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Goldman, Katherine Julia Thandiwe. "Trauma levels and coping strategies of Southern Gauteng crime scene examiners exposed to traumatic crime scenes and autopsies". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78372.
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Crime scene examiners (CSEs) spend long hours at traumatic crime scenes, and interact closely with various elements of crime scenes. The topic has only recently attracted international research interest, and in the South African context the offering is meagre. The study set out to determine the profile of Southern Gauteng CSEs; to establish the scope of their tasks and responsibilities; to ascertain their trauma levels in relation to traumatic crime scenes and autopsies; to identify the specific coping strategies they use; to determine their context-specific experiences of job-related stress and trauma; and to ascertain the measure to which they experience contentedness within their workplace and their views on both briefing and debriefing.
In pursuit of the objectives of the study, the research paradigm was rooted in positivism. Consequently, a quantitative approach was adopted and a cross-sectional design was employed. Through convenience sampling, 103 respondents were recruited from all eight Local Criminal Record Centres (LCRCs) in Southern Gauteng. The data gathering instrument was a paper-based, self-administered structured questionnaire, which included two standardised measuring instruments for trauma levels and coping strategies respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests indicated that non-parametric statistical procedures were required. Using the Mann Whitney U test, bivariate analysis allowed for testing the relationships between variables.
The findings demonstrate that male CSEs outnumber female CSEs by approximately 3:1. CSEs attend violent crime scenes with striking regularity, but autopsies less frequently. Significant proportions of CSEs are routinely required to both take photographs of crime scenes and compile photo albums. A sizeable number of CSEs present with concerning levels of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomology. The coping strategy adopted by majority of respondents is acceptance. Although attended less frequently, crime scenes involving deceased children are experienced as very distressing. A large proportion of CSEs are hesitant to access debriefing services, for numerous reasons, despite feeling the need to talk to someone about their work. The trauma experienced by CSEs is unique compared with other policing units. Therefore, it is recommended that trauma interventions should be responsive to their needs. Lastly, the CSEs who have been diagnosed with mental health conditions seem to be at significant risk, and thus they should receive special attention in future interventions.
Keywords: crime scene examiner, Local Criminal Record Centres, trauma, traumatic event, crime scene, traumatic crime scene, emotional stress, coping strategy, autopsy, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Southern Gauteng.Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2020
Social Work and Criminology
MA (Criminology)
Restricted
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Dath, Catrin. "Crime scenes in Virtual Reality : A user centered study". Thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och interaktionsdesign, MID, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209952.
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A crime scene is a vital part of an investigation. There are however, depending on the situation and crime, issues connected to physically being at the scene; risk of contamination, destruction of evidence or other issues can hinder the criminal investigators to stay, visit or revisit the scene. It is therefore important to visually capture the crime scene and any possible evidence in order to aid the investigation. This thesis aims to, with an initial research question, map out the main visual documentation needs, wishes and challenges that criminal investigators face during an investigation. In addition, with a second research question, it aims to address these in a Virtual Reality (VR) design and, with a third research question, explore however other professions in the investigation process could benefit from it. This was conducted through a literature review, interviews, workshops and iterations with the approach of the Double Diamond Model of Design. The results from the interviews were thematically analyzed and ultimately summarized into five key themes. These, together with various design criteria and principals, acted as design guidelines when creating a high fidelity VR design. The first two research questions were presented through the key themes and the VR design. The results of the third research question indicated that, besides criminal investigators, both prosecutors and criminal scene investigators may benefit from a VR design, although in different ways. A VR design can, in conclusion, address the needs, wishes and challenges of criminal investigators by being developed as a compiled visualization and collaboration tool.En brottsplats är en vital del av en brottsundersökning. Det finns emellertid, beroende på situation och brott, problem som är kopplade till att fysiskt befinna sig på brottsplatsen. Risk för kontamination, förstörelse av bevis eller andra problem kan hindra brottsutredarna att stanna, besöka eller återvända till brottsplatsen. Det är därför viktigt att visuellt dokumentara brottsplatsen och eventuella bevis för att bistå utredningen. Detta masterarbete ämnar att, med en första forskningsfråga, kartlägga de viktigaste behoven, önskemålen och utmaningarna gällande visuell dokumentation, som brottsutredare möter under en utredning. Vidare ämnar projektet att, med en andra forskningsfråga, möta dessa i en Virtuell Verklighet (VR) -design och, med en tredje forskningsfråga, undersöka hur andra yrkesgrupper i en utredningsprocess skulle kunna dra nytta av den. Detta genomfördes genom en litteraturstudie, intervjuer, workshops och iterationer grundat i tillvägagångssättet Double Diamond Model of Design. Resultaten från intervjuerna analyserades tematiskt och sammanfattades i fem huvudteman. Dessa teman, tillsammans med olika designkriterier och principer, agerade designriktlinjer vid skapandet av en high-fidelity VR-design. De två första frågorna presenterades genom nyckeltemana och VR-designen. Resultaten gällande den tredje forskningsfrågan visar att, utöver brottsutredare, både åklagare och kriminaltekniker kan dra nytta av en VR-design, även om på olika vis. Sammanfattningsvis kan en VRdesign möta utredarnas behov, önskemål och utmaningar gällande visuell dokumentation genom att utvecklas som ett kompilerat visualiserings- och samarbetsverktyg.
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Jacobsen, Dawn. "Classification of Toolmark Surfaces on Zipper Teeth". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2248/.
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This study proposes the classification of the toolmark under the heads of zipper teeth as a subclass characteristic as outlined by the Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners (AFTE). Two separate cases in which zipper teeth were found at crime scenes prompted this study. Brass zipper teeth manufactured by YKK were taken from 20 pairs of jeans and studied using a Reichert comparison microscope at 4X power. Photographs were taken and over 750 comparisons made. It was found that the toolmarks on each side on the 20 zippers were unique and independent of all other sides. The observations made in this study indicate that classifying zipper teeth toolmarks as a subclass characteristic is valid.
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Mc, Laughlin Shona. "Will they kill again? Comparative analysis of first crime scenes from serial homicide offenders and non-serial homicide offenders". Thesis, Mc Laughlin, Shona (2021) Will they kill again? Comparative analysis of first crime scenes from serial homicide offenders and non-serial homicide offenders. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/63232/.
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Homicide, especially serial homicide, is a very serious crime, which both captures and terrifies the public. Previous studies which compare serial homicide offenders to single homicide offenders are scarce. This study aimed to determine if it was possible to distinguish between both groups of offenders by looking at factors of the first crime scene to see if investigators could use this information to establish if the offenders will kill again. By building a database of 80 offenders (40 serial and 40 single), 22 variables regarding the offender, the victim, the location, and crime scene behaviours were compared and analysed using statistical analysis. 5 factors were found to be significantly different between the 2 groups - year of 1st murder, apprehension time lag, location relationship, trophies, and theft. Although there was differences found, these factors would not be enough on their own to distinguish between serial and single homicide offenders by examining the first crime scenes.
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Howard, Emma. "A Comprehensive Review of Various Substrates Commonly Encountered at Crime Scenes and their Fluorescence Characteristics using the Polilight Flare® Plus 2". Thesis, Howard, Emma (2018) A Comprehensive Review of Various Substrates Commonly Encountered at Crime Scenes and their Fluorescence Characteristics using the Polilight Flare® Plus 2. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/42964/.
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Biological fluids are often present within a crime scene and can be a valuable source of DNA evidence; therefore the detection and identification of these fluids is critical. Alternative light sources are a presumptive testing tool that can be used to detect and enhance potential biological and non-biological staining, through the exploitation of the ultraviolet, visible light and infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most biological fluids will emit fluorescence when excited by light from an alternative light source; however previous research has demonstrated that a range of non-biological products will also display fluorescence when viewed under alternative light sources, potentially causing confusion within a crime scene. Further investigation is required to develop a better understanding of the fluorescence displayed by biological and nonbiological products under a wide range of wavelengths and interference filters. This review will assess the current literature regarding the use of alternative light sources for the detection and visualisation of biological fluids, focusing on past studies that have recognised potential complications, such as the fluorescence of non-biological materials and the influence of background substrates on the detection of stains.
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Evans, Sarah. "The degradative effects of temperature, ultra violet radiation and sodium hypochlorite on the detection of blood at crime scenes using the ABACard® HemaTrace® kit". Thesis, Evans, Sarah (2016) The degradative effects of temperature, ultra violet radiation and sodium hypochlorite on the detection of blood at crime scenes using the ABACard® HemaTrace® kit. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/35140/.
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Blood is one of the most common types of biological evidence found at the scene of violent crimes. Whilst the first step in processing this evidence is observation and documentation, this is closely followed by presumptive testing. Due to the fact that many substances have an appearance similar to blood, the sample must be analysed at the crime scene firstly to determine if the material is likely to be blood, and secondly if it is likely to be of human origin. Depending on the case context, this ensures time and resources are not wasted testing a substance of little or no forensic value. However, this can be complicated if the selected testing kit has the ability to produce false-negative results.
There are many degradative substances and environmental conditions within a crime scene in which a bloodstain can be exposed to. Substantial degradation may result in an inability for the presumptive test to recognise the sample as blood. The ABACard® HemaTrace® from Abacus Diagnostics Inc. tests for the presence human haemoglobin by antibody-antigen immunohematological chromatography, and is routinely used by forensic Police forces and biological laboratories worldwide. However, it is currently unknown in the scientific literature, how certain degradative agents, such as high temperature, high intensity ultra violet (UV) radiation and sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) affect the haemoglobin within a blood sample in terms of subsequent presumptive testing. If the haemoglobin is structurally degraded beyond recognition, it may not be able to bind to the antibodies present within the HemaTrace® kit, producing a false-negative result. This literature review aims to address the affect these three degradative agents (high temperature, UV radiation and bleach) have on human haemoglobin and the subsequent testing using the ABACard® HemaTrace® kit. The purpose of this literature review is to dictate parameters for potential research that may aid in answering the investigative question.
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Sirr, Susan. "Comparison of spatial, vertical and seasonal distribution of palynomorphs in two Perth metropolitan wetlands". University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0118.
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Forensic Palynology has helped to solve crimes ranging from fraud to murder. Pollen is ubiquitous, almost indestructible and microscopic in size. It is often sticky and easily carried, undetected, from one place to another. As pollen is unique to a plant species, combinations of pollen types (pollen assemblages) present in soil or other samples can identify the type of environment, and often the exact location, from which a sample originated. Although Forensic Palynology has been used routinely in New Zealand for over 25 years, is commonly used in the United Kingdom and has been used in several cases in Australia in the past ten years, little research has been done in this field. In Australia, police require an initial broad palynological analysis of samples from a crime scene prior to approving a more detailed analysis. This project investigates palynological samples from two superficially similar environments that could potentially be a crime scene and alibi location, in order to determine if they can be broadly distinguished from each other. Two Perth metropolitan wetlands, Herdsman Lake and Eric Singleton Bird Sanctuary, were chosen for study as potential sites for assaults and clandestine burials. Four sites within each wetland, with correspondingly similar vegetation communities, were sampled at surface level in different seasons. At three sites, 50 cm cores were taken and sampled at seven levels to simulate shallow grave profiles. Samples were prepared and analysed using standard palynological techniques. Surface and core (grave profile) pollen assemblages were compared site by site within each wetland, and with the corresponding site of the other wetland. The grave profile assemblages for each core were combined and averaged to represent mixed 'burial assemblages', and similarly compared across and within wetlands. Palynological analysis established that the surface soil samples were characteristic of wetland environments. The different vegetation sites in each wetland, and the corresponding vegetation site in the other wetland, were broadly palynologically distinct. The season in which samples were collected was difficult to determine. Grave profile assemblages generally differed from surface samples at each site, and broadly differed across and between the two wetlands, but the differences in the 'burial assemblages' were less marked. The findings of this study confirm that broad palynological analysis can differentiate between two wetlands at surface level and downhole, and that samples at different depths in a grave should be separately analysed. Collection of control samples from similar and possible alibi environments is essential. Caution should be taken when palynologically interpreting the season in which a crime was committed.
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Fish, Jacqueline T., Larry S. Miller, Michael C. Braswell i Edward W. Jr Wallace. "Crime Scene Investigation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/1455775401.
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Crime Scene Investigation offers an innovative approach to learning about crime scene investigation, taking the reader from the first response on the crime scene to documenting crime scene evidence and preparing evidence for courtroom presentation. It includes topics not normally covered in other texts, such as forensic anthropology and pathology, arson and explosives, and the electronic crime scene. Numerous photographs and illustrations complement text material, and a chapter-by-chapter fictional narrative also provides the reader with a qualitative dimension of the crime scene experience.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1085/thumbnail.jpg
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D'Souza, Veronica. "Utilizing GPS to track crime scene investigators within a crime scene and monitoring their fatigue". Thesis, D'Souza, Veronica (2017) Utilizing GPS to track crime scene investigators within a crime scene and monitoring their fatigue. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39833/.
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Crime scene investigators (CSI’s) can work long hours in less than ideal conditions which may increase the chances of fatigue being experienced. By understanding the mental acuity required for the job it can be understood to further analyse how physiological signs of stress and fatigue can affect the CSI’s work. In understanding fatigue, examination to monitor, measure and manage is needed. Physiological parameters including heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature have been analysed to show some association with fatigue and stress (1-3). The examination of physiological parameters in association with fatigue and stress is applied to athletes and whether it can be applied in the crime scene setting. In crime scene investigation, there are specific procedures followed to ensure continuity and integrity from the crime scene to the courtroom. One important procedure is note taking of the crime scene, which includes an entry and exit log of personnel moving in and out of the scene (4). By introducing Global Positioning System (GPS) as a component to track individuals in a crime scene, this could potentially replace crime scene entry and exit logs if proven successful. GPS is a satellite navigation system developed by the US Department of Defence and Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) developed by Russia, where both provide positioning, navigation and timing services (5). The experimental project is to establish if GPS devices can effectively track CSI’s in a crime scene environment, while measuring their physiological parameters to show signs of stress and fatigue.
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Elf, Patric. "Photophysics of blood on a crime scene". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231014.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibility to age-determine blood spots with the help of enzymes which blood contains, in order to see if with these results it's possible to give an estimate of how long it has been since blood left the body. The main domain of this would be that of a crime-scene in order to give a time-frame of when a crime has been commited. The analysis consists of a serum that has been spiked with these enzymes gets to dry over time, and how the activity of these enzymes, which are dependent on the enzymes denaturation change. Problems which arose, such as drying of the blood, what blood contains, as well as a brief review of the possibility to conjugate quantum dots to the enzymes are also reviewed.Syftet med den här studien är att analysera möjligheten till att åldersbestämma blod med hjälp av enzymer som blodet innehåller, för att se om dessa resultat i sin tur går att använda för att ge en uppskattning om hur länge sedan blodet lämnade kroppen. Huvudsakliga användningsområdet för det skulle vara vid en brottsplats, för att kunna ge ett tidsspann då ett brott har begåtts. Analysen består av att ett serum som är spikat med dessa enzymer har fått torka över tid, och hur aktiviteten av enzymerna som är beroende på enzymernas sönderfall påverkas. Problem som uppstod, såsom intorkning och vad blod innehåller behandlas också, såväl som kort om hurvida det är möjligt att konjugera kvant-prickar till enzymerna.
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Burrow, J. Gordon. "Crime scene investigation : bare footprint collection and analysis". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701002.
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Komulainen, Oscar, i Måns Lögdlund. "Navigation and tools in a virtual crime scene". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-153847.
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Revisiting a crime scene is a vital part of investigating a crime. When physically visiting a crime scene there is however always a risk of contaminating the scene, and when working on a cold case, chances are that the physical crime has been altered. This thesis aims to explore what tools a criminal investigator would need to investigate a crime in a virtual environment and if a virtual reconstruction of a crime scene can be used to aid investigators when solving crimes. To explore these questions, an application has been developed in Unreal Engine that uses virtual reality (VR) to investigate a scene, reconstructed from data that has been obtained through laser scanning. The result is an application where the user is located in the court of Stockholm city, which was scanned with a laser scanner by NFC in conjunction with the terror attack on Drottninggatan in April 2017. The user can choose between a set of tools, e.g. a measuring tool and to place certain objects in the scene, in order to draw conclusions of what has happened. User tests with criminal investigators show that this type of application might be of use in some way for the Swedish police. It is however not clear how or when this would be possible which can be expected since this is a new type of application that has not been used by the police before.
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Naicker, Kamil. "Return to the scene of the crime: The returnee detective and postcolonial crime fiction". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25397.
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This thesis investigates the ways in which the crime novel genre has been taken up and adapted in order to depict and grapple with ideas of justice in selected postcolonial contexts. It approaches this investigation through the figure of the 'returnee detective' in these texts and determines how this recurring figure is used to mediate the reader's understanding of civil conflict in the postcolonial world. What makes this trope so noteworthy, and merits investigation, is the way in which guilt and innocence (and their attendant associations of self and other) are forced into realignment by the end of colonial rule and the rise of civil conflict. In the context of civil war, crime becomes more insidious and intimate than the traditional mystery motif will allow. The returnee detective furthers this breakdown by performing the role of hybrid mediator within the text. The returnee figure is at once strange and familiar, lacking both the staunch sense of identity that is necessary in order to maintain the mystery of the 'other' and the objectivity to comfortably apportion blame to one side. Postcolonial fictions of crime set in the context of civil conflict thus emerge as belonging to a distinct category requiring a distinct critical approach. The primary texts are When We Were Orphans by Kazuo Ishiguro, Anil's Ghost by Michael Ondaatje, The Long Night of White Chickens by Francisco Goldman, Red Dust by Gillian Slovo and Crossbones by Nuruddin Farah. My theoretical framework combines genre theory and postcolonial theory. By combining two critical strands I demonstrate that the intimacy of civil war and the returnees' ambivalent attitudes to home and away unsettle crime genre conventions, producing a new form that challenges notions of morality, legitimacy and culpability.
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Doran, Glen. "Maturity and experience in domestic burglar crime scene behaviour". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34589/.
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Domestic burglars have presented a motivational mixture of acquisitive gain and interpersonal transaction but have often been differentiated by levels of perceived competence, acknowledging skills accrued through experience, often in neglect of the psychological underpinnings. In parallel, McAdams (1997) stressed the experiential nature of personal narratives, suggesting that a psychological and behavioural development could be tracked across offending histories. Offender narratives research however, has often centred on single crimes or brief periods of offending and has yet to fully address developmental processes. The thesis therefore, examined how levels of maturity, quantitative and qualitative aspects of previous offending and previous domain-specific experience affected development in domestic burglar behaviours, within a framework of narrative-based behavioural themes. Behaviours recorded by police in 673 solved domestic burglaries were utilized, together with the burglars’ prior offending records. Extensive Smallest space analysis revealed that for maturity, the adaptive theme was dominant, particularly in younger burglars, while the less task-focused expressive theme increased in percentage in older offenders. This was opposite to the linear, novice-to-expert ascension anticipated in experience- based typologies. Domestic burglary experience prompted expediency in adaptive offenders, continually developing aptitude in conservatives, but no form of development in expressives. Maturity produced a small degree of age-related behavioural change, while burglary experience led to perceptual and procedural developments, within task-focused themes only. Experience did not correlate with maturity, resulting in the conclusion that previous allusions to experience had in truth, been differentiations in narrative roles, the dominant behavioural influencer. This revised interpretation of behavioural development held substantial implications for the understanding of domestic burglar behaviour, and the effects of maturity and experience. Equally, the thesis presented a valuable fresh insight into domestic burglary narrative roles, which remained consistent with McAdams’ developmental framework.
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Bull, Sofia. "A Post-genomic Forensic Crime Drama : CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Cultural Forum on Science". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81474.
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This thesis examines how the first 10 seasons of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (CBS, 2000–) engage with discourses on science. Investigating CSI’s representation of scientific practices and knowledge, it explicitly attempts to look beyond the generic assumption that forensic crime dramas simply ‘celebrate’ science. The material is analysed at three different levels, studying CSI’s wider cultural discursive context, genre linkages, and audio-visual form. In order to fully account for the series’ specificity, the thesis undertakes comparative analyses of earlier forensic crime dramas and other relevant audio-visual material. Close textual readings of certain thematic tropes, narrative devices and visual imagery in CSI are thus supplemented by historical studies of their extended generic backgrounds. This textual-historical approach generates a general argument that CSI dramatizes and evokes a number of different, and often contradictory, scientific ideas, perspectives and discursive shifts. The thesis concludes that CSI stages a transnational cultural forum, simultaneously engaging with residual, dominant and emergent discourses on science. Throughout, close attention is paid to the multiple perspectives and viewpoints that allow the series to appeal to a wide and heterogeneous global audience. Furthermore, the thesis asserts that CSI specifically articulates a post-genomic structure of feeling, which begins to express the wider cultural implications of an emergent discursive shift whereby the instrumentalisation of molecular science seemingly offers more possibilities for human intervention into biological processes. Thus, the study demonstrates how CSI’s discourse on science treats recent scientific developments as engendering a cultural process of redefinition, questioning foundational concepts such as truth, identity, body, kinship and emotions.
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Sundberg, Jacob. "Linking crime through modus operandi. On linking Series of Crime into Single Offenders through Sructured Collection of Crime Scene Information". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25526.
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The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of the current state of research regarding the potential of linking series of crimes to single offenders through repeated modus operandi behaviors. A systematic literature review was conducted to document findings from previous evaluation research as to the predictive accuracy of crime linkage specific to residential burglary. The findings indicate that predictions of linked burglaries can be made with moderate to high predictive accuracy. In order to get an understanding of the extent to which residential burglary offenders repeat their crime scene behaviors, the findings are discussed in relation to the criminological theories Routine activities theory and the Rational Choice perspective. Future research is suggested.
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Colwill, Simon. "Low-cost crime scene mapping: reviewing emerging freeware, low-cost methods of 3D mapping and applying them to crime scene investigation and forensic evidence". Thesis, Colwill, Simon (2016) Low-cost crime scene mapping: reviewing emerging freeware, low-cost methods of 3D mapping and applying them to crime scene investigation and forensic evidence. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/35143/.
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Within the realm of 3D mapping, three technologies dominate; Laser, which excels at long range measurements with relatively high accuracy; Structured light systems, which excel at short range measurements at very high accuracy; and Photogrammetry, which uses only photographs, and can vary heavily with accuracy. Forensic science often utilises laser technology in a surveying role, however the other two are more specialised and used far less often. A barrier to greater use of 3D scanning and recreation is the generally large cost of the devices, some costing more than $100,000.
Microsoft Kinect brought an infrared camera to the market as part of a gaming console, the Xbox. This camera functions as a mid-range structured light camera, and modified to map and measure a 3D environment. Kinect sensors are low-cost alternatives, and because of their higher accessibility, development of this technology is faster. Additionally, the development of more sophisticated software, and computational power has meant that photogrammetry has also become far more accessible, requiring only a moderate to high quality digital camera, and the accompanying program. These low-cost alternatives may prove to be invaluable for Police departments to attain greater evidence recovery in times of world-wide budget restrictions.
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Taskin, Kasim. "Evaluating Augmented Reality and Computer Vision for Crime Scene Investigation". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280783.
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When investigating a crime, investigators often need to revisit the crime scene to get a better understanding of the crime. However, all traces of crime and objects of interest are quickly removed from the scene. Using augmented reality, one can allow investigators to visit crime scenes in their original state readily. Importantly, as the solution is designed to be used within the judicial system, accuracy is crucial. The thesis evaluates different positioning methods for virtual objects by comparing against ground truth positions as well as the perceived movement of the objects. The findings show that in specific scenarios, anchored positioning methods are preferred. Moreover, reconstructing a crime scene is a very tedious process. To simplify the process the paper presents a novel method for raising a 2D bounding box to 3D. The results show a poor estimation of 3D bounding boxes, with mean IoU values for a cup and bottle being 0:3 and 0:1 respectively. However, it is noted that the system is adequate to assist in reconstruction a crime scene, but not replace it.När man utreder ett brott måste utredare ofta besöka brottsplatsen för att få en bättre förståelse av brottet. Däremot tas alla spår av brott och viktiga föremål snabbt bort från brottsplatsen. Med hjälp av förstärkt verklighet (AR) möjliggör man för utredare att besöka brottsplatser i sitt ursprungliga skick. Eftersom systemet är utformat för att användas inom rättsväsendet, är noggrannhet avgörande. Examensarbetet utvärderar olika positioneringsmetoder för virtuella objekt genom att jämföra positioner mot sann data samt den uppfattade rörelsen av de virtuella objekten. Resultaten visar att i vissa scenarier är förankrade (eng. anchored) positioneringsmetoder att föredra. Dessutom är det mycket tidskrävande att rekonstruera en brottsplats. För att förenkla processen presenteras en ny metod för att höja en 2D bounding box till 3D. Resultaten visar dock en dålig noggrannhet för metoden, där medelvärdet för IoU-värden för en kopp och flaska är 0:3 respektive 0:1. Samtidigt noteras att systemet är tillräckligt för att underlätta rekonstruktioner av brottsplatser men kan inte helt ersätta dem.
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Linda, Sithembile Charity. "Trauma and coping among crime scene examiners : a phenomenological inquiry". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78431.
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Crime scene examiners (CSEs) use analytical techniques to collect physical evidence on crime scenes. As such, they often have close contact with dead bodies and body fluids. Research on trauma and coping among CSEs is in its infancy in South Africa. The aim of the study was to conduct a phenomenological study on the trauma and coping methods used by CSEs at four Local Criminal Record Centres (LCRCs) in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The objectives of the study were to investigate the nature of trauma experienced by the CSEs when interacting with violent and traumatic crime scenes, identifying the methods that CSEs use to cope with trauma experiences, and ascertain the usefulness of the coping methods CSEs use. A qualitative research approach was used as it focused on detailed descriptions of participants’ experiences and beliefs, and was fitting for a study with unquantifiable data. Thus, due to paucity of local studies regarding research problem, objectives articulated for the study prescribed the utilisation of transcendental phenomenology research design. Personal interviews were conducted with 25 CSEs, utilising a semi-structured interview schedule. The data was analysed to find a subjective meaning of different realities. The findings suggested that CSEs are potentially at risk of adopting maladaptive behaviour to cope with stress because of a lack of support. Noteworthy observations are that ineffective coping results to neglecting work details to avoid triggering stress, refusing to use debriefing and support programmes and self-isolation which often leads to severe depression and in some cases suicide.
Key words: trauma; crime scenes; coping; forensic investigation; murder; crime scene examiners and City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
2022/12/31
Social Work and Criminology
MA (Criminology)
Unrestricted
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Wyatt, David Mark. "Accomplishing technical and investigative expertise in everyday crime scene investigation". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17904.
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This research, situated at the intersection of sociology, science and technology studies and police studies, provides the first sociological account of Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) training in England and Wales. Focusing on the acquisition and everyday enactment of CSI expertise, this qualitative, ethnographic investigation asks (1) what are the roles, practices and expertise of the CSI and (2) how is the CSI’s expertise developed in training and enacted in everyday work. These questions are explored through participant observation at the main training centre for UK CSIs, observation at crime scenes, interviews with trainees during and after their training and visual methods. By unpicking the visible and invisible components of CSI work, I analyse how CSIs are trained to document crime scenes and explore the practices of transforming a potentially relevant object from these locations into artefacts that meet the requirements of courtroom scrutiny. I demonstrate how CSIs engage actively and reflexively with the requirements of different conceptions of objectivity and the changing demands placed on them. They continually and performatively negotiate and delimit multiple boundaries, from the very literal in demarcating a crime scene to claiming their position within the investigative hierarchy in each interaction. Unlike other discussions of boundary work, for the CSI this is iterative, requires constant effort and is embedded in their routine practice. Within police environments, the CSI has scope for such boundary work. In the courtroom, however, crime scene investigation is narrowly defined. This thesis develops our understanding of the CSI and crime scene investigation as a practice. It stresses the significance of taking this actor seriously in any account of forensic science and investigative practices. By viewing the CSI as simply an evidence collector, or not considering her work at all, the expertise and pivotal role of this actor in the meaningful and efficient use of science in policing is blackboxed. My detailed qualitative analysis of the CSI’s role, work and specialist expertise contributes a necessary account of a key actor in the police and criminal justice system.
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Bull, Sofia. "Kroppen, sanningen och döden : En utredning av CSI: Crime Scene Investigation". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Cinema Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-897.
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Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vilken funktion och betydelse kroppen har i första säsongen av CSI: Crime Scenen Investigation (CBS, 2000-). Detta eftersom det kan ge en ökad förståelse för de föreställningar som omgärdar kroppen i vår kultur idag. Författaren gör närläsningar av analysobjektet som relateras till relevant litteratur, såväl som tidigare praktiker och representationer av kroppslighet.
I den första delen undersöker författaren vilken roll kroppen spelar i utredningsarbetets sökande efter en säker sanning. Författaren konstaterar att utredarna använder sig av en kroppslig utredningsteknik och att kroppen dessutom ses som en privilegierad form av bevis, vars tillgänglighet ökar med hjälp av obduktionsförfarandet och olika teknologiska hjälpmedel. Vidare ifrågasätter författaren hur långsökta slutsatser om individen dras från kroppen. Till sist föreslår författaren att tron på säker kunskap känns betryggande i en tid då kroppen ses som föränderlig och där begrepp som verklighet och sanning blivit flytande.
I den andra delen undersöker författaren hotfull kroppslighet och hur dessa hot eventuellt neutraliseras. Författaren drar här fyra huvudsakliga slutsatser:
1. Den uppstyckade kroppen är skrämmande eftersom den uppfattas som gränsöverskridande och utredarnas ihopsamlande av kroppsdelar är ett sätt att återskapa de ursprungliga gränserna.
2. Döden är ytterligare en gränsöverskridande praktik som dessutom innebär kroppens totala förintelse, utredningsarbetet är en kamp mot döden som strävar efter att återupprätta livet.
3. Utredarnas förhållande till den döda kroppen är synnerligen komplext eftersom de bör förbli objektiva, men samtidigt inte får riskera att objektifiera den döda kroppen.
4. Själva filmmediet kan ses som ett hot mot kroppen genom sitt fragmenterande bildspråk, men också som ett försvar mot döden genom förmågan att skildra rörelse.
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Feilzer, Martina Yvonne. "The 'crime scene' experiment : improving public knowledge through the provision of factual information on crime and criminal justice". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8834e3d-996d-400a-8c71-8fb1f3bb6a2b.
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This thesis explores the relationship between crime, media, and public opinion of crime and criminal justice. It sets out current levels of knowledge and contemporary debates in each of the three academic disciplines devoted to these aspects of social life, and discusses how they relate to each other. It focuses on the capacity of information and public education to influence levels of public knowledge of and, as a secondary concern, attitudes towards, crime and criminal justice. The empirical research at the heart of the thesis employed a mixed methods research study drawing on quantitative – experimental research using a public opinion survey – as well as qualitative research methods – in-depth interviews and contextual data. The experimental research, the Oxford Public Opinion Survey and the publication of the Crime Scene column, was designed to measure the impact of providing factual information about crime and criminal justice to the public in a naturalistic way, i.e. by using a local newspaper column as the conveyor of such information. The key finding from the research was that readership of the column was low and that the column had no measurable impact on readers. Overall, the research findings suggest that interest in, take-up, and retention of factual information on crime and criminal justice is not as high as previous empirical research has suggested. The Crime Scene study has implications for sociological theories of crime and punishment which rely on simplistic orthodoxies concerning the media’s importance in influencing public opinion on crime and criminal justice and the related assumption that ‘the public’ is straightforwardly punitive.
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Hellqvist, Sara. "Offenders’ interrogation behavior: the importance of crime scene characteristics and corroborating evidence". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-79541.
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Offender profiling aims at generating information of an offender based upon the crime committed and the goal is to be an adjunct in the crime invesigation process. The aim of the study was to examine crime scene characteristics and corroborating evidence and their associations with offenders' interrogation behavior. Results from 207 analyzed police files indicated that reactive (impulsive) offenders confessed more often when there was technical evidence against them compared to instrumental (calculating) offenders. Reactive offenders also had more injuries. Injured reactive offenders were more inclined to deny, whereas injured instrumental offenders claimed amnesia more often. When comparing the confessions injured reactive offenders were more inclined to confess than injured instrumental offenders. There was also a strong tendency implying more confessions with witness reports. The findings point towards the practical usefulness of information of crime scene characteristics and corroborating evidence in the interrogation phase by better tailoring the interviewing strategy.
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Salfati, Carina Gabrielle. "Homicide : a behavioural analysis of crime scene actions and associated offender characteristics". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266051.
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Spichler, Anne, Bonnie L. Hurwitz, David G. Armstrong i Benjamin A. Lipsky. "Microbiology of diabetic foot infections: from Louis Pasteur to 'crime scene investigation'". BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610294.
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Were he alive today, would Louis Pasteur still champion culture methods he pioneered over 150 years ago for identifying bacterial pathogens? Or, might he suggest that new molecular techniques may prove a better way forward for quickly detecting the true microbial diversity of wounds? As modern clinicians faced with treating complex patients with diabetic foot infections (DFI), should we still request venerated and familiar culture and sensitivity methods, or is it time to ask for newer molecular tests, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing? Or, are molecular techniques as yet too experimental, non-specific and expensive for current clinical use? While molecular techniques help us to identify more microorganisms from a DFI, can they tell us ‘who done it?', that is, which are the causative pathogens and which are merely colonizers? Furthermore, can molecular techniques provide clinically relevant, rapid information on the virulence of wound isolates and their antibiotic sensitivities? We herein review current knowledge on the microbiology of DFI, from standard culture methods to the current era of rapid and comprehensive ‘crime scene investigation' (CSI) techniques.
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Demircioglu, Mehmet. "Information Seeking Behavior of Crime Scene Investigators in the Turkish National Police". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28411/.
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This exploratory research is the first one among occupational information seeking behavior studies that focuses on information seeking behaviors of the crime scene investigators. The data used in this dissertation were gathered via a self-administrated survey instrument from 29 cities in Turkey. Findings obtained from the data analyses show that there is a strongly positive relationship between the experience of the crime scene investigators and the use of personal knowledge and experience as a primary information source (experience is operationalized with age, service years in policing, and service years in crime scene investigation units). The findings also suggest that increasing of the level of education is negatively related to relying on immediate colleagues as an information source among the crime scene investigators. These findings are consistent with related literature and theory. The data analysis shows that crime scene investigators work in cities with higher population rates have more complaint scores than those who work in cities with lower population rates across Turkey. The findings from the data analysis may suggest valuable implications to defeat the barriers between crime scene investigators and information sources. The researcher drew a proposed theoretical framework of an information behavior concept in the context of crime scene investigation that may help those who are interested in the phenomenon and its applications to other contexts.
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Ozger, Murat. "Paying attention to the evidence : a comparison of perception and decision making processes in novice and experienced 'scene of crime' officers using eye tracking in simulated crime scene scenarios". Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2016. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/26649/.
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Research on crime scene investigation has strongly focused on the technical aspects of the process, while cognitive aspects (searching, reasoning and perception) have often been overlooked. Textbooks on forensic sciences tend to focus on identifying and processing evidence, and the use of equipment while it can be argued that cognitive factors in processing such evidence and using equipment are equally important. This thesis studies the cognitive aspects of crime scene investigation by comparing eye movement patterns in experts and novices. Studies in various domains, including surgery, sports, and chess playing have shown that eye movements differ between experts and novices, providing a tool towards a more objective assessment of skill than is possible with peer assessment. In four experiments eye movements of experts and novices were examined during (1) inspection of photographs of crime scenes on a computer screen (2) a change blindness task on crime and non-crime scene images, (3) active exploration of a simulated crime scene and (4) the assessment of emotional crime and natural scenes. While some trends in eye movement differences, such as a tendency on longer fixation durations and a broader focus on the overall scene and less on the direct evidence could be found in experts compared to novices, differences between experts and novices were considerably smaller than in other domains, despite the broad range of measures extracted from the data. This lack of clear expertise effects may relate to the rather diverse range of perceptual layouts of crime scenes, reducing possible top-down effects of expertise on the deployment of attention. The results will be discussed with a view of possible directions of future research in this domain.
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Lehmann, Robert J. B. [Verfasser]. "Using Crime Scene Behavior for Risk Assessment in Sexual Offenders / Robert J.B. Lehmann". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1077024479/34.
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Bright, Brittain. "Beyond the scene of the crime : investigating place in Golden Age detective fiction". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2015. http://research.gold.ac.uk/11637/.
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Place is both physical and conceptual; in fiction, place offers an initial basic orientation, but also fulfills many more complex roles. This thesis considers place in the Golden Age detective novels of Agatha Christie, Gladys Mitchell, and Dorothy L. Sayers to establish place as a point of critical engagement, and uses place to re-consider influential works in the genre. The exploration of place uncovers textual clues that are not necessarily detective clues, complicating these novels and dismantling deceptive assumptions about the homogeneity of the Golden Age. The evidential place, or “the scene of the crime”, provides a physical setting for the crime itself and the clues that it generates, but it is rarely the most important or revelatory place in a detective story. Christie developed a place-typology that defined much of her work: the house, the village, London, and the holiday convey distinct meanings from early in her career. These places evolve over decades of social commentary, but each maintains a core of structural meaning. Character and place often develop in tandem, and Mitchell is particularly interested in the distortions of the relationship between the two. She rejects the rationality of the genre, and uses place and focalization to embed psychological questioning in her novels. Sayers considers place a central “artistic unity” of the novel. She presents place as a socially constructed unit, and through notions of “belonging” or being “out of place”, she interrogates structures of milieu. Place becomes a central focal point in her later novels, through which she questions contemporary values and identities. In all of these authors’ work, the detective is a figure representative of modernity, developed through his or her relationship to place. Place also takes the investigation outside of purely plot-based channels, and into sociological and psychological areas of questioning.
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Patlak, David Julian. "Evaluation of wet-vacuum technique versus traditional methods for collection of biological crime scene samples". Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21234.
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Thesis (M.S.F.S.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Generally, biological samples are collected from crime scenes using swabbing, cutting, or taping techniques. However, these methods are limited in their abilities to recover diluted, masked, or otherwise invisible stains. Additionally, their targeted nature allows only a small portion of a larger stain to be collected at one time. In this study, a sterile wet-vacuum collection system was evaluated in its ability to collect small volume bloodstains from various substrates. Vacuuming was compared to swabbing and taping methods currently used in forensic analysis. Samples were collected from porous and nonporous surfaces; the efficacy of each collection method was evaluated with a colorimetric presumptive blood test. To evaluate each collection method, dilutions containing from 0.25 nl to 25 μl human blood were spotted on common substrate materials, allowed to dry, and recovered. For comparison to the novel method, single-swabbing and tape-lifting techniques were performed in this study to collect samples for presumptive testing. During wet vacuum collection, stains were saturated with sterile buffer and suction was applied to the surrounding area, accumulating buffer in a collection bottle. Collected buffer was then filtered through membranes to capture cellular material, which were then presumptively tested for the presence of blood. Testing was performed with Kastle-Meyer (phenolphthalein) reagents. Each sample was photographed under consistent conditions in order to determine signal intensity. It was shown that the wet-vacuuming technique is able to recover sufficient amounts of blood for presumptive testing from multiple substrates. This method was able to detect similar dilutions of blood as traditional techniques in samples collected from porous surfaces, but was less effective on a nonporous substrate. Presumptive test image analysis shows increased relative intensity in collections from textiles, such as denim, when using the wet-vacuum system. Considering the results of a contemporaneous DNA quantification study, it was shown that in instances where a very weak presumptive result is found, the wet-vacuum technique may be better able to collect genetic material for downstream processing than the traditional methods evaluated. This study demonstrates the potential of wet-vacuuming as a suitable alternative technique to collect adhered cellular material from substrates in forensic investigations.
2031-01-01
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Kekessie, Seyram. "Attentional Competition: Weapon Focus, Encoding Time, and Memory Accuracy Correlations between Crime Scene Items". FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2209.
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The present study examines the relationships between recognition and recall accuracy of faces, and recognition and recall accuracy of objects. Secondly, this study examines the influence of weapon presence on description and identification accuracy, and whether encoding time moderates the effect. 713 participants watched an image that was either displayed for five seconds or twenty seconds, and either included a weapon or no weapon. Subsequently, they were asked to give descriptions of what they saw before viewing a lineup that either included the perpetrator or was made up of innocent suspects. Results indicated that witnesses’ description accuracy of the crime scene had little or no predictive abilities with regards to their facial identification accuracy. Secondly, there was a weapon focus effect found for faces but not for objects. Furthermore, this effect was eliminated at long encoding times. Finally, increasing encoding time improved recognition of objects, but not faces. Results suggest that prior inaccuracy on one aspect of testimony is not necessarily indicative of subsequent inaccuracy on another aspect of testimony. This finding has implications for how jurors and judges should evaluate witness testimony when assessing credibility in the courtroom.
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Ramalekana, Thomas Ishmael. "Retrospective analysis of the outcomes of animal crime scene investigation in Thabazimbi from 2013-2015". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60276.
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Monitoring and evaluation of case outcomes is a useful tool in improving animal crime scene
investigations. The methods used to collect evidence in the field in animal crime cases need to
monitored and improved where weaknesses are found in order to secure arrests and successful
prosecutions and effective sentences. The low percentage of animal crime cases reported and
effectively prosecuted reduces the confidence of the public in the police's ability to investigate
these crimes. Wildlife crime, particularly crimes related to CITES listed species whose
products such as rhino horn and ivory are traded illegally at extremely high prices is increasing
exponentially. This study showed that only 8 out of 71 (11%) of animal related cases reported
and investigated in the study area over the period 2013 to 2015 had guilty as a verdict,
indicating that current animal crime scene investigation methods, especially in certain areas in
the country, are not adequate to ensure successful prosecution of the majority of cases.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Production Animal Studies
MSc
Unrestricted
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Clack, Maureen. "Returning to the scene of the crime the Brothers Grimm and the yearning for home /". Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080807.150418/index.html.
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Godwin, Grover Maurice. "Inner themes-outer behaviours a multivariate facet model of U.S. serial murderers' crime scene actions /". Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.263344.
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Janssens, Lies Marjolijn. "From the crime scene to the autopsy table: comparing the different steps involved between the United States of America and Belgium". Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21181.
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Thesis (M.S.F.S.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.In Belgium, approximately 75 homicides a year go unnoticed. In addition it is estimated that 5 - 10% of the so-called natural deaths are not natural at all. This amounts to 5,000 – 10,000 deaths a year with an incorrect cause of death. Both Belgium – composed of three regions, three communities, and ten provinces – and the United States of America – divided into 50 states – are overseen by a Federal Government, and their police system consist of multiple law enforcement agencies. When looking from a distance, more similarities than differences are seen for the organization of law enforcement agencies. However, differences become apparent when analyzing the responsibilities of the different agencies during crime scene processing and evidence collection. Seen the scope of the forensic science program, the focus will more specifically be on the process, procedures, and actors involved. The goal of this thesis is to (a) analyze the Belgian and U.S. crime scene investigation system, (b) compare the two systems to one another, (c) discuss the weaknesses and strengths behind each system, and finally (d) come up with recommendations. Existing issues will also be evaluated and their impact will be discussed. To achieve the above mentioned goals, information was obtained through literature review and interviews with experts. During the interviews information (e.g. books), not available to the general public, was obtained. Crime scene investigation, for both the U.S. and Belgian system, can be divided into 5 different steps: the initial notification, the first response team, the investigation of the crime scene (documenting, collecting, and processing evidence), the analysis of collected evidence, and the autopsy. In both systems, first responders and emergency medical services will be the first actors present at the scene. Although most procedures and actors involved in the investigation of a crime scene are similar between the United States of America and Belgium, some differences cannot be overlooked. These differences are: the person in charge of completing the death certificate, determining whether or not jurisdiction is accepted, the educational background and composition of the crime scene team, the investigation of the deceased, the requirements needed to become a forensic pathologist, and the cases in which an autopsy is systematically performed. Comparing both crime scene investigation systems showed that each system has its own strengths, weaknesses, and issues. The comparison also showed that both systems can learn from one another, since the combination of already existing processes and procedures, from both crime scene investigation systems, was used to create an “ideal” crime scene investigation system.
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Zurgani, Emad K. A. "Documentation of the body transformations during the decomposition process : from the crime scene to the laboratory". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34690/.
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Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific or technical practices to the recognition, collection, analysis, and interpretation of evidence for criminal and civil law or regulatory issues. A combination of computer science in the field of 3D reconstruction and molecular biology science and techniques were employed in this research aims to document and record a complete picture of the body decomposition process including the changes of the microbiome over the decomposition process. In this thesis, the possibility to reconstruct the crime scene and the decomposition process was investigated. In addition, a 3D model aiming to integrate the biological and thanatological information was generated. The possibility of utilising Autodesk 123D Catch software as a new tool for 3D reconstruction of a crime scene was thoroughly evaluated. First experiments demonstrated that the number of photos required to obtain the best result was specified to be from 20 to 30 photos as a minimum. In addition, significant experiments were performed in different conditions of sizes, locations, and different involved materials. The measurements were obtained from the models using the same software were compared with the real measurements of the tested objects. The result of the correlation between real and estimated measurements showed a very strong agreement ranging from 0.994 to 1.000. With reference to the documentation of the decomposition process, there are different factors, intrinsic and extrinsic, have been reported affecting the decomposition of a carrion/body. These factors mainly interact with the rates of the biological and chemical reaction happening after death. The biological reactions are mainly due to the activity of microorganism and insects. Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were used as a model for human studies and the results obtained have been applied to other mammals without considering the effect of fur on the decomposition process and on the insect and microbial colonisation. In order to investigate this point, rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with and without fur were used in two sets of experiments at Huddersfield in summer 2014 and in spring 2015. The results obtained in this study showed a similarity of the decomposition stages between animals with and without fur. However, the decomposition process was faster during the summer due to the fast of insect colonisation and activity. In addition, the entomological data collected during the summer and spring experiments were demonstrated that the same taxa nearly were present in both seasons, except Hydrotaea (Diptera, Muscidae), which was presented only in the summer experiment, moreover, only one sample of Lucilia sericata (Calliphoridae) was detected in the spring season. Differences in colonisation time were observed only in spring experiment; animals without fur were colonised two days before animals with fur. The season could have affected the insect’s activity and the spread of the decomposition volatiles. The microbial communities during the decomposition process were investigated using BIOLOG EcoPlateTM and the hypervariable V1-3 region of 16S rRNA gene was used for their molecular identification based on pyrosequencing. Eurofins Genomic Operon using 454-GS Junior pyrosequencing platform (Roche) carried out these analyses. The functional diversity of the bacterial communities on all carcasses samples showed a considerable variability depending on the stage of the decomposition and the sampling region (Oral cavity, skin and interface-sand-carrion) in both seasons. Furthermore, over the molecular analyses of bacterial communities at the phylum level, four main phyla of bacteria were detected among analysed carrion during the decomposition process. These phyla were changed significantly during the stages of the decomposition and between sampling regions. While no difference was observed due to presence or absence of fur. On the other hand, the analysis at the family level was able to highlight differences at the temporal scale but as well as carrion with and without fur. The statistical analysis results showed a significant difference in the bacterial community family distribution among the presence of fur and among the decomposition stages, with significant differences among sampling regions and seasons.
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Morahan, Elizabeth. "Wearable activity monitors on crime scene investigators for monitoring geolocation and physiological indicators of stress and fatigue". Thesis, Morahan, Elizabeth (2018) Wearable activity monitors on crime scene investigators for monitoring geolocation and physiological indicators of stress and fatigue. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41475/.
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Modern consumers have embraced wearable activity monitors, with sales expected to total 340 million units this year, worldwide. Devices can track a user’s location, as well as physiological measures such as heart rate. These functions have been used in various settings, including in elite sports, workplaces and clinical environments, and also have the potential to be applied to crime scene investigation in two ways. Firstly, by utilising satellite positioning functions to monitor the geolocation of personnel, the need for a crime scene entry/exit log may be made redundant as an individual is geotracked throughout the crime scene as the investigation progresses. Secondly, by monitoring physiological metrics which are indicative of stress and fatigue, crime scene teams may be controlled and managed to ensure that investigators avoid fatigue and the subsequent decline in cognitive function. This literature review aims to address the suitability of wearable technology in the above scenarios.
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Yakin, Ilker. "The Design, Development And Evaluation Of An Electronic Performance Support System (epss) For The Crime Scene Investigation Unit". Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615307/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this study is to design, develop and evaluate an electronic performance support system (EPSS) for the crime scene investigation unit (CSI). For this purpose, a sequential explanatory strategy as a procedure of the mixed method design was used in analysis and evaluation of the EPSS. The research was composed of three main phases: analysisdesign, development and implementation, and evaluation of the EPSS. In first phase composed of performance and cause analyses, the CSI Unit&rsquo
s existing information, and contributing causal performance factors based on Gilbert&rsquo
Behavior Engineering Model were explored. In performance analysis phase, official documentation of the CSI Unit was reviewed. As for cause analysis, the survey and focus group interviews were conducted to 1176 and 22 CSI officers, respectively. These data were analyzed using with both quantitative and qualitative methods to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate intervention and its components. Analyses results revealed that 14 basic influences grouped under the workplace and competency on human behavior impacted performance of the officers. Based on these results, an EPSS composed of intrinsic, extrinsic and external levels, and support components was designed and developed in the second phase. Having been implemented, the evaluation of the EPSS based on the Kirkpatrick&rsquo
Four Levels of Evaluation Model was conducted v to determine the overall impact, perceived benefits, and effectiveness of the intervention in third phase. In this phase, a survey, interviews, computer logs and a checklist were used so as to assess the accomplishment of the EPSS. While the survey and the checklist were administered to the 191 officers and 2 experts from the field, the interviews were conducted with 12 officers. Evaluation results admitted that the CSI officers&rsquo
reactions were very positive to the EPSS. While, an intrinsic support made a major contribution to their productivity, establishing standardization would be perceived as the major impact of the EPSS. Lastly, increasing identity and simplifying criminal justice system were the two main impact factors on the society that the system would influence positively.
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Impara, Elisa. "The Eros of Transgression : A comparative study on Ritualistic Crime, Goth Culture and teh Extreme/Black Metal Scene". Thesis, University of Kent, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504652.
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Tongur, Aykut. "Organizational support, organizational citizenship behavior, and perceived performance analysis of crime scene investigation units of Turkish National Police". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5070.
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Policing is more difficult than ever before in today's world since types of crime and criminal profiles change as a result of technological development and globalization. Police organizations should review their organizational and operational strategies to improve the fight against contemporary crimes and criminals. Behaviors and performance of police officers are very important in fighting crime. In this struggle, especially today, officers should exhibit organizational citizenship behaviors and perform better. One of the most important factors affecting these two concepts in organizations is organizational support. The literature stresses the social exchange cycle and reciprocity rules in the relationships of organizations and their members. In this cycle, if the organization cares about its members and if members perceive that the organization is supportive, they feel obliged to behave positively, perform better, and help the organization to reach its goals and objectives. If they don't perceive organizational support, they won't care about the organization, either. Hypotheses were developed based on these assumptions in the literature. This study tested these assumptions in Crime Scene Investigation units of the Turkish National Police (TNP). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among variables of Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), and Perceived Performance (PP). Measurement models for these three latent constructs were developed by deriving the indicators from the literature. Most earlier studies tried to figure out reasons of the OCB. This study has a different perspective that investigates both reasons and results of OCB. A survey was developed to measure the latent variables of the study, and 405 of approximately 3,000 Crime Scene Investigators in the Turkish National Police responded to the survey.; Results of the study showed that the relationship between POS and OCB is positive and significant. This is consistent with the literature. The relationship between OCB and PP is also positive and significant, and this is also consistent with the literature. However, the relationship between POS and PP is negative and insignificant. This result contradicts the results of previous studies in the literature and can be attributed to the subjective nature of measuring individuals' perceptions. According to the literature, perceptions are subjective rather than objective; therefore, data coming from reports of individual perceptions may not reflect the actual situation. Demographic information of the participants served as the control variables of the study. Information about the education level, rank, age, gender, size of the unit, and tenure of the respondents was collected by way of the conducted survey, and the effects of these variables were analyzed on the endogenous variable of the study, Perceived Performance. This study found no significant relationships between these control variables and Perceived Performance. Therefore, all these control variables were removed from the Structural Equation Model of the study. This study revealed that the TNP needs to be more supportive toward its members in order to have officers show organizational citizenship behavior and perform better. The TNP should revise its policies, especially regarding rotations from one province to another, working hours, rewards, and overtime pay. These are all indicators of organizational support and will result in a higher performance level among officers.ID: 030422782; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-143).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Public Affairs
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs
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Wells, Joanna Kathleen. "Investigation of factors affecting the region of origin estimate in bloodstain pattern analysis". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1419.
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The causes of errors in the angle of impact calculation were investigated including the surface type, falling velocity and the method used to fit an ellipse to a bloodstain. As had been cited previously the angle of impact was generally underestimated, especially at acute angles and the reason for this was determined to be due to an overestimation of the length of a bloodstain. The surface type was found to significantly affect the accuracy of an angle of impact calculation and as the falling velocity increased, the angle of impact calculation became more accurate. High-speed photography was used to further investigate the formation of bloodstains on surfaces. It was found that the formation of the bloodstain varied depending on the surface type and the angle of the surface. Bloodstain pattern analysis involves the application of scientific techniques to reconstruct events that resulted in a bloodstain pattern. The position of the blood source in three-dimensional space is a fundamental element of this application. Currently little is known about the methods used by bloodstain pattern analysts to select bloodstains when determining the region of origin. Fourteen analysts worldwide were surveyed in order to ascertain this information. It was found that the methods used were variable and were often not based on scientific research. Research was therefore undertaken into bloodstain selection and in particular, which bloodstains should be selected for a region of origin analysis. As a result of these experiments, two sets of selection criteria were established, one for use when the region of origin is being calculated manually and one for when directional analysis is being used.
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Strömstedt, Isabelle. ""How do you know all this crap?" : The Representation of Cognitive Processes and Knowledge in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Sherlock". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för studier av samhällsutveckling och kultur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122771.
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In contemporary crime drama there has been a shift of main character from the forensic scientist to the consultant. This put the representation of knowledge in a different light. In this study the focus is on how, and what kind of cognitive processes and knowledge are represented in two crime dramas with consultants as main characters; CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Sherlock. Basing the analysis on concepts of cognitive processes and knowledge, it becomes evident that due to the shift in main character the representation of knowledge also has changed; from an institutionalized and science based view on knowledge to the legitimization of a personal, uncritical and fast way of gathering knowledge.
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Miles, H. F. "Bloodstain pattern analysis : developing quantitative methods of crime scene reconstruction through the interpretation and analysis of environmentally altered bloodstains". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443244/.
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The thesis presents experimental work conducted on environmentally altered bloodstains over four distinct experimental stages. Bloodstains that have been exposed to and altered by the environment are frequently encountered in crime scene analysis and developing accurate methods of quantitatively identifying, interpreting and analyzing them is important for crime scene reconstruction. Over the course of the four experimental stages bloodstains were progressively exposed to a range of environmental conditions and their responses to this exposure recorded. During the first stage stains were dried at a range of temperatures between -10 and 50oC in order to establish the influence of temperature on stain appearance. In the second stage stains were longitudinally exposed to natural environmental fluctuations over the course of a 6-month experimental period. In the third stage stains were exposed to a variety of extreme environmental conditions, including fire, freezing, freeze-thaw and extreme heat, in order to establish the influence of these conditions on stain appearance and behavior. In the final experimental stage the influence of environmental conditions on stain drying time was examined. During the course of stain analysis a new quantitative method for digitally capturing and measuring bloodstain colour was designed. The findings of the experimental work conducted represent the first empirical confirmation of relationships between the environmental conditions explored and bloodstain appearance and behavior. Quantitative confirmation of these relationships has direct implications for developing methods of spatial and temporal crime scene reconstruction from bloodstain pattern analysis.
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Del-Campo, Eduardo Roberto Alcântara. "Exame e levantamento técnico pericial de locais de interesse à justiça criminal: abordagem descritiva e crítica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-27052010-093136/.
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O panorama das ciências forenses no Brasil poderia ser mais auspicioso. O aumento incontrolável das dissensões sociais e da criminalidade comum, o crescimento de facções do crime organizado, o surgimento de novas modalidades de delitos, os desastres de massa e o incremento de novas tecnologias são fatores que apontam no sentido de uma maior demanda por exames periciais e da crescente complexidade dos trabalhos relacionados com as ciências forenses. Paradoxalmente, a falta de investimentos públicos na área, os baixos salários, a ausência de perspectiva profissional e o acúmulo de serviço são alguns dos fatores que claramente influenciam na queda de qualidade do trabalho técnico. Não se publicam mais obras de Criminalística e Medicina Legal no país. As revistas especializadas são poucas e os cursos de Direito paulatinamente vão destinando cada vez menos espaço para aquelas que, ao lado da formação jurídica específica, deveriam ser as matérias principais na formação do bacharel, especialmente daqueles que militam na área penal. Além disso, e exatamente pela natureza técnica da matéria, poucos são os questionamentos que recaem sobre a cadeia de custódia ou sobre a validade das provas periciais apresentadas pelos organismos públicos encarregados da prevenção e da repressão criminal. Este trabalho pretende apresentar uma breve revisão dos dispositivos que regulamentam a prova pericial no sistema processual penal, recentemente alterados pela Lei n. 11.690, de 09/06/08, a estrutura da polícia científica e os procedimentos periciais de levantamento dos locais de interesse à Justiça Criminal, desde o momento que antecede à perícia até a entrega do relatório técnico, apontando seus limites, deficiências e qualidades.The overview of forensic sciences in Brazil could be more auspicious. The uncontrollable raise of social disagreements and common criminality, the increase of organized crime factions, the appearance of new forms of crime, mass disasters and improvement of new technologies are factors which leads to a sense of higher demand for expert examinations and an increasing complexity of works related to forensic sciences. Paradoxically, the absence of public investment in the area, the low wages, the lack of professional perspectives and the accrual of workload are some of the factors that clearly influence the decline of quality of technical works. There are few new publications about Criminalistics and Legal Medicine in Brazil. The specialized journals are few and law schools are gradually giving less space for those which, like specific legal matters, should be the main ones in the training of new lawyers, especially those who work with criminal law. Besides that, and exactly because of the technical nature of the matter, few are the questions which fall upon the chain of custody or the validity of the expert evidence shown by the public organisms which are responsible for the criminal prevention and repression. This dissertation intends to present a brief review of the articles that regulate the expert evidence in the criminal procedural law, recently altered by Law nº 11.690 of 09/06/08, and the structure of forensic science and the expert procedures to gather places of interest to the Criminal Justice, from the moment preceding the expertise until the delivery of the technical report, pointing out its limitations, shortcomings and qualities.
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Butler, Mark. "Using eye-tracking, head-mounted camera technology and verbal protocol analysis as a methodology to better understand Volume Crime Scene Investigator practice". Thesis, Teesside University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10149/579936.
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Literature Review: Expertise, decision making and situation awareness literature have allowed a better understanding of practitioner performance in Engineering, Healthcare and Sport. Discourse is thin in the domain of Crime Scene Examination, although Hierarchical Tasks Analysis, Distributed Cognition, Team Working and Perception have all received attention in recent years. The use of camera technology to uncover performance has also found footing in diverse professions, notably Firefighting and Social Work. Crime Scene Investigator practice is proposed as being a fertile area of study, to make apparent aspects of the work that are tacit, as well as to ascertain if performance metrics in the sector connect with the tacit knowledge expressed in the role. Methodology: This study explored the differences in searching strategies between expert and novice Crime Scene Examiners (n=12) in a simulated environment, before discussing a longitudinal ethnographic examination of how Volume Crime Scene Investigators (n=4) make sense of their practice. Eye-tracker and head-mounted camera technology was used to capture performance from an own point of view perceptive. Nvivo 9 was utilised to collate and code video data, field notes and interview transcriptions. Results & Discussion: Results from verbal protocol analysis and eye-tracker recordings indicate that expert examiners target fewer objects within the crime scene space however spend longer on the objects being viewed. Field study results report that Volume Crime Scene Investigators engage in sharing tacit knowledge, this impacted on their strategies or perception of obtaining forensic evidence. In addition the analysis of coded data from video and verbal protocol reports found that specific physical aspects of examination practice such as fingerprint powdering were aligned to decision making or analysis processes. For example, commenting on the morphology of the surface being examined. Furthermore examiners engaged in and highlighted aspects of their role they felt were important but were not captured in any metrics. Conclusion: It is proposed this new understanding will be of use to those in developing crime scene investigation practitioners as well as presenting related literature on how expertise in the domain can be recognised, elicited and developed in others. This work also sheds light on the value of sector standards for this field along with what is needed to make them more user- friendly for the developing practitioner.
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Cama, Mariana Pimenta. "O crime espetáculo na tela: entre a realidade e a ficção". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5267.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-23The current research intends to reflect in a critical manner about the ways of representation of criminality on audiovisual media, especially on television. The target of this analysis is to point out media processes that highlight and exemplify the way crime is turned into a spectacle, reconfiguring narrative formats of police drama and news currently active. When it comes down to representing images of violence and criminality, the audiovisual media culture has been showing two main slopes: the news that incorporates construction elements typical of soup operas, and the fictional program that intends realism, showing the routine of police in action in big urban areas. Under the eye of speculation promoted by news media, two cases will be analyzed, which took place in 2008: the case of Isabella Nardoni and the young girl Eloá Pimentel, exhaustingly reproduced and detailed on the internet. In the thin line of the crime-spectacle in the universe of fiction, we ll analyze the narrative of TV series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, highlighting the episodes "Grave Danger" and "Monster in a box". From the methodic point of view, the research bases itself on the audiovisual analysis provided for television and in its versions for Internet and DVD, willing to investigate the connection between the subject in question and the visible object, interpreting the spectator as a morbid voyeur. From the theoretical point of view, the research lays on "real shock" concept by Beatriz Jaguaribe, on the hypothesis of intimacy spectacle by Paula Sibilia, presented on O Show do Eu: a intimidade como espetáculo", and on the "A Sociedade do Espetáculo" by Guy Debord. The arguments concerning the News are anchored by work of Eugênio Bucci and Maria Rita Kehl, "Videologias". The reflexion regarding the spectator with violent images is based on the work by Susan Sontag, "Diante da dor dos outros", and on the works of Arlindo Machado, "A Televisão levada a Sério" and "O Sujeito na Tela". In the end, it is concluded that the persistent shocking images that infest the many diverse ways of informational communication operate through contagious systems, which lead to dramatization elements of the journalism of the real for the fictional and spectacle of crime for the News universe, on television and internet
A presente pesquisa pretende refletir de forma crítica sobre os modos de representação da criminalidade nas mídias audiovisuais, em especial na mídia televisiva. O objetivo da análise é apontar processos midiáticos que evidenciem e exemplifiquem o modo como o crime é transformado em espetáculo, reconfigurando os formatos narrativos de dramas policiais e do telejornalismo vigentes. A cultura das mídias audiovisuais, no que diz respeito à representação das imagens de violência e criminalidade, vem demonstrando duas vertentes predominantes: o telejornalismo que incorpora elementos de construção típicos das telenovelas e a programação ficcional que se pretende realista, retratando o cotidiano da polícia em ação nos grandes centros urbanos. Sob a ótica da espetacularização promovida pela mídia jornalística, serão analisados dois crimes ocorridos no ano de 2008: o caso da menina Isabella Nardoni e o da jovem Eloá Pimentel, fartamente reproduzidos e detalhados na internet. No que tange ao crime-espetáculo no universo da ficção, analisaremos a narrativa seriada televisiva CSI:Crime Scene Investigation, com destaque para os episódios "Grave danger" e "Monster in a box . Do ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa baseia-se na análise dos audiovisuais concebidos para televisão e em suas versões para internet e DVD, a fim de investigar a relação entre o sujeito vidente e o objeto visível, entendendo o espectador como voyeur-mórbido. Do ponto de vista teórico, a pesquisa apoia-se no conceito de "choque do real" de Beatriz Jaguaribe, na hipótese de espetacularização da intimidade de Paula Sibilia, apresentada em O show do eu: a intimidade como espetáculo" e na obra "A sociedade do espetáculo" de Guy Debord. As discussões sobre telejornalismo são ancoradas na obra de Eugênio Bucci e Maria Rita Kehl, "Videologias". A reflexão sobre a relação do espectador com as imagens de violência baseia-se na obra de Susan Sontag, "Diante da dor dos outros", e nas obras de Arlindo Machado, "A televisão levada a sério" e "O sujeito na tela". Ao final, conclui-se que as insistentes imagens de choque e violência que assolam os mais diversos meios informacionais de comunicação operam por sistemas de contágio, que levam elementos da dramatização do real do telejornalismo para o universo ficcional e de espetacularização do crime para o universo do telejornal, na televisão e internet
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Balboni, Elisa. "No(i)rthern Ireland: Crime fiction and the northern-irish scene. Proposed translation into italian of two short stories from "belfast noir"". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8176/.
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The present thesis aims at proving the importance of cultural and literary contexts in the practice of translation: I shall show that, in the case of Northern Irish crime fiction, knowledge of both Northern Irish history and culture as well as of the genre of crime fiction are essential prerequisites for the production of a “responsible” translation. I will therefore offer a brief overview of the history of crime and detective fiction and its main subgenres; some of the most important authors and works will be presented as well, in an analysis that goes from the early years of the genre to the second half of the 20th century. I will then move the focus to Northern Ireland, its culture and its history, and particular attention will be paid to fiction writing in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with a focus on the peculiar phenomenon of “Troubles Trash”. I will tackle the topic of Northern Irish literature and present the contemporary scene of Northern Irish crime fiction; the volume from which the texts for the translation have been taken will be presented, namely Belfast Noir. Subsequently the focus will move on the theoretical framework within which the translations were produced: I will present a literary review of the most significative developments in Translation Studies, with particular attention to the “cultural turn” that has characterised this subject since the 1960s. I will then highlight the phenomenon of “realia” in translation and analyse the approaches of different scholars to the translation of culture-bound references. The final part represents the culmination and practical application of all that was presented in the previous sections: I will discuss the translation of culture-bound references according to the strategies presented in Chapter 4, referring to the proposed translations of two stories. Such analysis aims to show that not only expert linguistic knowledge, but also cultural awareness and a wide literary background are needed in order to make conscious choices in translation.
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Knox, Michael. "Crime Scene Behaviors of Rampage School Shooters: Developing Strategies for Planning, Response, and Investigation of Multiple-Victim Shooting Incidents on School Campuses". Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cahss_jhs_etd/9.
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Despite their almost aberrational rarity, rampage school shootings have gained national attention to an extent that would make it seem that such events are a common occurrence. Many schools—along with hospitals, businesses, and other institutions—have adopted policies, implemented training, and conducted drills for responding to such incidents. In some cases, concern over school rampage shootings has led to bad policy implementations, particularly adoption of “zero tolerance” policies that punish the slightest infractions in hopes of thwarting potential attackers, but, rather than achieving their intended goal, result in massive false positive rates with few, if any, successes and a potential for fostering violence rather than abating it. For their part, law enforcement trainers and administrators have been caught in the rampage school shooter turmoil to such an extent that, starting with the aftermath of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, significant paradigm shifts in policing methodology have taken effect. In order to promote more informed policy-making and training decisions by law enforcement managers, this dissertation seeks to determine through empirical study of the crime scene behaviors of rampage school shooters the extent to which law enforcement planning and training can be informed by the study of prior incidents. Policy, training protocols, and institutional response plans have been shaped, in many cases, by a world of perception rather than reason and sound empirical evidence. This research seeks to bring clarity to the decision-making processes and provide sound empirical evidence on which to base those decisions and develop strategies for on-site protocols to help mitigate casualties, establish police response protocols, and develop post-incident investigative models.
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Danidou, Ioanna. "Trusted computing or trust in computing? : legislating for trust networks". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22077.
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This thesis aims to address several issues emerging in the new digital world. Using Trusted Computing as the paradigmatic example of regulation though code that tries to address the cyber security problem that occurs, where the freedom of the user to reconfigure her machine is restricted in exchange for greater, yet not perfect, security. Trusted Computing is a technology that while it aims to protect the user, and the integrity of her machine and her privacy against third party users, it discloses more of her information to trusted third parties, exposing her to security risks in case of compromising occurring to that third party. It also intends to create a decentralized, bottom up solution to security where security follows along the arcs of an emergent “network of trust”, and if that was viable, to achieve a form of code based regulation. Through the analysis attempted in this thesis, we laid the groundwork for a refined assessment, considering the problems that Trusted Computing Initiative (TCI) faces and that are based in the intentional, systematic but sometimes misunderstood and miscommunicated difference (which as we reveal results directly in certain design choices for TC) between the conception of trust in informatics (“techno-trust”) and the common sociological concept of it. To reap the benefits of TCI and create the dynamic “network of trust”, we need the sociological concept of trust sharing the fundamental characteristics of transitivity and holism which are absent from techno-trust. This gives rise to our next visited problems which are: if TC shifts the power from the customer to the TC provider, who takes on roles previously reserved for the nation state, then how in a democratic state can users trust those that make the rules? The answer lies partly in constitutional and human rights law and we drill into those functions of TC that makes the TCI provider comparable to state-like and ask what minimal legal guarantees need to be in place to accept, trustingly, this shift of power. Secondly, traditional liberal contract law reduces complex social relations to binary exchange relations, which are not transitive and disrupt rather than create networks. Contract law, as we argue, plays a central role for the way in which the TC provider interacts with his customers and this thesis contributes in speculating of a contract law that does not result in atomism, rather “brings in” potentially affected third parties and results in holistic networks. In the same vein, this thesis looks mainly at specific ways in which law can correct or redefine the implicit and democratically not validated shift of power from customer to TC providers while enhancing the social environment and its social trust within which TC must operate.
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Issiaka, Diafar. "Scénographies du crime dans quelques nouvelles de Guy de Maupassant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAL009.
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La présente étude se donne pour but d’analyser les scénographies du crime dans les nouvelles de Guy de Maupassant. Le crime étant au cœur des nouvelles maupassantiennes, le concept de scénographie permet une large analyse dans sa mise en scène. L’ethos permet de cerner le criminel dans son profil mais aussi dans ses agissements, dans ses prises de parole à l’intérieur du texte. L’étude de la scénographie du crime qui s’articule autour de la mise en scène du crime nous permettra de questionner les procédés énonciatifs et narratifs en nous intéressant à la polyphonie, au monologue et au dialogue afin de comprendre le langage du crime et du criminel maupassantien. L’analyse du fait divers a permis de comprendre l’écriture du crime mais aussi nous a montré l’étroitesse du lien qui unit la presse et la littérature au XIXe siècle. Le corpus de cette étude est composé d’un ensemble de nouvelles de Guy de Maupassant. Toutes ces nouvelles reposent sur la mise en scène du crime. Le choix de ces nouvelles réside dans cette mise en scène plurielle liée au principal personnage. C’est ce qui a permis de cerner les questions esthétiques et la poétique du crime en cette fin du XIXe siècle chez Guy de MaupassantThe purpose of this study is to analyze the scenographies of crime in Guy de Maupassant's short stories. The crime being at the heart of Maupassant's short stories, the scenography concept allows a broad analysis in its staging. The ethos makes it possible to identify the criminal in his profile but also in his actions, in his speeches within the text. The study of the scenography of the crime which is articulated around the staging of the crime will allow us to question the enunciative processes and the narrative by interesting us in the polyphony, the monologue and dialogue in order to understand the language of the crime and Maupassantian criminals. The analysis of the news item made it possible to understand the writing of the crime but also showed us the closeness of the link which united the press and literature in the 19th century. The corpus of this study is composed of a brunch of short stories by Guy de Maupassant. All these short stories have in common the staging of the crime. The choice of these short stories lies in this plural staging linked to the main character. This is what made it possible to identify the aesthetic questions and the poetics of crime at the end of the 19th century with Guy de Maupassant