Rozprawy doktorskie: „Crimens”

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Boot-Matthijssen, Machteld. "Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crime : "nullum crimen sine lege" and the subject matter juridiction of the International criminal court /". Antwerpen : Intersentia, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39070062m.

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Liang, Jun. "Simulating Crimes and Crime Patterns Using Cellular Automata and GIS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin998053177.

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Naidu, Sam. "Crimes against nature : ecocritical discourse in South African crime fiction". UNISA Press Journals - NISC, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53754.

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Heeding Patrick Murphy's call to critics, in his book, Ecocritical explorations in literary and cultural studies: fences, boundaries and field, to study “nature-oriented mystery novels … in order to understand the degree to which environmental consciousness and nature awareness has permeated popular and commercial fiction” (2009: 143), this article examines how highly successful author, Deon Meyer, has employed crime fiction to popularize ecological issues and debates in South Africa. In this article, Meyer's first “nature-oriented” novel, the crime thriller, Blood safari (2009), is analysed. The main question asked is whether South African crime fiction deploys ecocritical discourse for mercenary reasons or whether its engagement with environmental issues constitutes a bona fide sub-category of ecocritical literature. The same rationale – understanding how “environmental consciousness and nature awareness” manifest in one of the most popular and commercially viable genres of fiction in South Africa today – informs the broader study from which this article is drawn. Some of the findings of this study, which includes a reading of Meyer's second “nature-oriented” novel, Trackers (2011), Jane Taylor's Of wild dogs, Margaret von Klemperer's Just a dead man, and Ingrid Winterbach's literary detective novel, The book of happenstance, are referred to briefly. To conclude, the contribution of “nature-oriented” crime fiction to a “localised ecocriticism” is assessed

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Naidu, Sam. "The emergence of the South African farm crime novel : socio-historical crimes, personal crimes, and the figure of the dog". Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53776.

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Crime fiction is an established and popular literary genre in South Africa that has gained international recognition and acclaim. The genre continues to expand and develop in terms of thematic concerns and experiments in form. One such notable development is the farm crime novel, which extends the tradition of the South African plaasroman. Recent texts, such as Elaine Proctor’s The Savage Hour and Karin Brynard’s Weeping Waters, quite deliberately set their respective murder mysteries on remote farms, and both novels particularise details of farm life. This article argues that the main concerns of the farm crime novel are, on one level, socio-historical – that is, the crimes perpetrated are the result of relationships to the land, land claims and land re-distribution, and the complex, evolving relationship between landowner and labourer. On another level, true to the conventions of crime fiction, the farm crime novel also explores interpersonal or intimate relationships that result in crimes of passion. Of particular interest is the observation that common to both thematic levels is a profound rendering of the link between human-animal relations and human-human relations. Drawing on Karla Armbruster’s work on the cultural significance of narratives about dogs and the need for more just and ethical relationships with animals, the article then demonstrates how this rendering occurs, often, through the figure of the dog. To conclude, some comments are offered on the position of the farm crime novel in a post-apartheid literary landscape

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Ramos, Cristina Vanessa Paiva. "Crimes contra o Património: o adolescente enquanto potencial transgressor no crime de dano". Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4041.

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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Criminologia
De acordo com as Estatísticas Oficiais da Justiça, nos últimos anos, os crimes contra o património aumentaram gradualmente. Como tal, o presente projeto atribuirá um particular interesse à caracterização de jovens delinquentes enquanto transgressores neste tipo de crime. O estudo tem como objetivo obter o perfil de potenciais transgressores quanto ao crime de dano, bem como às suas motivações subjacentes. Para tal, procurar-se-á descrever e compreender de um modo geral, os mecanismos societários geradores da delinquência, bem como os fatores de socialização e as características de personalidade que propiciam a uma carreira criminosa. Desta forma, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa bibliográfica aprofundada e a uma investigação de natureza empírica (de trato quantitativo), para dar resposta aos objetivos delineados.
According to the official statistics of Justice, in recent years, crimes against property gradually increased. As such, this project will assign a particular interest to characterize young offenders while offenders in this type of crime. The study aims to obtain the profile of potential offenders about the crime of damage, as well as their underlying motivations. For this purpose, it will seek to describe and understand in general, the mechanisms generating corporate delinquency, as well as factors of socialization and personality characteristics that provide a criminal career. Thus, we proceeded to a thorough literature review and empirical research (quantitative tract), to meet the goals outlined

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Biletska, Yuliya. "Factors Shaping Ethnic Identity Among Crimean Tatars, Russians And Ukrainians In Crimea". Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611099/index.pdf.

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The aim of this thesis is to define factors that are influential in the ethnic identification process of Crimean Tatars, Russians and Ukrainians in Crimea. To better understand the current ethnic situation in Crimea, Soviet nationality policy as well as Soviet ethnos theory are reviewed. The divergence of the definitions in Soviet and Western traditions is shown. Crucial historical events that took place in Crimea are examined from the viewpoints of Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar, Soviet and Western historiographies. The influence of the historical myths on shaping ethnic boundaries of these ethnic groups in Crimea is shown. Main factors such as the cultural, political, economic, and global ones which are shaping the ethnic self-consciousness of Crimean Tatars, Russians and Ukrainians in Crimea are studied. Therefore the thesis helps us to understand the meaning of being a Russian, an Ukrainian and a Crimean Tatar in Crimea.

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Munazi, Muhimanyi Cyprien. "La répression des crimes relevant du statut de la Cour pénale internationale par les juridictions nationales et le principe de complémentarité : l’exemple de la République démocratique du Congo". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD039.

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Au cours d’un peu plus de deux décennies, la RDC, située au cœur de l’Afrique, dans la région des grands lacs, a été le théâtre des crimes de masse les plus violents. De nombreux rapports relatent les violations à grande échelle des droits de l’homme et du doit international humanitaire commises dans ce pays démontrent. Ils démontrent l’horreur innommable infligée aux populations civiles dans la partie Est du pays. ll s'agit notamment, de Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Bénie, Rusthuru,Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasai, Maniema, Shaba. Dans un contexte global de conflit et de trouble persistant, d’instabilité socio-économique et de crise politique profonde, la commission des crimes graves se trouve exacerbée par la présence des centaines de groupes armés politico-militaro-affairistes, des Forces Armées de la R.D.C., tous soutenus par des troupes étrangères et multinationales. L'environnement politique et sécuritaire empêche la justice congolaise d'évaluer dans la sérénité la quasi-totalité d’éléments de crimes sur le territoire en vue d’identifier les auteurs, d’établir les responsabilités, procéder à leur répression, assurer la réparation des nombreuses victimes et la réconciliation nationale. L'association d'autres formes de justice serait plus que nécessaire, toujours à travers la logique de la complémentarité de la CPI
. For almost over two decades, the DRC, located in the heart of Africa, in the Great Lakes region, has benn the scene of the most violent crimes. Tremendous public and non government organizations have reported the large-scale violations international humanitarian law and human rights committed in this country. They display the horror inflicted upon the civilian populations in the eastern part of the country. These include amonsgt others the areas of Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Béni, Rusthuru, Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasaï, Maniema, Shaba. In a global context of conflict and persistent turmoil, socio-economic instability and deep political crisis, the commission of serious crimes is exacerbated by the presence of hundreds of armed politico-military-mercenary groups, the Armed Forces of the DRC, all supported by foreign and multinational troops. The currently political and security environment prevents the Congolese justice system from smoothly assessing all elements of crimes on the territory in order to identify the perpetrators, establish the responsibilities, carry out investigation and prosecution as well as legal proceedings, ensure the reparations to millions of victims and the national reconciliation at large. The combination of other forms of justice would be more than ever necessary through the logic of the complementarity of the ICC

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Bernat, Molina Ignasi. "Mapping the crimes of the powerful and the economic crisis: crime, state and power". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673707.

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The ‘Mapping the Crimes of the Powerful and the Economic Crisis: Crime, State and Power’ focuses on four recent episodes of the different crisis affecting Southern Europe. Departing from criminological literature and crimes of the powerful, the thesis draws attention upon certain elements that made possible the conditions of possibility that led to these crises. The crises need to be understood as the result of the crimes of the powerful. Thus, the thesis interrogates the nature of the crimes of the powerful, as it understands that these crimes are those which produce a wider social harm. Answering from criminology requires an understanding of how these have been conceptualized. Particularly, the thesis defends that state-corporate crimes have to be understood as a process instead of the sum of different isolated cases. We need to locate them within a wider political economy growingly financialised and a set of corporate power relationships, but also colonial and patriarchal that relegate common resources and social rights to mere commodities. Corporate crimes play a key role in the process of power and wealth accumulation. The corporation is the institutionalisation of power relations (class, gender and colonial) where dispossession and violence take place. The corporation and the state that works in its behalf, have proved the capacity to pass laws, to threaten governments, to deploy illegal practices, neglect rights and dispossess people through corporate power and symbolic violence. The crimes of the powerful cannot be scrutinized outside of the political economy where these crimes occur. Financialization of the economy has been a common factor behind all these events that turned previous rights into commodities that had to be bought in the market. Finally, the thesis reclaims the importance of the geopolitical dimension as an element to understand the different kind of crimes that will happen in diverse areas. That is, regional power regimes shape the crimes of the powerful that will occur in each specific area. To comprehend the role played by each of these elements, state, economy and power continues to be central for a criminology that aims to be critical.
La tesi ‘Mapping the Crimes of the Powerful and the Economic Crisis: Crime, State and Power’ es concentra en quatre episodis recents de les diverses crisis que afecten el sud d’Europa. Partint de la literatura criminològica i dels crims dels poderosos, la tesi fixa l’atenció en els diversos elements que han fet possible les condicions que han portat a aquestes crisis. Les crisis han de ser enteses com el resultat dels crims dels poderosos. D’aquesta forma la tesi s’interroga per la naturalesa dels crims dels poderosos, doncs entén que són aquests crims els que generen un major dany social. La tesi es pregunta per quina criminologia és necessària per poder respondre a aquests crims. En concret, la tesi defensa que els crims estatal-corporatius han de ser entesos com un procés enlloc de com una suma de successos diferents aïllats. Els hem de localitzar dins d’una economia política creixentment financiaritzada i un conjunt de relacions de poder corporatiu, però també colonial i patriarcal que relega els recursos comuns i els drets socials a meres mercaderies. Els crims corporatius juguen un rol central en el procés actual d’acumulació de poder i riquesa. La corporació és la institucionalització de relacions de poder (classe, gènere i colonial) a on la despossessió i la violència tenen lloc. La corporació i l’estat que treballa amb ella, han demostrat la capacitat d’aprovar lleis en benefici seu, amenaçar governs, emprar pràctiques il·legals, negar drets i desposseir a gent a través del poder corporatiu i de la violència simbòlica. Els crims dels poderosos no poden ser estudiats fora de l’estructura social on aquests són comesos. La financiarització de l’economia ha sigut un element comú de tots els crims estudiats aquí doncs a trinxat antics drets fins a convertir-los en mercaderies que calia comprar. Per últim, la tesi reivindica que la importància de la dimensió geopolítica com a element a l’hora d’entendre els tipus de crims que succeiran a cada regió. És a dir, els règims de poder regionals configuren els crims dels poderosos que es realitzaran a cada àrea específica. Comprendre el paper jugat per cada un d’aquests elements, estat, economia i poder, segueixen sent claus per una criminologia que aspiri a ser crítica.
Programa de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empresa

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Capriola, Margherita. "Climate Crimes : Climate change and deforestation: a case-study of state-corporate crime in Peru". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Latinamerikainstitutet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144124.

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During the last decades, climate change studies have been focusing more intensely on its anthopocenic essence, as the consequence of production and consumption patterns that require the intensive exploitation of the environment. In line with this school of thought, and new generations of studies on environmental crime, this work aims to present the environmentally and climate-related issues arising from land degradation in the Peruvian Amazon; focusing on those casual mechanisms developed from the collusion between Peruvian-economic policies and new private actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs). Relying on the assumption that: the processes moving the issue of climate change overcome the global space, and can be observed from regional, national or local point of view; this work's purpose is to analyze how a single country as Peru, currently considered of low ecological footprint, could, by means of the definition of national laws (environmentally and economic-related) burden climate change. The analysis focuses on a single case-study identified with the territory within the Northern Ucayali and Southern Loreto regions in Peru, and builds on the theory of state-corporate crime developed in the 1990s by Ronald C. Kramer and Raymond J. Michalowski to define the role of state-corporate relationships in the production of social harms. To show how this relationship is today shaping the globally spread issue of climate change, the analysis of the palm oil industry in Ucayali is presented as main example of a broader phenomenon of transgression and partnership between private and public spheres in Peru. In this optic, the purpose is to give further contributions to the studies of climate change as state-corporate crime, focusing on the analysis of those territory, as the Amazon, whose preservation has been identified as mayor tool against global warming and which is instead harmed by the relation between private and governments interests.

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Fall, Astou. "Le traitement juridictionnel du crime de génocide et des crimes contre l'humanité commis au Rwanda". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10451.

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Le génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda est singulier au regard des génocides du XXème siècle. Il l’est par le nombre de ses victimes, par sa rapidité, ses modes d’exécution et surtout par le nombre de ses auteurs. Ce sont plus d’un million de Rwandais (Hutu) qui ont pris part directement aux massacres. La sanction de ces crimes de masse dans une société en quête de reconstruction soulevait d’innombrables difficultés notamment dans l’appréhension d’une criminalité collective en termes de responsabilité individuelle. L’ampleur et le paroxysme atteint dans ce drame a nécessité un traitement spécifique. Trois instances de justice ont été activées de manière concomitante : les juridictions classiques rwandaises (relayées par des juridictions coutumières dites Gacaca), le Tribunal international créé par le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies et enfin les juridictions nationales étrangères en application du principe de la compétence universelle. L’intérêt scientifique de notre démarche réside justement dans l’étude de ce traitement juridictionnel multiniveaux. Deux questions se posent : quelle est la pertinence de ce modèle de justice 20 ans après le drame rwandais ?Quel bilan provisoire peut-on tirer de tous les jugements rendus par ces différentes juridictions ?
The Tutsi genocide in Rwanda is singular in consider genocides of the XXth century. It is true by the number of victims, the speed and methods of implementation and, above all the number of the authors. These are more than one million Rwandan (Hutu) who participated directly in the massacres. Punishment of the massive crimes in a society in search of reconstruction, run into problems of group crime and individual responsibility. The scale and the speak of human tragedy needed specific treatment. Rwandan ordinary courts (replace by customary Courts called Gacaca), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (created by United Nations Security Council) and lastly, national foreign jurisdictions are also begin simultaneously in application of the principle of universal jurisdiction. The interest of our scientific approach lies in the study of multilevel constitutionalism. This raises two obvious questions: What is the relevance of this justice model twenty years after the Rwandan tragedy? What has been the interim review of all the judgments handed down by the different jurisdictions?

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Davydov, Igor. "The Crimean Tatars and their influence on the 'triangle of conflict' Russia-Crimea-Ukraine". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FDavydov.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail ; Moran, Daniel. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 29, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-121). Also available in print.

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Hewana, Sandiswa. "The representation of the use of social media for committing cyber-crimes in selected South African newspapers". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6323.

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This study aimed to provide insights into the manner in which the representation of social media usage in relation to cyber-related crimes within selected South African newspapers can potentially shape the ideas and perceptions that society may have towards social networking channels. Drawing on the literature from fields such as developmental studies, new media studies, identity formation and cyber-criminality, an analysis of the Price Water House Coopers Global Economic Survey (2011) was used to provide some insight into the issue of cyber-crime within South Africa. The survey which was conducted by Price Water House Coopers revealed that South Africa is ranked second in the world with the highest rate of reported fraud cases. According to them this rate is comparatively higher than the escalating percentage of cases reported in the United States and other nations. In order to correlate and illustrate some of the findings of the survey and that which was found through primary research, an in-depth content analysis applying limited designations analysis and detailed assertions analysis techniques (Du Plooy, 2007) has been performed on selected content from local print and online publications such as The Herald, Algoa Sun, The Weekend Post, The Sunday Times and News24, from the time period of January 2009 until January 2012. Herewith, a total of 125 articles were analysed in order to determine the tone and thematic nature of the communication within the respective platforms. Furthermore, the mass media has been argued as being the main platform of communication within society. Whereby, different communication techniques are used to communicate with different target audiences. On a theoretical level, the study explored whether or not social media perpetuates the prejudices of the modernisation theory or serves to challenge such prejudices. Furthermore, the study explored whether social media may potentially have an impact on the reported cyber-related crimes. Associated theory such as the representation theory, globalization, the privacy trust model, social contract theory, media richness theory, participatory theory, convergence, the digital divide, media-centricity, dependency and identity formation has been explored. It was found that social networking sites Facebook and Mxit have been represented as the most common platforms of cyber-related crime and women and teenagers are the most popular victims. The likelihood of individuals being exposed to cyber-crime within social networks is high due to the fact in order to develop online relationships, personal information needs to be shared. The Privacy Trust model was identified as being an important factor which shaped the findings of this study. This is due to the fact that a certain level of trust is held by social network subscribers to the Internet hosts who they entered into a social contract with and with their friends.

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Grings, Maicon. "Análise exploratória espacial da criminalidade no estado do Rio Grande do Sul". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1008.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of socioeconomic variables in the indexes of economic crimes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Thus, a descriptive analysis of economic crimes and crimes against the individual took place. Then, it was necessary to map crime, to identify each cluster group of crimes under study; and finally identify factors that may influence the rates of economic crimes for the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The theme shows importance, since it depicts one of the biggest problems faced by contemporary society. Therefore, discussions about the topic promote inferences that provide the creation of public policies aimed to combating crime. In order to meet such a proposal, this study was based on models of the Space Econometrics. For the implementation of the study, secondary databases were used from official sources such as the Department of Public Security of Rio Grande do Sul State (SSP / RS), Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Department of SUS (DATASUS). As a result, it highlights the space concentration of economic crimes, especially in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre and the coastal region of the state. It also highlights the positive effect that IFDM variables - income and employment, Bolsa Familia and GINI Index presented in relation to the dependent variable Economic Crimes, and the negative effect that the variable rate of illiteracy presented regarding the dependent variable. Among the conclusions of this research, there is the motivational issue involving each group of crime. It plays an important role in the commission of the tort, that is verified by the spatial distribution of crime in the state. The Bolsa Familia program, contrary to what was expected, did not appear as a variable that tends to help decrease crime rates against property in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is concluded, finally, that the concentration of income is the main variable that causes the increase in economic crimes. However, education is the main factor that helps reduce economic crimes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
A proposta deste estudo é analisar o impacto das variáveis socioeconômicas nos índices de crimes econômicos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste intuito, buscou-se primeiramente realizar uma análise descritiva dos crimes econômicos e crimes contra a pessoa; em um segundo momento realizar um mapeamento da criminalidade, a fim de identificar cluster de cada grupo de crimes em estudo; e por fim identificar fatores que possam influenciar os índices de crimes econômicos para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O tema se mostra de suma importância, uma vez que retrata um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pela sociedade contemporânea, por conseguinte, discussões em torno da temática promovem inferências que proporcionam a criação de políticas públicas que visam o combate da criminalidade. Com o propósito de atender tal proposta, o presente estudo baseou-se nos modelos da Econometria Espacial. Para a execução do estudo, foram utilizadas bases de dados secundários procedentes de fontes oficiais como a Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SSP/RS), Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS). Como resultados, destacam-se a concentração espacial dos crimes econômicos, principalmente na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre e na região litorânea do Estado. Também destaca-se o efeito positivo que as variáveis IFDM Renda e Emprego, Bolsa Família e Índice de GINI apresentaram em relação à variável dependente Crimes Econômicos, e o efeito negativo que a variável taxa de analfabetismo apresentou com relação à variável dependente. Dentre as conclusões desta pesquisa, nota-se que a questão motivacional que envolve cada grupo de crimes tem um papel importante para o cometimento do ato ilícito, isso se verifica pela distribuição espacial da criminalidade no Estado. O Programa Bolsa Família, ao contrário do que se esperava, não se apresentou como uma variável que tende a auxiliar a diminuição dos índices de criminalidade contra o patrimônio no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Conclui-se, por fim, que a concentração de renda é a principal variável que acarreta o aumento dos crimes econômicos, entretanto, por sua vez, a educação é o principal fator que auxilia na diminuição dos crimes econômicos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Bowers, Kate Bowers. "Crimes against non-residential properties : patterns of victimisation, impact upon urban areas and crime prevention strategies". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366729.

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Tseng, Yun-Hsuan. "Global greed and local crimes : financial crime in an emergent economy (case study of Taiwan ROC)". Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320541.

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Freitas, Idalina Maria Almeida de. "Crimes passionais em Fortaleza: o cotidiano construído nos processos-crime nas primeiras décadas do século XX". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13019.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation is centered in the analysis of the sex relationships in Fortaleza at the beginning of the XX century, above all between the years 20 and 30. The documental base of the research is constituted, mainly, with three types of sources: criminal proceedings, newspapers and written opinions of jurists. The objective of the research is to rebuild and to analyze the histories of poor and common historical subjects involved by the passion and the crime and wrapped up in work, violence and sex relationships. We still observe the moral and structural changes existing in the city between these years and the influence that they exercise on the actions of passion crimes, that are important factors and that interfere in the analysis, as well as the transforming and power-related human elements. The work was constituted in three chapters - "The Price of Betrayal: homicide as apex of a Plot"; "Multiple voices: Crime Processes"; and "Passions and Existences" , in which the relationship among the city, the day to day and the criminal proceedings is seen and reviewed in accordance with the approaches proposed in each item. Such being the case, this study does not intend to handle all the aspects of the crime in their legal characteristics, but to prioritize the actions of the day to day before and after the crime. And what are the inquietudes of this search? Would they just be related to the subject of violence or crime? There is no pretension to build a history of the victims, either to accomplish a historical essay of the feminine oppression. On the contrary. The intent is to leave explicit the game of tensions and conflicts happened in defined time and space. In this study, the search for the "truths" implies in trying to realize in the interlines the characters, urban space, fears, uses and recreations in the experience of the day to day
Esta dissertação encontra-se centrada na análise das relações de gênero em Fortaleza no início do século XX, sobretudo entre os anos 20 e 30. A base documental da pesquisa constitui-se, principalmente, com três tipos de fontes: processos criminais, jornais e escritos de juristas. O objetivo da pesquisa é reconstruir e analisar as histórias de sujeitos históricos pobres e comuns envolvidos pela paixão e pelo crime e envoltos em relações de trabalho, violência e gênero. Observam-se, ainda, as mudanças morais e estruturais presentes na cidade entre esses anos e a influência que exerceram nas ações dos crimes passionais, fatores importantes e que interferem na análise, bem como os elementos humanos transformadores e de poder. O trabalho constituiu-se em três capítulos O Preço da Traição: o homicídio como ápice de uma Trama ; Múltiplas vozes: Processos-Crime ; e Paixões e Vivências , nos quais a relação entre a cidade, o cotidiano e os processos criminais é vista e revista de acordo com as abordagens propostas em cada item. Assim, este estudo não se propõe a dar conta de todos os aspectos do crime em suas características legais, mas a priorizar as ações do cotidiano antes e depois do crime. E quais são as inquietações dessa busca? Estariam apenas relacionadas à questão da violência ou do crime? Não se tem a pretensão de construir uma história das vítimas, tampouco de realizar um ensaio histórico da opressão feminina. Pelo contrário. O intuito é deixar explícito o jogo de tensões e conflitos ocorrido num tempo e num espaço definidos. Neste estudo, a busca pelas verdades implica tentar perceber nas entrelinhas os personagens, o espaço urbano, os medos, os usos e as recriações na experiência do cotidiano

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Yankulije, Hilaire. "Le contentieux international pénal dans les pays inter-lacustres d’Afrique : de la guerre froide a la cour pénale internationale". Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0058.

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L’objectif majeur de ce travail est de dresser un bilan de l’ensemble des litiges soumis et susceptibles d’être soumis aux juges relevant du droit international pénal ayant eu lieu dans les pays inter lacustres d’Afrique. Il articule autour des quatre axes principaux. Le premier axe consiste à placer le droit international pénal dans l’ensemble du droit international moderne. Le deuxième axe consiste à situer la criminalité de masse de la sous-région des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique dans le temps et dans l’espace tout en s’attardant sur le contexte politique et social dans lequel elle a eu lieu, son ampleur et son inhumanité. Le troisième axe quant à lui, s’attarde à la démonstration de quelles formes (chapeaux des crimes, et crimes sous-jacents) les crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l’humanité se sont manifestés dans la sous-région des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique. Le quatrième et le dernier axe étudie les modes de participation aux crimes. Autrement, Il s’agit de passer en revue de la jurisprudence pour voir sous quels types de responsabilité les criminels des pays inter lacustres d’Afrique répondaient à leurs actes. Le présent travail permet d’étudier de long en large le génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda et s’attarde sur les éléments constitutifs des massacres perpétrés contre les communautés des hutus au Burundi, au Rwanda et au Congo dont l’hypothèse du génocide est fort avancée par le monde académique et diplomatique. Cela terminé, cette recherche analyse la jurisprudence des cours et tribunaux internationaux pour étudier les éléments contextuels et les crimes sous-jacents aux crimes de guerre et des crimes contre l’humanité. Il permet de comprendre d’une manière typique et circonstanciée les groupes protégés par les conventions internationales de droit humanitaires et les scénarios dans lesquels ce droit a été violé. En dernière analyse, ce travail étudie les modes de participation aux crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l’humanité qui ont enclenché les responsabilités des criminels des pays inter lacustres d’Afriques. Les modes collectifs tels que les entreprises criminelles communes et la responsabilité du chef hiérarchiques sont succinctement étudiés en prenant pour cas d’études les massacres ayant eu lieu dans la région susmentionnée
This thesis aims at making an update compilation of the all crimes perpetrated in Democratic Republic of Congo, in Burundi in Uganda and in Rwanda. The above said crimes are those related to the international law judged and those to be judged by international criminal courts and tribunals. Our thesis articulates around four main sub topics. The first consist of studying the high moments of international criminal law and the place of this branch of law in international law arena. The second studies the high moments of mass killings in the inter-lacustrine region of Africa while the third identifies the crimes against the peace and security of humanity perpetrated in the above-mentioned region. These crimes include genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The fourth and final area of focus demonstrates the forms of international criminal responsibility developed by Law case in International Criminal tribunal for Rwanda and in International criminal court as well. The present research explores broadly the genocide perpetrated against Tutsi in Rwanda and focuses on the elements of the massacres perpetrated against the hutu communities in Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo on which genocide hypothesis is highly advanced by international community and some scholars. Moreover, this research has analyzed the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals to study contextual elements and additional infractions to war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It provides a typical and comprehensive understanding of the groups protected by the international humanitarian law conventions and the scenarios in which this right has been violated. At the end, this work examines the liability in the crimes against the peace and security of humanity that have triggered the responsibility of criminals. The collective types of participation including joint criminal enterprises and command responsibility by taking the cases of study the massacres perpetrated in the above-mentioned region

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Cara, Anderson Tiago de [UNESP]. "Mulheres em situação de violência sexual: redes de atenção e relatos da experiência sofrida". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126561.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-08. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:27:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000841558.pdf: 1613021 bytes, checksum: 2657f7db84089237e0337ff1c40ba7c0 (MD5)
Trata-se de estudo que, em sua primeira etapa, utiliza o método documental-quantitativo e visa verificar, a partir da consulta de dados da Vigilância Epidemológica obtidosdo banco de dados do Sistema de Informação e Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período de 2009-2012, os índices de casos de mulheres em situação de violência notificados em Bauru/SP. Foram coletadas informações gerais referentes aos registros notificados no SINAN, identificando a tipologia da violência, os dados sociodemográficos, as consequências para a vítima e os encaminhamentos ralizados para órgãos de atendimento, apenas das mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Os dados foram organizados, codificados e submetidos ao teste Estatístico Binomial. Na segunda etapa, realizam-se entrevistas com mulheres em situação de violência sexual visando investigar as vivências de quatro participantes referentes á violência sexual sofrida. Esta amostra foi obtida por meio de consulta aos prontuários do Centro de Referência e Atendimento da Mulher em Situação de Violência (CRAMSV), tendo sido identificados vinte e oito casos, os quais, submetidos aos critérios e elegibilidade do estudo, resultaram em sete casos e destes, quatro casos que puderam participar. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, após convite e procedimentos éticos, utilizando-se o método de Bardin (1977) para a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. Os resultados indicaram predominância de violência física, (60,89%), seguida de violência sexual (21,14%), sendo que a maioria das mulheres tinha idade superior a 18 anos, baixo nível de escolaridade, e apenas a minoria dos casos recebeu encaminhamentos adequados para a rede de atendimento municipal. Também se observou a inexistência de mecanismos de seguimento dos casos notificados. Evidenciaram-se importantes deificiências no registro dos dados dos casos notificados, obscurecendo a realidade da situação de...
This is study, in first stage, uses documentary-quantitative method and aims to verify from the Epidemiological Monitoring of data query obtained from the Information System database and Notifiable Deseases (SINAN) from 2009-2012, rates of cases of women in situations of violence reported in Bauru/SP. General information regarding the records were collected notified in SINAN, identifying the type of violence, sociodemographic data, the consequences for the victims and referrals made to service agencies, only women aged over 18 years. Data were organized, coded and submitted to Estatistic Binomial test. In the second stage, carried out case studies in order to investigate the experiences of four participants regarding suffered sexual violence and consequences, as well as their perception of the aspects that contributed to the overrun or not this life event. This sample was obtained through hospital records Reference Service and Woman's Center on Violence Situation (CRAMSV) with thirty-two cases have been identified, which, subject to the eligibility criteria and the study resulted in ten cases and these four cases that could participate. The interviews were conducted individually after a call and ethinical procedures, using the Bardin's method (1977) for the analysis of the interviews. Results indicated predominance of physical violence (60.89%) followed by sexual violence (21.14%) and most women had the age of 18, low level of education and that only a minority of cases received appropriate referrals to the network of municipal service. We also observed the lack of follow-up mechanisms of the reported cases. Showed up significant deficiencies in the data record of the reported cases, obscuring the reality of the situation of violence against women, despite the notification by the SINAN. The conclusion is thus that the episode of sexual violence suffered by participants in this study showed physical and psychosocial consequences

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Cara, Anderson Tiago de. "Mulheres em situação de violência sexual : redes de atenção e relatos da experiência sofrida /". Bauru, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126561.

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Orientador: Carmen Maria Bueno Neme
Banca: Maria de Fátima Belancieri
Banca: Tania Gracy Martins do Valle
Resumo: Trata-se de estudo que, em sua primeira etapa, utiliza o método documental-quantitativo e visa verificar, a partir da consulta de dados da Vigilância Epidemológica obtidosdo banco de dados do Sistema de Informação e Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período de 2009-2012, os índices de casos de mulheres em situação de violência notificados em Bauru/SP. Foram coletadas informações gerais referentes aos registros notificados no SINAN, identificando a tipologia da violência, os dados sociodemográficos, as consequências para a vítima e os encaminhamentos ralizados para órgãos de atendimento, apenas das mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Os dados foram organizados, codificados e submetidos ao teste Estatístico Binomial. Na segunda etapa, realizam-se entrevistas com mulheres em situação de violência sexual visando investigar as vivências de quatro participantes referentes á violência sexual sofrida. Esta amostra foi obtida por meio de consulta aos prontuários do Centro de Referência e Atendimento da Mulher em Situação de Violência (CRAMSV), tendo sido identificados vinte e oito casos, os quais, submetidos aos critérios e elegibilidade do estudo, resultaram em sete casos e destes, quatro casos que puderam participar. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, após convite e procedimentos éticos, utilizando-se o método de Bardin (1977) para a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. Os resultados indicaram predominância de violência física, (60,89%), seguida de violência sexual (21,14%), sendo que a maioria das mulheres tinha idade superior a 18 anos, baixo nível de escolaridade, e apenas a minoria dos casos recebeu encaminhamentos adequados para a rede de atendimento municipal. Também se observou a inexistência de mecanismos de seguimento dos casos notificados. Evidenciaram-se importantes deificiências no registro dos dados dos casos notificados, obscurecendo a realidade da situação de...
Abstract: This is study, in first stage, uses documentary-quantitative method and aims to verify from the Epidemiological Monitoring of data query obtained from the Information System database and Notifiable Deseases (SINAN) from 2009-2012, rates of cases of women in situations of violence reported in Bauru/SP. General information regarding the records were collected notified in SINAN, identifying the type of violence, sociodemographic data, the consequences for the victims and referrals made to service agencies, only women aged over 18 years. Data were organized, coded and submitted to Estatistic Binomial test. In the second stage, carried out case studies in order to investigate the experiences of four participants regarding suffered sexual violence and consequences, as well as their perception of the aspects that contributed to the overrun or not this life event. This sample was obtained through hospital records Reference Service and Woman's Center on Violence Situation (CRAMSV) with thirty-two cases have been identified, which, subject to the eligibility criteria and the study resulted in ten cases and these four cases that could participate. The interviews were conducted individually after a call and ethinical procedures, using the Bardin's method (1977) for the analysis of the interviews. Results indicated predominance of physical violence (60.89%) followed by sexual violence (21.14%) and most women had the age of 18, low level of education and that only a minority of cases received appropriate referrals to the network of municipal service. We also observed the lack of follow-up mechanisms of the reported cases. Showed up significant deficiencies in the data record of the reported cases, obscuring the reality of the situation of violence against women, despite the notification by the SINAN. The conclusion is thus that the episode of sexual violence suffered by participants in this study showed physical and psychosocial consequences
Mestre

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Matsiko, Samuel. "The need for a comprehensive international convention on crimes against humanity". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5192.

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Magister Legum - LLM
In the field of international law three core crimes generally make up the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals: war crimes; genocide; and crimes against humanity. Only two of these crimes (war crimes and genocide) are the subject of a global convention that requires States to prevent and punish such conduct and to cooperate among themselves toward those ends. By contrast, there is no such convention dedicated to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity. An international convention on prevention, punishment and inter-State cooperation with respect to crimes against humanity appears to be a key missing piece in the current framework of international law. The offence of crimes against humanity is a jus cogens and there is an erga omnes for states to prosecute and extradite offenders of crimes against humanity. This can be achieved by having international obligations founded on a specialised convention.

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Li, Yuh-Yuh. "Social structure, social control, and crime in rural communities a test of social disorganization theory /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1237993548.

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Початко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Початко, Tetiana Volodymyrivna Pochatko, A. Reshetnik i V. Piddubniy. "Computer crimes". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16765.

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Olubokun, Charles Oluwarotimi. "The future of prosecutions under the International Criminal Court". Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11075.

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This thesis examines prosecutorial challenges of the International Criminal Court (ICC/the court) in relation to the dwindling legitimacy prosecuting under Article 5 of the Rome Statute and other relevant international law principles. The study attempts a prognosis of the future shape of ICC prosecutions in light of the challenges and proposes reforms to the operations of the Court and its constitutive instrument to improve the dispensation of justice. The focus of the study is substantive international criminal law, developments in relevant case laws of international courts and tribunals, structure and procedures of the ICC and relevant principles within the context of elements of the Crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the Crime of aggression. The thesis further evaluates the role of the Court as it ensures international cooperation with domestic efforts to promote the ‘Rule of law’, uphold the principles of international humanitarian law, human rights law and combat impunity being the first permanent treaty-based international criminal court with the intent and purpose of ending impunity for perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community and thus contributes to the prevention of such crimes. Additionally, the International Criminal Court advances international criminal justice, particularly with regard to victims by providing not only legal justice but also participation in the process and restorative justice to rebuild the society after mass violence. The thesis is an analysis of the prosecutorial challenges at the International Criminal Court, using its legal framework and jurisprudence to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

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Tabbert, Ulrike. "Crime through a corpus : the linguistic construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the German and UK press". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2013. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/18078/.

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In this thesis I analyse and compare the linguistic construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the British and German press. I have collected a corpus of British and German newspaper articles reporting on crime and criminal trials and carried out a corpus linguistic analysis of this data using the software package Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 2004). Reports on crime do not construct a neutral representation of offenders. By employing the tools offered by Critical Stylistics (Jeffries, 2010a) and combining them with Corpus Linguistics I identify the linguistic features used to pre convict offenders and to invoke a feeling of insecurity and fear in the public. The negative associations assigned to crime are transferred to the offenders and thus construct them as being evil and label them as deviant (Becker, 1966: 31). The linguistic construction of the victim ultimately impacts on the construction of offenders because the two are placed at opposite ends of a morality scale. It is through language that such ideologically motivated representations of offenders are constructed and reinforced. The image of the evil-perpetrating monster constructed in the media as part of societal discourse on crime is based on ideologies which my research aims to reveal. I argue that the underlying ideologies for the construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the British and German press are comparable and that the linguistic triggers for these in the texts are similar. I found no distinction between the persona of the offender and his or her crime because offenders only gain a celebrity-like status following the crime they have committed. This fascination with crime in the media has roots in the ‘backstage nature of crime’ (Surette, 2009: 240) which satisfies the voyeuristic desire of the audience.

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Theodorakis, Nikolaos. "Corporate crime : genesis, regulation and compliance. The role of law & policy in deciphering & preventing financial crimes". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708865.

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Erdonmez, Erhan. "Investigation of Computer Crimes". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3185/.

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In this study, the development of the computer related crime will be examined in the first chapter. After a detailed introduction to computer crimes, the most common types of the computer crimes will be examined and the characteristics of the offenders and their motivates will be identified. The general investigation process of the computer crime investigation will be outlined in the second chapter. After attempting to define computer crime, computer criminals and investigation process, a case study related to the topic will be examined and the characteristics and the motives of the criminals will be identified. In the last chapter the response by law enforcement officers to high technology crime will be discussed.

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Parisi, Joel A. "The United States department of housing and urban development, office of inspector general, office of investigation an examination into why the agency should create a separate division to investigate gun and drug related violent crime in and around public and assisted housing developments /". Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2004. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2004
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2955. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 4 preliminary leaves (ii- v). Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 108-111).

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Silva, Mário Luis Villarruel da. "Violência interpessoal e ordem policial no cotidiano de mulheres da provincia de Mato Grosso [Séc. XIX]. Edições fac-similar e semidiplomática de autos crimes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-25072011-155802/.

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Os estudos sobre a formação histórica de Mato Grosso têm emergido na estruturação de pesquisas de cunhos variados. Do mesmo modo, estudos que se dedicam ao entendimento dos mecanismos de violência e suas intersecções com setores de grupos sociais têm vindo à tona de maneira latente. Utilizando-nos das teorias e descrições de escopo sociohistórico e jurídico e, aportando ao método filológico em seu viés transcendente, neste trabalho são apresentadas edições semidiplomáticas a partir de reproduções fac-similar de manuscritos organizados em processos que constituem narrativas de uma história local (cidade de Cuiabá, Província de Mato Grosso Séc. XIX), pautada na organização cotidiana dos moradores e seus acontecimentos de entrave social, remetendo à necessidade do uso de interferência policial da época, quando são produzidos os registros ora analisados. As análises presentes neste trabalho buscam referendamento através de correlações entre a formação histórica do estado de Mato Grosso e episódios de violência centralmente direcionados à perspectiva do gênero. São análises de mulheres representantes de subgrupos sociais entre libertas e livres escrava, menor, idosa à luz do método de análise social, histórica e jurídica, por meio de estruturação da Filologia em seu viés transcendente. As Marias como, casualmente nossas personagens chamavam-se foram vítimas de variadas formas de agressão interpessoal: vizinhos, parentes e supostos desconhecidos. Nesse eixo, pretendemos apresentar um contexto de violência, gênero, aplicação da ordem e estrutura dos dispositivos legais encarregados de coibir práticas, como as encontradas nos processos que constituem o corpus deste trabalho.
Los estudios sobre la formación histórica de Mato Grosso han aparecido con la estructuración de pesquisas de segmentos variados. Del mismo modo, estudios que se direccionan al entendimiento de mecanismos de violencia y sus intersecciones con sectores de grupos sociales tienen venido a pantalla de manera latiente. Utilizándonos de las teorías y descripciones de cuerpo socio-histórico y jurídico y, aportando al método filológico en su línea transcendente, en este trabajo están presentadas ediciones semidiplomaticas a partir de reproducciones facsimilares de manuscritos organizados en procesos que constituyen narrativas de una historia local (ciudad de Cuiabá, Provincia de Mato Grosso Siglo XIX) basada en la organización cotidiana de sus habitantes y sus acontecimientos de atrapo social, remetiendo a la necesidad del uso de interferencia policial de la época, cuando son producidos los registros, ahora analizados. Las analices de este trabajo buscan sostenerse a través de correlaciones entre la formación histórica del estado de Mato Grosso e instantes de violencia centralmente direccionados a la perspectiva del género. Son analices de mujeres representantes de subgrupos sociales entre libres y libertadas esclava, menor de edad y anciana a la luz del método de análisis social, histórica y jurídica, por medio de la estructuración de la Filología en su línea transcendente. Las Marias como casualmente nuestras personajes se llaman fueron víctimas de variadas formas de agresión interpersonal: vecinos, parientes y supuestos desconocidos. En ese eije pretendemos presentar un contexto de violencia, género, aplicación del orden y estructura de los dispositivos legales encargados de contener prácticas, como las encontradas en los procesos que constituyen el corpus de este trabajo.

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Silva, Roger Costa da. "Os crimes e os direitos : lutas escravas em Pelotas/RS (1845-1880)". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116633.

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Esta tese tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre crimes e direitos escravos em Pelotas entre os anos de 1845 e 1880. A investigação concentrou-se no exame dos assassinatos de capatazes nas charqueadas de Pelotas e suas relações com a luta pelos direitos dos cativos. Desse modo, buscou-se avaliar a percepção dos escravos sobre seus direitos em relação aos castigos aplicados pelos representantes do mando senhorial. Igualmente foi objeto de análise os crimes cometidos com o objetivo da compra da liberdade, da busca por um novo senhor, dos assassinatos como defesa da prerrogativa de um “bom governo dos escravos” e da compreensão sobre o modo como esses direitos se propalaram entre os cativos. A compreensão da luta pelos direitos dos escravos foi ainda problematizada por meio da abordagem dos embates travados na arena jurídica envolvendo episódios de redução de pessoas livres à escravidão. A documentação que sustenta este estudo são: processos criminais, jornais, além de correspondências da Câmara Municipal de Pelotas e o fundo do Ministério de Relaciones Exteriores que se encontra no Archivo General de la Nación em Montevidéu.
This thesis aims to analyze the relationship between crimes and slave rights in Pelotas between 1845 and 1880. The investigation has focused on the examination of the murders of foremen in Pelotas charqueadas and their relationship to the struggle for captives‟ rights. Thus, the perception of slaves about their rights in relation to the punishments applied by landlord workers was observed. The crimes committed with the purpose of purchasing freedom, the search for a new landlord, the murders as a defense of the prerogative a "good management of slaves" and understanding about the way these rights spread among slaves, have also been an object of analysis. The understanding of struggle for slave‟s rights was still approached by legal perspectives involving episodes of becoming free people into slaves. The documentation that sustains this study are: criminal cases, newspapers, as well as Câmara Municipal de Pelotas mail and the Exterior Relations Ministry Found which is in the Archivo General de la Nación in Montevideo.

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Leclerc, Nancy 1974. "Étude comparative de la perception du support social et de la santé perçue chez les ainés exprimant, exprimant de façon intermittente ou n'exprimant pas la peur du crime A comparative study between the elderly who express, intermittently express or do not express fear of crime in relation to perceived health and correspondingly, in relation to social support perception". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2004.

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Holm, Fanny. "Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.

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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.

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32

Carranza, Figón Luis. "Crimen organizado corporativo". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/471513.

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En la actualidad existen diversas investigaciones y publicaciones que estudian el actuar de las personas jurídicas, mientras otras hacen lo propio con el fenómeno del crimen organizado, en ambos casos dichas temáticas no se vinculan. En otras palabras, la teoría y la práctica no abordan el tema de la persona jurídica como sujeto de derecho en el espacio de la delincuencia organizada. Por el contrario, su análisis se limita al ámbito de las personas físicas, a pesar de que la composición de la normativa internacional determina al fenómeno como una disciplina incluyente, es decir, comprende en su área de estudio a los sujetos colectivos, como lo pondera el art. 10 la Convención de Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional (CNUDOT). Y es que, es indiscutible que los sujetos colectivos aprovechan su compleja estructura para materializar delitos, más aún cuando se trata de uniones empresariales, las cuales evidencian al crimen organizado corporativo, dado que los mercados ilícitos (de drogas, inmigración, prostitución, fraude de inversiones o blanqueo de capitales) precisan tanto de una gran logística como de una administración, para lo cual se ofrecen las formas de la economía legal. En esta medida, tiene sentido hablar de la supresión de fronteras entre la delincuencia económica-empresarial y la criminalidad organizada clásica, aspectos que sustentan al crimen organizado corporativo. En este entendido, las normas que tradicionalmente se utilizan para la reprochar la delincuencia organizada tradicional (de las personas físicas), mantienen al margen la concentración de personas jurídicas, por lo que el marco legal actual es insuficiente para recriminar este fenómeno, hasta ahora abandonado. Es por ello, que la tesis pondera no solo los desafíos e inconvenientes jurídicos que presenta el fenómeno delincuencia organizada, sino que –además- acerca propuestas y soluciones concretas desde el ámbito de las ciencias penales, como la definición del injusto, el establecimiento de estándares de imputación sobre grupos empresariales en la materia y la creación de un compliance que regule las relaciones externas de las personas jurídicas asociadas. Para ello, es indispensable un cambio sobre los cánones asociados al sujeto de derecho, esto es, considerar a los entes colectivos como miembros o integrantes de la organización ilícita. En suma, se procura establecer las bases para la regulación e imputación del crimen organizado asociado a las personas jurídicas (públicas o privadas), lo cual no solo forma un insumo de importancia en el rendimiento empresarial, sino que permite reprochar delitos organizados en estructuras complejas.
En l'actualitat existeixen diverses investigacions i publicacions que estudien l'actuar de les persones jurídiques, mentre altres fan el mateix con el fenòmens del crim organitzat, en ambdós casos aquestes temàtiques no es vinculen. En altres paraules, la teoria i la pràctica no aborden el tema de la persona jurídica com subjecte de dret a l'espai de la delinqüència organitzada. Per contra, sumi anàlisi es limita a l'àmbit les persones físiques, tot i que la composicions de la normativa internacional determina el fenomen com una disciplina incloent, es dir, comprèn en super àrea d'estudi els subjectes col·lectius, com el pondera l'art. 10 la Convenció de Nacions Unides contra la delinqüència organitzada transnacional (CNUDOT). I és que, és indiscutible que els subjectes col·lectius aprofiten la seva complexa estructura per materialitzar delictes, més encara quan es tracta d'union empresarials, les quals evidencien el crim organitzat corporatiu, atès que els mercats il·lícits (de drogues, immigració, prostitució, frau de inversions o blanqueig de capitals) necessiten tant una gran logística com d'una administració, per al qual s'oferia les formes de l'economia legal. En aquesta mesura, té sentit parlar de la supressió de fronteres entre la delinqüència econòmica-empresarial i la criminalitat organitzada clàssica, aspectes que sustenten el crim organitzat corporatiu. En aquest entès, les regles que tradicionalment s'utilitzen per a la retrets la delinqüència organitzada tradicional (de les persones físiques), mantenen al marge la concentració de persones jurídiques, de manera que el marc legal actual es insuficient per recriminar aquest fenomen, ta ara abandonada. Es per ells, que la tesi pondera no només els desafiaments i inconvenients jurídics que presenta el fenomen delinqüència organitzada, sinó que -a més- sobre propostes i solucions concretes des dels àmbits de les ciències penals, com la definició de l'injust, l'establiment d'estàndards d'imputació sobre grups empresarials en la matèria i la creació d'un compliance que reguli les relacions externes de les persones jurídiques associades. Per això, és indispensable un canvi sobre els canons associats al subjecte de dret, és a dir, considerar els entès col·lectius com membres o integrants de l'organització il·lícita. En suma, es procura establir les bases per a la regulació i imputació del crim organitzat associat a les persones jurídiques (públiques o privades), cosa que no només forma una entrada d'importància en el rendiment empresarial, sinó que permet retreure delictes organitzats en estructures complexes.
At present there are several investigations and publications that study the actions of legal entities, while others do the same with the phenomenon of organized crime, in both cases these issues are not linked. In other words, theory and practice do not address the issue of the legal person as a subject of law in the area of organized crime. On the contrary, its analysis is limited to the realm of natural persons, although the composition of international regulations determines the phenomenon as an inclusive discipline, that is, it includes collective subjects in its area of study, as weights it the art. 10 the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTAD). It is undeniable that collective subjects take advantage of their complex structure to materialize crimes, especially when it comes to corporate unions, which evidence corporate organized crime, since illicit markets (drugs, immigration, prostitution, Investments or money laundering) need both a great logistics and an administration, for which the forms of legal economy are offered. To this extent, it makes sense to speak of the suppression of frontiers between economic-business crime and classical organized crime, aspects that underpin corporate organized crime. In this sense, the norms that traditionally are used to reproach traditional organized crime (of natural persons), keep the concentration of legal persons apart, so the current legal framework is insufficient to recriminate this phenomenon, hitherto abandoned. It is for this reason that the thesis considers not only the legal challenges and disadvantages presented by organized crime, but also proposes specific solutions and solutions from the criminal sciences, such as the definition of unjust, the establishment of standards Of imputation on business groups in the matter and the creation of a compliance that regulates the external relations of the associate juridical persons. For this, a change is necessary on the canons associated with the subject of law, that is, to consider the collective entities as members or members of the illicit organization. In sum, it seeks to establish the basis for the regulation and imputation of organized crime associated with legal entities (public or private), which not only forms an important input in business performance, but also allows for the reproach of organized crime in complex structures.

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Steh, Stephen R. "Unauthorized Access Crimes". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1254939817.

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Steh, Stephen. "Unauthorized access crimes /". Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1254939817.

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CAVALCANTI, Rafaella dos Santos. "Espaço e crime: desvendando a lógica dos padrões espaciais de crimes urbanos no bairro de Boa Viagem, Recife - PE". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPE, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/13997.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2015-05-19T15:21:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertacao_Rafaella Cavalcanti.pdf: 13318897 bytes, checksum: 13d51e1f4294e5df8f7d224c628c2665 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T15:21:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertacao_Rafaella Cavalcanti.pdf: 13318897 bytes, checksum: 13d51e1f4294e5df8f7d224c628c2665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-02
O presente trabalho parte do princípio que o ambiente urbano não é apenas um cenário para o crime, mas um meio que pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de ações criminosas. Também parte do pressuposto que o crime não se distribui de forma aleatória no espaço, havendo locais com muitos crimes e locais com pouco, ou com nenhuma ocorrência de crimes; e que os elementos que constroem a ambiência urbana podem proporcionar a formação de espaços com vitalidade ou espaços vulneráveis. Este estudo busca identificar padrões espaciais de crimes urbanos no bairro de Boa Viagem, Recife-PE, mas especificamente roubos em espaços públicos. Tem como suporte teórico as teorias da criminologia ambiental, da sintaxe espacial e outras teorias que remetem as qualidades espaciais aos diversos tipos de crime. Para atender ao objetivo proposto, o trabalho analisa o espaço através de duas escalas: a primeira, denominada de escala meso, permitiu aferir uma correlação positiva entre acessibilidade e quantidade de roubo a transeunte no Bairro utilizando a metodologia da Sintaxe Espacial. A segunda investigação explora as relações entre as qualidades micro espaciais dos segmentos urbanos, correspondentes às quadras das ruas, e a distribuição espacial de crimes nesses segmentos. Os resultados mostram que a medida de integração e o comprimento do segmento variam positivamente com quantidade de crimes. A última análise segmentos urbanos avalia quais outras características tipológicas poderiam estar contribuindo para a ocorrência de crimes em determinados locais e em outros não. A metodologia do Perfil Espacial permitiu avaliar de forma conjunta os elementos espaciais, e assim, identificar que a acessibilidade e a variedade do solo e interface variam na mesma direção, que a densidade populacional tem um papel importante na maior ocorrência de crime e que a constituição, ou número de aberturas independe destas outras qualidades. Lugares com maior número de crimes tanto podem ser muito integrados e como muita variedade de uso, como pouco integrados e com uso residencial. Resultados confirmam a necessidade de verificar a ambiência tanto espacial com social para compreender o fenômeno Espaço Urbano e Crime.

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Broadhurst, Monica DeAnn. "The Integral Role of Training in the Implementation of Hate Crime Legislation". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2818/.

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This research focuses on the association between law enforcement training and implementation of hate crime legislation. The Anti-Defamation League's state hate crime statutory provisions and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hate Crime Reporting by States data are examined. Section one includes the following: What Constitutes Hate?, The History of Hate Crime Legislation, and Issues Facing Hate Crime Legislation. Section two surveys literature on both Hate Crime Legislation and the training of law enforcement officers. Section three discusses the Anti-Defamation League and FBI data in detail and explains the methods used to test the association between law enforcement training and reporting of hate crime legislation. Findings yield a statistically significant association between law enforcement training and reporting of hate crime legislation.

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Aguirre, sanchez Andrea carolina. "Urban crime in Ecuador : three essays on the role of economic inequalities, population density and emotions". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES051/document.

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L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et le role des émotions liés aux évènements sportifs tels que les matchs de football.Avant d’entreprendre cette analyse empirique, nous proposons une revue des littératures théorique et empirique sur les déterminants de la criminalité urbaine. Une conclusion importante est que les incitations économiques conduisant à des activités criminelles sont influencées par les schémas de localisation des criminels et des victimes. Partant de ce constat, la thèse propose d’entreprendre trois analyses empiriques à différentes échelles géographiques. Tout d’abord, nous explorons l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur le risque de victimisation en Équateur, en utilisant des données individuelles issues de l’enquête nationale de victimisation. Le principal résultat est que, contrairement aux prédictions, le coefficient de Gini a un effet négatif sur la probabilité d’être victime de vols. Ce résultat pourrait être lié à une ségrégation résidentielle élevée ou à un contrôle social élevé contre la criminalité. De plus, les estimations révèlent une relation croissante et concave entre le niveau de revenu des victimes et la probabilité de victimisation concernant les vols de véhicule, qui augmente avec un revenu mensuel jusqu’à 5,100 dollars, et puis diminue.Ensuite, nous testons l'existence d'une prime de criminalité urbaine (criminalité plus élevée dans les zones urbaines) en Équateur, à l’échelle des paroisses. Le principal résultat indique que la taille des villes a une influence non-monotone sur le taux d’homicide. La probabilité de constater un ou plusieurs homicides est plus élevée dans les paroisses les plus peuplées. Toutefois, le taux d’homicide diminue avec le niveau de population dans les paroisses où se produisent des homicides. Concernant les crimes contre la propriété, les résultats confirment l’influence positive de la population sur le nombre de crime par habitant. Enfin, nous estimons l’impact des matchs de football sur le nombre d'homicides et de crimes contre la propriété dans 16 cantons d’Équateur, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence des matchs de football sur les profils temporels et géographiques des crimes, ainsi que l’impact des émotions (frustration et euphorie) liées aux résultats des matchs sur la criminalité. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'homicides augmente 0.18% avant le match, tandis que le nombre de crimes contre la propriété augmente 12% après le match, à proximité du stade. Les matchs de football entraînent également une diffusion spatiale de la criminalité dans des quartiers éloignés des stades. Les jours de matchs, les crimes contre la propriété diminuent 0.88% avant le match et les homicides diminuent 0.05% pendant le match, dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Après le match, les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété augmentent de manière significative dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Enfin, l'effet des émotions sur les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété n'est pas significatif au niveau agrégé, alors qu’il est significatif en ce qui concerne les homicides commis dans la capitale de l'Équateur, Quito
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events.Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels.First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls.Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant.Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito

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Bardet, Marie. "La notion d'infraction internationale par nature : essai d'une analyse structurelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2020. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247218820.

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Apparue avec les procès de l’après-guerre, la notion d’infraction internationale par nature s’est consolidée au fil du développement du droit international pénal. Si elle est aujourd’hui pleinement acquise, cette notion n’en demeure pas moins mal circonscrite. On s’accorde généralement à reconnaître que les crimes qu’elle embrasse sont les plus graves qui soient, mais ce critère est bien trop fuyant pour fonder une définition notionnelle. Cette étude a pour objet de préciser le contenu et les contours de cette catégorie juridique particulière, par l’identification des critères stables des différents crimes relevant de cette catégorie, à savoir le crime d’agression, le crime de guerre, le crime contre l’humanité et le crime de génocide. La structure juridique de ces infractions fournit un point de départ propice à cette analyse. Toutes sont en effet articulées autour de deux éléments, l’un dit élément contextuel, l’autre dit élément individuel. La systématisation des infractions à travers ces deux composantes est concluante. Elle permet d’identifier des critères de définition permettant de couvrir l’ensemble des crimes considérés, de les réunir en une notion unitaire et ainsi de révéler toute l’originalité du comportement sanctionné par la notion d’infraction internationale par nature
The notion of international crimes by nature appeared with the post-war trials and has strengthened along with the development of international criminal law. If today the notion is fully recognized, it is still ill defined. It is generally recognized that the notion contains the most serious crimes but this criterion is much too elusive to be the basis of the notion’s definition. The purpose of the study is to clarify the contents and outlines of this particular legal category, by identifying stable criteria from the category’s crimes, that is to say crime of aggression, war crime, crime against humanity and genocide. Their legal structure provides a suitable starting point for the study. Indeed, all the crimes are organized around two elements : one contextual element and one individual element. The systematization of the crimes through these two components is conclusive. Such a systematization enables the identification of criteria to cover all the crimes considered and to gather them under a unitary notion. Therefore, the systematization reveals the originality of the conduct punished by the notion of international crimes by nature

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Nkukwana, Zingisile Wiseman. "The Rights of victims of crime in South Africa". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12627.

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There is a perception among victims of crime, and people in general, in South Africa that the country’s laws favour and protect offenders. These people believe that offenders have more rights than victims which are derived from the Constitution of the country, and other legislative Acts of parliament. This view may sometimes lead to vigilantism and a total disregard of the law. The study will show that victims do have rights in the country’s legislations. The study briefly explains the sources of such laws, like the Constitution, the Victims Charter and selected provisions of some Acts of parliament. It is a fact that the section 35 of the Constitution provides in detail, the rights of the arrested, detained and accused. It is also submitted persons that there is no specific provision that talks about the rights of the victims of crime. However, that does not mean that such victims do not have rights in terms of the constitution. The rights of victims of crime are seen during the courts’ interpretation and application of rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights. The use of words like “everyone” and “any person” in the Bill of Rights also refers to victims of crime. Therefore, the Constitution is not victim-biased and offender-friendly. The Constitution protects everybody because it seeks to uphold the values of human dignity, equality, freedom and the African concept of ubuntu. The study discusses briefly the rights of victims as adopted by the Victims’ Charter. The Charter lists these rights, but does not explain how such rights are to be achieved. South Africa also developed a document called the Minimum Standards for Services for Victims of Crime which indicates how each right is to be achieved. The study also shows that South Africa had developed some Acts of parliament even before the adoption of the Victims Charter. South Africa claims that the Victims’ Charter is compliant with the Constitution and the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice Abuse of Power of 1985. It is submitted that this statement is not entirely correct, especially with regards to the provision that deals with compensation. South Africa did not define compensation as defined by the United Nations Declaration. This can be seen as a dismal failure by South Africa to abide by the United Nations Declaration and this has resulted in more harm suffered by victims of crime. The study also discusses how rape victims benefit through the use of Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act of 2007. This begins with the changing of the definition of rape. The Act also deals with how rape victims can access antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV/Aids infection. It explains limitations on the right to privacy of the accused, especially to compel him or her to undergo an HIV test. The HIV positive status of the accused can be used as an aggravating factor during sentencing in terms of UNAIDS policies. S v Nyalungu 2005 (JOL) 13254 (T) is a leading case in South Africa showing compliance with UNAIDS policies. Restorative justice mechanisms have been discussed to show positive movement by South Africa from a retributive justice system to a restorative justice system. The advantages of such mechanisms for victims have been discussed. The study also describes briefly some selected provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act of 1977 and how these provisions benefit victims of crime. These include sections 153, 170A, 297, 299A, 300 and 301. The study highlights some challenges that still exist and what innovations can be made. This includes recommendations which can be made to benefit victims of crime further. For example, an apology can be used as one of the important principles in the restorative justice system. It is submitted and recommended that truth and apology go hand in glove and the basic elements of forgiveness. South Africa can pride itself with regards to this approach especially during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was established in post-apartheid South Africa. The study concludes by saying that South Africa should set up a victim-compensation scheme. It is submitted that South Africa can afford such a scheme despite the problems identified.

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Beck-Hummel, Suzanne M. "A policies and procedures manual for the operations of Crime Victims Council of the Lehigh Valley, Inc". Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2930. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

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Sen, Osman N. "Criminal Justice Responses to Emerging Computer Crime Problems". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2866/.

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This study discussed the issue of computer crime as it relates to the criminal justice system, specifically law enforcement. The information was gathered through several books, academic journals, governmental documents, and the Internet. First, the nature and forms of computer crime, Internet crime, and cyber terrorism were analyzed. Next, law enforcement responses were discussed. International aspects of the problem were separately pointed out. Further, detection and investigation of computer crime were examined. Problems related to the each component of the criminal justice system (law enforcement, investigators, prosecutors, and judges) were described. Specific solutions to these problems were offered. In addition, computer crime handling procedures were presented. Results indicate that computer crime will increase in the 21st century, and this problem cannot be controlled by traditional methods alone. Using new technology as preventive measures, and increasing awareness and security conscious culture will prevent the problem in the long run.

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Jordão, Leonardo Chilio. "Uma análise crítica da dimensão transnacional do grupo mexicano Los Zetas : articulações e mercados ilícitos /". Marília, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192933.

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Orientador: Paulo José dos Reis Pereira
Resumo: A literatura acadêmica sobre “criminalidade organizada transnacional” tem uma ampla e crescente produção na área de Relações Internacionais, enquanto a dimensão transnacional do crime, que tal literatura leva no nome, ainda não ultrapassou as epistemologias analíticas tradicionais do campo da Segurança Internacional, muitas vezes presas a um aporte “Estadocêntrico” do território para analisar a suposta transnacionalidade do crime. O objetivo da pesquisa é criticar essa literatura e introduzir uma abordagem alternativa capaz de analisar o crime e sua dimensão transnacional. Tal abordagem irá focalizar os ordenamentos, os conjuntos, de relações entre atores, e o foco será em como tais relações constroem uma dimensão transnacional para análise do crime, e como o “local” é expressão dessa transnacionalidade. Criticada as abordagens tradicionais de “crime organizado transnacional”, o entendimento de mercados ilícitos transnacionais servirá como suporte para entender essa abordagem alternativa e a dimensão transnacional, pois os mercados ilícitos focalizam em diferentes atores e suas formas de relação para manter uma estrutura mercadológica e de fluxos ilícitos funcionando. Empiricamente, o grupo central dessa análise é o mexicano Los Zetas, e seu papel na Guatemala, a partir de 2008 até 2015, para explicar que o grupo faz parte de um mercado ilícito transnacional, e que a partir de suas relações, também formam uma dimensão transnacional, e partes da Guatemala são expressões das di... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The academic literature about “transnational organized crime” has a wide and growing production in the International Relations discipline, although the transnational dimension of crime, which said literature takes in its name, still hasn’t trespassed traditional epistemological and analytical perspectives in the International Security field, often stuck to a “Statecentric” approach about territory for the supposed transnationality of crime. The goal of this research is to criticize this literature and introduce an alternative approach capable of analysing crime and its transnational dimension. This new approach will focus on orderings, collectives, of relations between actors, and how these relations build up a dimension of their own, to analyse crime and their transnational flows, and how the “local” is an expression of this transnationality. After criticizing the traditional approaches of “transnational organized crime”, the knowledge of “transnational illicit markets” will serve as a support to understand this alternative approach and the transnational dimension, because these illicit markets focus on different actors and their relations to maintain a market structure of flows working on. Empirically, the central group of this analysis is the Mexican Los Zetas, and its role in Guatemala, from 2008 until 2015, to explain that the group was part of a transnational illicit market, and through their relations, also made up a transnational dimension, and portions of Guatemalan ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumen: La literatura académica sobre “crimen organizado transnacional” tiene una amplia y creciente producción en el área de Relaciones Internacionales, en cuanto la dimensión transnacional del crimen, que tal literatura lleva en su nombre, todavía no ultrapasó las epistemologías analíticas tradicionales del campo de Seguridad Internacional, muchas veces focalizadas a un aporte “Estadocéntrico” del territorio para analizar la supuesta transnacionalidad del crimen. El objetivo de la investigación es criticar estas literaturas e introducir un nuevo abordaje capaz de analizar el crimen y su dimensión transnacional. Tal abordaje irá focalizar los ordenamientos, los colectivos de relaciones entre actores, y su foco será en como tales relaciones construyen una dimensión transnacional propria para el análisis del crimen y sus flujos transnacionales, y como el “local” es una expresión de las dinámicas transnacionales. Criticados los abordajes tradicionales del “crimen organizado transnacional”, la comprensión de mercados ilícitos transnacionales servirá como soporte para comprender ese abordaje alternativo y la dimensión transnacional, porque los mercados ilícitos transnacionales focalizan diferentes actores y sus formas de relación para mantener funcionando una estructura mercadológica de flujos transnacionales. Empíricamente, el grupo central de este análisis es lo mexicano Los Zetas, y su papel en Guatemala, a partir de 2008 hasta 2015, para explicar que el grupo hace parte de un mercado... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo)
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43

Souza, Isabel Cristina Nucci [UNESP]. "Construção da rede de cuidado integral à pessoa em situação de violência sexual e apoio aos profissionais: narrativa de uma experiência". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97524.

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A violência sexual é um fenômeno universal que atinge indistintamente todas as classes sociais e pessoas de todas as faixas etárias e sexo, produzindo sérias consequências biopsicossociais para quem a sofre, as quais são difíceis de mensurar. Com este trabalho, pretendo descrever e analisar os movimentos ocorridos e as estratégias que foram utilizadas pela equipe do Hospital Regional de Assis , para a implantação do Programa Pétala, buscando o cuidado em rede à pessoa em situação de violência sexual, na microrregião de saúde de Assis e Ourinhos. Esta pesquisa é a narrativa da minha experiência sobre o processo vivenciado para formação da rede, que será objeto deste estudo. Tal processo me coloca a refletir quanto à necessidade de registrar os caminhos realizados para implantação da rede de atenção à pessoa em situação de violência sexual e seu significado para os dias atuais, uma vez que se buscava a mudança de paradigmas até então institucionalizados e sedimentados em seu modo de cuidar fragmentado das vítimas de violência sexual. Era imperativo desconstruir e construir coletivamente uma forma de atenção em rede, na tentativa de garantir a integralidade do cuidado em saúde, mas também garantir a diminuição do sofrimento da vítima e, por que não, dos trabalhadores frente a uma situação tão difícil de ser administrada isoladamente. Portanto, era necessário rever as implicações profissionais e institucionais, desprendendo-me de antigos conceitos e propor a possibilidade de mudanças e transformações
La violencia sexual es un fenómeno universal que afecta sin distinción a todas las clases sociales y a todas las personas, sin hacer diferencia de edad ni de sexo, lo que produce serias consecuencias biopsicosociales para el afectado, consecuencias estas difíciles de medir. Este trabajo pretende describir y analizar los movimientos ocurridos y las estrategias utilizadas por el equipo del Hospital Regional de Assis, durante la implantación del Programa Pétala, que busca cuidar en red a la persona en situación de violencia sexual, en la micro-región de salud Assis-Ourinhos. Esta investigación es la narrativa de mi experiencia sobre el proceso vivenciado durante la formación de la red, objeto de este estudio. La vivencia me permite reflexionar sobre la necesidad de registrar los caminos recorridos para llegar a la implantación de la red de atención a la persona víctima de violencia sexual y el significado alcanzado, por esta red, en los días de hoy, destacando la búsqueda por mudanzas de paradigmas hasta entonces, institucionalizados y consolidados, asumiendo un cuidado fragmentado de la víctima de violencia sexual. De esta forma, se hacía necesario desconstruir y construir una forma de atención en red, intentando, de esta forma, garantizar el cuidado con la salud integral y disminuir el sufrimiento de la víctima, por otra parte, también, se buscó disminuir el sufrimiento de los trabajadores frente a una situación tan difícil de ser administrada en forma aislada. Por lo tanto, se hacía necesario revisar las consecuencias profesionales e institucionales, el desprendimiento de conceptos antiguos y la propuesta de mudanzas y transformaciones

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44

秦楠 i Nan Qin. "Fear of crime experienced by older Chinese in urban China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193150.

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Fear of crime has been a major social and political issue in Western societies. Previous studies have established that older people are disturbed disproportionately by fear of crime, which can accelerate their loss of physical and social functioning. Despite the rapidly ageing population and the sharp rise of crime in urban China, there is a paucity of research on the fear of crime in older Chinese, not to mention the lack of sound psychometric instruments or any established theoretical model. This study systematically investigated the fear of crime in older Chinese living in urban China. It involves two phases. In Phase One of the study, existing measures on fear of crime, perceived risk of crime and constrained behaviors were culturally adapted through a series of consultation with expert panels and pilot testing. Results indicated that all adapted scales exhibited satisfactory internal reliability with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from .81 to .94. In Phase Two of this study, an integrated theoretical model incorporating the vulnerability, environment perception, victimization and risk interpretation models was tested. The model takes into account relevant Chinese cultural values, while simultaneously addressing the impacts of fear of crime on mental health and constrained behaviors. A representative sample of 453 older adults aged 60 years or above was recruited from urban communities in Kunming, Yunnan using multistage sampling methods. Participants were individually interviewed. Results show that fear of crime was prevalent in this sample with 258 participants (57.0%) reporting fear of one or more types of depicted crimes. Path analyses show that the proposed integrated theoretical framework effectively captures the relationship between fear of crime and various hypothesized factors. The model accounted for 22.1% of the variance in perceived risk of crime, 35.8% in fear of crime, 31.2% in poor mental health and 21.4% in constrained behaviors. Perceived risk of crime played a central role in inducing fear of crime and mediated the associations between fear of crime and various hypothesized risk factors, including female gender, a younger age, higher perceived social instability, lower adherence to the Chinese cultural value of Harmony and more direct victimization by crime. In regard to impact, being fearful of crime predisposes participants to more constrained behaviors, while a high level of perceived risk impaired their mental health. This study is among the first empirical endeavors to investigate fear of crime experienced by older Chinese. It provides preliminary support for the applicability of various prominent theoretical models in the Chinese setting. Results also established a novel association between fear of crime and the Chinese cultural value of Harmony. The integrated model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the underlying genesis mechanism of fear of crime experienced by older Chinese.
published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Souza, Isabel Cristina Nucci. "Construção da rede de cuidado integral à pessoa em situação de violência sexual e apoio aos profissionais : narrativa de uma experiência /". Assis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97524.

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Orientador: Silvio Yasui
Banca: Liamar Aparecida dos Santos
Banca: Maria Elizabeth da Silva Correa
Resumo: A violência sexual é um fenômeno universal que atinge indistintamente todas as classes sociais e pessoas de todas as faixas etárias e sexo, produzindo sérias consequências biopsicossociais para quem a sofre, as quais são difíceis de mensurar. Com este trabalho, pretendo descrever e analisar os movimentos ocorridos e as estratégias que foram utilizadas pela equipe do Hospital Regional de Assis , para a implantação do Programa Pétala, buscando o cuidado em rede à pessoa em situação de violência sexual, na microrregião de saúde de Assis e Ourinhos. Esta pesquisa é a narrativa da minha experiência sobre o processo vivenciado para formação da rede, que será objeto deste estudo. Tal processo me coloca a refletir quanto à necessidade de registrar os caminhos realizados para implantação da rede de atenção à pessoa em situação de violência sexual e seu significado para os dias atuais, uma vez que se buscava a mudança de paradigmas até então institucionalizados e sedimentados em seu modo de cuidar fragmentado das vítimas de violência sexual. Era imperativo desconstruir e construir coletivamente uma forma de atenção em rede, na tentativa de garantir a integralidade do cuidado em saúde, mas também garantir a diminuição do sofrimento da vítima e, por que não, dos trabalhadores frente a uma situação tão difícil de ser administrada isoladamente. Portanto, era necessário rever as implicações profissionais e institucionais, desprendendo-me de antigos conceitos e propor a possibilidade de mudanças e transformações
Resumen: La violencia sexual es un fenómeno universal que afecta sin distinción a todas las clases sociales y a todas las personas, sin hacer diferencia de edad ni de sexo, lo que produce serias consecuencias biopsicosociales para el afectado, consecuencias estas difíciles de medir. Este trabajo pretende describir y analizar los movimientos ocurridos y las estrategias utilizadas por el equipo del Hospital Regional de Assis, durante la implantación del Programa Pétala, que busca cuidar en red a la persona en situación de violencia sexual, en la micro-región de salud Assis-Ourinhos. Esta investigación es la narrativa de mi experiencia sobre el proceso vivenciado durante la formación de la red, objeto de este estudio. La vivencia me permite reflexionar sobre la necesidad de registrar los caminos recorridos para llegar a la implantación de la red de atención a la persona víctima de violencia sexual y el significado alcanzado, por esta red, en los días de hoy, destacando la búsqueda por mudanzas de paradigmas hasta entonces, institucionalizados y consolidados, asumiendo un cuidado fragmentado de la víctima de violencia sexual. De esta forma, se hacía necesario desconstruir y construir una forma de atención en red, intentando, de esta forma, garantizar el cuidado con la salud integral y disminuir el sufrimiento de la víctima, por otra parte, también, se buscó disminuir el sufrimiento de los trabajadores frente a una situación tan difícil de ser administrada en forma aislada. Por lo tanto, se hacía necesario revisar las consecuencias profesionales e institucionales, el desprendimiento de conceptos antiguos y la propuesta de mudanzas y transformaciones
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46

Medeiros, Cíntia Rodrigues de Oliveira. "Inimigos públicos: crimes corporativos e necrocorporações". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10752.

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Corporations are present everywhere and in almost every aspect of our lives, however, they can be dangerous to society, carrying out actions with negative impacts on consumers, workers, the environment and communities. In this thesis, we launched our eye on the dark side of corporations, exploring two corporate crimes committed in Brazil for two transnational corporations in the chemical industry, an industry predominated by large corporations operating in the form of oligopolies, within an industry to produce highly strategic inputs to production of most consumer goods. Our goal is to understand the corporate crimes beyond the functionalist perspective prevalent in the literature on the subject. To this end, we conducted a qualitative research based on critical perspective, focusing on two cases that occurred for over four decades in Brazil. To gather empirical data, interviewed former workers and employees of corporations protagonists of crimes, former residents of the community affected by the crime and experts, such as lawyers and health professionals who were involved in the cases. The interviews were kind of narrative, having been recorded and later transcribed for analysis. Besides the interviews, we gathered several documents on cases such as press, technical reports, judgments and sentences. We analyze the empirical material seeking to recognize that corporate crime occurred as an extension of the organizations and their way to organize, and not as unfortunate or unintended side effects. As main results, we develop the concepts of ‘necrocorporation’ and corporate crimes against life. Our analysis was extended on the joints engendered by corporations, the production of death, and the power, consent and resistance. In both cases examined, the crimes were committed in the pursuit of corporate objectives, causing the deaths and illnesses, as well as other irreversible damage to the environment and the community. Our results point to the need for a shift in thinking about the relationships between governments, corporations and society, starting with the dissolution of this model of business organization.
As corporações estão presentes em todos os lugares e em quase todos os aspectos de nossas vidas, porém, elas podem ser perigosas para a sociedade, protagonizando ações com impactos negativos para consumidores, trabalhadores, meio ambiente e comunidades. Nesta tese, lançamos nosso olhar sobre o lado sombrio das corporações, explorando dois crimes corporativos cometidos no Brasil por duas corporações transnacionais da indústria química, uma indústria predominada por grandes corporações operando em forma de oligopólios, dentro de um setor altamente estratégico por produzir insumos para a produção da maioria dos bens de consumo. Nosso objetivo é compreender os crimes corporativos para além da perspectiva funcionalista predominante na literatura sobre o tema. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, com base na perspectiva crítica, focalizando dois casos ocorridos há mais de quatro décadas, no Brasil. Para reunir material empírico, entrevistamos ex-trabalhadores e trabalhadores das corporações protagonistas dos crimes, ex-moradores da comunidade atingida pelos crimes e especialistas, como advogados e profissionais da saúde, que se envolveram nos casos. As entrevistas foram do tipo narrativa, tendo sido gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas para análise. Além das entrevistas, reunimos diversos documentos sobre os casos, como a cobertura jornalística, relatórios técnicos, sentenças e acórdãos. Analisamos o material empírico buscando reconhecer que os crimes corporativos ocorreram como uma extensão das organizações e de seu modo de organizar, e não como infortúnio ou efeitos colaterais não intencionais. Como principais resultados, desenvolvemos os conceitos de necrocorporação e crimes corporativos contra a vida. Nossa análise estendeu-se sobre as articulações engendradas pelas corporações; a produção da morte; e o poder, o consentimento e a resistência. Em ambos os casos analisados, os crimes foram cometidos na busca pelos objetivos corporativos, provocando a morte e doenças, bem como outros danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente e à comunidade. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de uma mudança no modo de pensar quanto às relações entre governos, sociedade e corporações, iniciando-se pela dissolução desse modelo de organização de negócios.

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Villavicencio, Flores Claudio Humberto. "El crimen de genocidio". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107709.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
Esta obra se propone sistematizar el tratamiento del delito de genocidio desde su perspectiva internacional, con énfasis en el origen del término “genocidio” como asimismo de la Convención sobre prevención y represión del crimen de genocidio de 1948, considerada hoy una norma de ius cogens dada su relativa aceptación y reconocimiento en el derecho internacional. Asimismo, intentamos dar un tratamiento dogmático al tipo de genocidio, desde una perspectiva más propia quizás del derecho penal, relacionándolo con algunas de las categorías y conceptos jurídico-penales más relevantes. Revisaremos los aspectos del delito de genocidio a la luz de la ciencia penal aplicada a esta figura en particular, y en especial, algunas de las consideraciones más problemáticas en cuanto a interpretación se refiere. Finalmente, al tratar acerca de la jurisdicción y genocidio, nos proponemos resaltar algunas decisiones jurisprudenciales que resultan interesantes a la luz del desarrollo progresivo del derecho internacional con relación a este delito en particular

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Martins, Rodney Charles Muller. "Crimes culposos de trânsito". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9054.

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This paper examines the unintentional traffic crimes and their punishments and checks whether these legal features are efficient in fighting the high rate of accidents involving motor vehicles, a consequence of the needed speedy transportation demanded by the global societies members. Along the first lines, intentional and unintentional crimes are explained and differentiated along with a detailed approach of their historic evolution. Another type of crime, actually this paper s main theme, demanded a special chapter, where its historic origins are fully discussed before the world s main cultures and also the most relevant theories which explain why they are in fact punished and all the needed elements to appropriately characterize them. Along the traffic crimes' analysis and comments were presented their specific criminal types and the focus has been upon the unintentional kind and all the related enforcement measures, legal and non-legal. Regarding the presented chapters, this study intends to offer solutions which can help to diminish it or, at least, prevent its increase between the limits of the present legislation
Este trabalho examina os crimes culposos de trânsito e respectivas punibilidades, verificando se são eficientes no combate aos índices crescentes de acidentes com veículos automotores, reflexo da necessidade da rapidez de locomoção da sociedade moderna. No início, são conceituados e distinguidos os crimes dolosos dos culposos, fazendo-se, para ambos, a sua evolução histórica. Para a segunda modalidade de crime, objeto da pesquisa, foi dedicado um capítulo perquirindo suas origens históricas perante as principais civilizações e as teorias mais relevantes que explicam a razão de sua punibilidade, bem como os elementos necessários para compor a sua tipicidade. Na análise e comentários sobre os crimes de trânsito também foram especificadas suas modalidades criminais e, no destaque da espécie culposa, seus meios preventivos e punitivos: penais e administrativos. Diante destes capítulos apresentados, este estudo pretende demonstrar soluções que possam contribuir para a diminuição do alto índice de sua prática criminal, ou pelo menos impedir o seu aumento diante do contexto legislativo atual

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Cabral, Cátia Daniela Aguiar. "Crimes e agressões sexuais". Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/917.

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A violência sexual, seja qual for o tipo, é considerada uma grave violação dos direitos humanos. Estima-se que os crimes de natureza sexual atinjam anualmente cerca de 12 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Em Portugal desconhece-se ainda substancialmente a realidade neste domínio em muitas zonas do país. O presente estudo pretende, através da análise das situações relativas de crimes de natureza sexual observados no GML da Covilhã entre 2002 e 2010, na sequência de denúncia de alegadas vítimas, possibilitar algum conhecimento da realidade neste domínio na região da Cova da Beira. Dos casos estudados, cerca de 83% envolveram vítimas do sexo feminino e cerca de 17% vítimas do sexo masculino. Apenas nove vítimas do sexo feminino tinham mais de 18 anos, situando-se cerca de 50% em idades inferiores a 14 anos. Nestes, cinco eram relativos a vítimas com idades iguais ou inferiores a 8 anos. Nos casos envolvendo vítimas do sexo masculino, duas tinham idades acima dos 18 anos, tendo o mais velho 34 anos, e quatro idades inferiores a 14 anos, sendo a vítima mais nova de 4 anos. Também no sexo masculino a maioria das vítimas foram menores. Nos casos em que a relação com o agressor era referenciada (e tal sucedeu em 37 situações), o agressor era conhecido da vítima na maioria, ou seja, em cerca de 57% das do sexo feminino e em cerca de 86% das do sexo masculino. O agressor foi predominantemente do sexo masculino (em cerca de 95% dos casos), sendo do sexo feminino em apenas cerca de 5%. O tipo mais frequente de agressão nas mulheres foi a penetração vaginal. No sexo masculino não foi possível constatar predominância de nenhum tipo de agressão em particular. Cerca de 43% das vítimas do sexo feminino e 72% das do sexo masculino foram sujeitas a múltiplas agressões sexuais. Verificou-se que a maioria das vítimas do sexo feminino (cerca de 65%) esperou mais de 15 dias para recorrer ao GML, o mesmo se verificando em cerca de 30% das vitimas do sexo masculino. Apenas uma pequena percentagem de vítimas de sexo feminino (cerca de 9%) recorreu ao GML nas primeiras 24 horas, verificando-se tal em cerca de 43% das vítimas do sexo masculino. Nos relatórios periciais analisados, as discussões são sucintas e limitam-se a afirmar se as lesões e os resultados dos exames são compatíveis ou não com a queixa de agressão sexual apresentada. Observaram-se 18 casos onde as conclusões afirmavam a (possível) compatibilidade da agressão sexual com a história descrita. Em três destes casos a vítima tinha recorrido em menos de 24 horas ao GML. A penetração vaginal foi o crime sexual predominante. A grave ameaça e a violência presumida foram os meios de constrangimento mais frequentemente utilizados. A maioria dos casos de abuso sexual deu-se de forma repetida e por tempo prolongado. O agressor foi identificado num expressivo número de casos, prevalecendo aqueles do núcleo familiar ou parental. O abuso sexual ocorreu principalmente em espaço privado e doméstico. A ocorrência de gravidez resultante de abuso sexual não foi significativa. Os menores são as principais vítimas de abuso e paradoxalmente as mais indefesas. Protegê-las é o dever de cada sociedade, de todos nós. Se não encontrarmos caminhos que garantam a sua protecção e justiça para todos, o flagelo dos crimes sexuais continuara a crescer em todo o mundo. O estudo evidenciou que, apesar das substanciais melhorias verificadas no apoio e observação médico-legal às vítimas de agressão sexual da região da Cova da Beira desde a instalação do GML da Covilhã, persistem todavia profundas insuficiências e deficiências nas perícias médico-legais concretizadas, as quais estão ainda longe de corresponderem aos padrões de qualidade estipulados pelo INML, I.P. e que vigoram noutros dos seus serviços. Evidenciou também a necessidade urgente da utilização de um formulário completo de orientação destes exames periciais.
Sexual violence, whatever the type, is considered a serious violation of human rights. It is estimated that sexual crimes affect about 12 million people around the world annually. In Portugal, the reality about this subject is still substantially unknown in many parts of the country. Through the analysis of situations relating to sexual crimes registered in the GML Covilhã between 2002 and 2010, following the complaint by alleged victims, this study aims to allow some knowledge of the reality about this subject in the region of Cova da Beira. Of the all the studied cases, about 83% involved female victims and about 17% male victims. Only nine female victims were over 18 years old and about 50% of them were under the age of 14. In these, five were related to victims aged less than or equal to 8 years old. In cases involving male victims, two were over 18 years old and the oldest was 34 years old; and four were under 14 and the youngest victim was a 4 year old. Again, concerning males, most victims were minors. In cases where the relationship with the attacker was referenced (and this happened in 37 cases), the attacker was known to the victim most times, or about 57% in females and approximately 86% of males. The attacker was predominantly male (approximately 95% of the cases) and female in about 5% of the cases. The most common type of aggression in females was vaginal penetration. In the male, it was not possible to determine any kind of predominance of a particular type of aggression. About 43% of female victims and 72% of males were subjected to multiple sexual assaults. It was found that most female victims (about 65%) waited over 15 days to appeal to the GML; and the same happened in approximately 30% of male victims. Only a small percentage of female victims (9%) resorted to the GML in the first 24 hours; that happened with about 43% of male victims. In the analyzed expert reports, discussions are succinct and just state whether the injuries and test results are or not compatible with the presented complaint of sexual assault. We observed 18 cases where the findings affirmed the (possible) compatibility of sexual assault with the history given. In three of these cases, the victim had resorted in less than 24 hours to GML. The vaginal penetration was the predominant sex crime. The serious threat and alleged violence were the most frequently used means of constraint. Most cases of sexual abuse took place repeatedly and for long periods. The attacker was identified in a significant number of cases, prevailing those from the same family, or even parents. The sexual abuse occurred primarily in a private and domestic space. The occurrence of pregnancy resulting from sexual abuse was not significant. Minors are the main victims of abuse and paradoxically the most helpless. Protecting them is the duty of every society, of each and every one of us. If we do not find ways to ensure their protection and justice for all, the sexual crimes will continue to increase throughout the world. The study showed that, despite the substantial improvements made in the support and medical and legal observation of the victims of sexual assault in Cova da Beira region since the GML Covilhã opened, there are still serious weaknesses and deficiencies in the medical-legal forensics that took place. These are still far from meeting the quality standards stipulated by INML, I.P. and that are used in other of their services. The urgent need to use a complete form for the investigations’ guidance should be noted.

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Tavares, Juarez Estevam Xavier. "Teoria dos crimes omissivos". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3820.

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O trabalho está voltado à elaboração de uma teoria dos crimes omissivos, com o sentido de obter uma limitação de sua expansão. Para alcançar esse objetivo, são postas em discussão todas as concepções do crime omissivo, tanto no aspecto dogmático quanto de política criminal. Na primeira parte, estão apresentados os problemas práticos da omissão, sua evolução legislativa e sua importância. A partir daí, são discutidas as elaborações doutrinárias quanto à sua natureza, à sua estrutura e à sua punibilidade. Quanto à sua natureza, a omissão é analisada como forma de ação, como forma equiparada de ação e como forma correspondente de ação. Quanto à sua estrutura, a omissão é vista sob o enfoque de seu tratamento legal, que requer um aprofundamento da composição da norma e de seus elementos comunicativos. Quanto à sua punibilidade, são destacados seus aspectos contraditórios referentes à falta de simetria entre sua estrutura empírica e normativa, de um lado, e as consequências pelo descumprimento do dever, de outro lado. Na segunda parte, formata-se uma conclusão dogmática crítica de toda a discussão em torno da natureza, da estrutura e da punibilidade da omissão. Inicia-se sob uma crítica dos objetivos da dogmática e se projeta sobre todas as questões fundamentais que envolvem os crimes omissivos. São feitas assertivas sobre a tipicidade, a antijuridicidade e a culpabilidade da omissão, assim como sobre o concurso de pessoas e suas fases de execução. Para não sobrecarregar o texto, são tratados em anexo os temas relacionados ao concurso de crimes e aos delitos omissivos culposos. Tendo em vista que a segunda parte constitui uma conclusão de todo o desenvolvimento crítico da omissão, realizado na primeira parte, não foram enumerados tópicos conclusivos. O método empregado está baseado no princípio dialético construtivista de Holzcamp.
The work is aimed at developing a theory of omissive crimes, with a purpose to limit the expansion of punishment. To achieve this goal, are under discussion all conceptions of the omission, both in the dogmatic as criminal politics. The first section presents the practical problems of the omission, legislative developments and importance. Thereafter, we discuss the doctrinal elaborations as to its nature, its structure and its punishment. In terms of its nature, the omission is analyzed as a form of action, as a way of action and treated as a corresponding action. As for its structure, the omission is viewed from the standpoint of the legal treatment, which requires a deepening of the composition of standard and communicative elements. As for its punishment, contradictory aspects are highlighted regarding the lack of symmetry between empirical and normative structure on the one hand, and the consequences for the breach of duty, on the other. In the second part, formatting is a critical dogmatic conclusion of the whole discussion around the nature, structure and punishment of the omission. It starts from a critical to the dogmatic goals and projects on all fundamental issues involving those crimes. Assertions are made about the typical elements, the illegality and the means rea of omission as well as on the concourse of people and on the execution phases. To streamline the text, attached are treated issues relating to the accumulation of crimes and the reckless offenses. Since the second part is a conclusion of all the critical development of the omission, performed in the first part, were not included conclusive listed topics. The work follows the dialectical method of Holzkamp.

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