Artykuły w czasopismach: „Criminal classes”

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Boduszek, Daniel, Katie Dhingra, Camille Stander, Maria Ioannou i Derrol Palmer. "Original article Latent classes of criminal intent associated with criminal behaviour". Current Issues in Personality Psychology 2 (2014): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2014.44305.

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Da Silva Leal, Jackson, i Gabriel Dela Bruna. "Para uma política criminal das classes subalternas". InSURgência: revista de direitos e movimentos sociais 3, nr 2 (14.04.2018): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/insurgncia.v3i2.19450.

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Este breve trabalho tem por objetivo elucidar algumas questões pertinentes a natureza do sistema (e do direito) penal, buscando ainda, determinar qual função os instrumentos repressores estatais (e em particular a prisão) historicamente executaram. Do mesmo modo, procura-se demonstrar a necessidade de transformação da atual política criminal, tendo em vista a sua percepção claramente limitada e tendenciosa sobre o fenômeno da criminalidade. Perpassando algumas das mais consagradas obras no âmbito da criminologia, a conclusão final espera ser aquela que aponte a necessidade do surgimento de uma política criminal alternativa baseada nos interesses das classes vitimas da sistemática opressão perpetrada pelo Estado moderno.

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Boduszek, Daniel, Catherine O’Shea, Katie Dhingra i Philip Hyland. "Latent Class Analysis of Criminal Social Identity in a Prison Sample". Polish Psychological Bulletin 45, nr 2 (1.06.2014): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0024.

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Abstract This study aimed to examine the number of latent classes of criminal social identity that exist among male recidivistic prisoners. Latent class analysis was used to identify homogeneous groups of criminal social identity. Multinomial logistic regression was used to interpret the nature of the latent classes, or groups, by estimating the associationsto number of police arrests, recidivism, and violent offending while controlling for current age. The best fitting latent class model was a five-class solution: ‘High criminal social identity’ (17%), ‘High Centrality, Moderate Affect, Low Ties’ (21.7%), ‘Low Centrality, Moderate Affect, High Ties’ (13.3%),‘Low Cognitive, High Affect, Low Ties’ (24.6%), and ‘Low criminal social identity’ (23.4%). Each of the latent classes was predicted by differing external variables. Criminal social identity is best explained by five homogenous classes that display qualitative and quantitative differences.

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Fox, Bryanna, i Matt DeLisi. "From Criminological Heterogeneity to Coherent Classes". Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16, nr 3 (16.03.2017): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204017699257.

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Although juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) are a pressing topic among researchers and juvenile justice practitioners, empirically driven typologies of JSOs using U.S. data are lacking. Here, we develop the first statistical typology of male and female JSOs using data from the United States selected from a sample of 4,143 JSOs referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Significant predictors of juvenile sex offending (age of criminal onset, criminal history, impulsivity, empathy, depression, psychosis, and childhood sexual abuse) derived from the literature were used as grouping covariates to develop a profile of male and female JSOs using a latent class analysis (LCA). Results of the LCA show four unique subtypes of male JSOs and two subtypes of female JSOs exist within the data. These groups had differential compositions for key features such as criminal history and onset, psychopathologies, empathy and impulsivity, and sexual abuse victimization. These differences may be critical toward developing more tailored and effective correctional and treatment responses that balance containment and therapeutic approaches depending on the individual needs of the JSOs based upon their profile. Other practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Wahyuni, Susi Arum. "Konseling Religiusitas Untuk Meningkatan Efikasi Diri (Self Efficacy) Bagi Warga Binaan Lapas (WBL) Kelas II A Yogyakarta". Esoterik 3, nr 1 (15.12.2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/esoterik.v3i1.2819.

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The people was predicated or incidentally convicteds criminal or was called Warga Binaan Lapas (WBL) make shame’s them, wasn’t confident, inferior, pessimist, into got pressured for him, until seriously frustrating. It was make load/ pressured on convicteds criminal/WBL to societies again. It had problems well self- efficacy most used convicted criminal to societies again. It could said self-efficacy as manners and behaviors controlled. Included more convicteds criminals. Counsellor could effort increased self- efficacy for WBL II A classes in Yogyakarta, there were; 1) adaptations method, 2) dynamism method, 3) Spiritualism Method, 4) Client Centered Method (Non directive approach).

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O’Brien, Ellen L. "“THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MURDER”: THE TRANSGRESSIVE AESTHETICS OF MURDER IN VICTORIAN STREET BALLADS". Victorian Literature and Culture 28, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300281023.

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To say that this common [criminal] fate was described in the popular press and commented on simply as a piece of police news is, indeed, to fall short of the facts. To say that it was sung and balladed would be more correct; it was expressed in a form quite other than that of the modern press, in a language which one could certainly describe as that of fiction rather than reality, once we have discovered that there is such a thing as a reality of fiction.—Louis Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous ClassesSPEAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, Louis Chevalier traces the bourgeoisie’s elision of the working classes with the criminal classes, in which crime becomes either the representation of working class “failure” or “revenge” (396). Chevalier argues that working- class texts “recorded” their acquiescence to and acceptance of “a genuine fraternity of [criminal] fate” when they “described and celebrated [it] in verse” (397). Though a community of fate might inspire collective resistance, popular poetry and ballads, he confirms, reproduced metonymic connections between criminal and worker when “their pity went out to embrace dangerous classes and laboring classes alike. . . . One might almost say [they proclaimed these characteristics] in an identical poetic strain, so strongly was this community of feeling brought out in the relationship between the favorite subjects of working-class songs and the criminal themes of the street ballads, in almost the same words, meters, and tunes” (396) Acquiescence to or reiteration of worker/criminal equations established itself in workers’ views of themselves as “a different, alien and hostile society” (398) in literature that served as an “involuntary and ‘passive’ recording and communication of them” (395). Though I am investigating Victorian England, not nineteenth-century France, and though I regard the street ballads as popular texts which record resistance, not acquiescence, Chevalier’s work usefully articulates the predicament of class-based ideologies about worker and criminal which functioned similarly in Victorian England. More importantly, Chevalier acknowledges the complexity of street ballads as cultural texts..

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Resende de Mendonça, Ricardo, Daniel Felix de Brito, Ferrucio de Franco Rosa, Júlio Cesar dos Reis i Rodrigo Bonacin. "A Framework for Detecting Intentions of Criminal Acts in Social Media: A Case Study on Twitter". Information 11, nr 3 (12.03.2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11030154.

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Criminals use online social networks for various activities by including communication, planning, and execution of criminal acts. They often employ ciphered posts using slang expressions, which are restricted to specific groups. Although literature shows advances in analysis of posts in natural language messages, such as hate discourses, threats, and more notably in the sentiment analysis; research enabling intention analysis of posts using slang expressions is still underexplored. We propose a framework and construct software prototypes for the selection of social network posts with criminal slang expressions and automatic classification of these posts according to illocutionary classes. The developed framework explores computational ontologies and machine learning (ML) techniques. Our defined Ontology of Criminal Expressions represents crime concepts in a formal and flexible model, and associates them with criminal slang expressions. This ontology is used for selecting suspicious posts and decipher them. In our solution, the criminal intention in written posts is automatically classified relying on learned models from existing posts. This work carries out a case study to evaluate the framework with 8,835,290 tweets. The obtained results show its viability by demonstrating the benefits in deciphering posts and the effectiveness of detecting user’s intention in written criminal posts based on ML.

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POONKUNTRAN, SHANMUGAM, R. S. RAJESH i PERUMAL ESWARAN. "ENERGY AWARE FUZZY COLOR SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM — AN APPLICATION TO CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION USING MOBILE DEVICES". International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 06, nr 05 (wrzesień 2008): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691308002604.

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Since its advent, the use of digital camera in mobile phones is getting more popular, where information retrieval based on visual appearance of an object is very useful when specific parameters for the object are not known. Though it is well-liked, it needs energy aware algorithms to carry out the various tasks such as segmentation and feature extraction. In this paper, a new energy aware fuzzy color segmentation algorithm is proposed and which has been applied for face segmentation in criminal identification using mobile devices. The criminals in the application are in three classes. They are New Criminal (NC), Suspected Criminal (SC) and Confirmed Criminal (CC). It is basically a mobile image-based content search engine that takes photographs of criminals as image queries and finds their relevant contents by matching them to the similar contents in the criminal databases. The energy aware fuzzy color segmentation is used to obtain the most significant parts of an image — facial regions of the persons and which are used in building image-based queries to the databases. Content search methodology in the application is also improved through the fuzzy modeling to make the application more flexible and simpler. Through the experiment conducted, it has been found that the proposed color segmentation algorithm is more robust and it reduces the computational time in searching process by minimizing the number of false cases. It could detect the faces in the images where the other known algorithms have failed to detect.

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Major, Andrew J. "State and Criminal Tribes in Colonial Punjab: Surveillance, Control and Reclamation of the ‘Dangerous Classes’". Modern Asian Studies 33, nr 3 (lipiec 1999): 657–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x9900339x.

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It is not always remembered that under British rule some 150,000 Punjabis were notified under the Criminal Tribes Act as belonging to tribes and castes whose hereditary occupation was deemed to be crime. More than any other class these criminal tribes felt the harsh impact of the colonial state, which sought to control, punish and reform them. This paper traces the evolution of a Punjab criminal tribes policy and argues that the British—assisted by the indigenous elite—achieved only partial success in assimilating these people into the wider community by 1947.

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Vlasenko, Lidiia, Nataliia Lutska, Tetiana Savchenko i Oleksandr Bohdanov. "ONTOLOGICAL MODELING OF INFORMATION DATA OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL CRIME". Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 1, nr 21 (2023): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2023.21.211222.

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In the article, an ontological model of information data of a digital criminal offense is formed and researched. Ontological modeling made it possible to conceptualize knowledge and effectively overcome the problems of insufficient structure, ambiguity and inconsistency of data and knowledge in the field of digital forensics. On the basis of the conducted classification, five main classes (Digital Crime, Digital Traces, Types of Crimes, Criminal and Criminal Liability) were identified, which include multiple user and non-user instances, including relevant articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and international law. The user creates instances of three classes: Digital Crime, Digital Traces, and Criminal. They contain personal information about digital crime and are the main data of the user part of the ontological model as a knowledge base. The Crime Types and Criminal Liability classes are non-user and can only be modified by model support specialists. The ontology model is implemented in Protege in the OWL language, which is an informal standard for creating and sharing ontologies. Of the selected seven relationships between entities, only three are entered into the ontology by the user, the others are formed automatically based on the developed SWRL rules. Using the SPARQL query language, real-time information search, filtering, and analysis patterns are provided to help discover complex relationships between objects and generate new ontological knowledge. The results of the study highlight the importance of ontology modeling in the field of digital forensics and how SPARQL queries can be used to improve data processing, analysis and understanding of knowledge in this field.

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Vitovskaya, Evgeniya S. "Current Issues of the Addiction-Driven Public Danger of Drug Criminals". Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, nr 18 (2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/18/21.

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The category “public danger of a criminal” is considered. Based on the analysis of diverse views on this category and law enforcement practice, criminological and criminal law criteria for the public danger of a drug criminal with drug addiction are presented. Particular attention is paid to the psychobiological criteria of the social danger of a criminal addicted to narcotic drugs. The study of the category “public danger of a criminal” was the basis for determining the author's idea of the essence of the public danger of a drug criminal caused by their drug addiction. The article provides data from official statistics on the situation with drugs in the Russian Federation. The importance of analyzing the public danger of a criminal is noted: the correct interpretation of this category provides for the effectiveness of criminal law norms, the development of special preventive measures, and the shaping of modern criminal law views. Based on the materials of criminal cases, the characteristics of persons committing crimes related to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances trafficking were analyzed. The general criminological and criminal law characteristics of drug criminals include: they are 14 to 35 years old; they are largely single men with no permanent source of income; the main motive for primary drug use is curiosity, which is satisfied in their acquaintances' apartments or in drug squats, and the source of the acquisition of drugs is unknown persons; the recidivism rate is high. Particular attention is paid to the psychobiological characteristics of the public danger of a criminal: current research proves the existence of a relationship between drug addiction and criminal behavior. The author notes that the content of the public danger of a person who commits a crime in the field of illegal drug trafficking and has drug addiction is expressed in the class of the danger of drugs and psychotropic substances a person uses and the danger of committed crimes. There are three classes of the danger of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; the basis for differentiation is the severity of the prohibition for their circulation and the degree of their harmful effects on public health. The hazard class of narcotic drugs corresponds to the Lists approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 681 of 30 June 1998. Crimes in the sphere of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances illicit trafficking are differentiated into three groups: increased, average, and basic public danger; the ranking criterion is various factors, including the focus on sales, the presence of a special subject. The author points out that the use of the described model of a drug criminal's public danger caused by drug addiction will positively affect the development of specific preventive measures and the implementation of the principle of punishment individualization.

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Pino, Nathan W., Rod K. Brunson i Eric A. Stewart. "Using Movies to Illustrate Ethical Dilemmas in Undergraduate Criminal Justice Classes". Journal of Criminal Justice Education 20, nr 2 (lipiec 2009): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511250902754987.

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Grinko, S. D. "Prevention classes supreme position in the criminal hierarchy using information technology". Государственная служба и кадры, nr 1 (2023): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56539/23120444_2023_1_170.

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Sen, Satadru. "Policing the Savage: Segregation, Labor and State Medicine in the Andamans". Journal of Asian Studies 58, nr 3 (sierpień 1999): 753–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659118.

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The penal colony that the british established in the Andaman Islands at the end of the 1850s was originally intended as a place of permanent exile for a particular class of Indian criminals. These offenders had, for the most part, been convicted by special tribunals in connection with the Indian rebellions of 1857–58. As the British vision of rehabilitation in the Andamans evolved, the former rebels were joined in the islands by men and women convicted under the Indian Penal Code. In the islands, transported criminals were subjected to various techniques of physical, spatial, occupational, and political discipline (Sen 1998). The slow transition from a convicted criminal to a prisoner in a chain gang, to employment as a Self-Supporter or a convict officer in the service of the prison regime, to life as a free settler in a penal colony was in effect a process by which the state sought to transform the criminal classes of colonial India—the disloyal, the idle, the elusive and the disorderly—into loyal, orderly, and governable subjects.

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Shagufta, Sonia, Daniel Boduszek, Katie Dhingra i Derrol Kola-Palmer. "Latent classes of delinquent behaviour associated with criminal social identity among juvenile offenders in Pakistan". Journal of Forensic Practice 17, nr 2 (11.05.2015): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-08-2014-0026.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the number and nature of latent classes of delinquency that exist among male juvenile offenders incarcerated in prisons in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted of 415 young male offenders incarcerated in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan. Latent class analysis was employed to determine the number and nature of delinquency latent classes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between latent classes and the three factors of criminal social identity (cognitive centrality, in-group affect, and in-group ties) whilst controlling for criminal friends, period of confinement, addiction, age, and location. Findings – The best fitting latent class model was a three-class solution. The classes were labelled: “minor delinquents” (the baseline/normative class; Class 3), “major delinquents” (Class 1), and “moderate delinquents” (Class 2). Class membership was predicted by differing external variables. Specifically, Class 1 membership was related to having more criminal friends; while Class 2 membership was related to lower levels of in-group affect and higher levels of in-group ties. Practical implications – Findings are discussed in relation to refining current taxonomic arguments regarding the structure of delinquency and implications for prevention of juvenile delinquent behaviour. Originality/value – First, most previous studies have focused on school children, whereas, this paper focuses on incarcerated juvenile offenders. Second, this research includes delinquents from Pakistan, whereas, most previous research has examined delinquent behaviour in western cultures.

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Spaan, Pascalle, Arjan Blokland, Rembert De Blander, Luc Robert, Eric Maes, Martine Blom i Bouke Wartna. "Differentiating Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Two-Country Latent Class Analysis". Sexual Abuse 32, nr 4 (17.12.2019): 423–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219893370.

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Sexual offenses are often part of a larger criminal career also encompassing nonsexual crimes. However, most sexual offending typologies focus on an individual’s most recent sexual offense. We compare data from Belgian and Dutch national conviction cohorts and use latent class analysis to distinguish groups of individuals based on their history of sexual and nonsexual offenses, considering continuity and variety. The resulting classification is compared between individuals convicted of sexual offenses and individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. Results show that four latent classes can be distinguished based on continuity and variety in criminal histories of individuals convicted of sexual offenses, and that some of these classes resemble those distinguished among individuals convicted of nonsexual offenses. We find limited overlap between these latent classes and typologies based solely on the index offense. Results show marked similarities across countries. These results challenge theories of sexual offending to incorporate patterns of nonsexual offending.

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Pezzella, Frank S., Amalia Paladino, Cyann Zoller i Evan Mandery. "The Efficacy of Student Learning in Large-sized Criminal Justice Preparatory Classes". Journal of Criminal Justice Education 25, nr 1 (2.01.2014): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2013.875214.

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Wilkins, Deborah F. "Are we using the wrong teaching method in our criminal justice classes?" Journal of Criminal Justice Education 7, nr 1 (marzec 1996): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511259600083561.

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DEVLIN, ANGELA. "Criminal classes? Are there links between failure at school and future offending?" Support for Learning 11, nr 1 (luty 1996): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9604.1996.tb00043.x.

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Hindpal Singh Bhui. "Reviews : Criminal Classes Angela Devlin Waterside Press, 1995; pp 187; £16 pbk". Probation Journal 43, nr 1 (kwiecień 1996): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455059604300112.

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Long, E. C., H. Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist i K. S. Kendler. "Different Characteristics and Heritabilities of Alcohol Use Disorder Classes: A Population-Based Swedish Study". Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, nr 6 (26.09.2019): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz069.

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Abstract Aims The aims of the present study are to identify alcohol use disorder (AUD) classes among a population-based Swedish sample, determine if these classes differ by variables known to be associated with AUD and determine whether some AUD classes have stronger genetic influences than others. Methods A latent class analysis (LCA), based on types of registrations, was conducted on Swedish individuals with an AUD registration born between 1960 and 1990 (N = 184,770). These classes were then validated using demographics; patterns of comorbidity with drug abuse, psychiatric disorders and criminal behavior; and neighborhood-level factors, i.e. peer AUD and neighborhood deprivation. The degree of genetic and environmental influence was also investigated. Results The best-fit LCA had four classes: (a) outpatient/prescription, characterized by a mix of outpatient medical and prescription registrations, (b) low-frequency inpatient, characterized entirely by inpatient medical registrations, with the majority of individuals having one AUD registration, (c) high-frequency mixed, characterized by a mix of all four registration types, with the majority having four or more registrations and (d) crime, characterized almost entirely by criminal registrations. The highest heritability for both males and females was found for Class 3 (61% and 65%, respectively) and the lowest for Class 1 (20% for both), with shared environmental influences accounting for 10% or less of the variance in all Classes. Conclusions Using comprehensive, nationwide registry data, we showed evidence for four distinct, meaningful classes of AUD with varying degrees of heritability.

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Modaberi, Sara, i Mahdi Momeni. "The Role of Municipality in Crime Prevention". Journal of Politics and Law 9, nr 2 (31.03.2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p18.

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Environmental factors can cause criminal impetus, motivation, realization and intention and, on the other hand, they may act as a barrier against crime realization. Right architecture designing and crime prevention initiatives in the environment are a necessary solution in crime prevention. Changes in spatial structure and environmental conditions would lead into changes in criminals’ behavioral patterns. The question of this article is to clarify the role of municipality in crime prevention at urban ambiences through spatial designing. By such assumption, municipality can play a very constructive role in reducing the crimes by relying upon crime prevention strategic principles through spatial designing. Therefore, by using the principles of crime prevention theories through spatial designing, one can prevent or reduce crime and delinquency occurrence in urban environment. Thus, citizens’ security will be promoted. On this basis, the origination of many criminal acts in marginal areas should be looked for in contradictory social and economic structures and their problems. In addition to play a vital role in spatial designing, Municipality would assist and provide vulnerable classes with its services such as identifying and retaining homeless people or begs. Cultural poverty, unemployment, low self – esteem, lack of infrastructural services and absconding are, inter alia, the factors which play a vital role in leading these people toward criminal acts.

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Dimitriou, Yanna, Eleni Socratus i Emmanuil Drakakis. "The Corfu Criminal Court Archive: Recording, Impressing and Studying the Phenomenon of Violence and Justice in the Ionian State (1815-1864)". Moderna arhivistika 4, nr 1 (30.11.2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54356/ma/2021/asxq4654.

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This article examines the encounters of the Ionian people with criminal justice system during the period from 1815 to 1864, when the Ionian Islands were a British protectorate. Drawing on data from cases of the Criminal Court Archives of Corfu for the first time, it argues that criminality mostly concerned the lower social classes and was not very common. Using violence as a lens, the paper primarily focuses on Corfu’s criminal justice system and offers quantitative and qualitative evidence on which further comparative studies of the history of law and crime in Greece and Europe at that time may be based.

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Vlasenko, L. O., N. M. Lutska, N. A. Zaiets, T. V. Savchenko i A. A. Rudenskiy. "DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED ONTOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL CRIME". Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, nr 4 (4.01.2024): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2023-4-17.

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Context. A feature of the modern digital world is that crime is often committed thanks to the latest computer technologies, and the work of law enforcement agencies faces a number of complex challenges in the digital environment. The development of information technology and Internet communications creates new opportunities for criminals who use digital traces and evidence to commit crimes, which complicates the process of identifying and tracking them. Objective. Development of an applied ontology for a system for analyzing a digital criminal offense, which will effectively analyze, process and interpret a large amount of digital data. It will help to cope with the complex task of processing digital data, and will also help automate the process of discovering new knowledge. Methods. To build an ontological model as a means of reflecting knowledge about digital crime, information was collected on existing international and domestic classifications. The needs and requirements that must be satisfied by the developed ontology were also analyzed. The creation of an ontological model that reflects the basic concepts, relationships in the field of digital criminal offense was carried out in accordance with a recognized ontological analysis of a specialized subject area. Results. An applied ontology contains the definition of entities, properties, classes, subclasses, etc., as well as the creation of semantic relationships between them. At the center of the semantics is the Digital Crime class, the problem area of which is complemented by the interrelated classes Intruder, Digital evidence, Types of Crime, and Criminal liability. Such characteristics as motive, type of crime, method of commission, classification signs of digital traces and types of crime, as well as other individual information were assigned to the attributes of the corresponding classes. An ontological model was implemented in OWL using the Protégé software tool. A feature of the implementation of the applied ontology was the creation of SWRL rules for automatically filling in additional links between a class instance. Manual and automatic verification of the ontology showed the integrity, consistency, a high degree of correctness and adequacy of the model. The bugs found were usually related to technical aspects and semantic inconsistencies, which were corrected during further development iterations. Conclusions. The research confirmed the effectiveness of the developed applied ontology for the analysis of digital criminality, providing more accurate and faster results compared to traditional approaches.

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Czech-Jezierska, Bożena. "The Class-Based Approach to Roman Criminal Law". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, nr 1 (31.03.2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.1.35-53.

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The theory of class struggle lay at the root of Marxist methodology. According to historical materialism, the slave formation existed in the ancient Roman state, and Marxist historians further developed the concept of class divisions in Roman society. Their views on this subject permeated also the research on Roman law, which was to be studied in terms of the influence that class divisions and class struggles had on the evolution of the state and legal norms in ancient Rome. This approach mainly concerned Roman private law, which was of the primary interest to scholars. The author attempts to determine whether the issue of class also constituted a reference point for studying the criminal law of ancient Rome, which had the character of public norms. The article examines the most representative views of Roman law scholars who applied the Marxist method in their research. Despite their attempts, they found it hard to uphold the concept that ancient Roman society had been divided into antagonistic and structurally homogeneous classes, and what is more, that these classes had been united by class consciousness. Differences between social strata in their legal position, including different criminal law norms, did not result from class divisions and class struggle, but rather reflected the specific character of ancient Roman society.

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Lovell, Rachel, Wenxuan Huang, Laura Overman, Daniel Flannery i Joanna Klingenstein. "Offending Histories and Typologies of Suspected Sexual Offenders Identified Via Untested Sexual Assault Kits". Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, nr 4 (7.01.2020): 470–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819896385.

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In this study, we present findings that detail the criminal offending histories and typologies of suspected sexual offenders identified from an initiative to follow up on the testing of thousands of previously untested sexual assault kits (SAKs). This study advances our understanding of sexual offenders by incorporating data from criminal justice system records (“detected” criminal offending) with data from newly tested SAKs that were not previously adjudicated (“undetected” sexual offending). Our findings demonstrate that these offenders have extensive criminal histories, very frequently continued to offend after the SAK-associated sexual assault, and, more often than not, have criminal histories that do not include a prior arrest(s) for rape. A latent class analysis identified three classes of offenders based on their offending history, “High-Volume Generalists,” “Low-Volume Offenders,” and “Sexual Specialists.” Most were generalists, with a large proportion committing lots of serious crimes.

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Souza da Silva, Marco Aurélio. "O controle social antidrogas por dentro da barbárie do sistema penal: um recorte da realidade catarinense". Unisul de Fato e de Direito: revista jurídica da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina 6, nr 10 (7.04.2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/ufd.v6e102015113-133.

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Historicamente, observa-se que a política criminal dirigida às drogas sofre uma profunda influência internacional, com elaboração de convenções proibitivas e enorme investimento de recursos na área militar, alavancando o capitalismo industrial de guerra no campo geopolítico das relações internacionais. Os contornos de guerra dados à política repressiva às drogas ilícitas desencadeiam a legitimação do discurso da construção de um Estado de Polícia em detrimento de um Estado de Direito, a partir de uma visão maniqueísta entre o “bem” e o “mal”, produzindo graves violações aos direitos humanos fundamentais. A partir de apontamentos acerca do sistema penal, do discurso criminológico crítico e político-criminal, o presente estudo tem por objetivo abordar a realidade do Estado de Santa Catarina no campo da criminalização das drogas, visando verificar a ocorrência de um controle social antidrogas no Estado incidente preponderantemente sobre as classes desfavorecidas ou vulneráveis, sob o manto de uma política criminal de encarceramento em massa, operado de modo seletivo, excludente e desigual. Para tanto, adota-se o marco teórico da Criminologia crítica, cujas evidências teóricas e empíricas demonstram o fracasso (ou “sucesso”) das políticas criminais repressivas, e a metodologia com opção pelo método dedutivo, confrontando suportes doutrinários e dados estatísticos do sistema prisional nacional e estadual catarinense.

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Websdale, Neil, i Randall G. Shelden. "Controlling the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice". Contemporary Sociology 30, nr 5 (wrzesień 2001): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089361.

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Huggins, Denise Walker, i Catherine L. Coghlan. "Social stratification and life chances: An interactive learning strategy for criminal justice classes". Journal of Criminal Justice Education 15, nr 2 (listopad 2004): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511250400086051.

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Gomes, Ícaro Del Rio Pertence. "Política criminal petista e sua leitura criminológica (1979-2002)". Revista de Ciências do Estado 6, nr 2 (7.12.2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2525-8036.2021.35922.

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O objetivo deste artigo é debater a política criminal petista (programa que estabelece as condutas que devem ser consideradas crimes e as políticas públicas para sua repressão e prevenção) e a leitura criminológica (apreensão das principais determinantes das condutas criminosas) que a embasa. Para tanto, analisaram-se os documentos redigidos pelo conjunto do partido durante o período de 1979 a 2002. Estes documentos trazem cinco grandes eixos para a questão criminal brasileira: (i) “Criminalidade” urbana; (ii) Crimes políticos rurais; (iii) “Corrupção”; (iv) Criminalização das opressões e (v) Defesa dos direitos humanos e reforma dos aparelhos repressores do Estado. Em linhas gerais, quando lê-se que o crime é uma prática de certa camada privilegiada, o partido denuncia a impunidade sistêmica desses agentes e conclama a apuração e punição destas condutas, criando-se aparatos e reformando os já existentes para tanto. Quando o crime é um “meio anti-social de sobrevivência” das classes espoliadas, compreende-se que a política econômica é a responsável por pressionar os trabalhadores a tais condutas e a proposta principal é elevar as condições materiais dos trabalhadores para que possam sobreviver através de meios lícitos. A exceção a tal tendência são os atos de racismo, machismo e homofobia que atravessam todas as classes sociais. Neste caso, conclama-se a punição destas condutas, ante sua impunidade, bem como a criação de um aparato de proteção do Estado. Por fim, o partido é enfático em defender a reforma do sistema prisional e de todo o aparato repressivo do Estado em defesa dos direitos humanos.

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Marleku-Ademi, Angjelina. "Criminal Offenses against voting rights". Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 10, nr 1 (1.05.2024): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2024-0007.

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Abstract The right to choose as a political right dates back to the ancient times of humankind. The right to choose in its beginnings was in a narrow circle of people. It did not include the entire political, economic and social spectrum, but different groups, classes and interests. The saying can be that there were no real elections. Even Kosovo, in the history of its political development, dates the right to universal and equal suffrage after the Second World War. However, those elections were never free and not even based on the will of citizens to be elected and to vote. The candidates for election were the favorites of the occupying and monist power. The monistic one-party system, as such, by itself could not offer even an approximate opportunity to hold free and democratic elections. In fact, the right to free and democratic elections for the first time was sanctioned and implemented in the first elections for the Republic of Kosovo institutions (Constitutional Framework, 2001). This paper aims to explore different aspects of the complex phenomenon of criminal offenses against voting rights, in order to raise the level of treatment of this phenomenon in Kosovo’s society. The organization of free and democratic elections and their success is one of the key points of evaluation of new democracies, considering that free elections are the foundation of a democratic society. Conceiving that this process is related to the quality of life of the voter, to the perspective of society and the development of the country in general.

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D'Unger, Amy, Kenneth C. Land, Patricia L. McCall i Daniel S. Nagin. "How Many Latent Classes of Delinquent/ Criminal Careers? Results from Mixed Poisson Regression Analyses". American Journal of Sociology 103, nr 6 (maj 1998): 1593–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/231402.

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Schaefer Morabito, Melissa, i Richard R. Bennett. "Socrates in the Modern Classroom: How Are Large Classes in Criminal Justice Being Taught?*". Journal of Criminal Justice Education 17, nr 1 (kwiecień 2006): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511250500335726.

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A. Jalil, M., F. Mohd, C. P. Ling i N. M. M. Noor. "Criminal intelligence analysis based on ontological knowledge representation model". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 2.28 (16.05.2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12908.

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Nowadays, community security is an issue which is given higher priority by all agencies, aiming to reduce crime incidence. As knowledge representation is the appropriate way to apply on complex crime analysis information, hence ontology-based case matching model is proposed to represent the relationships among the knowledge. Therefore, in this study, the ontology model is developed using semantic web modelling tool, TopBraid Composer Standard Edition in order to represent the crime information with the well-defined classes and relationships. The advantage of TopBraid is the ability in offering comprehensive supports for building, managing and testing the configuration of ontology and Resource Description Framework (RDF) graphs.

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LIE, NILS, i A. M. HAEGGERNES. "Lawbreaking in Former Remedial-Class Pupils". Criminal Justice and Behavior 14, nr 1 (marzec 1987): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854887014001003.

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In a representative Swedish cohort, men and women who attended remedial-school classes as children are recorded in the Swedish General Police Register (all offenses) and in the Swedish General Criminal Register (serious offenses only) significantly more often than subjects who attended ordinary classes. To be a remedial-class pupil seems to be a predictor of subsequent criminality. Since, with few exceptions, remedial classes in Sweden are composed of pupils with subnormal intelligence (IQs between 70 and 85), the intellectual inferiority of the remedial-class pupils appears to be responsible for their increased level of lawbreaking, probably because failure at school reduces their self-esteem and makes them likely candidates for anti-social groups.

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Simas, Fábio Do Nascimento. "A tortura no superencarceramento: Estado brasileiro e questão criminal". Revista Vértices 22, Especial (31.12.2020): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19180/1809-2667.v22nespecial2020p772-786.

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O presente ensaio busca problematizar a relação entre o superencarceramento no Brasil e o incremento das práticas de tortura pelos aparelhos de repressão do Estado brasileiro, cuja base material são as formas utilizadas de gestão da pobreza a partir da crise do capital. Entende-se aí que tais formas consagradas de gestão da pobreza possuem particularidades que não podem ser desprezadas na sociedade brasileira, dada a sua formação social de capitalismo dependente, marcada pela autocracia burguesa e pelo racismo estrutural. Para tanto, problematiza-se o reposicionamento da luta de classes nas últimas décadas, a função desempenhada pelo sistema criminal no capitalismo e suas formas no Brasil contemporâneo. Neste sentido, foram utilizadas pesquisas e dados estatísticos que indicam a relação do superencarceramento com o agravamento da tortura.

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Иванов, Дмитрий, Dmitry Ivanov, Николай Горач, Nikolay Gorach, Антон Попенков i Anton Popenkov. "Some features of the teaching of practice-oriented educational disciplines on the example of "activities of the operational criminal investigator during pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases" at Moscow University of MIA of Russia after V.J. Kikot". Applied psychology and pedagogy 3, nr 4 (10.12.2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c0804d77ee8a2.95510742.

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The article analyzes the experience of teaching at the Moscow University of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot experimental practice-oriented discipline "activity of operational criminal investigation officer in the course of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases". The main emphasis is on classroom practical classes, independent work, examination. Considered the most typical training storylines for the investigation of criminal cases related to thefts, robberies, robberies and other, which the cadets under the guidance of teachers practice various skills, including drafting procedural documents. The article describes the features of the joint practical training of teachers of the Department of preliminary investigation and the Department of operational-investigative activities, as well as the subsequent acceptance of the exam in the form of exercises, which was tested in the course of previously repeated interuniversity operational tactical exercises, using complex forensic polygons.

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Yarnell, Lisa M., Keryn E. Pasch, Cheryl L. Perry i Kelli A. Komro. "Multiple Risk Behaviors Among African American and Hispanic Boys". Journal of Early Adolescence 38, nr 5 (31.01.2017): 681–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431616687672.

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This study examined multiple risk behaviors (violence, delinquency, and substance use) among 240 African American and 262 Hispanic preadolescent boys from urban schools in the Midwest United States. Latent transition analysis allowed patterns of multivariate risk to emerge uniquely within and across these ethnic groups, highlighting patterns for subgroups that are overlooked by common aggregate statistics. Results revealed four risk classes for each ethnic group, with nuanced probabilities of endorsement and transition across classes and ethnic groups. Involvement with police and more severe use of substances were distinguishing factors of higher risk classes. African American boys showed a tendency to transition between risk classes over time, while Hispanic boys tended to exhibit stability. Personal involvement in school and community action among parents were highlighted as protective factors. Suggestions for prevention programming based on results include early timing, addressing criminal justice involvement, providing academic enrichment programs, and promoting community action among parents.

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Stack, Steven. "Part-time faculty status and student evaluation of teaching: An analysis of criminal justice classes". Journal of Criminal Justice Education 11, nr 2 (listopad 2000): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511250000084901.

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Cooper, Steve. "Book Review: Controlling the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 18, nr 1 (luty 2002): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398620201800110.

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Shine, Beau, i Kelly Brown. "Transforming Criminal Justice Internships into Capstone Courses: A Response to the Challenges of the COVID-19 Crisis". Midwest Social Sciences Journal 24, nr 1 (28.12.2021): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0796.241.1046.

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The COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 resulted in the declaration of a national emergency that closed universities across the nation. With no warning, faculty were required to move classes from face-to-face to completely online instruction. This situation posed many difficulties, but particularly for faculty who were teaching and supervising students completing internships. Interns were removed from their internships abruptly as agencies and departments moved to essential personnel only. Faculty scrambled to create online learning experiences that met academic learning outcomes and the goals of criminal justice students enrolled in these courses. This paper details our experiences with these challenges, particularly as we revised criminal justice internship courses and developed capstone courses to replace face-to-face internship experiences. While the challenges we faced involved criminal justice internships, they were not unique to the major, and the approaches taken and lessons learned are likely applicable to a host of disciplines.

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Lemieux, Ashley J., Marichelle C. Leclair, Laurence Roy, Tonia L. Nicholls i Anne G. Crocker. "A Typology of Lifetime Criminal Justice Involvement Among Homeless Individuals With Mental Illness: Identifying Needs to Better Target Intervention". Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, nr 7 (1.02.2020): 790–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819900305.

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This study aimed to characterize lifetime criminal involvement among homeless people with mental illness in Canada ( N = 1,682). A latent profile analysis yielded five classes. Most participants fell within the Fewer Needs (75.5%) group, characterized by less complex psychosocial histories and few criminal charges. Participants with Extensive Criminogenic Needs (5.0%) and Acute and Extensive Criminogenic Needs (5.0%) had more charges for justice administration, violent, and mischief/public order offenses and were more likely to have been charged before their first homelessness episode. Participants with Needs Associated with Homelessness (10.6%) and Needs Associated with Drugs (3.8%) were similar, although the former had the longest history of homelessness and the latter had more drug-related charges and were most likely to have drug use disorder. This typology, which sheds light on the cumulative needs associated with different patterns of lifetime criminal involvement among homeless people with mental illness, could guide prevention initiatives and intervention strategies.

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Collins, Samuel Gerald, Matthew Durington i Nicole Fabricant. "Teaching Baltimore Together: building thematic cooperation between classes". Metropolitan Universities 28, nr 2 (17.05.2017): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21511.

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One year ago, Baltimore citizens took to the streets to protest not only the death of Freddie Grey, but the structural inequalities and structural violence that systematically limit the opportunities for working-class African Americans in Baltimore. The protests, though, were not just confined to Baltimore City. Borne on sophisticated understandings of intersectionality and political economy, the moral imperatives from the Baltimore Uprising resonated with students at our university in Baltimore County, where campus activists moved to both support the people of Baltimore while using the moment of critical reflection to critique racial inequalities on campus. Since students were displaying a holistic, anthropological understanding of race and inequality in Baltimore, we decided to structure our classes accordingly and brought together several courses in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice in order to examine the interrelationships between power, race, class, public space and urban development. We taught common texts, visited each other’s classes, and planned events that brought students together with community leaders in Baltimore to discuss common concerns and to learn from each other. This paper reports on that experiment and suggests that a pedagogical model premised on drawing thematic linkages between existing courses is one way to address current events that impact us all while allowing students to direct the course of their own education.

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Lee, Won Sang. "A Study on the Criminal Policy Response to Drug Crimes". Korean Association of Criminal Procedure Law 16, nr 1 (30.03.2024): 265–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34222/kdps.2024.16.1.265.

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Until recently, Korea was a self-recognized “drug-free country”. In terms of criminal policy, drug crimes were severely punished, and citizens' awareness of drugs was very high. However, now, drugs have begun to spread rapidly to various classes and age groups, and it is not difficult to purchase drugs through the Internet. As a result, the police and prosecutors have been working to improve their organizations to deal with drug crimes, to deal strictly with drug offenders, to increase the sentences for drug crimes, and to block the ways in which citizens can easily access drugs through the Internet and the medical system. Of course, attention is also being paid to the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users, but strict criminal punishment for drug offenders is still the main focus. Under such circumstances, this paper examines criminal policy responses to drug offenses from the perspectives of the drug offense punishment regulation system, treatment and supervision system, and sentencing standards. As a result, first, it is necessary to strengthen the drug crime-related regulations stipulated in the Criminal Code, centering on the Narcotics Control Act, and amend the Criminal Code to manage the criminal punishment regulations such as the Narcotics Control Act in the criminal law system. Second, there are various diversions in the criminal procedure for the treatment and rehabilitation of simple drug users. However, given the highly addictive nature of drugs and the high recidivism rate, the therapeutic custody system should be utilized more actively. And thirdly, we are currently working on raising the sentencing standards for drug crimes, but rather than raising the sentencing standards for all drug crimes, it is necessary to raise the sentencing standards for organized drug crimes and drug crimes targeting youth, etc. Until now, there has been insufficient criminal policy research on drug offenses in academia due to the illusions of the NDRC. I hope that from now on, there will be more active discussions in the academic field about criminal policy responses to drug offenses.

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Muhardi, Muhardi. "PENERAPAN SANKSI ADAT DALAM PENYELESAIAN TINDAK PIDANA PERJUDIAN DI KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN (STUDI KASUS PADA SATRESKRIM POLRES PESISIR SELATAN)". UNES Law Review 3, nr 2 (18.02.2021): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v3i2.156.

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The practice of gambling is growing day by day in various levels of society, from the lower classes to the upper classes. This was proven when the Pesisir Selatan Criminal Investigation Unit (Sat Reskrim) arrested 7 (seven) mothers who played playing card gambling in Kampung Samudera, Kenagarian Surantih, Sutera District, Pesisir Selatan on October 21, 2017. But before taking the route criminal law in general, this case has been resolved by customary law in Pesisir Selatan by receiving customary sanctions. This research is a descriptive analytical study. The approach used in this study is a normative juridical approach supported by an empirical juridical approach. From the results of the research it can be explained that: First, the application of customary sanctions in the settlement of gambling crimes in Pesisir Selatan Regency, is by considering local rules and discretion made by the Head of Criminal Investigation Unit of the Pesisir Selatan Police. Where deliberation leaders, traditional, religious and family leaders hold a meeting, the results of the deliberation are conveyed to the police so that the suspects will be given customary sanctions, in the form of requiring them to walk from the location of arrest to one of the mosques, and vowing not to repeat the act again. Second, the obstacles to the application of customary sanctions in solving gambling crimes in Pesisir Selatan Regency are internal obstacles to the police and external obstacles to the police. There are settlement steps that can be taken in overcoming the obstacles that occur in overcoming gambling with preventive and repressive measures.

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Tourinho, Luciano De Oliveira Souza, Ana Paula Da Silva Sotero, Mariana Gomes Lima i João Leles Nonato. "Politização da criminalidade e vulnerabilidade social: entre os paradigmase da justiça criminal e da seletividade penal". Sistema Penal & Violência 8, nr 2 (31.12.2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2177-6784.2016.2.25424.

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O contexto contemporâneo reforça a existência de um processo de politização da justiça, resultando no abandono do caráter jurisdicionalpelos atores judiciais, que passam a perseguir objetivos políticos, a partir da substituição dos critérios relativos ao âmbito legal por paradigmas de oportunidade. Dessa forma, o processo penal, em sua concretude, direciona-se às classes sociais mais vulneráveis, numa relação de seletividade por vulnerabilidade, implicação negativa da relação entre disponibilidade de recursos materiais ou simbólicos e o acesso às múltiplas oportunidades. O poder político é exercido, como regra, por indivíduos que integram classes dominantes da sociedade: são os interesses desta que costumam ser contemplados, gerando prejuízos às camadas sociais menos favorecidas. A presente construção teórica objetiva explorar a relação entre política e seu exercício arbitrário, a partir da criminalização de condutas de grupos selecionados, resultando da revisão de literatura atinente às temáticas abordadas, com utilização do método dialético e uma abordagem crítica.

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Ohana, Daniel. "Sentencing Reform in Israel: The Goldberg Committee Report". Israel Law Review 32, nr 4 (1998): 591–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015818.

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Sentencing reform has been the subject of much debate over the past two decades in North America, Europe and Australia. Among the concerns spurring this widespread reconsideration of sentencing principles and practices, there is the need to promote consistency in sentencing, the crisis in public confidence in the criminal justice system, and the constitutional argument for more legislative intervention in the area of sentencing. The reforms implemented in various jurisdictions to address these concerns have taken numerous forms: at the federal level in the United States, “base sentences” were assigned to each offense category, the final sentence being fixed in the light of the offender's prior criminal history and aggravating and mitigating circumstances; at the state level, several jurisdictions adopted a less detailed system of numerical guidelines, schematized by a two-dimensional grid of sentence ranges defined by classes of offenses and the offender's criminal record. Other jurisdictions, such as Canada, Britain and Sweden, eschewed the use of numerical guidelines as a vehicle to structure judicial discretion in favour of simpler statutory statements of principles in sentencing.

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Yuliana Indra, Agus. "Effect of Pattern Formation of Prisoners in The Correctional Institutions of Recidive (Case Study in Class II B Correctional Institution of Majalengka)". Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, nr 3 (6.09.2018): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3346.

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To implement the penal system for prisoners needed community participation both during development and acceptance of returned prisoners who have completed their criminal past. Commitments on at least can be a positive contribution to the process of coaching inmates who in turn can minimize the repetition of criminal acts. Connecting to the problems above who want revealed in this research is how development patterns inmates at Correctional Institution IIB of Majalengka classes and how the influence of development patterns against the repetition of crime (Recidive). The research is qualitative research in the form of descriptive analysis using sociological juridical approach. Types and sources of data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collected through the study of literature and interviews, while the juridical analysis using qualitative analysis. From the research we concluded that the pattern of development in the Penitentiary correctional IIB of Majalengka class represents the continuum of criminal law enforcement practice can not be separated from the development of general conception of the criminal prosecution. While the influence of development patterns prisoners against the repetition of criminal offenses (recidivism) on Prison Class IIB of Majalengka is still a lack of mental development also coaching skills to inmates that resulted in former inmates do not have the mental well and the skills needed to live her life outside of Prison Class IIB of Majalengka so the prisoner repeated his evil deeds.Keywords: Pattern Development, Prisoners, Recidive.

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Kim, Youn Shin, i Jin Yu. "Analysis of Criminal Behavior with Mental Disorder by Forensic and Psychological Approach". Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 46, nr 3 (31.08.2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7580/kjlm.2022.46.3.59.

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Crimes committed by the mentally ill may initially be mistaken as unmotivated or hate crimes, which may cause public anxiety and conflict between social classes. In this context, special attention is needed to secure social safety and to effectively respond against crimes committed by the mentally ill. For these purposes, comprehensive analysis of the details of such crimes, including the type of crime, the content of criminal behavior, the tool of crime, unusual behavior before and after the crime, and the triggering factor of the crime, can provide valuable information. If specific tendencies or common characteristics shared in criminal acts related to mental illness can be found, they would assist criminal investigations and determination of criminal responsibility. The authors analyzed 19 precedents of crimes with mental disorders. The results of the analysis are as follows: frequency of injured area was the highest in the face, neck, and head; perpetrator’s body (hands/feet) and knife were used the most as tools of assault; premeditation was revealed in eight cases, and crimes with active intention of harming and impulsive crimes happened at a similar frequency; schizophrenics usually committed crimes between 03:00-06:00, which is related to sleep disturbance in schizophrenia; in five cases, criminal acts—violent crimes such as murder, arson, and rape—were committed under the influence of alcohol; and homicide is related more frequently to schizophrenia, personality disorder, and intellectual disability.

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Sullivan, Christopher J., Pamela Wilcox i Graham C. Ousey. "Trajectories of Victimization From Early To Mid-Adolescence". Criminal Justice and Behavior 38, nr 1 (30.11.2010): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854810386542.

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A rapidly growing body of criminological research focuses on longitudinal trajectories of offending, with the aim of exploring stability and change in antisocial behavior. A particularly intriguing debate within this area involves the issue of whether there are multiple classes of offenders defined by distinct longitudinal patterns of offending. Parallel research on criminal victimization, however, is lacking, with few studies exploring potential variation in individual trajectories of victimization. The current analysis uses data from a panel of nearly 4,000 adolescents observed across a 4-year period to address this question. The authors examined whether there are distinct classes of victimization trajectories across this time period. The analysis revealed four groups. Descriptive analyses for key correlates of victimization were then conducted to explore their potential correspondence with those of the observed victimization classes. The findings have implications for theory and empirical research regarding between-individual differences and intraindividual change in victimization.

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