2 can be measured globally in blood or locally in accessible mucosal tissues (sublingual, gastric) by capnography or tonometry. Increasing PCO2 gradients, either tissue-to-arterial or venous-to-arterial, are due to inadequate perfusion. Metabolically, the oxidoreductive status of mitochondria can be assessed locally through NADH fluorescence, which increases in situations of inadequate oxygenation/perfusion. Finally, local tissue blood flow may be measured by laser-Doppler or visualized through intravital microscopic imaging. These perfusion/oxygenation resuscitation endpoints are increasingly used and studied in critical care.

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Stalnaker, Robert. David Lewis on Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0003.

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A critical discussion of David Lewis’s two-dimensional framework for doing semantics. Lewis’s framework has the same abstract structure as David Kaplan’s semantics for demonstratives, where the truth-value of a sentence is defined as a function of two parameters, one of which is a context. This chapter focuses on the notion of context that is common to the two frameworks, arguing that it is not suited to play the pragmatic role that we need a notion of context to play. The technical notion that both Kaplan and Lewis call ‘context’ plays several different roles in the explanation of speech that need to be distinguished, and this notion also needs to be distinguished from a pragmatic notion of context as the body of information that is available for the determination of what is said.

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Harms, Mackenzie, Victoria Kennel i Roni Reiter-Palmon. Team Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0004.

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Creative cognition is a critical aspect of creative problem solving for both teams and individuals, but the cognitive processes underlying creativity have received more attention at the individual than the team level. This chapter focuses on early- and late-stage cognitive processes that have currently received less attention in the team creativity literature: problem construction and idea evaluation and selection. Problem construction aims to clarify problem ambiguity through restating and redefining a problem and identifying goals and parameters for consideration prior to solution generation. Idea evaluation and selection occurs after idea generation and refers to the evaluation of ideas with respect to specific standards, goals, or ideals, and the selection of ideas for pursuit in implementation. Additional research for team problem construction and team idea evaluation and selection is proposed.

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Fay, Jessica. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816201.003.0001.

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After establishing the parameters and critical context for the book, the Introduction argues that, for Wordsworth, monasticism registers as something much more than ‘Roman Catholicism’. Monasticism in England exists as a residual presence or religious legacy, which is inscribed in the landscape, in ruined architecture, in graveyards, even in trees. Wordsworth’s thematic engagement with monasticism is thus not restricted to theological or ecclesiastical issues; rather it is revealed to have a local topographical inflection. In this context, Wordsworth’s visits to monastic ruins differ from conventional picturesque activity. The affinity Wordsworth felt for St Francis when he visited the monastery of Laverna in Tuscany in 1837 then serves to explain the processes through which the poet chiefly came to conceive an appreciation for monastic history, and to demonstrate how opinions regarding monasticism shifted during the first decades of the nineteenth century.

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Modéer, Kjell Å. Abandoning the Nationalist Framework. Redaktorzy Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber i Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.4.

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This chapter is about the relations between the national legal system and the ‘other’—especially from the creation of the modern nation state in the early nineteenth century and up to current times. Comparative law in the twentieth century was dominated by the concept of ‘valid law’, functionalism, legal positivism and legal realism. The parameters of time and space within law were minimalized. The German law emigrés from Nazi Germany to England and the United States played a special role for the relation to comparative law, and several of these scholars played a great role for the post-war development of comparative law. Critical theories and post-colonialism have developed new legal discourses on culture and identity, and have increased interest not only in history but also in differences between legal cultures—and thus an increasing interest in comparative legal history.

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Kreit, John W. Ventilator Alarms—Causes and Evaluation. Redaktor John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0006.

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When a patient is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation, the clinician must write a series of ventilator orders. It’s important to recognize though, that several other parameters are typically set by the respiratory therapist without direct physician input. The most important are the critical values that will trigger a ventilator alarm. ICU ventilators constantly monitor many machine and patient-related variables, including airway pressure, flow rate, volume, and respiratory rate, and it seems like there’s an alarm for almost everything. While it’s true that some alarms are of little or no significance, others may indicate an important and potentially life-threatening problem. Ventilator Alarms—Causes and Evaluation describes important ventilator alarms and how each is set and triggered. It also reviews how to determine the cause of each ventilator alarm and how to correct the identified problems.

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Vespa, Paul M. Electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0221.

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Electroencephalography monitoring provides a method for monitoring brain function, which can complement other forms of monitoring, such as monitoring of intracranial pressure and derived parameters, such as cerebral perfusion pressure. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring can be helpful in seizure detection after brain injury and coma. Seizures can be detected by visual inspection of the raw EEG and/or processed EEG data. Treatment of status epilepticus can be improved by rapid identification and abolition of seizures using continuous EEG. Quantitative EEG can also be used to detect brain ischaemia and seizures, to monitor sedation and aid prognosis.

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37

Delaney, Douglas E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198704461.003.0001.

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The introduction sets the scope in terms of perspective and time span. This is an imperial history—from the time that imperial authorities decided to address seriously the military problems of the empire (1902) until the end of the last great imperial war effort (1945). These wide parameters are critical. Only by stepping outside the bounds of national histories can one appreciate the imperial ‘big picture’. After all, the interoperability of the imperial armies would not have been necessary were it not for imperial military problems. And only by taking a longer view can one see the full arc of the enterprise, which amounted to an imperial army project. British military authorities wanted a continental-type army, but one adapted to British imperial circumstances: British rejection of peacetime conscription, self-governing dominions, the non-contiguous nature of the empire, and the vast distances involved.

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Petersen-Perlman, Jacob D., Julie E. Watson i Aaron T. Wolf. Transboundary Unbound. Redaktorzy Ken Conca i Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.19.

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This chapter calls for a new examination of the water conflict‒cooperation dialogue, beyond the traditional areas of water allocation and utilization. It calls for dialogue to incorporate two critical dimensions: (1) variability linked to climate change and the water-food-energy-environment nexus when framing parameters of water-related conflict; and (2) “unbounding” of analysis beyond political and geographical borders to include internal, regional, and global conflict and cooperation. It discusses three basins as case studies: the Nile, the Mekong, and the Aral Sea. It discusses how water conflicts are not bound to political or natural borders, or to disputes explicitly over water. Rather, it explores how resources intrinsically tied to water decisions may prompt conflict; yet, water may be a leverage point for peace, as well. It concludes by identifying relevant water-conflict transformation strategies that may be applied to use water as a nexus for peace-building.

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39

Morawetz, Klaus. Systems with Condensates and Pairing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0012.

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The Bose–Einstein condensation and appearance of superfluidity and superconductivity are introduced from basic phenomena. A systematic theory based on the asymmetric expansion of chapter 11 is shown to correct the T-matrix from unphysical multiple-scattering events. The resulting generalised Soven scheme provides the Beliaev equations for Boson’s and the Nambu–Gorkov equations for fermions without the usage of anomalous and non-conserving propagators. This systematic theory allows calculating the fluctuations above and below the critical parameters. Gap equations and Bogoliubov–DeGennes equations are derived from this theory. Interacting Bose systems with finite temperatures are discussed with successively better approximations ranging from Bogoliubov and Popov up to corrected T-matrices. For superconductivity, the asymmetric theory leading to the corrected T-matrix allows for establishing the stability of the condensate and decides correctly about the pair-breaking mechanisms in contrast to conventional approaches. The relation between the correlated density from nonlocal kinetic theory and the density of Cooper pairs is shown.

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40

Amin, Annie, i Thomas W. Cutter. Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies

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41

Kresin, Vladimir, Sergei Ovchinnikov i Stuart Wolf. Superconducting State. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845331.001.0001.

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For the past almost fifty years, scientists have been trying to explain the phenomenon of superconductivity. The mechanism is the key ingredient of microscopic theory, which was developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957. The theory also introduced the basic concepts of pairing, coherence length, energy gap, and so on. Since then, microscopic theory has undergone an intensive development. This book provides a very detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, including the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book contains descriptions of the properties of the key superconducting compounds that are of the most interest for science and applications. For many years, there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and critical current. At present, the possibility of observing superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. That is why the book is especially concerned with high-Tc systems such as high-Tc oxides, hydrides with record values for critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, and so on. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently, including topological materials, interface systems, and intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book also provides qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results. This makes the book accessible and interesting for a broad audience.

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42

Cheng, Russell. Embedded Distributions: Two Numerical Examples. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0007.

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This chapter illustrates use of (i) the score statistic and (ii) a goodness-of-fit statistic to test if an embedded model provides an adequate fit, in the latter case with critical values calculated by bootstrapping. Also illustrated is (iii) calculation of parameter confidence intervals and CDF confidence bands using both asymptotic theory and bootstrapping, and (iv) use of profile log-likelihood plots to display the form of the maximized log-likelihood and scatterplots for checking convergence to normality of estimated parameter distributions. Two different data sets are analysed. In the first, the generalized extreme value (GEVMin) distribution and its embedded model the simple extreme value (EVMin) are fitted to Kevlar-fibre breaking strength data. In the second sample, the four-parameter Burr XII distribution, its three-parameter embedded models, the GEVMin, Type II generalized logistic and Pareto and two-parameter embedded models, the EVMin and shifted exponential, are fitted to carbon-fibre strength data and compared.

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Barclay, Philip, i Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.

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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.

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44

Levi, Marcel, i Marcus J. Schultz. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0270.

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular activation of coagulation, leading to widespread deposition of fibrin in the circulation. In patients with DIC, a variety of altered coagulation parameters may be detectable, such as thrombocytopenia, prolonged global coagulation times, reduced levels of coagulation inhibitors, or high levels of fibrin split products. There is not a single test, however, that is sufficiently accurate to establish or reject a diagnosis of DIC. Nevertheless, a combination of widely available tests may be helpful in making the diagnosis of DIC and can also be helpful in guiding the selection of DIC patients that require specific, often expensive, interventions in the coagulation system. Recent knowledge on important pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to DIC has resulted in novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to patients with DIC. Strategies aimed at the inhibition of coagulation activation may theoretically be justified and have been found beneficial in experimental and clinical studies. These strategies comprise inhibition of tissue factor-mediated activation of coagulation or restoration of physiological anticoagulant pathways.

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Alawi, Aws, Michael Reznik i Jan Claassen. Neurophysiologic Monitoring and Neuroprotection. Redaktorzy David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer i Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0005.

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One of the main goals of monitoring neurologically ill patients is detection of secondary brain injury early enough to intervene to prevent permanent damage. In some patients with impaired levels of consciousness and those who require sedation, monitoring various brain physiologic parameters by invasive and noninvasive means has become an essential tool in the care of critically ill patients. Integration of multiple physiological parameters provides a more comprehensive physiological assessment of the injured brain and allows real-time, early detection of secondary cerebral injury and intervention to prevent permanent damage. Importantly, these modalities should be interpreted collectively and not in isolation in order to manage acute brain injuries, which are often complex and dynamic at the same time.

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Morgan, Danielle Fuentes. Laughing to Keep from Dying. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043390.001.0001.

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This book utilizes an interdisciplinary approach to expand the parameters of satire to include the satirization found in twenty-first-century African American forms of expression crossing generic boundaries. While many of these texts and performances are satires or comedies in a traditional sense, some offer the satirization of race itself as a strategy to create space for possible satiric readings. The use of comedy, humor, and satire in these texts and performances incisively problematizes the existing social sphere by highlighting its absurdity in both the reality of racialization and the mythology of the “post-racial.” These texts reveal the irrationality of racialization and critique anxieties surrounding race and Blackness to demonstrate the usefulness of satire as a critical frame for articulating Black selfhood. Here the power of satire is found in “laughing to keep from dying,” a form of revolutionary laughter in two registers. The in-group laughter opens up Black interior space to make room for autonomous Black identity formation. Out-group laughter either indicts the listener or offers protective plausible deniability of “just jokes” in which comedy is feigned to lack sociopolitical meaning. This laughter opens up space for kaleidoscopic Blackness, where all autonomous performances of Black self-identity are valid.

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Lucangelo, Umberto, i Massimo Ferluga. Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0084.

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In intensive care units practitioners are confronted every day with mechanically-ventilated patients and should be able to sort out from all the data available from modern ventilators to tailored patient ventilatory strategy. Real-time visualization of pressure, flow and tidal volume provide valuable information on the respiratory system, to optimize ventilatory support and avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation. Early determination of patient–ventilator asynchrony, air-trapping, and variation in respiratory parameters is important during mechanical ventilation. A correct evaluation of data becomes mandatory to avoid a prolonged need for ventilatory support. During dynamic hyperinflation the lungs do not have time to reach the functional residual capacity at the end of expiration, increasing the work of breathing and promoting patient-ventilator asynchrony. Expiratory capnogram provides qualitative information on the waveform patterns associated with mechanical ventilation and quantitative estimation of expired CO2. The concept of dead space accounts for those lung areas that are ventilated but not perfused. Calculations derived from volumetric capnography are useful indicators of pulmonary embolism. Moreover, alveolar dead space is increased in acute lung injury and its value decreased in case of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)-induced recruitment, whereas PEEP-induced overdistension tends to increment alveolar dead space.

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Mashhoon, Bahram. Nonlocal Gravity and Dark Matter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0008.

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The implications of linearized NLG for the gravitational physics of the Solar System, spiral galaxies and nearby clusters of galaxies are critically examined in this chapter. In the Newtonian regime, NLG involves a reciprocal kernel with three length parameters. We discuss the determination of these parameters by comparing the predictions of the theory with observational data. Furthermore, the virial theorem for the Newtonian regime of NLG is derived and its consequences for nearby “isolated” astronomical systems in virial equilibrium are investigated. For such a galaxy, in particular, the galaxy’s baryonic diameter namely, the diameter of the smallest sphere that completely surrounds the baryonic system at the present time, is predicted to be larger than the basic nonlocality lengthscale, which is about 3 kpc, times the effective dark matter fraction of the galaxy.

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Joynt, Gavin M., i Gordon Y. S. Choi. Blood gas analysis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0072.

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Arterial blood gases allow the assessment of patient oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. Blood gas machines directly measure pH, and the partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2) dissolved in arterial blood. Oxygenation is assessed by measuring PaO2 and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the context of the inspired oxygen and haemoglobin concentration, and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Causes of arterial hypoxaemia may often be elucidated by determining the alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient. Ventilation is assessed by measuring the PaCO2 in the context of systemic acid-base balance. A rise in PaCO2 indicates alveolar hypoventilation, while a decrease indicates alveolar hyperventilation. Given the requirement to maintain a normal pH, functioning homeostatic mechanisms result in metabolic acidosis, triggering a compensatory hyperventilation, while metabolic alkalosis triggers a compensatory reduction in ventilation. Similarly, when primary alveolar hypoventilation generates a respiratory acidosis, it results in a compensatory increase in serum bicarbonate that is achieved in part by kidney bicarbonate retention. In the same way, respiratory alkalosis induces kidney bicarbonate loss. Acid-base assessment requires the integration of clinical findings and a systematic interpretation of arterial blood gas parameters. In clinical use, traditional acid-base interpretation rules based on the bicarbonate buffer system or standard base excess estimations and the interpretation of the anion gap, are substantially equivalent to the physicochemical method of Stewart, and are generally easier to use at the bedside. The Stewart method may have advantages in accurately explaining certain physiological and pathological acid base problems.

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Strakowski, Stephen, red. The Bipolar Brain. Wyd. 2. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197574522.001.0001.

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Bipolar disorder is the 6th leading cause of disability worldwide and causes substantial morbidity and mortality among its sufferers. The estimated costs of bipolar disorder are enormous, approaching $50 billion annually in the United States alone. The societal and personal suffering caused by this condition is immeasurable. Nonetheless, despite its public health significance, bipolar disorder remains difficult to diagnosis and complicated to manage. A major factor contributing to these difficulties is that there is no established neurophysiological model for bipolar disorder. Such a model might provide objective measures for diagnosis, as well as physiological parameters to monitor and predict treatment response. Since the first edition of this text, neuroimaging and genetic techniques continue to advance new leads toward clarifying the neurophysiological basis of bipolar illness. In the absence of meaningful animal models of this uniquely human condition, neuroimaging has truly revolutionized the study of bipolar disorder. Moreover, because bipolar disorder is clearly familial, genetic studies are critical to define the complex molecular basis of the condition. Consequently, we are at a point in which integration of neuroimaging and genetic findings is possible and may position us to identify these very neurophysiological models needed to support the next generation of research. The goal of this 2nd edition is to provide an updated review of neuroimaging and genetic research in bipolar disorder to provide a model of illness that might inform future studies. We hope that the reader finds it useful.

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