Artykuły w czasopismach: „Criminal justice interventions”

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Dobash, R. Emerson, i Russell P. Dobash. "Evaluating Criminal Justice Interventions for Domestic Violence". Crime & Delinquency 46, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046002007.

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In this article, the authors consider various approaches to the evaluation of criminal justice interventions in the area of domestic violence. Evaluations have been conducted on a range of interventions, but this article focuses particularly on evaluations of arrest and programs for violent abusers. The authors contrast randomized designs used in the primarily North American studies of arrest with the extant evaluations of abuser programs and argue for the use of more theoretically informed contextual evaluations of criminal justice interventions. Using their own 3-year evaluation study of two Scottish abuser programs, the authors demonstrate how the contextual approach is attuned to both outcome and process and results in more empirically informed assessments of how change is achieved in the behavior and orientations of violent men. The authors argue that evaluations of criminal justice-based interventions should be designed to fit the phenomena under consideration as well as the intervention itself.

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Newbury-Birch, Dorothy, Ruth McGovern, Jennifer Birch, Gillian O'Neill, Hannah Kaner, Arun Sondhi i Kieran Lynch. "A rapid systematic review of what we know about alcohol use disorders and brief interventions in the criminal justice system". International Journal of Prisoner Health 12, nr 1 (14.03.2016): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-08-2015-0024.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence of alcohol use disorders within the different stages of the criminal justice system in the UK. Furthermore it reviewed the worldwide evidence of alcohol brief interventions in the various stages of the criminal justice system. Design/methodology/approach – A rapid systematic review of publications was conducted from the year 2000 to 2014 regarding the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the various stages of the criminal justice system. The second part of the work was a rapid review of effectiveness studies of interventions for alcohol brief interventions. Studies were included if they had a comparison group. Worldwide evidence was included that consisted of up to three hours of face-to-face brief intervention either in one session or numerous sessions. Findings – This review found that 64-88 per cent of adults in the police custody setting; 95 per cent in the magistrate court setting; 53-69 per cent in the probation setting and 5,913-863 per cent in the prison system and 64 per cent of young people in the criminal justice system in the UK scored positive for an alcohol use disorder. There is very little evidence of effectiveness of brief interventions in the various stages of the criminal justice system mainly due to the lack of follow-up data. Social implications – Brief alcohol interventions have a large and robust evidence base for reducing alcohol use in risky drinkers, particularly in primary care settings. However, there is little evidence of effect upon drinking levels in criminal justice settings. Whilst the approach shows promise with some effects being shown on alcohol-related harm as well as with young people in the USA, more robust research is needed to ascertain effectiveness of alcohol brief interventions in this setting. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence of alcohol use disorders in the different stages of the criminal justice system in the UK using a validated tool as well as reviewing the worldwide evidence for short ( < three hours) alcohol brief intervention in this setting.

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Hough, Mike. "Balancing public health and criminal justice interventions". International Journal of Drug Policy 12, nr 5-6 (listopad 2001): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3959(01)00105-0.

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Goodwin, Sarah. "Arts groups as community-based criminal justice interventions". Criminal Justice Matters 93, nr 1 (wrzesień 2013): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2013.833796.

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Blatch, Chris, Andrew Webber, Kevin O’Sullivan i Gerard van Doorn. "Cost-benefits of a domestic abuse program for Australian offenders". Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 3, nr 1 (13.03.2017): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-10-2016-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine recidivism costs and benefits for 1,030 community-based male offenders enrolled in a domestic abuse program (DAP) compared to an untreated control group (n=1,030) matched on risk factors. Design/methodology/approach The study time frame was October 1, 2007-June 30, 2010 with reconvictions measured to December 31, 2010. Follow up averaged 19 months. Controls received standard community supervision, but no domestic violence group interventions. Follow up measures included court costs for violent and non-violent reconvictions; re-incarcerations and community-based orders costs measured in days. Findings Adjusting for time at risk, DAP enrollees had 29 percent fewer reconvictions, 46 percent fewer violent reconvictions, 34 percent fewer custodial days, but 23 percent more days on community orders. Costs: DAP enrollment avoided $2.52 M in custodial costs, but higher community correction costs (+$773 K) and court costs (+$5.8 K), reducing the DAP’s criminal justice system cost savings to $1.754 M ($8.92 M for the DAP group compared to $10.67M for controls). Cost benefits: when the 64 DAP program costs were deducted ($602 K), the net benefit to the New South Wales criminal justice system was $1,141 M, or $1,108 per enrollee, providing a net benefit/cost ratio of 2.89. If the DAP was completed, the net benefit was $1,820 per offender. These results compares favorably to economic evaluations of other community-based interventions. Practical implications Group interventions for domestically violent (DV) offenders can provide good investment returns to tax payers and government by reducing demand on scarce criminal justice system resources. The study provides insights into justice costs for DV offenders; a methodological template to determine cost benefits for offender programs and a contribution to cost-effective evidence-based crime reduction interventions. Originality/value Using a rigorous methodology, official court, custodial and community correction services costing data, this is the first Australian cost benefit analysis of a domestic violence group intervention, and the first to justify program expenditure by demonstrating substantial savings to the criminal justice system.

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Malloch, Margaret, Gill McIvor i Cheryl Burgess. "‘Holistic’ Community Punishment and Criminal Justice Interventions for Women". Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 53, nr 4 (20.05.2014): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12077.

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Andrews, D. A. "The impact of nonprogrammatic factors on criminal-justice interventions". Legal and Criminological Psychology 16, nr 1 (17.01.2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135532510x521485.

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PETERSON, RICHARD R. "REDUCING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: MOVING BEYOND CRIMINAL JUSTICE INTERVENTIONS". Criminology & Public Policy 7, nr 4 (listopad 2008): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2008.00526.x.

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Aliverti, Ana, i Rachel Seoighe. "Lost in Translation? Examining the Role of Court Interpreters in Cases Involving Foreign National Defendants in England and Wales". New Criminal Law Review 20, nr 1 (2017): 130–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2017.20.1.130.

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Court interpreters have seldom been featured in studies on the criminal courts. Until recently, cases requiring court interpreters were rare and marginal. The peculiarity and historical rarity of these cases may explain the lack of academic consideration of the work of court interpreters in the criminal justice literature. Rapid demographic changes brought about by mass migration, however, are changing the make-up of criminal justice proceedings, rendering court interpreters key participants and inexorable aides for the everyday running of the criminal justice system. This article examines the increased reliance on interpreters and the nature of their involvement in criminal justice proceedings. It will explore the relationship between interpreters and defendants, on the one hand, and between interpreters, counsels, and judges, on the other. Drawing on empirical data stemming from a research project on foreign national defendants conducted in Birmingham’s criminal courts, we explore issues of trust and reliability underpinning the intervention of court interpreters and the implications of these interventions for the defendant’s case. The use of interpreters aims first and foremost to ensure the defendant’s right to defense. Yet, as we show, their intervention is often propelled or hindered by instrumental, procedural, or logistical reasons, intimately linked to the rapid transformation of the demography of defendants and the privatization of services related to the criminal justice system.

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Antal, Imola, Júlia Szigeti i Maria Stoleru. "Women Victims of Domestic Violence: Analysis of Their Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System in Romania". Social Change Review 9, nr 1 (1.06.2011): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2016-0015.

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Abstract Criminal justice interventions are important to reduce domestic violence and protect women. In this study we will tackle the unwillingness of women in two regions of Romania to press charges and the failure of the criminal justice system in providing them protection and justice. “Why don’t women press charges?” was the main question that stood at the basis of the international research WOSAFEJUS1, where Babeş-Bolyai University (UBB) was the main Romanian partner through its Faculty of Sociology and Social Work. In our paper we will analyse the studies relevant to the field of domestic violence and we will pay a special attention to those that take into consideration the functioning of the criminal justice system. We will present a preliminary analysis of the women’s perception of the criminal justice system in Romania. Our results are based on 76 semi-structured interviews with women in a situation of domestic violence. Atlas.ti was used to aid a thematic analysis of the qualitative data. The results will highlight women’s expectations regarding the justice system, the perceived usefulness of the legal intervention as well as the main factors that come into play when they decide to stay or to leave the criminal justice process. Even though in most of the cases police intervention can’t or doesn’t provide safety and the rapid elimination of danger, the importance of non-legislative factors of intervention has nevertheless been emphasized.

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HUCKLESBY, ANTHEA, i EMMA WINCUP. "Assistance, Support and Monitoring? The Paradoxes of Mentoring Adults in the Criminal Justice System". Journal of Social Policy 43, nr 2 (10.02.2014): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413001013.

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AbstractMentoring has recently taken centre stage as one of the primary criminal justice ‘interventions’ to reduce reoffending, having grown in popularity over the past fifteen years. Its rapid growth has been driven by claims of success within and outside the criminal justice system, leading some to argue that it has been perceived as a silver bullet (Newburn and Shiner, 2005). This article challenges such claims on three fronts: first, mentoring is an ill-defined concept with weak theoretical foundations; second, the evidence base upon which claims of success are made is limited; and, third, transferring mentoring into the coercive and punitive environment of the criminal justice system results in a departure from the very principles and values which are the basis of its usefulness elsewhere. The article utilises the findings from three empirical criminal justice research projects to question claims of widespread and effective mentoring activity with defendants and offenders, suggesting instead that ‘interventions’ described as mentoring serve as a vehicle to extend the reach of the criminal justice system. At the end of the article, we suggest that desistance theory, specifically the Good Lives Model, provides a conceptual framework for taking mentoring in criminal justice forward.

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Sturz, Herbert. "Experiments in the Criminal Justice System". Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, nr 1 (1.10.2011): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2011.24.1.4.

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This article originally appeared in the Legal Aid Briefcase, February 1967, and was based on Herbert Sturz's testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization, December 13, 1966. The primary focus of the Vera Institute of Justice has been on the relationship of poverty to the administration of criminal justice. Well over 50 percent of individuals appearing in the criminal courts of America are indigent, and more are dangerously close. As a neutral private agency, the Vera Institute of Justice has brought together various public agencies in joint programs and experiments to address this issue with action-oriented interventions. This pilot project technique provides great flexibility, allowing planners to adopt successful programs or change the approach on short notice, as needed.

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Bohn, Sarah, Matthew Freedman i Emily Owens. "The Criminal Justice Response to Policy Interventions: Evidence from Immigration Reform". American Economic Review 105, nr 5 (1.05.2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151042.

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Changes in the treatment of individuals by the criminal justice system following a policy intervention may bias estimates of the effects of the intervention on underlying criminal activity. We explore the importance of such changes in the context of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Using administrative data from San Antonio, Texas, we examine variation across neighborhoods and ethnicities in police arrests and in the rate at which those arrests are prosecuted. We find that changes in police behavior around IRCA confound estimates of the effects of the policy and its restrictions on employment on criminal activity.

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Janssen, Luca, Irina Pokhilenko, Ruben Drost, Aggie Paulus i Silvia Evers. "OP40 Criminal Justice Costs And Benefits Of Mental Health Interventions". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001089.

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IntroductionMental health disorders and their treatments produce costs and benefits in both healthcare and non-healthcare sectors. The latter one is often referred to as inter-sectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Limited research is available on the inclusion of these inter-sectoral costs and benefits (ICBs) in economic evaluations. In this study, we focus on the identification and classification of ICBs of mental health-related interventions within the criminal justice sector in a broader European context. This study was conducted as part of the PECUNIA-project, which aims to develop new standardized, harmonized and validated methods and tools for the assessment of costs and outcomes in European healthcare systems. The aim of the study is to further conceptualize an internationally applicable list of ICBs of mental health-related interventions in the criminal justice sector. Additionally, we aim to facilitate the inclusion of ICBs in economic evaluations across EU by prioritizing important ICBs.MethodsData was collected via a systematic literature search on PubMed and PsychINFO. Additionally, a grey literature search was carried out in six European countries. In order to validate the international applicability of the list and prioritize the ICBs, a survey was conducted with an international group of experts from the criminal justice sector.ResultsThe literature search identified ICBs and resulted in a comprehensive list of items. A multi-dimensional list was constructed, distinguishing between costs as consequence of crime, and costs in response to crime. Based on the expert survey, the international applicability of the list was validated and the most important ICBs from the economic perspective were identified.ConclusionsThis study laid further foundations for the inclusion of important societal costs of mental health-related interventions within the criminal justice sector. More research is needed to facilitate the greater use of ICBs in economic evaluations.

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Frater, Alison. "Unlock imagined: arts in criminal justice". International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 1, nr 2 (16.12.2019): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v1n2.2019.131.

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Starting with a personal perspective this piece outlines the place and role of the arts in the criminal justice system in the UK. It paints an optimistic picture, though an unsettling one, because the imagination and reflexiveness of the arts reveals a great deal about the causes of crime and the consequences of incarceration. It raises questions about the transforming impact of the arts: how the benefits could, and should, be optimised and why evaluations of arts interventions are consistent in identifying the need for a non-coercive, more socially focused, paradigm for rehabilitation. It concludes that the deeper the arts are embedded in the criminal justice system the greater the benefits will be, that a more interdisciplinary approach would support better theoretical understanding, and that increased capacity to deliver arts in the criminal justice system is needed to offer more people a creative pathway out of crime.

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Baim, Clark Michael. "Applying the Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation in criminal justice interventions". Probation Journal 67, nr 1 (21.01.2020): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550519900236.

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This article describes how contemporary attachment theory can support accurate assessment and effective intervention in criminal justice contexts. I offer an introduction to Crittenden’s Dynamic-Maturational Model (DMM) of Attachment and Adaptation and explain why this well-evidenced model is especially relevant to criminal justice interventions. The DMM is a biopsychosocial model, informed by neurodevelopmental research, and as such it offers a developmental understanding of the wide range of adaptations used by people who are endangered or endangering to others. It is a strengths-based, non-labelling and non-pathologising model which conceptualises adaptations to danger as self-protective strategies that promote survival in their original context, but which may later lead to problematic, dangerous, or self-defeating behaviour.

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Brimley, John. "Book Review: Reducing Crime: The Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Interventions". Probation Journal 53, nr 4 (grudzień 2006): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550506072072.

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Metzger, Lia, Cyrus Ahalt, Margot Kushel, Alissa Riker i Brie Williams. "Mobilizing cross-sector community partnerships to address the needs of criminal justice-involved older adults: a framework for action". International Journal of Prisoner Health 13, nr 3/4 (11.09.2017): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-05-2017-0024.

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Purpose The rapidly increasing number of older adults cycling through local criminal justice systems (jails, probation, and parole) suggests a need for greater collaboration among a diverse group of local stakeholders including professionals from healthcare delivery, public health, and criminal justice and directly affected individuals, their families, and advocates. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that local communities can use to understand and begin to address the needs of criminal justice-involved older adults. Design/methodology/approach The framework included solicit input from community stakeholders to identify pressing challenges facing criminal justice-involved older adults, conduct needs assessments of criminal justice-involved older adults and professionals working with them; implement quick-response interventions based on needs assessments; share findings with community stakeholders and generate public feedback; engage interdisciplinary group to develop an action plan to optimize services. Findings A five-step framework for creating an interdisciplinary community response is an effective approach to action planning and broad stakeholder engagement on behalf of older adults cycling through the criminal justice system. Originality/value This study proposes the Criminal Justice Involved Older Adults in Need of Treatment Initiative Framework for establishing an interdisciplinary community response to the growing population of medically and socially vulnerable criminal justice-involved older adults.

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Jalilah, Nisfawati Laili. "DIVERSI CONCEPT IN COMPLETION OF CHILDREN'S CRIMINAL CASE". Al-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Jurusan Ahwal al-Syakhshiyyah Fakultas Syariah IAIN Mataram 11, nr 1 (17.06.2019): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/alihkam.v11i1.2120.

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Child protection is all activities to guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop, and participate optimally by human dignity and dignity, and get protection from violence and discrimination. Related to this, in resolving child criminal cases, the Criminal Justice Act (UUPPA) emphasizes that the concept of Restorative Justice or Diversity must be used, namely the transfer or transfer of the judicial process to an alternative process of settlement of the case, namely through deliberation or mediation. The purpose of diversion is to prevent children from detention, avoiding labeling children as criminals, preventing the repetition of criminal acts committed by children, so that children are responsible for their actions, carrying out interventions needed for victims and children without having to go through a formal process. Avoiding children from following the justice system process, and keep children from the negative influence and implications of the justice process.Implementation of application of diversion in the juvenile criminal justice system is carried out at the level of investigation, prosecution, and case examination in district courts. The diversion process is carried out through deliberation by involving children and their parents/guardians, social counselors, and professional social workers based on a restorative justice approach. The results of the Diversion agreement can take the form of, inter alia; peace with or without compensation, restitution in the event of a victim, medical and psychosocial rehabilitation, participation in education or training at an educational institution or LPKS no later than 3 (three) months; or community service for a maximum of 3 (three) months.

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Kilekamajenga, Ntemi Nimilwa. "Learning from contemporary examples in Africa: Referral mechanisms for restorative justice in Tanzania". South African Crime Quarterly, nr 63 (30.03.2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n63a4368.

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Tanzania is one of the jurisdictions in Africa that follow an adversarial criminal justice system. Despite a number of problems associated with the fact that the criminal justice system over-utilises imprisonment, there is still a lack of diversionary measures to complement the system. This article investigates restorative justice as a complementary system to the Tanzanian criminal justice system, arguing that the law, including the constitution of the country, favours the application of restorative interventions. Invoking restorative justice mechanisms can, inter alia, relieve over-laden courts from the backlog of minor cases, and can help the government salvage funds by reducing the number of incarcerated offenders. It is further argued that restorative justice approaches that have been articulated in some juvenile justice systems in Africa can be adapted to suit the Tanzanian restorative approach for child and adult offenders.

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Douglas, Thomas. "Infection control for third-party benefit: lessons from criminal justice". Monash Bioethics Review 38, S1 (12.12.2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40592-019-00103-y.

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AbstractThis article considers what can be learned regarding the ethical acceptability of intrusive interventions intended to halt the spread of infectious disease (‘Infection Control’ measures) from existing ethical discussion of intrusive interventions used to prevent criminal conduct (‘Crime Control’ measures). The main body of the article identifies and briefly describes six objections that have been advanced against Crime Control, and considers how these might apply to Infection Control. The final section then draws out some more general lessons from the foregoing analysis for the ethical acceptability of different kinds of Infection Control.

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Leon, Chrysanthi S., i Corey S. Shdaimah. "“We’ll Take the Tough Ones”". New Criminal Law Review 22, nr 4 (2019): 542–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2019.22.4.542.

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Expertise in multi-door criminal justice enables new forms of intervention within existing criminal justice systems. Expertise provides criminal justice personnel with the rationale and means to use their authority in order to carry out their existing roles for the purpose of doing (what they see as) good. In the first section, we outline theoretical frameworks derived from Gil Eyal’s sociology of expertise and Thomas Haskell’s evolution of moral sensibility. We use professional stakeholder interview data (N = 45) from our studies of three emerging and existing prostitution diversion programs as a case study to illustrate how criminal justice actors use what we define as primary, secondary, and tertiary expertise in multi-agency working groups. Actors make use of the tools at their disposal—in this case, the concept of trauma—to further personal and professional goals. As our case study demonstrates, professionals in specialized diversion programs recognize the inadequacy of criminal justice systems and believe that women who sell sex do so as a response to past harms and a lack of social, emotional, and material resources to cope with their trauma. Trauma shapes the kinds of interventions and expertise that are marshalled in response. Specialized programs create seepage that may reduce solely punitive responses and pave the way for better services. However empathetic, they do nothing to address the societal forces that are the root causes of harm and resultant trauma. This may have more to do with imagined capacities than with the objectively best approaches.

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FitzGerald, Sharron, Maggie O’Neill i Gillian Wylie. "Social justice for sex workers as a ‘politics of doing’: Research, policy and practice". Irish Journal of Sociology 28, nr 3 (grudzień 2020): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603520911344.

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The Republic of Ireland is a good case study to highlight the problems associated with uncritical appeals to criminal law as the only appropriate tool to tackle demand and protect sex workers from harm. In 2017, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act came into force in the Republic of Ireland (hereafter Ireland) making it a criminal offence to purchase sex in the jurisdiction. Ireland’s decision to introduce Swedish-style laws followed a protracted public campaign instigated in 2009 by the Irish and radical feminist inspired neo-abolitionist organisation, Turn off the Red Light. In this article, we confront and de-centre the Turn off the Red Light campaign’s hegemonic narrative that the criminal rather than social justice responses provide a more effective vehicle for sex workers’ empowerment. Undertaking our intervention in Irish feminist prostitution politics as a ‘politics of doing’ social justice through our separate and combined research, we extend our analysis by invoking Nancy Fraser and Barbara Hudson’s theoretical work on social and restorative justice. We wish to develop a theoretical framework that can serve as a roadmap for restorative social justice – the process of achieving rights, recognition and redistribution through relational, reflective and discursive interventions in sex work research, policy and practice. We argue that by ‘thinking’ sex workers’ positionality in social relations differently, the ‘doings’ of restorative social justice for sex workers can begin or take place.

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Hall, Martin T., Seana Golder, Cynthia L. Conley i Susan Sawning. "Designing Programming and Interventions for Women in the Criminal Justice System". American Journal of Criminal Justice 38, nr 1 (23.02.2012): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-012-9158-2.

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Hammett, Theodore M., Juarlyn L. Gaiter i Cheryl Crawford. "Reaching Seriously At-Risk Populations: Health Interventions in Criminal Justice Settings". Health Education & Behavior 25, nr 1 (luty 1998): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819802500108.

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Cabrera, Laura Y., i Bernice S. Elger. "Memory Interventions in the Criminal Justice System: Some Practical Ethical Considerations". Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 13, nr 1 (29.12.2015): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-015-9680-2.

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Epperson, Matthew W., Nancy Wolff, Robert D. Morgan, William H. Fisher, B. Christopher Frueh i Jessica Huening. "Envisioning the next generation of behavioral health and criminal justice interventions". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 37, nr 5 (wrzesień 2014): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.015.

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Tiemessen, Alana. "The International Criminal Court and the lawfare of judicial intervention". International Relations 30, nr 4 (27.07.2016): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117815601201.

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The contentious concept of ‘lawfare’ has proliferated to various foreign policy areas and permeated a discourse on the function and legitimacy of law in conflict. The concept seems particularly apt to the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) judicial interventions. In this context, I define lawfare as the coercive and strategic element of international criminal justice in which the ICC’s judicial interventions are used as a tool of lawfare for States Parties and the United Nations Security Council to pursue political ends. I argue that there are two types of political ends being pursued with this lawfare: conflict resolution and politicized prosecutions. First, the ICC’s spokespersons, advocates, and supporting states have cultivated a discourse that justice is a means to peace. As a result, the ICC has been used as a means of intervention in ongoing conflicts with the expectation that the indictments, arrests, and trials of elite perpetrators have deterrence and preventive effects for atrocity crimes. Despite these legitimate intentions and great expectations, there is little evidence of the efficacy of justice as a means to peace. Second, the other manifestation of lawfare represents an abuse or manipulation of the ICC for political gain. Specifically, States Parties have strategically referred their conflict situations to the ICC with the expectation that the referral will result in the removal of their rivals and sanction the impunity of ruling elites. This politicization of international justice has been successful in that most of the ICC’s prosecutions are unjustly one sided. Evidence of politicized prosecutions has damaged the ICC’s credibility as an impartial institution and raises questions about the desirability of state referrals. Consequently, the ICC’s efficacy and credibility are suffering from lawfare.

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Weisburd, David. "Randomized Experiments in Criminal Justice Policy: Prospects and Problems". Crime & Delinquency 46, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046002003.

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In theory, experimental designs provide the most reliable method to establish a relationship between interventions and outcomes. However, in practice, randomized experiments have remained a much less common choice for criminal justice evaluators than have nonexperimental methods. This article focuses on factors that have traditionally inhibited the use of randomized experiments as a tool for developing criminal justice policy. In this context, the main ethical, political, and practical barriers that face experimenters are described. General principles for identifying circumstances less or more amenable for developing randomized experiments are also defined. In concluding, it is argued that experiments are possible in many circumstances and can provide a powerful tool for developing criminal justice policy.

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Jones, Alison Snow, D. Alex Heckert, Edward D. Gondolf, Qiang Zhang i Edward H. Ip. "Complex Behavioral Patterns and Trajectories of Domestic Violence Offenders". Violence and Victims 25, nr 1 (luty 2010): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.3.

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Evidence-based practice within the criminal justice system has relied primarily on cumulative reports of reassaults or rearrests, especially in evaluating effectiveness of domestic violence (DV) interventions. We use a longitudinal sample of DV offenders arrested and referred to DV offender programs in four cities to examine complex multi-outcome patterns of violent and abusive behavior and trajectories between patterns over time. Offenders and their partners were surveyed at program intake and followed for 15 months (N = 550). A Hidden Markov Model identifies four distinct behavioral patterns. Trajectory analysis indicates that the most abusive state is relatively stable and indicative of a high probability of future physical assault. Results suggest that evaluation based on complex outcomes may improve criminal justice intervention effectiveness, risk assessment, and risk management.

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Janssen, Luca M. M., Irina Pokhilenko, Silvia M. A. A. Evers, Aggie T. G. Paulus, Judit Simon, Hans-Helmut König, Valentin Brodszky i in. "Exploring the identification, validation, and categorization of the cost and benefits of criminal justice in mental health: the PECUNIA project". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, nr 4 (27.07.2020): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462320000471.

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BackgroundMental health disorders and their treatments produce significant costs and benefits in both healthcare and non-healthcare sectors. The latter are often referred to as intersectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Little is known about healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector and how to include these in health economics research.ObjectivesThe triple aim of this study is (i) to identify healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector, (ii) to validate the list of healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector on a European level by sector-specific experts, and (iii) to classify the identified ICBs.MethodsA scientific literature search in PubMed and an additional grey literature search, carried out in six European countries, were used to retrieve ICBs. In order to validate the international applicability of the ICBs, a survey was conducted with an international group of experts from the criminal justice sector. The list of criminal justice ICBs was categorized according to the PECUNIA conceptual framework.ResultsThe full-text analysis of forty-five peer-reviewed journal articles and eleven grey literature sources resulted in a draft list of items. Input from the expert survey resulted in a final list of fourteen unique criminal justice ICBs, categorized according to the care atom.ConclusionThis study laid further foundations for the inclusion of important societal costs of mental health-related interventions within the criminal justice sector. More research is needed to facilitate the further and increased inclusion of ICBs in health economics research.

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Feder, Lynette, Annette Jolin i William Feyerherm. "Lessons from Two Randomized Experiments in Criminal Justice Settings". Crime & Delinquency 46, nr 3 (lipiec 2000): 380–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046003007.

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Experiments are known to be powerful tools in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Notwithstanding this knowledge, randomized field trials have been little used in criminal justice settings. The researchers discuss their experiences implementing two experiments: one in a courthouse and the other in a police agency. Despite the different settings, common problems surfaced in both randomized field trials. The authors discuss obstacles faced in implementing and running experiments and suggest some strategies for avoiding these problems. It is the researchers' hope that such a candid discussion will help others to design and implement stronger experiments.

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DOBASH, RUSSELL P., R. EMERSON DOBASH, KATE CAVANAGH i RUTH LEWIS. "A Research Evaluation of British Programmes for Violent Men". Journal of Social Policy 28, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279499005589.

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In the last two decades there have been a number of social, medical and legal initiatives in the UK and elsewhere to provide assistance to women who suffer violence from their partner. The most recent innovations focus on responding to the men who perpetrate this violence. In this article we present the initial results of the first British study of programmes for violent men. The three-year study used a longitudinal method to compare the effects of two court mandated programmes with other, more orthodox, forms of criminal justice intervention (fines, admonishment, traditional probation, prison). Here we describe the men's programmes, locate the current study in the context of existing evaluations of similar programmes operating in North America, outline the methods employed, present the results of the post-hoc matching used to assess the probable effects of selection bias and using subsequent prosecutions and the accounts of women, compare the impact of different criminal justice interventions. The results indicate that twelve months after the criminal justice intervention a significant proportion of the Programme men had not subsequently been violent to their partner. This was in contrast to men sanctioned in other ways (the Other CJ group) who were much less likely to have changed their violent behaviour.

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Meringolo, Patrizia. "Juvenile Justice System in Italy. Research and interventions". Universitas Psychologica 11, nr 4 (12.07.2012): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-4.jjsi.

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This paper talks about the juvenile justice system in Italy. The author describes the interventions done with minors, boys and girls aged from 14 until 18 years, who have committed offenses of the civil or penal code, by the New Code of Criminal Procedure for Minors (1988). The Procedures have had some positive psychological aspects, aimed to avoid detention, thanks to alternative measures and strategies for inclusion, including also the minors living in the South, that are often involved in mafia-crimes. Nonetheless there are more negative psychological issues, because alternative punishments are not often applied to minors that lack social networks, particularly to foreign ones. Three examples of participatory researches will be shown, promoted by the Municipality of Florence, Department of Psychology and Third Sector Associations, aimed to promote psychological and social inclusion of minors (particularly those coming from abroad), with the commitment of active citizenship organizations, with an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses.

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Roth, Jeffrey J., i Mari B. Pierce. "Improving responses to juvenile burglary offenders". Safer Communities 18, nr 3/4 (14.10.2019): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-09-2018-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to make evidence-based recommendations for improving the responses of criminal justice agencies to juvenile burglary offenders. Design/methodology/approach The paper first analyzes what is known about factors relevant to young offenders’ initiation into burglary and subsequent persistence in that offense. It then evaluates research regarding juvenile justice interventions that can mitigate those factors in order to prevent youth from becoming involved in burglary or to encourage desistance in juvenile burglars. Findings Effective early intervention with juvenile burglars is vital, as burglars often begin committing this crime in their early teens and quickly develop expertise in the offense. Evidence supports the importance of positive mentoring, substance abuse programs, some forms of restorative justice and multi-modal interventions with education and employment components, while waiving these youth to adult court appears to offer little benefit over less punitive approaches. Originality/value This work delivers an original contribution by providing an analysis of existing burglary and juvenile justice research that may be useful to policymakers, law enforcement and other justice practitioners.

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Eijkman, Quirine, i Josien Roodnat. "Access to Justice 4 Known or Potential Extremists?" Security and Human Rights 27, nr 1-2 (13.07.2016): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02701013.

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This article discusses, from the local professional perspective, access to justice for person-specific interventions to prevent or counter (violent) extremism in Europe. Using a Dutch case study it focusses on legal protection for hand-tailored interferences that are part of a wider-ranging counter-terrorism policy. While the so-called person-specific interventions, carried out by professionals, target designated high-risk individuals and groups, it is primarily the municipal authority that coordinates these criminal –, administrative – or social based measures. Furthermore, although researchers and human rights advocates have repeatedly sounded the alarm over access to justice for those affected, little research has been done into how those responsible for implementation perceive the necessity of legal protection. Also, the potential side-effects such as executive arbitrariness are modestly reflected in the literature. Henceforth, by reviewing policy documents and conducting semi-structured interviews, this exploratory study concludes that as far as legal protection for hand-tailored interferences are concerned, local professionals have faith in the checks and balances of the criminal justice system. Yet from their perspective this was less self-evident in cases of administrative – or social measures. Therefore, one may wonder if legal protections for person-specific interventions that deal with (potential) extremists are sufficient in practice.

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Basto-Pereira, Miguel, Sofia Ribeiro i Ângela Maia. "Needs and Achievements of the Juvenile Justice System: Insights From Two Empirical Studies With Portuguese Young Adults". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, nr 7 (2.02.2017): 1787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17690450.

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Over the last decade, studies have evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for juvenile offenders; nonetheless, those studies were more focused on recidivism than on the mechanisms associated with criminal perpetration. The current study explores the role of juvenile justice involvement and detention measures in a set of psychological, social, and criminal behavior characteristics in early adulthood. Seventy-five young adults with official records of juvenile delinquency in 2010-2011 and 240 young adults from the community filled out our protocol in 2014-2015. Young adults with juvenile justice involvement showed worse psychological, social, and criminal outcomes than those from community. Detention appears to be related to the number of deviant friends, delinquency, and school achievement in early adulthood. Our findings are in line with the labeling and deviant peer contagion theories and establish the main areas of interventions that affect the identified needs. A set of policy implications is provided.

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Meyer, Jaimie P., Dharushana Muthulingam, Nabila El-Bassel i Frederick L. Altice. "Leveraging the U.S. Criminal Justice System to Access Women for HIV Interventions". AIDS and Behavior 21, nr 12 (22.05.2017): 3527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1778-6.

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Wolff, Nancy, B. Christopher Frueh, Jessica Huening, Jing Shi, Matthew W. Epperson, Robert Morgan i William Fisher. "Practice informs the next generation of behavioral health and criminal justice interventions". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.001.

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Ahalt, Cyrus, i Brie Williams. "Advancing evidence-based interventions at the intersection of criminal justice and health". International Journal of Prisoner Health 13, nr 3/4 (11.09.2017): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-05-2017-0023.

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Epperson, Matthew W., Amy Blank Wilson i Gina Fedock. "The Promise of Research to Advance Smart Decarceration". Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, nr 1 (3.12.2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820977587.

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This paper describes the concept of “Smart Decarceration” and introduces the special issue of Criminal Justice and Behavior entitled “Research to Advance Smart Decarceration Policies, Programs, and Interventions.” The concept of Smart Decarceration originated nearly a decade ago as the United States reached a tipping point in mass incarceration, and it focuses on three interrelated outcomes: substantially reducing the use of incarceration and other forms of punishment; reversing racial disparities and other inequities in the criminal justice system; and promoting safety and well-being, particularly for communities that have been most impacted by mass incarceration. Ultimately, Smart Decarceration efforts should prioritize reducing the overall footprint of the criminal justice system, while building capacity outside of the system to support safety, health, and well-being. Research plays a critical role in advancing Smart Decarceration, as new forms of knowledge and evidence must be developed to replace ineffective and unjust policies and practices associated with mass incarceration. The paper discusses approaches to research that move beyond typical criminal justice outcomes and focus on the multifaceted goals of Smart Decarceration. The six articles in this special issue are introduced, highlighting their foci across ecological levels and the breadth of the criminal justice continuum, centering populations most impacted by incarceration, and identifying practice and policy innovations.

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Pitts, John. "Sometimes, less is more". Safer Communities 5, nr 4 (1.10.2006): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17578043200600032.

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Drawing upon current research in Northamptonshire, this article argues that the assumption, implicit in recent UK youth justice legislation, that formal criminal justice interventions with early‐stage young offenders will have positive deterrent and rehabilitative effects does not appear to be borne out in practice. It contends that the use of informal diversionary strategies with, low‐level, early‐stage, young offenders may, in fact, have a more positive impact in terms of re‐conviction rates, averting the escalation of ‘deviant careers’, reducing criminal victimisation and cost savings. The article concludes with a discussion of the political and administrative barriers to the implementation of such strategies in English youth justice.

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Kurth, Ann, Irene Kuo, James Peterson, Nkiru Azikiwe, Lauri Bazerman, Alice Cates i Curt G. Beckwith. "Information and Communication Technology to Link Criminal Justice Reentrants to HIV Care in the Community". AIDS Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547381.

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The United States has the world’s highest prison population, and an estimated one in seven HIV-positive persons in the USA passes through a correctional facility annually. Given this, it is critical to develop innovative and effective approaches to support HIV treatment and retention in care among HIV-positive individuals involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Information and communication technologies (ICTs), including mobile health (mHealth) interventions, may offer one component of a successful strategy for linkage/retention in care. We describe CARE+ Corrections, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study now underway in Washington, that will evaluate the combined effect of computerized motivational interview counseling and postrelease short message service (SMS) text message reminders to increase antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and linkage and retention in care among HIV-infected persons involved in the criminal justice system. In this report, we describe the development of this ICT/mHealth intervention, outline the study procedures used to evaluate this intervention, and summarize the implications for the mHealth knowledge base.

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Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren, David H. Cloud, Chelsea Davis, Nickolas Zaller, Ayesha Delany-Brumsey, Leah Pope, Sarah Martino, Benjamin Bouvier i Josiah Rich. "Addressing excess risk of overdose among recently incarcerated people in the USA: harm reduction interventions in correctional settings". International Journal of Prisoner Health 13, nr 1 (13.03.2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-08-2016-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss overdose among those with criminal justice experience and recommend harm reduction strategies to lessen overdose risk among this vulnerable population. Design/methodology/approach Strategies are needed to reduce overdose deaths among those with recent incarceration. Jails and prisons are at the epicenter of the opioid epidemic but are a largely untapped setting for implementing overdose education, risk assessment, medication assisted treatment, and naloxone distribution programs. Federal, state, and local plans commonly lack corrections as an ingredient in combating overdose. Harm reduction strategies are vital for reducing the risk of overdose in the post-release community. Findings Therefore, the authors recommend that the following be implemented in correctional settings: expansion of overdose education and naloxone programs; establishment of comprehensive medication assisted treatment programs as standard of care; development of corrections-specific overdose risk assessment tools; and increased collaboration between corrections entities and community-based organizations. Originality/value In this policy brief the authors provide recommendations for implementing harm reduction approaches in criminal justice settings. Adoption of these strategies could reduce the number of overdoses among those with recent criminal justice involvement.

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Wilson, Tim J. "Collaborative Justice and Harm Reduction in Cyberspace: Policing Indecent Child Images". Journal of Criminal Law 84, nr 5 (październik 2020): 474–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018320952560.

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The exponential increase on the internet of indecent images of children (IIOC) has been followed by a transformation within criminal justice. The scale, nature and rapid technological evolution of such crimes—often of distant initial geographical origin—requires collaborative justice and harm reduction arrangements with internet companies and NGOs. The diminished reach (declining criminal justice interventions) and power (even in identifying crimes for intervention) of state authority with the current collaborative model, however, has resulted in inadequate social regulation and policing in response to IIOC crimes on the surface web. There is a considerable risk that the Online Harms White Paper proposals to establish overarching government authority to generally reduce harmful conduct will not fully resolve problems that go much wider than the technological, commercial and consumer protection on the surface web issues emphasised in that document. Only political choices about funding and fundamental rights compliant legislation can (a) prevent the hollowing out of criminal justice capacity and capabilities to deal with IIOC offenders and (b) ensure an essential compatibility and consistency in police operational ability—including the access sought to anonymised communication data via an encryption key—and legal principles when dealing with IIOC crimes across all levels of the internet, including ‘the dark web’. These issues are examined as a case study in civic epistemology about the influence of neoliberalism in technologically focused policy making.

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Terblanche, Stephan. "The Child Justice Act: A Detailed Consideration of Section 68 as a Point of Departure with Respect to the Sentencing of Young Offenders". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, nr 5 (1.06.2017): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i5a2531.

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The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 establishes a criminal justice system for child accused, separate from the criminal justice system which continues to apply for adult accused in South Africa. The Act aims to keep children out of detention and away from the formal criminal justice system, mainly through diversion. When these interventions would be inadequate or unsuccessful, the Act provides for child offenders to the tried and sentenced in child justice courts. Until now there has been little discussion of the details of the provisions dealing with sentencing. Sentencing in a child justice court is regulated by chapter 10 of the Act and section 68 is the first section in this chapter. This section effectively amounts to the “jurisdictional” provision of the new child sentencing system: it not only mandates child justice courts to impose their sentences in terms of the Act, but also provides the first set of boundaries (or the first part of the framework) within which sentencing should take place. Despite its brevity, section 68 is not without interpretative challenges. Of course, it has to be interpreted within the context of the entire Act. Explaining this context is the first function of this article. The various aspects of section 68 are further critically explored and discussed.

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Barocas, Briana, Hila Avieli i Rei Shimizu. "Restorative Justice Approaches to Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Interventions". Partner Abuse 11, nr 3 (1.07.2020): 318–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/pa-2020-0010.

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Domestic violence, and specifically, violence against intimate partners, has generated a large research literature in the last few decades, particularly in the area of policy and community response and intervention. However, less attention has been given to the use of more innovative approaches in such situations, namely the use of restorative justice (RJ) interventions for intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of how RJ approaches have been utilized in the context of IPV, systematically examine the available literature on RJ approaches to IPV, describe the interventions that have been developed and empirically tested, and synthesize the findings. This review summarizes existing empirical research and literature on RJ interventions for IPV. APA PsychNet, CINAHL, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Embase, Medline PubMed, PsychInfo, PTSD Publications, SCOPUS, Social Services Abstracts, Social Work Reference Center, SocINDEX, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science were systematically searched for English-language publications with no restrictions on the year of publication. As a result, 14 articles and 5 book chapters (empirical studies and reviews) on interventions were included in this review. Synthesized findings highlight the awareness and meaning of RJ, significance of community, goals and outcomes of RJ, timing of program implementation, and what types of IPV cases are best suited for RJ. Additionally, the review describes current research gaps as well as the challenges and barriers of implementing RJ interventions.

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Na, Chongmin, Thomas A. Loughran i Raymond Paternoster. "On the Importance of Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Experimentally-Evaluated Criminal Justice Interventions". Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31, nr 2 (4.01.2015): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9245-2.

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Azhar, Sameena V., Kathryn R. Berringer i Matthew W. Epperson. "A Systematic Review of HIV Prevention Interventions Targeting Women with Criminal Justice Involvement". Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 5, nr 3 (wrzesień 2014): 253–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/677394.

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Schmidt, C. S., R. McGovern, B. Schulte, A. J. O'Donnell, K. Lehmann, S. Kuhn, I. Schafer i in. "Brief Alcohol Interventions in Social Service and Criminal Justice Settings: A Critical Commentary". British Journal of Social Work 45, nr 3 (29.09.2014): 1039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu100.

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