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Krusen, Richard Montgomery 1954. "Cognitive Indices of Criminal Thought: Criminals Versus Non-Criminals". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330871/.
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The ability of several psychometric instruments to differentiate between criminal and non-criminal subjects was investigated. The subjects in the study consisted of fifty male individuals between the ages of 18 and 55, half of which had been convicted of one crime and half of which had no history of criminal activity. The tests administered consisted of the Psychopathic Deviation Scale from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, and two tests designed by the author. The author's tests consisted of the Test of Criminal Cognitions which evaluated antisocial thought patterns and cognitive flexibility, and the Social Semantics Test which assessed individual role definitions. The Test of Criminal Cognitions was administered as a part of a structured interview, and all other scales were administered in a paper and pencil format. The results indicated that the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the MMPI, and a portion of both the Test of Criminal Cognitions and the Social Semantics Scales differentiated between the groups at the .05 level or better. These findings indicated that criminals tend to be significantly less flexible in their thought and tend to view others in a much more narcissistic manner than non-criminals. The results also indicated that these tests can be utilized to discriminate between criminals and non-criminals. It was additionally noted that the Psychopathic Deviation Scale of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire did not consistently differentiate between the groups and should not be considered a valid instrument for discriminating between these groups.
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Obinna, Denise N. "American Deportation and the `Non-Criminal’ Criminals". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437579909.
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Barksby, Kelly. "Constructing criminals : the creation of identity within criminal mafias". Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3806/.
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Constructing criminals: the creation of identity within criminal mafias This thesis seeks to demonstrate that there has been a change in the social and cultural aspects of established organised criminal sub-cultures by observing the changes that have taken place in how identity is constructed. The literature is comparatively lacking in emphasis when compared to information about specific criminal activities and the threat of the organisations. This study finds that the social and cultural dimensions of established organised criminal sub-cultures can be equally important and indicative of changes in those organisations. This thesis analyses the change in how established organised criminal sub-cultures, or mafias, have perceived and used identity over the last twenty years and asks whether this can be indicative of a change in the social and cultural model of these organisations. The study is comparative and will focus on how identity in four distinct mafias from across the world - the Russian mafiya, Sicilian mafia, the Japanese yakuza and the Chinese triads - is constructed and how this has changed. The Russian mafiya was the first of the established organised criminal sub-cultures to demonstrate this change whereby identity was used in a different way from its criminal underworld roots. The study also analyses the literature available from gang studies to ask whether the recognised focus upon identity can be interpreted with reference to the established organised criminal sub-cultures. This thesis considers that a criminal identity is constructed through a variety of customs and behaviours including mythology and legend, language and oral traditions and the visual image that a group portrays. A contextual approach is proposed, whereby organisations create and negotiate criminal identities at different scales, by which a street level identity might be more distinctive.
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Clavijo, Jave Camilo. "Criminal compliance in the peruvian criminal law". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115578.
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First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government’s implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance.El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
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Sampaio, Carlo Vaz. "Racionalidade criminal". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/107542.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, Florianópolis, 2013.Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-06T00:24:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 320473.pdf: 394703 bytes, checksum: 3cd80924c106eccea084db52e6cba729 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Este trabalho busca entender se crimes no estado de Santa Catarina apresentam um comportamento racional. Foram analisados somente crimes que apresentam fins monetários, em uma medição utilitarista na comparação entre rendas provindas do trabalho e crime. As bases dedados acessadas focam o período de 2011. Investigam-se duas hipóteses: os crimes analisados não possuem um retorno positivo e que a renda esperada representa um importante papel nas escolhas entre trabalho e crime. A abordagem econométrica, linear multivariada OLS, foi aplicada nos determinantes da renda, enquanto que os dados criminais receberam uma análise descritiva e probabilística. Os resultados indicam suportar as hipóteses.
Abstract : This paper tries to understand whether crimes in the state of Santa Catarina behave rationally. Only crimes that have monetary purposes, in a utilitarian measure in comparingrents stemmed from work and crime, were analyzed. The databases accessed focused on the period of 2011. Two hypotheses were investigated: that the crimes analyzed didnot have a positive return and that the expected in come has an important role in the choice between work and crime.The econometric approach, multivariate linear OLS wasapplied in determining the income, while the criminal data received a descriptive and probabilistic analysis. The results indicate that the hypotheses are supported.
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ALMEIDA, CARLOS ALBERTO GARCETE DE. "THE CRIMINAL LEGAL TREATMENT OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATION IN BRAZIL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20969@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO ESCOLA SUPERIOR DO MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DE MATO GROSSO DO SULTratar de tema tão relevante como a dimensão constitucional do tribunal do júri, com o fito de, em última instância, mostrar a razão por que se enquadra dentre os direitos fundamentais não é tarefa das mais singelas. É cediço que os direitos fundamentais decorrem de conquistas históricas que devem ser bem compreendidas e valoradas. São características principais dos direitos fundamentais a historicidade, a inalienabilidade, a indisponibilidade, a indivisibilidade e a imprescritibilidade. Não por outra razão, os direitos fundamentais são reputados os direitos básicos de uma sociedade que viva sob a égide do Estado Democrático de Direito, como, à guisa de exemplo, os direitos à vida, à liberdade, à propriedade, ao meio ambiente, à saúde, à educação, à cultura. Neste viés, busca-se, nesta dissertação, resgatar a evolução histórica do tribunal do júri até seu estádio atual, inserido na Constituição Federal de 1988 — a Carta Cidadã —, onde se encontra inserido como garantia fundamental do cidadão. Sem embargo das críticas lançadas contra os julgamentos populares, por decorrência do influxo da cultura positivista-normativa, é certo afirmar que essa instituição resistiu a todos os regimes ditatoriais e subsiste até os dias atuais, sendo o maior exemplo de arena na qual os princípios da ampla defesa e contraditório e da amplitude de defesa são exercitados à exaustão.
Addressing a topic as relevant as the dimension of the constitutional jury trial, aiming, as final instance to show the reason why it falls among the fundamental rights is not the simplest task. It s evident that fundamental rights are the result of historical achievements that must be understood and valued. Its historicity, inalienability, non-availability, indivisibility and imprescriptibility, are the main features of fundamental rights. For no other reason, fundamental rights are deemed basic rights of a society living under the aegis of a democratic state, as, by way of example, the rights to life, liberty, property, environment, health, education, culture. In this way, we seek to, in this work, to rescue the historical evolution of the jury to its current stage, inserted in the Constitution of 1988 - the Citizen Charter - where it is included as a fundamental guarantee of the citizen. Notwithstanding from the criticisms launched against the popular judgments, due to the influence of the positivist-normative culture, it is right to say that this institution has resisted all dictatorial regimes and continues until the present day, being the greatest example of arena in which the principles of contradictory and full defense and range of protection are exercised to exhaustion.
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FILHO, ROBERTO GURGEL DE OLIVEIRA. "THE CRIMINAL LEGAL TREATMENT OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN BRAZIL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21215@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO ESCOLA SUPERIOR DO MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DE MATO GROSSO DO SULO panorama de nossos dias, onde a criminalidade atingiu índices elevadíssimos, gera uma enorme preocupação na população mundial ante a proliferação de organizações criminosas especializadas em práticas de crimes graves que atingem bem jurídicos e direitos fundamentais como a vida, a paz pública, a liberdade em todas as suas esferas, o meio-ambiente, a saúde pública, a ordem econômica, a probidade administrativa, o voto direto, entre outros direitos. Diante dos ataques a bens jurídicos relevantes, o Estado, como tem se tornado costume, busca uma lei emergencial que possa criar tipos penais para solucionar e acabar com as ações criminosas destas organizações de maneira imediata. Ocorre que, tais normas não tem o poderio para enfraquecer o crime organizado no que diz respeito à sua estrutura financeira e ações delitivas. Com isso, tenta-se incutir nas sociedades a falsa idéia de combate às organizações criminosas de maneira efetiva. É dentro desta realidade que o trabalho inicia-se tratando da origem do crime organizado no Brasil bem como faz a análise das principais organizações criminosas brasileiras. Em seguida, estuda-se a legislação comparada sobre o tema e as diversas leis pátrias que tratam de associações criminosas, em especial a Lei 9.034/95 – Lei do Crime Organizado. A seguir, são realizados estudos de alguns projetos de leis em andamento no Congresso Nacional sobre o tema e uma sugestão de lei de combate ao crime organizado. Por fim, passa-se às considerações finais a cerca do tema a partir de um estudo científico e casuístico da matéria.
The overview of present days, where the criminality reached very high levels, creates a huge preoccupation on the world’s population front of the increase of specialized criminal organizations practicing felonies that reach legal rights and fundamental rights as life. Public peace, freedom in all levels, environment, public health, economical order, administrative integrity, the direct vote and many others are among these rights. Front of the attack on legal significant rights, the State, as it has been usual, searches for an emergency law that may create penal types to solve and end the criminal actions of these organizations in an immediate way. It occurs that such rules do not have the power to weaken the organized crime in its financial structure and outlaw actions. So, it has been tried to infuse in the societies the false idea of combat to the criminal organizations in an effective way. It is inside of this reality that begins the work treating with the origin of organized crime in Brazil as well analyzes the main Brazilian criminal organizations. Right after, it is studied the legislation compared the theme and the many laws that treat the criminal associations, especially Law 9.03495 – Law of Organized Crime. It has also been realized studies of some projects of laws in course in the National Congress about the theme and a suggestion of law to combat the organized crime. At last, final considerations about the theme whereof a scientific and casuistic study of the subject.
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Van, Nevel Jolene M. "From Combat Veterans to Criminals: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Criminal Justice Involvement". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4183.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently known as the silent killer among combat veterans who have served in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation New Dawn. Many combat veterans do not know or understand that they may be suffering from mental illness/disorders such as PTSD and turn to maladaptive behavior, resulting in criminal justice involvement (CJI). The goal of this study was to assess a relationship between PTSD and CJI among combat veterans. This study used cognitive behavior theory to understand the relationship between PTSD, CJI, and combat. This study used a predictive correlational design and statistical analysis of retrospective archival data (N=146) provided by the Department of Veteran Affairs to find the correlation between PTSD, CJI, and combat. The 5 research questions were: Does PTSD positively predict CJI in combat veterans? Does criminal history pre combat positively predict CJI in combat veterans who have PTSD? Does combat trauma experience positively predict CJI in combat veterans with PTSD? Does deployment length positively predict PTSD in combat veterans? And do multiple deployments positively predict PTSD in combat veterans? This study determined that PTSD did not significantly predict CJI and that criminal history did not predict PTSD. However, this study did predict that multiple deployments and length of deployment does predict PTSD in combat veterans. This study provides a way to bring change to how veterans are treated in the criminal justice system. This is important for many reasons, such as the positive social change it will have on the veteran community through providing insight on the changes that need to be made in PTSD awareness education and possible change in assessment and treatment of PTSD.
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Valiér, Claire Elizabeth. "Looking for the criminal : forensic science, criminal investigation, and subjectivity". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620966.
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Glazebrook, S. G. M. "Justice in transition : Crime, criminals and criminal justice in Revolutionary Rouen, 1790-1800". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384068.
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Zaghlout, Sara Alacoque Guerra. "Seletividade racial na pol?tica criminal de drogas : perspectiva criminol?gica do racismo". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7991.
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Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T14:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SARA Disserta??o - definitiva ENVIO.pdf: 1880568 bytes, checksum: 44efb033a19e564b8e83d837c93c7a1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19
The present dissertation linked to the research line in Violence, Crime and Public Security of the Postgraduate Program in Criminal Sciences of the Faculty of Law ran for an opinion for the analysis of a Brazilian criminal drug policy, under the racial theme. The interdisciplinary ap-proach offered by criminology with critique of critical criminology and especially the sociolog-ical theory of business is used for the optimum. Based on an interactionist theoretical frame-work, that crime is not a preconstitutional data, but socially constructed based on social inter-actions that create norms that construct labels, labels and estimates and modulate identities. It is thus analyzed how racism was perpetuated in criminology. From the etiological paradigm to a paradigm of social reaction and consequences of racism in criminal drug policy. Going through the discourse around the drug, to understand who the trafficker is and who the user is. A quick overview of the prohibitionist policies that contribute to this racist-selective character. Etude of the current Brazilian criminal drug policy, analyzing as the main changes that the current 11,343 / 06 provided: super imprisonment, a legal insecurity that the drug user is, a difficulty in differentiating the drug dealer from the user, the power that was conferred on the police and image of enemy that was created in the market in front of the media exploration of the fear. Thus, in order to understand the traffic image in the police database and the research in the city of Imperatriz-MA. A research was divided into two distinct phases to present the results: qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative part it is referred as variants gender, age and color / race. For the purpose of understanding are the prisoners in flagrante for drug traf-ficking. In the qualitative research, it was analyzed as police reports in the surveys, in order to perceive the selective practice of the police, to use the Critical Discourse Analysis, because it is understood that speeches or discursive practices require the fact of speaking. thing, is to create what we speak, when we speak.
A presente disserta??o, vinculada ? linha de pesquisa em Viol?ncia, Crime e Seguran?a P?blica do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Criminais da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, corresponde ao empenho em compreender e analisar a pol?tica criminal de drogas brasileira sob o enfoque racial. Utiliza-se, para tanto, o olhar interdisciplinar ofertado pela criminologia, com recortes da criminologia cr?tica e, especialmente, da teoria sociol?gica do etiquetamento, tendo como base a ideia de que o crime n?o ? um dado pr?-constitu?do, mas arquitetado socialmente com base em intera??es sociais que criam normas que, por sua vez, constroem r?tulos, etiquetas e estigmas que modulam identidades. Analisa-se, assim, como o racismo foi perpetuado na criminologia, desde o paradigma etiol?gico at? o paradigma da rea??o social, e as consequ?ncias desse racismo na pol?tica criminal de drogas, passando pelo discurso em torno da droga, para entender quem ? o traficante e quem ? o usu?rio. Faz-se um r?pido panorama das pol?ticas proibicionistas que contribu?ram para esse car?ter racista-seletivo e um estudo da atual pol?tica criminal de drogas brasileira, analisando as principais mudan?as que a atual lei n. 11.343/06 proporcionou: o superencarceramento, a inseguran?a jur?dica que o usu?rio de drogas se encontra, a dificuldade em se diferenciar o traficante do usu?rio, o poder que foi conferido ? pol?cia e a imagem de inimigo que foi criada do traficante frente ? explora??o midi?tica do medo. Dessa forma, com objetivo de entender a imagem de traficante estereotipado pela pol?cia, foi realizada uma pesquisa emp?rica na cidade de Imperatriz/MA. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases distintas para apresenta??o dos resultados: uma qualitativa e outra quantitativa. Na parte quantitativa, faz-se refer?ncia ?s vari?veis g?nero, idade e cor/ra?a, com o objetivo de entender quem s?o os presos em flagrante por tr?fico de drogas. Na pesquisa qualitativa, foram analisadas as falas dos policiais nos inqu?ritos, com intuito de perceber a pr?tica seletiva da pol?cia, utilizando-se da metodologia de an?lise cr?tica do discurso, pois entende-se que os discursos ou pr?ticas discursivas decorrem do fato de que falar ? fazer alguma coisa, ? criar aquilo do que se fala, quando se fala.
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Coelho, Emerson Ghirardelli. "Investigação criminal constitucional". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7042.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07The crisis affecting the Brazilian criminal justice system is often attributed to the inefficiency of the Judiciary Police and the ineffectiveness of the police investigation as a means of investigation of criminal acts. However, the problem takes another relevance when we analyze the criminal investigation in depth in accordance with the democratic principles and constitutional values. We pass, then, to realize that the shortcomings of the investigation procedures are not structural in nature but rather due to interpretive paradigms built under the aegis of political exception regimes. This reveals the need to put in place a contemporary criminal procedure hermeneutics, in which proper criminal investigation, constitutional and legally produced, is regarded as fundamental rights protection instrument, unfolding as real tool for promoting human dignity. Grounded on these assumptions should follow the doctrinal and jurisprudential construction and legislative reforms aiming to improve the extra-judicial phase of the criminal prosecution, consolidating the police investigation as true procedural criminal procedure of a garantista nature, aimed at achieving the constitutional ideal of due process, a principle of the Democratic State of Law
A crise que acomete o sistema de Justiça Criminal brasileiro muitas vezes é imputada à ineficiência da Polícia Judiciária e à ineficácia do inquérito policial como meio de apuração de fatos delituosos. Contudo, a problemática toma outro relevo quando analisamos a fundo a investigação criminal à luz dos princípios e valores constitucionais democráticos. Passamos, então, a perceber que as deficiências do procedimento investigatório não são de cunho estrutural, mas sim decorrentes de paradigmas interpretativos edificados sob a égide de regimes políticos de exceção. Isso nos revela a necessidade de colocar em prática uma hermenêutica processual penal contemporânea, em que a devida investigação criminal, constitucional e legalmente produzida, seja encarada como instrumento de proteção de direitos fundamentais, desvelando-se como verdadeira ferramenta de promoção da dignidade humana. Alicerçadas nessas premissas devem seguir as construções doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais e as reformas legislativas que visem aprimorar a fase extrajudicial da persecução criminal, consolidando o inquérito policial como verdadeiro procedimento processual penal de cunho garantista, voltado a concretizar o ideal constitucional de processo justo, princípio este basilar do Estado Democrático de Direito
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Azevedo, Eduardo Pianalto de. "Juizado especial criminal". Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/79977.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências JurídicasMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T09:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T21:59:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 178516.pdf: 6786066 bytes, checksum: c36fc79eda11330ee2cb606348cf224c (MD5)
A dissertação aborda, a partir de pesquisa teórica e empírica, o modelo do juizado Especial Criminal implantado no Brasil pela lei 9.099, de 26/09/1995, e, especialmente, a experiência do Juizado Especial Criminal de Chapecó, em Santa Catarina, analisando a contradição básica entre as promessas oficiais e a sua real funcionalidade. Para tanto, inicia-se pela contextualização do atual sistema penal, através da análise crítica, sob o enfoque do paradigma criminológico da reação social, da ideologia dominante e de suas linhas de autolegitimação
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Pinheiro, Fabiana de Assis. "Juizado Especial Criminal". Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90187.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T06:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 248956.pdf: 510353 bytes, checksum: 3de1c518a5adef16ee226487fb528681 (MD5)
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Tang, Siu-mui Anna. "Crime and punishment : an economic approach in the case of Hong Kong /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302723.
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Min, Suhong. "Causes and consequences of low self-control: Empirical tests of the general theory of crime". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186809.
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This study operationalized and empirically tested the general propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990). Specifically, the core concept of the theory, self-control, is operationalized using two data sets--Richmond Youth Project and Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development--and tested using criteria of reliability and validity. In this part of the study, a methodological question focuses on the pattern of validity change across types of data, namely, cross-sectional and longitudinal data. In the following tests, causes and consequences of low self-control are tested using Richmond Youth Project data. Child rearing as early socialization and individual traits are tested as sources of self-control. Then the measure of self-control is related to crime, delinquency, and analogous behaviors that are, according to the theory, manifestations of low self-control. A research question here focuses on the generality of self-control theory. Overall, the test results support the claims of the general theory of crime. Findings from the validity tests of the self-control index show theoretically expected relations with important individual variables such as gender, race, and delinquent status. In particular, findings from two differently designed data sets are very similar. Test results also show that boys low on self-control are more likely than others to have committed crime, delinquency, and various analogous behaviors. One possible research problem based on the theoretical assumption was also tested and empirically supported. Theory implies that respondents low on self-control are more likely than others to fail to answer questions in self-report survey. Empirical tests support this theoretical implication, revealing that respondents dropped from the index due to missing data are more likely than others to be delinquents. Further research implications are also discussed.
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Jones, Annika. "International criminal adjudication, judicial cross-referencing and the international criminal court". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602724.
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As a result of the expansion and development of international law and the proliferation of international courts and tribunals, judges working in different institutions are increasingly coming to encounter similar issues of law and fact. Consequently, new opportunities have arisen for judicial cross-referencing at the international level, raising the question of when and how judges should use the decisions of other institutions in the course of their decision-making. This thesis examines the use of judicial decisions at the International Criminal Court (lCC). The Court operates as part of a wide institutional framework which responds to the commission of mass atrocity. Many of the issues that arise before the Court will already have been considered by other judicial institutions at the international, regional and domestic levels. The thesis sets out the parameters for judicial crossreferencing at the ICC, taking into consideration developments within the international legal order regarding the sources of international law, treaty interpretation and international fact-finding, and the benefits and risks associated with judicial interaction in the international criminal context. It looks at how judicial decisions should be· used in the identification of international law at the ICC, the interpretation of the Rome Statute and the establishment of the facts underlying the charges. It then turns to consider the approach that has been taken to judicial cross-referencing in the early years of the Court's operation through the use of two empirical methods: interviews with judges and legal officers of the ICC and content analysis of the decisions of the Court in the case of Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Oyi/o. Drawing upon Hart's idea of primary and secondary rules, the research also reflects upon the extent to which the secondary rules of international law - rules which determine how international law's primary obligations are identified, adjudicated and changed over time - accommodate the practice of judicial crossreferencing at the ICC. It is argued that judicial decisions have a strong role to play in the interpretation of the Rome Statute and the identification of international law beyond its provisions. Judicial decisions offer a source of inspiration and guidance for judges as they encounter gaps and ambiguities in the law. By interacting with other courts and tribunals, judges at the ICC can enhance the certainty and stability of international law and support its coherence as similar rules and principles come to be applied by a range of different judicial institutions. It is argued that greater caution should be exercised when cross-referencing in matters of fact due to the attendant risks for the rights of the accused in the international criminal context. The results of the empirical study show that judicial decisions have been referred to frequently in the early years of the Court's operation. In practice, judicial decisions have a far greater significance than they have been attributed in the ICC's secondary rules of international law. It is concluded that there is need for a more elaborate body of secondary rules of international law which accurately reflects the important role that judicial decisions have come to play within the international legal order. ii
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Gallavin, Christopher. "The International Criminal Court : friend or foe of international criminal justice?" Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418822.
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Jain, Neha. "Theorising the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise in international criminal law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0842f8d6-1d0f-47ef-aea3-7e1b204e3d3b.
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This thesis develops a theoretical account of the basis and justification for the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterptise in international criminal law by examining principles governing the ascription of criminal responsibility in English and German criminal law. The first part consists of a comprehensive review of the development of the JCE doctrine, including its historical antecedents, its initial formulation by the ICTY, its subsequent explication by tribunals and academics, and recent alternatives doctrines proposed by the ICC and by commentators. It identifies the main loopholes and contradictions in the construction of these theories, and presents factual scenarios for which these theories, particularly JCE, either have no answers, or problematic ones. The second part examines whether any of the variants of JCE can be justified as principal responsibility. It first identifies elements that distinguish international crimes from their domestic counterparts, and which are pertinent in developing an account of criminal responsibility for international crimes. It also examines the concept of perpetration responsibility in English and German criminal law and theory. It then combines the insights gleaned from these analyses to conclude that only JCE I can be appropriately considered as perpetrator responsibility and proposes a modified version of the doctrine of Organisationsherrschaft in German criminal law as a more accurate characterisation of the role and function of high level participants in mass atrocity. The final part focuses on the concept of accomplice responsibility in German and English criminal law and doctrine to address whether JCE II and JCE III can be justified as modes of secondary criminal responsibility. It concludes that JCE II and JCE III can be retained as distinct modes of accomplice liability using expressive and risk justifications, provided their operation is limited in ways that correspond to principles of secondary responsibility in domestic jurisdictions.
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Wirts, Amelia Marie. "Criminal Oppression: A Non-Ideal Theory of Criminal Law and Punishment". Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108954.
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Thesis advisor: David M. RasmussenThis dissertation defines and defends the concept of ‘criminal oppression.’ Criminal oppression occurs when people are excluded from full participation in important social and political institutions because they are perceived to have violated certain community norms. Oppression is primarily a structural phenomenon, in which practices of formal and informal institutions unjustly harm people based on group membership. In structural oppression, there is rarely an individual who can be said to be responsible for the oppression, but I argue that at times, individuals may also be agents of oppression when they create, perpetuate, or exacerbate structural oppression. Applying this theory of oppression, the criminal justice system in the United States is an oppressive structure that unjustly harms those considered to be ‘criminals’ through a variety of practices. There are three categories of unjust practices: policing, adjudication and punishment, and collateral effects of arrest and conviction. These three categories of practices create the social group ‘criminals’ by subjecting certain people to these kinds of treatments. I use the word ‘criminal’ to describe those who are treated as criminals by police, the courts, and even private individuals like employers. To be a ‘criminal,’ it is not necessary that one has committed a crime or been convicted of a crime. Racial and criminal oppression deeply related historically and conceptually. Nevertheless, they are distinct kinds of oppression. In the United States, those who are not racially oppressed but are ‘criminals’ face many of the same unjust obstacles as those who are racially oppressed in addition to being ‘criminals.’ Some may argue that ‘criminals’ duly convicted of crimes deserve to be socially and politically excluded. But, I argue that the criminal justice system is not properly conceived of as an apolitical institution that can assess moral blameworthiness. Nor should it be able to offer punishments that amount to social and political exclusion. Instead, the criminal justice system is one political institution amongst many, and it ought to be governed by the same principles of liberty and equality that govern other political institutions. Criminal law’s proper function is to facilitate government as a system social cooperation. Therefore, it ought to respond to criminal acts with actions designed to promote inclusion rather than exclusion. Moreover, even if someone has committed a crime, that does not mean that they ought to be subject to violence or permanent second-class status. Finally, I address specific, feminism-driven arguments for using the criminal justice system to fight violence against women. Some feminists argue that the expressivist function of punishment—the ability of punishment to express disapproval and disavowal—makes it a perfect tool for fighting the normalization of violence against women. The problem, they contend, is that this violence is under-punished in the United States, and the solution to ending violence against women is to increase prosecutions and advocate for harsher punishments because punishment will change the social norms and make violence against women rarer. To this, I argue that those who create laws or mete out punishments do not have control over the social meaning of punishment with precision. The historical and present-day oppressive features of criminal law and punishment interfere with the ability of prosecution and punishment to condemn certain types of acts without also condemning people. Thus, feminists who try to use the criminal justice system to fight gender-based violence will find it to be ineffective and potentially harmful to the already oppressed group of ‘criminals.” Chapter 1argues that ‘criminals’ are oppressed using a structural model of oppression that focuses on how collections of institutional policies and practices can create and maintain unjust power relations between groups of people. I will also use an externalist theory of group identity to argue that being arrested or convicted of a crime is not necessary or sufficient for membership in the social group ‘criminal.’ Chapter 2 explains the relationship between racial oppression and the oppression of ‘criminals,’ noting the historical development of the modern prison system. Chapter 3 argues that the proper role of criminal law is to support systems of social cooperation, not to punish pre-political wrongs. I will suggest that criminal law is in essence part of the social contract, not a separate sphere of justice to which distinctive, retributive principles apply. Instead, the criminal law cannot determine moral blameworthiness and is only justified in sanctioning rule violations for the sake of supporting social cooperation in a society whose institutions are worth supporting. In Chapter 4, I propose a feminist, expressivist defense of the use of prosecution and harsh punishment as a response to rape and domestic violence that takes the structural nature of violence against women into account. Chapter 5, however, demonstrates why even this theory cannot justify incarceration in the non-ideal sphere because of the oppressive history and practice of the American criminal justice system
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Philosophy
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Radosavljevic, Dragana. "International criminal court, surrender of accused persons and transfer of criminal proceedings". Thesis, University of Westminster, 2006. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/92714/international-criminal-court-surrender-of-accused-persons-and-transfer-of-criminal-proceedings.
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The present research focuses on analysing the judicial uncertainty in the implementation, interpretation and application of the ICC Statute both in international and national arenas. In this context examined are the parameters of state sovereignty as the main source of theoretical as well as practical contemporary debate on the relationship between lex specialis character of ICC norms and domestic legal regimes. Varying and frequently inconsistent degrees of international and national compliance with international criminal law due to the multiplicity of legal regimes are scrutinised by analysing the relationship between national and ICC measures with regard to aspects of pretrial proceedings, such as surrender of accused persons and transfer of criminal proceedings, rights of suspects and defendants as well as some aspects of sentencing in so far as they affect the prima facie jurisdiction. One of the main objectives of the ICC Treaty is to advance the unification of international criminal law. Whilst it may be contended that this body of law is acquiring a great degree of specificity and uniformity in content through the Statute, both its development and importantly its scope are fundamentally reliant on interpretation and application at national level; it is here that international criminal law is fragmented. Consequently, its understanding and enforcement are inconsistent. The ICC Statute presents issues that are the result of the fusion of common and civil law traditions as well as a blend of diverse criminal laws within each one of those systems. Distinguishing between Anglo-American and Continental European criminal procedures has become increasingly complex and transgressed. Such blend of legal traditions, whilst it must ensure that justice is rendered with equality, fairness and effectiveness, generates nevertheless everincreasing lack of legal orientation. The aim of this pastiche is therefore to establish an international, uniform standard across contemporary justice systems. However, the application of the ICC provisions will depend on particular method of implementation of the Rome Treaty into domestic law, local political situation, the nature of a conflict (armed conflict is where most of the ICC crimes are likely to occur), any peace process involving regional amnesties and pardons and domestic policies and rules on sentencing. The general perception of the ICC and the law it represents is that of a powerful, centralised regime. Contrary to this belief, a proposition is made here for a less hierarchical international criminal justice that is fundamentally reliant upon national courts and law enforcement agencies. Such a proposition emphasises the need for the ICC involvement at a local level. In this context, the thesis sets out to clarify the ICC law and related Statute enforcement issues.
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Liu, Kit-ming. "Hong Kong crime statistics and crime indexes". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976025.
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Steels, Brian. "Declared guilty, a never-ending story: an analysis of the impact of the criminal justice system upon the self". Thesis, Steels, Brian (2005) Declared guilty, a never-ending story: an analysis of the impact of the criminal justice system upon the self. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/323/.
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This study explores the experience of people who have been publicly declared guilty. It retells the narratives of offenders from the point of arrest through to conviction and, where relevant, imprisonment and release. The experiences of close relatives are also explored and provide an important part of the thesis. These accounts are set against the institutional context of the criminal justice system and a systemic account of police, courts, prisons and community corrections is provided. The main aim of the study is to investigate and document the impact of the criminal justice process on offenders' sense of 'self'.
At a theoretical level, the study is informed by symbolic interactionism, particularly the work of Erving Goffman. This enables the development of insights into issues such as loss, shame, humiliation and loss of self. The asymmetrical power relationship in which these feelings are engendered and maintained is emphasised. At the same time, the study records the level and types of resistance among the subjects of the criminal justice system.
The findings are significant for our sociological understandings of the impact of being declared guilty, for they suggest that the criminal justice process per se contributes to a severely damaged self, and that the subjective experience of 'being found guilty' starts at the moment of arrest and persists well after sentencing as subjects try to re-integrate into the community with a record of conviction.
The study also suggests that these processes are not passively absorbed by subjects. As well as describing feelings of shame and loss, those participating in the research talked about the unfairness of the system, their preparedness to resist in numerous ways, and of their longing for an older, better life in which their sense of self was undamaged.
The study concludes by arguing that profound change to the culture of the criminal justice system is needed if rehabilitation is to be successful. In this context it emphasises the importance of accountable and transparent human services concerned with the human and civil rights of offenders, court diversion schemes, alternatives to custody, and the practical application of restorative and therapeutic justice.
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Steels, Brian. "Declared guilty, a never-ending story : an analysis of the impact of the criminal justice system upon the self /". Steels, Brian (2005) Declared guilty, a never-ending story: an analysis of the impact of the criminal justice system upon the self. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/323/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study explores the experience of people who have been publicly declared guilty. It retells the narratives of offenders from the point of arrest through to conviction and, where relevant, imprisonment and release. The experiences of close relatives are also explored and provide an important part of the thesis. These accounts are set against the institutional context of the criminal justice system and a systemic account of police, courts, prisons and community corrections is provided. The main aim of the study is to investigate and document the impact of the criminal justice process on offenders' sense of 'self'.
At a theoretical level, the study is informed by symbolic interactionism, particularly the work of Erving Goffman. This enables the development of insights into issues such as loss, shame, humiliation and loss of self. The asymmetrical power relationship in which these feelings are engendered and maintained is emphasised. At the same time, the study records the level and types of resistance among the subjects of the criminal justice system.
The findings are significant for our sociological understandings of the impact of being declared guilty, for they suggest that the criminal justice process per se contributes to a severely damaged self, and that the subjective experience of 'being found guilty' starts at the moment of arrest and persists well after sentencing as subjects try to re-integrate into the community with a record of conviction.
The study also suggests that these processes are not passively absorbed by subjects. As well as describing feelings of shame and loss, those participating in the research talked about the unfairness of the system, their preparedness to resist in numerous ways, and of their longing for an older, better life in which their sense of self was undamaged.
The study concludes by arguing that profound change to the culture of the criminal justice system is needed if rehabilitation is to be successful. In this context it emphasises the importance of accountable and transparent human services concerned with the human and civil rights of offenders, court diversion schemes, alternatives to custody, and the practical application of restorative and therapeutic justice.
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Karanikolas, Spyridon. "The impact of EU criminal law on the Greek criminal justice system". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1266.
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European Criminal Law has been one of the most rapid, remarkable, but at the same time controversial developments in the European Union having a significant impact on domestic criminal justice systems. Judicial and police cooperation in criminal matters soon became a fully-fledged policy of the European Union affecting the national sovereignty of Member States, the relationship between individuals and the States as well as the protection of fundamental rights. My thesis examines the development of EU criminal law towards the creation of a European "Area of Freedom, Security and Justice" (via mutual recognition and the harmonization of substantive criminal law) and its impact on the Greek criminal justice system. In assessing the overall above mentioned question, I examine how EU criminal law has developed; what have been the main political and legal challenges for the implementation in Greece; to what extent, and how, the Greek Legislator has implemented EU law in the field of mutual recognition and harmonization, and, last, but not least, what has been the judges', practitioners' and academics' reaction to this development. The thesis has two parts: one on mutual recognition and one on the harmonization of substantive criminal law. Chapter one explores the main issues regarding the scope, extent, and nature of the principle of mutual recognition at EU level. Chapter two explores the main issues related to the impact as well as the practical operation of the principle of mutual recognition in the Greek Jurisdiction. Chapter three, then, turns its interest on harmonization of substantive criminal laws from the EU point of view. Finally, Chapter four focuses on the impact of the implementation of the EU harmonization system on the Greek Jurisdiction with regard to the same areas of substantive criminal laws, as discussed in chapter three. These chapters are then followed by a conclusion aiming to synthesize and highlight the main issues that have arisen during the analysis of this thesis and answer the main question: "What has been the impact of EU Criminal Law on the Greek Criminal Justice System?"
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Hane-Weijman, Jansson Rasmus. "Corporate Criminal Liability - time for Sweden to look beyond individual criminal responsibility?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360281.
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Jakulin, V. "Alternative criminal sanctions in the criminal code of the republic of Slovenia". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41664.
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Society is changing and the law should follow the changes in the society. The author is focused on the changes in the area of criminal sanctions in the time of transition.The author deals with the alternative criminal sanctions in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia contains three alternative criminal sanctions: imprisonment at the end of the week (weekend arrest), house arrest and community service.Society is changing and the law should follow the changes in the society. The author is focused on the changes in the area of criminal sanctions in the time of transition.The author deals with the alternative criminal sanctions in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia contains three alternative criminal sanctions: imprisonment at the end of the week (weekend arrest), house arrest and community service.
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Schopp, Robert Francis. "Actions, reasoning, and criminal liability: Philosophical and psychological foundations of criminal responsibility". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184787.
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Contemporary American Criminal Law, as represented by the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, defines the structure of criminal offenses in a manner that establishes certain psychological processes of the defendant as necessary conditions for criminal liability. In order to convict a defendant, the state must prove all offense elements including the voluntary act and culpability requirements. These provisions involve the actor's psychological processes, but neither the exact nature of these requirements nor the relationship between them is clearly understood. Certain general defenses, such as automatism and insanity, also address the defendant's psychological processes. It has been notoriously difficult, however, to develop a satisfactory formulation of either of these defenses or of the relationship between them and the system of offense elements. This dissertation presents a conceptual framework that grounds the Model Penal Code's structure of offense elements in philosophical action theory. On this interpretation, the offense requirements that involve the defendant's psychological processes can be understood as part of an integrated attempt to establish the criminal law as a behavior guiding institution that is uniquely appropriate to those who have the capacity to direct their conduct through a process of practical reasoning. The key offense requirements are designed to limit criminal liability to those behaviors that are appropriately attributed to the offender as a practical reasoner. Certain general defenses, including insanity, exculpate defendants when their behavior is not attributable to them as practical reasoners as a result of certain types of impairment that are not addressed by the offense elements. This conceptual framework provides a consistent interpretation of the relevant offense elements and defenses as part of an integrated system that limits criminal liability to those acts that are appropriately attributable to the defendant in his capacity as a practical reasoner. In addition, this dissertation contends that this system reflects a defensible conception of personal responsibility.
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Singher, Alessandre Singher. "Effects of the Walters Criminal Lifestyle Program on Offenders' Criminal Thinking Styles". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3920.
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Researchers have documented the high prevalence of crime in society and the need for programs to assist in the reduction of crime. Social cognitive and criminal lifestyle theories were the two major theoretical frameworks applied to this study due to their focus on the influence of cognitive change on behavioral modifications. A lifestyle approach in such programs reshapes criminal thoughts and transforms criminal behaviors. The efficacy of a lifestyle program in a community correctional facility outside of federal prison walls, modified to run 3 months with parolees and probationers, lacks evidenced research. Using a 2x3 between groups factorial ANCOVA, archival data, which had not previously evaluated, was used to assess whether there were any treatment or cohort differences in criminal thinking. Archival pre and posttest data from The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles were collected from 3 cohort groups who participated in 5 weeks of the criminality program as compared to 5 weeks of primary group programming. Pretest scores on the criminal thinking inventory were controlled to assess the presence of any posttest differences between treatment conditions and cohorts. This study's findings reported statistically significant differences in posttest scores for the criminality program as compared to the primary group program. Using study's findings, clinicians can develop programs that assist in changing an individual's worth, values, and thinking process, which may assist in building outcomes of lower recidivism rates. These lifestyle changes can promote positive social change within the social structure of offenders, the community, and society.
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Pisani, Beatrice. "The System of the International Criminal Court: Complementarity in International Criminal Justice". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368372.
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Complementarity, the mechanism that regulates the exercise of the concurrent jurisdiction between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national courts, constitutes one of the key features of the ICC, if not the cardinal one. As such, it keeps attracting the attention of both scholars and practitioners. In addition to the studies related to the interpretation of the statutory provisions - which leave numerous unanswered questions - complementarity has been object of growing attention in relation to its catalyst effects in fostering States' compliance with their duty to prosecute. The first years of activities of the Court have shown the exceptional character of judicial assessments of complementarity; meanwhile, the relevance of prosecutorial assessments of admissibility has emerged. In this context, the complementary nature of the Court, and its relevance in terms of prosecutorial assessments of admissibility, became evident. Starting from the idea that the Court shall encourage the performance of proceedings at the national level, complementarity has been progressively seen as a tool to strengthen domestic jurisdictions, under the concept of “positive†or “proactive†complementarity.
This work explores the multifaceted aspects, meanings and functions assigned to complementarity. While acknowledging that complementarity operates in two dimensions - a strict legal one, related to judicial assessments of admissibility - and a broader one, which attains to the ICC prosecutor's consideration of complementarity when selecting the situations and cases to be brought before the Court, this thesis questions whether complementarity can be associated to capacity building functions, and, more generally, to a Court's direct role in overcoming states' inability and unwillingness to prosecute. Based on a throughout analysis of the legal framework, the drafting history and the ICC practice, this thesis suggests that complementarity is a concrete notion, i.e., the mechanism that regulates the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction between the Court and States. Compared to other mechanisms for the allocation of concurrent jurisdiction, such as primacy, it undoubtedly retains a component that fosters dialogue between the Court and states. However, all initiatives aimed at strengthening states' ability and willingness to investigate and prosecute, undertaken directly by organs of the Court or by other, external actors, do not directly depend on alleged effects of complementarity. It is the very existence of the Court, and the commitment to end impunity for the perpetrators of international crimes of all components of the system of justice created through its establishment, that fosters all these, welcomed, initiatives.
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Pisani, Beatrice. "The System of the International Criminal Court: Complementarity in International Criminal Justice". Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2012. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/744/1/Thesis_Complementarity__Pisani.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Complementarity, the mechanism that regulates the exercise of the concurrent jurisdiction between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national courts, constitutes one of the key features of the ICC, if not the cardinal one. As such, it keeps attracting the attention of both scholars and practitioners. In addition to the studies related to the interpretation of the statutory provisions - which leave numerous unanswered questions - complementarity has been object of growing attention in relation to its catalyst effects in fostering States' compliance with their duty to prosecute. The first years of activities of the Court have shown the exceptional character of judicial assessments of complementarity; meanwhile, the relevance of prosecutorial assessments of admissibility has emerged. In this context, the complementary nature of the Court, and its relevance in terms of prosecutorial assessments of admissibility, became evident. Starting from the idea that the Court shall encourage the performance of proceedings at the national level, complementarity has been progressively seen as a tool to strengthen domestic jurisdictions, under the concept of “positive” or “proactive” complementarity.
This work explores the multifaceted aspects, meanings and functions assigned to complementarity. While acknowledging that complementarity operates in two dimensions - a strict legal one, related to judicial assessments of admissibility - and a broader one, which attains to the ICC prosecutor's consideration of complementarity when selecting the situations and cases to be brought before the Court, this thesis questions whether complementarity can be associated to capacity building functions, and, more generally, to a Court's direct role in overcoming states' inability and unwillingness to prosecute. Based on a throughout analysis of the legal framework, the drafting history and the ICC practice, this thesis suggests that complementarity is a concrete notion, i.e., the mechanism that regulates the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction between the Court and States. Compared to other mechanisms for the allocation of concurrent jurisdiction, such as primacy, it undoubtedly retains a component that fosters dialogue between the Court and states. However, all initiatives aimed at strengthening states' ability and willingness to investigate and prosecute, undertaken directly by organs of the Court or by other, external actors, do not directly depend on alleged effects of complementarity. It is the very existence of the Court, and the commitment to end impunity for the perpetrators of international crimes of all components of the system of justice created through its establishment, that fosters all these, welcomed, initiatives.
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Randakevičienė, Irma. "Reopening a criminal case". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20081105_094757-37332.
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The dissertation analyses a new theme which has not yet been analysed in Lithuanian research and makes an attempt to reveal the theoretical foundations of the institute of reopening a criminal case.
The object of the dissertation is the nature of the institute of the reopening of criminal proceedings, the historical development of this institute, the purposes, features, the existing grounds for the reopening of a case, types, specialness of the types, procedure for the reopening of a criminal case, and the place of the reopening of a criminal case among other forms of control over court judgments. The research has been carried out along two directions.. The first has analysed the theoretical grounds of the institute of reopening a criminal case. The second has evaluated both the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure which regulate the reopening of a criminal case and the resultant court practice, the analysis of which has determined some of the theoretical conclusions. The research has conformed the hypothesis that the appropriate conception of the reopening of a criminal case as an extraordinary form of control over court judgment and the facultative stage of criminal process enables to safeguard both the lawful expectations of the parties to the process and a fair trial. A comprehensive analysis of the institute of reopening of a criminal case has also determined a more general proposition that a balanced system of the forms of control over a court judgment is dependant... [to full text]Daktaro disertacijoje tyrinėjamas iki šiol Lietuvoje netyrinėtas baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo institutas, bandoma išgryninti ir atskleisti šio instituto sampratą. Disertacinio tyrimo objektas – baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto teisinė prigimtis, istorinė raida, tikslai, požymiai, pagrindai, dėl kurių atnaujinama byla, rūšys, rūšių ypatumai, atnaujinimo procedūra bei baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo vieta kitų teismų sprendimų kontrolės formų sistemoje. Mokslinis tyrimas atliktas dviem kryptimis. Pirma, analizuoti baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto teoriniai pagrindai. Antra, vertintos baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimą reguliuojančios Baudžiamojo proceso kodekso nuostatos ir jų pagrindu besiklostanti teismų praktika, kurios analizė vėlgi leido atskleisti ir suformuoti kai kurias teorines išvadas. Tyrimo metu pasitvirtino hipotezė, kad tinkamas baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo kaip išimtinės (ekstraordinarinės) teismų sprendimų kontrolės formos ir išimtinės (neprivalomos) baudžiamojo proceso stadijos suvokimas leidžia užtikrinti teisėtus proceso šalių lūkesčius bei sąžiningą baudžiamąjį procesą. Kompleksinė baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto analizė nulėmė ir bendresnį teiginį, kad teismų sprendimų kontrolės formų sistemos harmoningas funkcionavimas priklauso nuo to, kaip yra, konstruojant teisės normas, derinamos tarpusavyje visos esamos baudžiamajame procese teismų sprendimų kontrolės formos: nei viena iš jų neturi dubliuoti ar perimti kitos formos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Gough, Stephen. "Intoxication and criminal law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417043.
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Machado, André Augusto Mendes. "A investigação criminal defensiva". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-27082009-114835/.
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O objeto primordial desta dissertação é conceituar a investigação criminal defensiva, sob a ótica da eficiência e do garantismo, e demonstrar a necessidade deste instituto nos ordenamentos jurídicos em que a investigação pública é tendencialmente acusatória. Para tanto, nos dois capítulos iniciais, esclarecem-se alguns aspectos gerais condizentes ao tema em análise, a saber: a definição de investigação criminal e suas principais características; a questão da parcialidade do Ministério Público e a investigação do crime por este órgão; e a definição de inquérito policial e sua disciplina legal no Brasil. Em seguida, aborda-se a relação da investigação defensiva com os princípios constitucionais da igualdade e da ampla defesa, que se encontram na base de um processo penal acusatório e asseguram às partes igual oportunidade de comprovarem os seus argumentos. Por conta disso, se um sistema jurídico prescreve a investigação do crime pelo próprio órgão acusatório, é de rigor que o imputado tenha direito equivalente, sob pena de se violar os mencionados direitos fundamentais. Ademais, a investigação defensiva, ao permitir a obtenção de elementos que serão contrapostos à investigação pública, amplia o campo cognitivo do Magistrado, o qual disporá de um maior número de dados materiais para fundamentar decisão acerca da viabilidade da acusação e da adoção de medidas cautelares. Após a análise constitucional da investigação defensiva, estuda-se o tratamento conferido pelo Direito estrangeiro a esta matéria, particularmente na Itália, onde o tema está em voga e é objeto de importantes e auspiciosos debates jurídicos. Ao final, a dissertação cuida da concretização da investigação defensiva, isto é, o modo como deve se desenvolver, as suas limitações, a utilização do seu resultado e a possibilidade de inserção no ordenamento jurídico pátrio.The main subject of this dissertation is to create a concept of the criminal defense investigation, under the efficiency and the guarantism perspectives, and to demonstrate the need of such institute in the legal system in which the public investigation has an acusatory tendency. For this purpose, in the first two chapters, the dissertation clarifies certain general aspects regarding the subject under analysis, such as: the definition of criminal investigation and its main characteristics; the question of partiality of the Public Prosecutor\' s Office and the criminal investigation ran by this office; and the definition of criminal investigation and its legal regulation in Brazil. Following, the dissertation approachs the relation of defensive investigation with the constitutional principles of equality and of full defense, which are in the base of an accusatory criminal procedure and assure the parties equal opportunities to prove their arguments. For this reason, if a legal system provides for a criminal investigation to be conducted by the accusatory party itself, it is imperative that the accused has equivalent rights, otherwise the legal system will be violating the above mentioned fundamental rights. Furthermore, in allowing gathering elements which shall be confronted with the official investigation, the defense investigation expands the cognitive field of the Magistrate, who will have more material data to pronounce a decision regarding the accusation\'s viability and the adoption of cautionary measures. After the constitutional analysis of the defense investigation, the dissertation enters into the foreign law on this subject, particularly from Italy, where the matter is highly in evidence and is the subject of important and auspicious legal debates. In the end, the dissertation provides for the materialization of the defense investigation, i.e., the manner in which it shall be developed, its limitations, the use of its results and the possible insert in our national legal ordinance.
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Fish, Rebecca J. "Stature and Criminal Behavior". VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/801.
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Minorities are significantly overrepresented in America's prison population, and many studies have been conducted to determine possible causes for such a disparity. Few of these studies, however, have examined small stature as a potential contributor to criminal behavior. This study examines the relationship between criminal behavior and stature among American males. The heights, weights, stature scores (a function of the product of height and weight) and the body mass indices of criminals are examined as a whole, as well as by subgroup based on race, locality, and nature of the crime committed. The average weight of the male criminal population is substantially lower than that of the general male population. The center of the height distribution for urban criminals is found to be lower than men who commit crimes in suburban or rural areas, as is the center of the weight distribution for index criminals when compared to non-index criminals. Murderers demonstrate the smallest mean and median heights and weights when compared to the rest of the criminal population. Although small stature can be associated with certain crimes and localities, size cannot be associated with the racial disparity in today's prisons.
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Travis, Lawrence F., i Bradley D. Edwards. "Introduction to Criminal Justice". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/032329071X.
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This student-friendly introductory text describes the criminal justice process―outlining the decisions, practices, people, and issues involved. It provides a solid introduction to the mechanisms of the criminal justice system, with balanced coverage of the issues presented by each facet of the process, including a thorough review of practices and controversies in law enforcement, the criminal courts, and corrections.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1022/thumbnail.jpg
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Kelty, Sally Fiona. ""You have to hit some people, it's all they understand!" : are violent sentiments more criminogenic than attributing hostile intent in the escalation of grievances? /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061019.152626.
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Duff, Koshka. "The criminal is political : real existing liberalism and the construction of the criminal". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76011/.
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The familiar irony of ‘real existing socialism' is that it never was. Socialist ideals were used to legitimise regimes that fell far short of realising those ideals – indeed, that violently repressed anyone who tried to realise them. This thesis investigates how the derogatory and depoliticizing concept of the criminal has historically allowed, and continues to allow, liberal ideals to operate in a worryingly similar manner. Across the political spectrum, ‘criminal' is used as a slur. That which is criminal is assumed to be bad, and what is more, to be bad in a way that is not politically interesting. I show how this serves to prevent deep dissent from the status quo, and particularly from the existing, unjust order of property, from registering as dissent at all. Feminists have long argued that the exclusion of what is deemed ‘personal' from the sphere of the political is itself a (conservative) political move. I propose that the construction of ‘the criminal' as a category opposed to the political constitutes a similar barrier to emancipatory social transformation. I suggest, further, that under conditions of ‘real existing liberalism', some kinds of conflict with the law have the potential not only to manifest but also to forge ‘resistant subjectivities'. I conclude that political philosophy, insofar as its purpose is emancipatory, should be more interested in the perspectives of criminals than it hitherto has been.
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Lytle, Daniel J. "Decision Making in Criminal Justice Revisited: Toward a General Theory of Criminal Justice". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367927805.
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Imhof, Heather V. "Who Are You Calling "Criminal?": A New Look at the Violent Criminal Stereotype". W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626338.
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SUPERCHI, ELISA. "CRIMINAL LEADERS' BEHAVIORS: EXPLORING CRIMINAL CAPITAL OF 'NDRANGHETA BOSSES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/38238.
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All'interno di ogni contesto competitivo, le persone sfruttano asimmetrie relazionali derivanti da connessioni che sono fonte di nuove informazioni e risorse. Gli individui in posizioni di intermediazione sono solitamente leader dei rispettivi gruppi. Nonostante i ricercatori abbiano esteso il concetto di capitale sociale al contesto criminale, permane una relativa mancanza di conoscenza riguardo a come i capi sfruttino il loro capitale criminale. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che i leader di solito fungono da intermediari all'interno delle reti criminali e ciò garantisce loro un efficace equilibrio tra efficienza e sicurezza nella gestione delle attività illecite. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno dimostrato che i leader criminali spesso impiegano misure di sicurezza aggiuntive, come prendere le distanze dalle attività più rischiose come nel traffico di droga (DT) e dalle telefonate.
Questo studio esamina i comportamenti dei leader criminali per identificare se e in che modo variao in base alle principali attività svolte dalle loro reti e rispetto ai canali di comunicazione utilizzati. Questo studio si basa su otto casi studio di gruppi di ‘Ndrangheta coinvolti nel DT, o altri tipici crimini legati alla mafia centrati sul controllo del territorio (COT). I risultati indicano che mentre i leader criminali favoriscono l'intermediazione e la sicurezza quando sono coinvolti nel COT, optano per la chiusura e l'efficienza quando sono coinvolti nel DT.
Questi risultati gettano luce sui comportamenti dei leader criminali, che, a loro volta, aumentano le conoscenze esistenti sulla struttura interna delle reti criminali.Within every competitive setting, people exploit relational asymmetries stemming from connections that are sources of novel information and resources. Individuals in brokering positions are ordinarily a respective groups’ leader. Whilst scholars have extended the concept of social capital to the criminal context, there remains a relative dearth of knowledge concerning precisely how leaders exploit their criminal capital. Manifold studies have shown that leaders usually act as brokers within criminal networks, which provides an effective balance between efficiency and security in the management of illicit activities. However, other studies have demonstrated that criminal leaders often employ additional security measures, including inter alia distancing themselves from riskier activities, such as drug trafficking (DT) networks and communicating via telephone. This study examines criminal leaders’ behaviors to identify whether and in what ways they vary according to the main activities performed by their networks, and with respect to the communication channels used. This study is underpinned by eight case studies of ‘Ndrangheta groups involved in DT, or other typical Mafia-related crimes centered on the control of the territory (COT). The results indicate that while criminal leaders favor brokerage and security when involved in COT, they opt for closure and efficiency when involved in DT. Ultimately, these findings cast light upon criminal leaders’ behaviors, which, in turn, enhances extant knowledge on the internal structure of criminal networks.
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SUPERCHI, ELISA. "CRIMINAL LEADERS' BEHAVIORS: EXPLORING CRIMINAL CAPITAL OF 'NDRANGHETA BOSSES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/38238.
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All'interno di ogni contesto competitivo, le persone sfruttano asimmetrie relazionali derivanti da connessioni che sono fonte di nuove informazioni e risorse. Gli individui in posizioni di intermediazione sono solitamente leader dei rispettivi gruppi. Nonostante i ricercatori abbiano esteso il concetto di capitale sociale al contesto criminale, permane una relativa mancanza di conoscenza riguardo a come i capi sfruttino il loro capitale criminale. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che i leader di solito fungono da intermediari all'interno delle reti criminali e ciò garantisce loro un efficace equilibrio tra efficienza e sicurezza nella gestione delle attività illecite. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno dimostrato che i leader criminali spesso impiegano misure di sicurezza aggiuntive, come prendere le distanze dalle attività più rischiose come nel traffico di droga (DT) e dalle telefonate.
Questo studio esamina i comportamenti dei leader criminali per identificare se e in che modo variao in base alle principali attività svolte dalle loro reti e rispetto ai canali di comunicazione utilizzati. Questo studio si basa su otto casi studio di gruppi di ‘Ndrangheta coinvolti nel DT, o altri tipici crimini legati alla mafia centrati sul controllo del territorio (COT). I risultati indicano che mentre i leader criminali favoriscono l'intermediazione e la sicurezza quando sono coinvolti nel COT, optano per la chiusura e l'efficienza quando sono coinvolti nel DT.
Questi risultati gettano luce sui comportamenti dei leader criminali, che, a loro volta, aumentano le conoscenze esistenti sulla struttura interna delle reti criminali.Within every competitive setting, people exploit relational asymmetries stemming from connections that are sources of novel information and resources. Individuals in brokering positions are ordinarily a respective groups’ leader. Whilst scholars have extended the concept of social capital to the criminal context, there remains a relative dearth of knowledge concerning precisely how leaders exploit their criminal capital. Manifold studies have shown that leaders usually act as brokers within criminal networks, which provides an effective balance between efficiency and security in the management of illicit activities. However, other studies have demonstrated that criminal leaders often employ additional security measures, including inter alia distancing themselves from riskier activities, such as drug trafficking (DT) networks and communicating via telephone. This study examines criminal leaders’ behaviors to identify whether and in what ways they vary according to the main activities performed by their networks, and with respect to the communication channels used. This study is underpinned by eight case studies of ‘Ndrangheta groups involved in DT, or other typical Mafia-related crimes centered on the control of the territory (COT). The results indicate that while criminal leaders favor brokerage and security when involved in COT, they opt for closure and efficiency when involved in DT. Ultimately, these findings cast light upon criminal leaders’ behaviors, which, in turn, enhances extant knowledge on the internal structure of criminal networks.
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Silva, J?nior Nelson Gomes de Sant'Ana e. "Pol?tica criminal, saberes criminol?gicos e justi?a penal: que lugar para a Psicologia". PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PSICOLOGIA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23744.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
O sistema de justi?a criminal representa, historicamente, um campo f?rtil para as aproxima??es entre Psicologia e Direito. Nesta seara, podemos observar uma s?rie de mecanismos de controle social e gest?o penal da mis?ria postos em funcionamento cotidianamente como estrat?gia de manuten??o do modo de produ??o capitalista e seus princ?pios. As pr?ticas penais se imp?em com o aux?lio de diferentes discursos criminol?gicos e, concomitantemente, com o apoio de saberes laterais ao Direito, como a Psicologia. Neste campo de tens?es s?o flagrantes os processos de criminaliza??o da pobreza, seletividade penal e encarceramento em massa como dispositivos de classifica??o, conten??o e exterm?nio dos que s?o considerados excedentes ao capitalismo. Em meio a este cen?rio, interessou saber qual lugar tem sido destinado e ocupado pela Psicologia junto ? Justi?a Penal. O objetivo geral desta tese ?, portanto, analisar as rela??es existentes entre a Pol?tica Criminal e os discursos/pr?ticas psicol?gicos ligados ? Justi?a Penal no Brasil. O percurso metodol?gico trilhado iniciou-se com a revis?o da literatura nacional e internacional relacionada ? pol?tica criminal, saberes criminol?gicos tradicionais, criminologia cr?tica e psicologia jur?dica (principalmente ligada ? esfera penal). Como etapa complementar, foram acessados 84 pareceres psicol?gicos presentes em processos criminais de uma Vara de Execu??es Penais sediada em uma capital brasileira. No decorrer do debate te?rico travado ao longo do estudo, fragmentos dos documentos investigados foram confrontados com os postulados da criminologia cr?tica, referencial te?rico central da tese, com vistas a exemplificar argumentos e colaborar com o melhor entendimento da discuss?o apresentada. O trabalho aponta que as pr?ticas psicol?gicas ligadas ao campo penal s?o fortemente influenciadas por pressupostos das Criminologias Liberal e Positivista; que o trabalho do psic?logo majoritariamente corrobora a pol?tica criminal vigente; e que os fazeres psicol?gicos comprometidos com a defesa e promo??o dos direitos humanos ocupam posi??o contra-hegem?nica no ?mbito penal. Conclui-se afirmando as necessidades de participa??o ativa da Psicologia na constru??o de um novo projeto ?tico-pol?tico de sociedade; atua??o profissional como resist?ncia ?s pr?ticas de ortopedia social e; reinven??o das pr?ticas psicol?gicas neste campo de modo a superar as ilus?es burguesas de ressocializa??o, readapta??o e reeduca??o dos autores de crimes.
The criminal justice system has historically represented a fertile field for the interaction between Psychology and Law. In this field, one can observe a series of mechanisms of social control and criminal management of misery which are put into operation daily as a strategy for maintaining the capitalist mode of production and its principles. Different criminological discourses as well as the support of other fields connected to Law, such as Psychology, contribute to imposing criminal practices. Processes of criminalization of poverty, criminal selectivity and mass imprisonment as devices for the classification, confinement and extermination of those considered surplus to capitalism are flagrant. In this scenario, we aimed at investigating the role that Psychology has been assigned and played within Criminal Justice. Therefore, the general objective of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between Criminal Politics and the psychological discourses / practices related to Criminal Justice in Brazil. The methodology involved a review of the national and international literature related to criminal politics, traditional criminological knowledge, critical criminology and legal psychology (mainly linked to the criminal sphere). As a complementary step, we accessed 84 psychological reports included in criminal proceedings of a Court of Criminal Appeals based in a Brazilian capital city. For the theoretical debate proposed in this study, excerpts from the analyzed documents were confronted with the postulates of critical criminology ? central theoretical framework for the thesis ? with a view to exemplifying arguments and collaborating with a better understanding of the discussion. The work points out that the psychological practices related to the criminal field are strongly influenced by the assumptions of Liberal and Positivist Criminologies; that the work of psychologists mostly corroborates current criminal politics; and that the psychological actions taken towards the defense and promotion of human rights occupy a counter-hegemonic position in the criminal sphere. The conclusions emphasize the need for the active participation of Psychology in the construction of a new ethical and political project of society; professional action as a resistance to social orthopedic practices and the reinvention of psychological practices in this field in order to overcome the bourgeois illusions of re-socialization, rehabilitation and re-education of perpetrators.
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REISS, MICHEL WENCLAND. "THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION OF LAW: ANALYSES OF THE ROME STATUTE BASED ON ANGLO-SAXON INSPIRATION CRIMINAL LAW, ROMAN-GERMANIC CRIMINAL LAW AND BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL LAW". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36273@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO trabalho consiste na análise do processo de internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos com base no Direito Internacional Penal. Partindo de abordagens interdisciplinares na criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, é feita uma leitura jurídico-penal do Estatuto de Roma a partir da aproximação dos conceitos oriundos do Common Law e do Civil Law em busca de um maior aprimoramento na construção de uma Parte Geral do Direito Internacional Penal. Assim, pretende-se contribuir para uma maior preocupação no tocante à responsabilização penal no plano internacional, sempre com o foco voltado para o incremento da proteção internacional dos Direitos Humanos.
The work analyses the process of internationalization of the Human Rights based upon International criminal law. Beginning with an interdisciplinary approach on the creation of the International Criminal Court, the Roman Statute is analyzed through a criminal law reading, that acknowledges an approach between Common Law and Civil Law traditional concepts. Therefore, the work seeks to contribute to an improvement on criminal law enforcement on the international level, always focusing on assuring the international protection of the Human Rights.
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Viana, Carla Eunice Meira Neiva da Costa. "O contributo da Plataforma de Intercâmbio de Informação Criminal na atividade de investigação criminal". Master's thesis, Academia Militar, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/12054.
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A implementação da Plataforma de Intercâmbio de Informação Criminal, uma ferramenta tecnológica tendente à interoperabilidade entre os sistemas de informação dos Órgãos de Polícia Criminal, advém da necessidade da partilha da informação criminal para fins preventivos ou de investigação criminal entre estes.
Assim, tendo a plataforma a finalidade de assegurar um elevado nível de segurança no intercâmbio de informação criminal entre os Órgãos de Polícia Criminal, para efeitos de realização de ações de prevenção e de investigação criminais, importa compreender se efetivamente estas são realizadas, bem como identificar eventuais potencialidades e vulnerabilidades associadas à plataforma, pois esta assume especial relevância na atividade de investigação criminal.
Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho de investigação, sustentado no método hipotético-dedutivo, tem como título “O Contributo da Plataforma de Intercâmbio de Informação Criminal na Atividade de Investigação Criminal”.
Com vista a alcançar os objetivos propostos, foram estabelecidos dois momentos distintos e definidores na estrutura e consequente desenvolvimento do trabalho, nomeadamente um teórico e outro prático, sustentados, respetivamente, na pesquisa e análise documentais e na realização de entrevistas estruturadas a entidades/especialistas da área cognitiva em apreço.
Após a recolha de dados, verificamos que a plataforma constitui um contributo para a atividade de investigação criminal. Todavia, embora tenha sido oficialmente anunciada como estando em produção, os problemas e constrangimentos reportados remetem para a fase de testes de qualquer projeto de inovação tecnológica. É evidente que há um longo percurso a percorrer para a efetiva operacionalização da plataforma e, nesse sentido, foram definidos eixos de intervenção para fazer face aos fatores críticos identificados. Pretende-se, deste modo, dinamizar a plataforma, com vista à resolução dos principais problemas e à implementação progressiva de novas potencialidades, pois é unanimemente reconhecida a sua utilidade no desenvolvimento da atividade de investigação criminal.The implementation of the Criminal Information Exchange Platform, a technological tool aimed for interoperability between the information systems of the Criminal Police Agencies, comes from the need of sharing criminal intelligence for preventive purposes or criminal investigation among them. Thus, having the platform the purpose of ensuring a high level of security on the exchange of criminal intelligence between the Criminal Police Agencies, in preventing and detecting crimes, it is important to understand whether they actually are carried out, as well as to identify any potential and vulnerabilities associated with the platform, since this is particularly important in criminal investigation. Therefore, the present research work, supported by the hypothetical deductive method, is entitled “The Contribution of the Criminal Information Exchange Platform on Criminal Investigation Activity”. In order to achieve the proposed objectives the work was divided into two moments. The first moment concerns the theoretical part, devoted to documentary analysis about the object of this subject-matter and the second part, a more practical part, based on interviews which have given rise to the quantitative and qualitative data. The data obtained allowed us to say that the platform is a valuable contribution to the activity of a criminal investigation. However, although it has been officially announced as being in production, the problems and constraints reported refer to the testing phase of any project of technological innovation. It is clear that there is still a long way to go before the effective operationalisation of the platform and, in this sense, lines of intervention were defined for the critical factors identified. The aim is to boost the platform, in order to tackle the main problems and the progressive implementation of new potential, because it is unanimously recognized their usefulness in the development of the activity of a criminal investigation.
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Tan, Alvin Poh Heng. "Advancing international criminal justice in Southeast Asia through the regionalisation of international criminal law". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27831/.
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Only two Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have ratified the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute, and this number is unlikely to change dramatically in the near future. This research thus considers how international criminal justice (ICrimJ) can be advanced through the regionalisation of international criminal law (ICL), whilst also serving the interests of ASEAN Member States. The theoretical appeal, practical viability, and political acceptability of regional ICrimJ mechanisms are accordingly examined. Given that the establishment of the ICC has challenged the absolute sovereignty of States over the prosecution of international crimes, regional initiatives have added political allure as they not only better reflect local legal norms and political considerations, but also place the selection of ‘regional crimes’ and enforcement measures primarily in the hands of regional countries. In recognition of the 'ASEAN way' of making decisions, regional initiatives to further ICrimJ in Southeast Asia should be implemented gradually and driven internally through consultation and consensus. Moreover, to achieve the overarching ASEAN goal of maintaining regional peace and security, the modalities and practical effects of ICrimJ may require greater emphasis on deterrence and reconciliation, instead of punishment. The prospect and efficacy of a regional ICrimJ mechanism however also depends, inter alia, on the availability of institutional infrastructure and resources, and will understandably differ between regions. Nevertheless, some general conclusions about the value and attractiveness of a regional approach to ICrimJ can be drawn. Despite variations on what may constitute justice in different geographic areas, these generalisations are useful because they reveal the incentives and favourable conditions for efforts at the regional level. The research therefore proffers a basic framework to assess the costs and benefits of regional solutions against domestic or international methods of enforcing ICL, and determine which may best serve ICrimJ in each unique situation and circumstance.
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Lord, Sofia. "Joint criminal enterprise and the international criminal court : a comparison between joint criminal enterprise and the modes of liability in joint commission in crime under the Rome Statute; can the International Criminal Court apply joint criminal enterprise as a mode of liability?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95847.
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Hughes, Kathryn. "Psychological aspects of criminal propensity". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/25777/.
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The psychological aspects of propensity to offend are considered. The relationship between attitude, personality, and reported offending is explored. Some literature considers how attitude influences offending; others look at the relationship between personality and offending. The present thesis proposes that there is a complex relationship between all three. The Attitude to Offending Style Scale measures preferences towards hypothetical offending styles. Shultzs’ FIRO-B explores the structure of interpersonal personality. Finally, an adaptation of Youngs’ D42 (D45) explores styles and level of reported offending. 254 members of the general public complete each of these self-report scales. An SSA-I tests the construct validity and structure of the scales stated above. Multiple regression analyses explore the relationship between attitude and personality, and how these influence level of reported offending. The moderating role of interpersonal personality is also considered. The findings reveal that Attitudes are categorized as: Instrumental or Expressive high risk, and Low risk. Shultzs’ FIRO-B scale has four facets: Expressed Inclusion Expressed Control, Received Inclusion and Received Control. Finally, reported offending is categorised as More or Less serious, Instrumental or Expressive, and target Person or Property. Results show that variations in attitude and personality styles are related to level of reported offending. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between attitude and level of reported offending is moderated by level of ‘Received Control’. More specifically, when an individual shows a positive attitude towards Instrumental high risk crimes and feel ‘controlled by others’, their level of reported offending is also likely to be high. The presented research shows the value of considering attitudes towards offending, the moderating role of interpersonal personality, and how this relates to level of reported offending. The methods employed throughout the thesis demonstrate the strength and validity of self-report measures. Results are applicable to many areas, including direction and methods in future research. The findings can be applied to areas such as rehabilitation, interview techniques and preventative measures.
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Bennett, Sarah. "Criminal careers and restorative justice". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252102.
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In 2004, the Justice Research Consortium (JRC) completed a randomised controlled trial testing the crime reduction effects of restorative justice conferences. Burglary and robbery offenders and victims who agreed to participate in the trial were randomly assigned to either a face to face conference (experimental) in addition to normal court proceedings or to a control condition where their case proceeded as usual through London’s Crown Courts. Restorative justice has been shown to be effective at reducing reoffending in some contexts. More research is needed, however, to determine why some individuals taking part in restorative justice desist from offending whilst others reoffend quickly. Research suggests individual characteristics such as gender, race and age, criminal history features such as frequency, seriousness, and custody, and ancillary factors such as drug use and victimization can have an impact on offending, and this thesis investigates the extent to which these variables predict time to reoffending. Using survival analysis, this thesis also explores whether, in a sample of serious adult offenders, the effects of restorative justice on time to reoffending are different at different values of these variables. Key findings include: In the burglary experiment, female offenders reoffended significantly faster than males, and females in the control condition reoffended twice as fast as females in the experimental condition. The higher the frequency of arrests or convictions, and/or the greater the seriousness of offending prior to random assignment, the faster project offenders reoffended. Highly frequent and highly serious offenders (based on criminal history prior to random assignment) took significantly longer to reoffend in the experimental condition than the control condition. Offenders who were identified as using crack, heroin, or crack and heroin, reoffended at a faster rate if they were in the experimental conference group. This effect was significant in the robbery experiment.
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Hemphill, James Franklin. "Psychopathy, criminal history, and recidivism". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/NQ34517.pdf.
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