Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cracks

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cracks”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 22 czerwca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cracks"

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Zhang, Yong Shen, i Yan Ying Li. "Research on the Rigidity of Continuous Beam with Equal Span under the Temperature Load". Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (maj 2011): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.846.

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Cracks appeared in concrete structure is always concerned in construction engineering. As the cracks appear, the rigidity of structure will descend. So only the combination of slip theory and the non-slip theory could reflect the development of cracks in the course of analysis of cracks development. For axial tension and bending components, stiffness changes before and after cracking. The continuous beam with equal span is analyzed under the temperature load by the finite element method. As the cracks with different space appear, there is an abrupt bending moment with every crack. Different crack spacing, crack steep drop differently. So the wider the crack’s space is, the higher the abrupt bending moment is.
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Liu, Shan Lin, Lu Wang i Zheng Wang. "Experimental Study on Evolution Process of Short Fatigue Crack in 2A12 Alloy under Complex Stress State". Key Engineering Materials 703 (sierpień 2016): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.202.

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The fatigue behavior of 2A12 Aluminum alloy was experimentally studied through different annular notched specimens under symmetrical triangle with the frequency of 0.5 Hz. The experimental result showed that the microstructure played an important role during the entire fatigue life of 2A12 Aluminum alloy. The short fatigue crack only initiated due largely to the second-phase particle such as the S phase (Al2CuMg), the θ phase (CuAl2) and especially the black impurity phases debonding from the basal body when the fatigue cycle was sufficient. The cracks propagated separately along the circumferential direction of the notch, crack coalescence and interaction of cracks were not common at early and middle stage of short crack’s fatigue life. Cracks tended to propagate along direction different from the original one after crack coalescence. Surface crack length at early and middle stage of short crack’s fatigue life were presented. These curves showed crack growth rate increased relatively as the reducing of notched radius or the increasing of nominal strain amplitude which implied that geometry and loading conditions were the factors of the crack propagation.
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Stenseng, Arne. "Cracks and Structural Redundancy". Marine Technology and SNAME News 33, nr 04 (1.10.1996): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1996.33.4.290.

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This paper proposes a way to use finite element models to determine the effect of fatigue cracks in ship structures. Cracks of different lengths are modeled and the maximum nodal stress at the crack tip is used to estimate the stress intensity level. The calculated stress intensity factor is substituted into fracture mechanics equations to calculate the rate of crack growth and the critical crack length. The main advantage to calculating the stress intensity factor from an appropriate finite element model is that load redistribution effects are included. Since the ship structure is redundant, load shedding and multiple load paths can significantly reduce the propagation rate and thereby improve the safety of the structure. Including the crack in the finite element model also makes it possible to study the crack's impact on the stress levels in surrounding structure. The method is independent of the cause of structural failure, hence this kind of analysis can be used to investigate the effects of cracks created by fatigue, collision, or grounding damage.
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Cui, Wei, Zhongmin Xiao, Jie Yang, Mi Tian, Qiang Zhang i Ziming Feng. "Multi-Crack Dynamic Interaction Effect on Oil and Gas Pipeline Weld Joints Based on VCCT". Energies 15, nr 8 (12.04.2022): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082812.

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In pipelines for transporting oil and gas, multiple cracks often exist in weld joints. The interaction among the cracks should be considered as it directly affects the life span of the pipeline structures. In the current investigation, based on the fluid–solid magnetic coupling model, the virtual crack-closure technique (VCCT) is applied to systematically study the multi-crack dynamic interaction effect on pipeline welds during the crack propagation process. The results show that the existence of an auxiliary crack accelerates the main crack’s propagation. When the auxiliary crack is nearer to the main crack tip, the enhancement effect of the auxiliary crack on the main crack increases. Further, when the initial length of the auxiliary crack increases, the main crack becomes easier to propagate. Two important parameters, the distance between the two interacting crack tips and the initial size of the auxiliary crack, are studied in detail. Their interference effect on the main crack has been quantified, which is very user-friendly for engineers to conduct failure assessment and prevention for oil and gas pipes with multiple cracks at weld joints.
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Jin, Man, i Wen Kui Zheng. "Cloud-Based Recognition Technology for Building Crack". Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (listopad 2014): 3743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3743.

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Problem of identifying building crack is studied to provide technical support for the construction quality. In the building, building crackis an important factor affecting the construction quality. This paper presents a building crack recognition method based on cloud computing. Cloud model is established to pretreat the acquired building image, so as to improve image quality, and perform construction cracks identificationaccording to the processed image. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm for cracks construction identification can improve the recognition accuracy.
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Jin, Man, i Wen Kui Zheng. "Cloud-Based Recognition Technology for Building Crack". Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (wrzesień 2014): 4178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4178.

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Problem of identifying building crack is studied to provide technical support for the construction quality. In the building, building crackis an important factor affecting the construction quality. This paper presents a building crack recognition method based on cloud computing. Cloud model is established to pretreat the acquired building image, so as to improve image quality, and perform construction cracks identificationaccording to the processed image. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm for cracks construction identification can improve the recognition accuracy.
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Saravani, M., i M. Azizi. "The Investigation of Crack's Parameters on the V-Notch Using Photoelasticity Method". ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (14.04.2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/657819.

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V-notches are the most possible case for initiation of cracks in engineering structure. Cracks on the notch tip can be characterized by opening angle, tip radius, and depth of the V-notch. In this study, the effects of V-notch's opening angle on stress intensity factor and on -stress of the crack have been investigated in detail. Our calculation has been performed in a number of opening angles and various crack lengths in mode I loading using photoelasticity method. We show that as opening angle grows at constant crack's length, SIF and -stress decrease. Furthermore, as the crack's length increases, the V-notch effect diminishes and the crack behavior can be considered as a single-edge crack specimen. Finally, the obtained results were found to be in good agreement with outcome of numerical finite element analysis.
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Liu, Yan, Hong Zhou, Jing Yan Cheng i Lu Quan Ren. "Influence of Processing Methods on Number and Form of Cracks of Bionic Units on Vermicular Cast Iron". Advanced Materials Research 499 (kwiecień 2012): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.350.

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This paper focuses on the influence of processing methods on the cracks’ number and form of bionic units on the vermicular cast iron. The results show that there have already been cracks on the bionic units’ surface, and the crack number increases with the thermal cycles. The crack’s form on bionic units processed in air is tree-like structure, and that of bionic units processed in water is network structure. The twice laser process and the electro-pulsing treatment can effectively reduce the crack number of the bionic units processed in water, without changing the form.
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Chekunaev, Nikolay I. "Steady-State Crack Propagation in Stressed Elastic Solid". Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (styczeń 2011): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.495.

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A crack, symmetrically propagating in elastic material, was considered as superposition of surface Rayleigh waves. The self-similar growth of face loaded crack was considered in detail. Exact expressions of deformation and stress fields in the crack’s surrounding were found and asymptotic behavior of stress near cracks’ tips was also obtained. A condition that determines the crack’s velocity of self-similar propagation was found.
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Yoda, M. "Subcritical Crack Growth Characteristics on Compact Type Specimens and Indentation Cracks in Glass". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 111, nr 4 (1.10.1989): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226486.

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For the purpose of comparing crack growth characteristics on small indentation cracks with those for long cracks, subcritical crack growth data on soda-lime glass were obtained using the compact type (CT) specimens with long cracks and the indentation cracks. It was found that there is apparently a small crack effect in the as-indented cracks which increases crack growth. However, the annealed indentation crack shows the same trend of crack growth as that for the CT specimens. A residual stress effect can be used to explain this anomalous growth behavior of the as-indented cracks.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cracks"

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Lee, Woong. "Crack deflection and interface cracks in layered composites". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627252.

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McFadyen, Neil B. (Neil Barry) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical. "Fatigue crack growth in semi-elliptical surface cracks". Ottawa, 1987.

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Holland, Dominic John Martin. "Cracks and atoms /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Some, Liene. "Automatic image-based road crack detection methods". Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och satellitpositionering, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189245.

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Pavement crack detection is an important procedure in road maintenanceand traffic safety. Traditionally, the road inventory was performed by field inspection, now it is replaced by the evaluation of mobile mapping system images. The acquired images are still a significant source of temporal condition of thepavement surface. The automatisation of crack detection is highly necessarybecause it could decrease workload, and therefore, maintenance costs. Two methods for automatic crack detection from mobile mapping imageswere tested: step by step pixel based image intensity analysis, and deep learning. The objective of this thesis is to develop and test the workflow for the streetview image crack detection and reduce image database by detecting no-cracksurfaces. To examine the performance of the methods, their classification precisionwas compared. The best-acquired precision with the trained deep learningmodel was 98% that is 3% better than with the other method and it suggeststhat the deep learning is the most appropriate for the application. Furthermore, there is a need for faster and more precise detection methods, and deep learningholds promise for the further implementation. However, future studies areneeded and they should focus on full-scale image crack detection, disturbingobject elimination and crack severity classification.
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Lawson, Sean. "The Prevalence of Intrapulpal Cracks in 1st and 2nd Mandibular Molars Requiring Non-Surgical Root Canal Treatment". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3410.

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Few studies have reported the incidence or prevalence of cracked teeth with pulpal involvement. No attempts have been made to evaluate the prevalence or clinical predictors for intrapulpal cracks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intrapulpal cracks in first and second mandibular molars and to determine if clinical findings are predictive for the existence of intrapulpal cracks. First and second mandibular molars (190) requiring non-surgical root canal treatment at the VCU Graduate Endodontic Practice between February 15, 2013 and August 15, 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Teeth were transilluminated, stained, and inspected for intrapulpal cracks using a dental microscope. Data gathered included: demographics, subjective and objective information regarding the chief complaint to include bite stick test, transillumination, probing depths greater than 4mm, existing restorations, and diagnosis. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed (p<0.05). The prevalence of intrapulpal cracks in first and second mandibular molars combined was 9% (17/190, 95%CI= 5.7% to 13.9%). The prevalence was 7% for 1st molars and 13% for 2nd molars. There was no statically significant difference in the prevalence between first and second mandibular molars. Individual characteristics predictive for the existence of intrapulpal cracks were age, probing depth greater than 4mm, transillumination and a positive Tooth Slooth™ test (all p<0.05). Staining of the pulp chamber after access identified only one of 17 intrapulpal cracks. Staining of the pulp chamber did not significantly increase the ability to identify intrapulpal cracks. Neither diagnosis, sex, nor existing restorations were significant predictors for intrapulpal cracks. Probing depth greater than 4mm, age over 40 and a positive Tooth Slooth™ test were conjointly significant for predicting intrapulpal cracks.
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Hejman, Ulf. "On initiation of chemically assisted crack growth and crack propagation paths of branching cracks in polycarbonate". Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7790.

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Stress corrosion, SC, in some cases gives rise to stress corrosion cracking, SCC, which differs from purely stress intensity driven cracks in many aspects. They initiate and grow under the influence of an aggressive environment in a stressed substrate. They grow at low load and may branch. The phenomenon of SCC is very complex, both the initiation phase and crack extension itself of SCC is seemingly associated with arbitrariness due to the many unknown factors controlling the process. Such factors could be concentration of species in the environment, stress, stress concentration, electrical conditions, mass transport, and so on.In the present thesis, chemically assisted crack initiation and growth is studied with special focus on the initiation and branching of cracks. Polycarbonate plates are used as substrates subjected to an acetone environment. Experimental procedures for examining initiation and branching in polycarbonate are presented. An optical microscope is employed to study the substrate.The attack at initiation is quantified from pits found on the surface, and pits that act as origin for cracks is identified and the distribution is analysed. A growth criterion for surface cracks is formulated from the observations, and it is used to numerically simulate crack growth. The cracks are seen to coalesce, and this phenomenon is studied in detail. Branching sites of cracks growing in the bulk of polycarbonate are inspected at the sample surface. It is found that the total width of the crack branches are approximately the same as the width of the original crack. Also, angles of the branches are studied. Further, for comparison the crack growth in the bulk is simulated using a moving boundary problem based algorithm and similar behaviour of crack branching is found.
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Myers, Carol A. "Falling through the cracks". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23766.pdf.

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Bernstorff, Karin Nislev. "Listening through the cracks". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14706.

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Kyne is an outsider: a white, Danish girl, living in a country where the majority are blacks and the few whites are English. Her sentiments of belonging and integration are lost when her family's farms are taken away by the dictatorship government in 2004. The country, Zimbabwe, spirals out of control: murder, starvation and chaos becomes the way of life. Kyne and her family are left with nothing. Kyne travels back in time to the bizarre life of her childhood on their farm in Rhodesia during the war in the 1970s. It is a nostalgic yet often horrifying return to her past as she uncovers the strange, sometimes idyllic lifestyle that was once a very normal way of life to her. The story unfolds in a landscape that is both harsh yet beckoning. Kyne confronts her relationships with all those around her beginning with her Danish parents who are determined to continue farming in a land which they call home, even if war threatens their lives. The reader meets Pencil the Cook who allows Kyne into the silent calm of his kitchen, his family, and the secret, adult world in which Kyne will learn of the terrifying reality of war. She describes the workers on the farm who are pulled between loyalty to their employer and to the blacks who seek independence from white rule. Finally, she describes the other white families nearby who are attacked, tortured and killed for attempting to the only way of life they have ever known.
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Williams, Joshua Marc. "EVALUATION OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH SOFTWARE FOR USE ON CRACKS IN COMPLEX GEOMETRIES". MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04032009-104840/.

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Fatigue-crack growth data for the lower arm of the Apache helicopters scissor assembly is presented from an Army alternate source qualification test. The lower arm model is imported to finite element analysis software to obtain the stress state at a crack location. The stress state and geometry are used in seven fatigue-crack growth cases in NASGRO and AFGROW, with an additional four cases discussed briefly. The results from the fatigue-crack growth routines are compared to the fatigue-crack growth data from the Armys test. One case reproduces the crack growth data prior to breakthrough. Some cases are shown to be more applicable to this configuration than others are. The process of performing fatigue life estimates is discussed. Suggestions are made on the viability of this approach and possible future avenues for development.
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Hannes, Dave. "Growth of cracks at rolling contact fatigue". Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33659.

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Rolling contact fatigue is a problem encountered with many machine elements.In the current report a numerical study has been performed in order to predictthe crack path and crack propagation cycles of a surface initiated rolling contactfatigue crack. The implementation of the contact problem is based on theasperity point load mechanism for rolling contact fatigue. The practical studiedproblem is gear contact. Different loading types and models are studied andcompared to an experimental spall profile. Good agreement has been observedconsidering short crack lengths with a distributed loading model using normalloads on the asperity and for the cylindrical contact and a tangential load on theasperity. Several different crack propagation criteria have been implemented inorder to verify the validity of the dominant mode I crack propagation assumption.Some general characteristics of rolling contact fatigue cracks have beenhighlighted. A quantitative parameter study of the implemented model hasbeen performed.
Utmattning med rullande kontakter är ett ofta förekommande problem för många maskinelement. I den aktuella rapporten utfördes en numerisk studieför att förutsäga sprickvägen hos utmattningssprickor som initierats i ytan vidrullande kontakter. Implementeringen av kontaktproblemet bygger på asperitpunktlastmekanismen för rullande kontakter. Studien av kontaktproblemetär tillämpad till kugghjul. Olika belastningstyper och modeller studeradesoch jämfördes med profilen hos en experimentell spall. Bra överensstämmelseobserverades för korta spricklängder när en modell med fördelad belastninganvänds för en belastningstyp där en normalbelastning agerar på asperiten ochvid cylindriska kontakten och en tangentialbelastning införs på asperiten. Olikakriterier för spricktillväxt implementerades för att verifiera giltigheten av antagandetatt mode I spricktillväxt är dominant. Några generella kännetecken avutmattningssprickor med rullande kontakter framhävdes. En kvantitativ parameterstudie för den implementerade modellen utfördes.
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Książki na temat "Cracks"

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Kohler, Sheila. Cracks. London: Bloomsbury, 2001.

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Kohler, Sheila. Cracks. Cambridge, Mass: Zoland Books, 1999.

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Cracks. London: Piccadilly, 2012.

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Robert, Daniel. Cracs de cracks: Variations sur les vanités. Paris: Balland, 1995.

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Alsina, Àngel. Mate cracks. Barcelona: Combel, 2015.

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Hairline cracks. New York: Lodestar Books, 1990.

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Peter, McGrain. Glass cracks. [New York?]: Green Tiger Press, 1995.

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M, Fisher Douglas, Holka Donna i Lewis Research Center, red. Variables controlling fatigue crack growth of short cracks. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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Orange, Thomas W. Stress intensity and crack displacement for small edge cracks. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division., 1988.

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Between the cracks. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "Cracks"

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Mura, Toshio. "Cracks". W Micromechanics of defects in solids, 240–323. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3489-4_5.

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Hwu, Chyanbin. "Cracks". W Anisotropic Elastic Plates, 187–237. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5915-7_7.

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Hwu, Chyanbin. "Cracks". W Anisotropic Elasticity with Matlab, 165–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66676-7_7.

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Mattheck, Claus, i Hans Kubler. "Cracks". W Wood - The Internal Optimization of Trees, 109–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61219-0_10.

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Sun, Zhaoyun, Lili Pei, Bo Yuan, Yaohui Du, Wei Li i Yuxi Han. "Pavement Crack Detection and Quantification Based on Scanning Grid and Projection Method". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 273–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_24.

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AbstractPavement cracks are difficult to monitor and quantify due to their complex texture and easy to be disturbed by noise and illumination. To solve this problem, a road crack monitoring and quantification method based on vehicle video is proposed. First, a method for extracting morphological features of dynamic road cracks is proposed. Combine automated vehicle-mounted equipment with GPS signals to obtain crack images with location information. Then, a calculation algorithm of crack parameters based on the combination of UK scanning grid and projection method is proposed, which uses the reverse engineering principle of perspective transformation to correct the image and divides the entire image into grid blocks. Finally, based on the analysis of different crack grades, the crack distress evaluation method is improved. The experimental results show that the proposed method has strong reliability and adaptability and achieves high-frequency and wide-range road detection.
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de Freitas, Michael. "Tension Cracks". W Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_280-1.

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Hills, D. A., P. A. Kelly, D. N. Dai i A. M. Korsunsky. "Interface Cracks". W Solution of Crack Problems, 107–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8648-1_4.

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Yuan, Huang. "Interface cracks". W Numerical Assessments of Cracks in Elastic-Plastic Materials, 123–222. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45882-1_4.

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Munz, D. "Surface Cracks". W Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics, 165–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5380-2_7.

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Chao, Ching-Kong, i M. H. Shen. "Curvilinear Cracks". W Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, 831–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_134.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cracks"

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Guo, Dan, Fu-Lei Chu i Yong-Yong He. "Vibration Analysis of Rotor With Transverse Surface Cracks". W ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38041.

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The vibration of cracked rotor is investigated by numerical method. The FEM is used to model the rotor with cracks. Six degrees of freedom are considered in each elemental node. Full 6×6 flexibility matrix is deduced by Papadopoulos and Dimarogonas’ method, and 12×12 stiffness matrix of cracked element is derived. The influence of one or more cracks on the natural frequencies and different modals (including bending modal, torsion modal and longitudinal modal) of cracked rotor is explored. Vibration responses of rotor with open cracks or breathing crack loading by eccentric force and rotor gravity force are obtained and analyzed by numerical integer method and spectral technology. The coupling of lateral, longitudinal and torsion vibrations due to transverse surface crack is studied. It is concluded that the above research is useful in detecting crack in rotor.
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"FEATHERING CRACKS FORMATION AT SINGLE WING CRACK EVOLUTION". W Engineering Mechanics 2019. Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21495/71-0-157.

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Nabian, M., A. Vaziri, M. Olia i H. Nayeb-Hashemi. "The Effects of Longitudinal and Circumferential Cracks on the Torsional Dynamic Response of Shafts". W ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65593.

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Turbo generator shafts are manufactured through the extrusion process. This results in formation of weak planes along the extrusion direction. Under service loading (e.g. cyclic torsion due to electrical line faults), large longitudinal cracks often form in these shafts before the appearance of any circumferential cracks. The presence of these cracks could severely compromise the shaft resonance frequencies. Here, we investigated the dynamic response of solid turbo generator shafts with longitudinal and circumferential cracks. The longitudinal cracked section of the shaft section was modeled as a shaft with reduced effective torsional rigidity. The effective torsional rigidity was found to be a function of ratio of crack depth to the shaft radius only. The circumferential cracked section was modeled as a torsional spring, with the torsional spring constant determined using fracture mechanics principles. It was found that the resonance frequency of the shaft may be little affected by the presence of a longitudinal crack. The resonance frequencies of the shaft with the circumferential crack depend on the crack length and its location. The effects of crack surface interactions for both longitudinal and circumferential cracks were also investigated. For circumferential cracked shafts, the sever crack surface interaction results in the peak response frequency approaches to that of un-cracked shafts. However the frequency where the peak response occurs for a longitudinally-cracked shaft generally exceeds that of un-cracked shaft first resonance frequency.
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Li, H. L., X. Wang i R. Bell. "Determination of Weight Functions for Cracks Under Mode-II Loading". W 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92107.

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For cracks under mode-I loading, it has been demonstrated that a general weight function expression with three unknown parameters can be used to approximate a variety of crack configurations under mode-I loading. For a given crack geometry, the unknown parameters can be determined from reference stress intensity factors (SIFs) together with characteristic properties of the weight functions. It is demonstrated in this paper that a general weight function expression also exists for cracks under mode II loading. The determination of weight functions for cracks in mode II can then also be conducted using reference stress intensity factors (SIFs) together with characteristic properties of the weight functions. This method is used to obtain the mode II weight functions for test specimens including single edge cracked plate, internal center cracked plate and double edge cracked plate. These derived weight functions were further used to calculate the SIFs for the above cracks subjected to several linear and non-linear shear loads and were compared to available SIF solutions.
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Seo, Han-Beom, Jae-Boong Choi, Young-Jin Kim, Yoon-Suk Chang i Hyun-Su Kim. "Assessment of Interaction Effect Between Two Aligned Surface Cracks in Elbows Subjected to Internal Pressure". W ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25604.

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Adjacent multiple cracks can be found in power plant components such as pressure vessel, piping and so forth. If multiple cracks are detected, it can be affected significant effect to structure integrity due to high interaction effect of the multiple cracks. Therefore general fitness-for-service (FFS) codes and standards propose assessment method for the multiple cracks. The Section XI of ASME Code suggests crack coalescence method for multiple cracks. It employs the approach combining neighbored cracks as single crack if the distance between them is close. In some cases, since this combined rule can be considered as a conservative approach, more accurate investigation of the interaction effect between multiple cracks is needed. In this study, the interaction effect between two aligned coplanar circumferential surface cracks in elbows subjected to internal pressure was investigated. Since most previous studies dealt with only plates or straight pipes, the present research was centered on cracked elbow. FE (Finite element) limit analyses were carried out by changing elbow geometries and crack shapes. Also, applicability of the current criterion for the multiple cracks was discussed.
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Xu, Wei, Qitian Lu, Maosen Cao i Wiesław Ostachowicz. "Nonlinear Vibration-Based Quantitative Evaluation of Fatigue Cracks". W 2023 50th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2023-107857.

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Abstract Fatigue cracks can cause nonlinearities in the vibration responses of cracked structural components. Nevertheless, it is difficult to extract crack-induced weak dynamic nonlinearities, leading to a noticeable barrier to evaluating the severities of the fatigue cracks. To overcome this barrier, this study proposes a nonlinear vibration-based approach for quantitatively evaluating fatigue cracks. The singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is utilized to process structural vibration responses, by which crack-induced dynamic nonlinearities are extracted and embodied in the status features (SFs). In the status space, the dispersed distributions of the SF clusters can visually characterize different crack statuses. In addition, the 3D probability density functions of the SFs are formed, based on which a status probability index is established to quantify the relative probabilities of different known crack statuses. Hereby, the fatigue cracks can be quantitatively evaluated in a probabilistic manner. The approach is experimentally validated on a steel cantilever beam with a fatigue crack. The beam is excited by an electromagnetic shaker, steady-state velocity responses of which are acquired from its free end through noncontact measurement using a Doppler laser vibrometer. The open extents of the fatigue crack are controlled by the excitation amplitudes. The results prove that the approach can visually characterize the crack statuses corresponding to different open extents and quantify their relative probabilities.
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Patel, S. K., B. Dattaguru i K. Ramachandra. "Crack Shape Development of Two Interacting Surface Elliptical Cracks". W ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1909.

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The issue of assessing residual life of an aged structure based on damage tolerance concepts attained significance in high technology fields such as aerospace, piping and pressure vessels and nuclear engineering. Computational fracture analysis of these structures in the presence of single or multi-site surface flaws is essential for life estimation and life extension. In this paper development of accurate post-processing technique (Modified Virtual Crack Closure Integral) to estimate strain energy release rates, and simple numerical method to simulate crack shape development in single and multiple interacting cracks (till they merge into single dominant crack) is presented. Crack shape development in single surface elliptical cracks was carried out earlier in literature using 2 degree of freedom model wherein fatigue crack growth is estimated along the major and minor axis of the ellipse and new crack shape was derived by fitting an ellipse to these points. A special three-degree of freedom model is proposed and presented in this paper for interacting and coalescing cracks. The crack shape development was checked with experimental work on coupons with multi-site surface cracks tested under fatigue loading. In safety critical aerospace and thick piping structures this work is significant in predicting the remaining life of aged components with multi-site damage.
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Howard, Amster, Kent Carlson i John Susong. "But Cracks?" W Pipelines 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485026.017.

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Guixiang, Yi, i Li Liang. "Cause Analysis and Influence Evaluation of Cracks in Thick Slab Construction". W 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64548.

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Abstract Cracks were found in the slab of a nuclear power plant when the formwork was removed. By means of ultrasonic testing, water storage test and crack width detection, the fracture distribution, depth and width characteristics are determined. On this basis, the numerical simulation analysis of hydration heat in the maintenance process is carried out to simulate the possible crack generation and distribution of the floor slab in the maintenance process. The simulation result shows that cracks under the combined action of temperature and shrinkage are consistent with the cracking characteristics of floor slab. Through numerical simulation of the cracked floor and intact floor, the change of the out of plane bearing capacity (bending and shear) of the cracked floor is compared and analyzed. In the model, considering the reduction of the bearing capacity at the crack section and the change of load transfer effect at the crack interface, the concrete model is disconnected according to the known opening situation, and the contact relationship is set on the crack interface to simulate the crack. Through comparative analysis, the mechanical properties of the cracked floor are evaluated, and the refined numerical simulation method of the working components with cracks is proposed. This paper can provide guidance for the cause analysis and influence evaluation of similar thick plate cracking phenomenon.
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Dillstro¨m, Peter, i Iradj Sattari-Far. "Limit Load Solutions for Surface Cracks in Plates Under Different Loading Types". W ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1184.

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Limit load solutions of plates containing surface cracks are determined using non-linear finite element analysis. The study covers both shallow and deep cracks with different crack length/crack depth ratios under different loading types. The crack configurations consist of semi-elliptical surface cracks with a/t = 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and l/a = 2, 5, 10. Also studied are plates containing infinite surface cracks with a/t = 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80. The cracked plates are subjected to pure tension, pure bending and combined tension and bending. The finite element results obtained from this study are compared with some published limit load solutions in the literature. It is shown that the exiting solutions are in general overly conservative.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Cracks"

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Xie. L52081 Transformation of Shallow to Deep Cracks - Environmental Factors. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010940.

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The vast majority of near-neutral pH SCC cracks on pipelines are shallow, and many appear to be dormant as indicated by a heavily corroded and blunted crack-tip region. These apparently dormant cracks typically penetrate approximately 10% of the wall thickness. Beyond this limit the laboratory and field observations demonstrated that the environment is the dominating parameter to determine the crack growth rates of these shallow cracks. However, a small fraction (
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Parkins i Leis. L51654 Spatial Densities of Stress-Corrosion Cracks in Line-Pipe Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), kwiecień 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010367.

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There was a need to define the spatial density of stress-corrosion crack arrays that develop in operating gas-transmission pipelines and in laboratory test specimens of line-pipe steel, to improve understanding of the factors that control the density and provide data to test models of pipeline cracking. Within the broad definition of crack density are included the locations, numbers, lengths, depths, and degree of linkage of cracks. An analysis has been conducted of location, numbers, lengths, depths, and degree of linkage of stress-corrosion crack colonies in samples from the field and from laboratory tests. This has provided data to test any model of the cracking of pipelines. Thus, it is shown that crack densities are of the order of 5 cracks/mm of distance normal to the crack length direction and that the depths and lengths of cracks are distributed according to log normal and Weibull functions. During the growth stage of cracks in a colony, their spatial distribution is not random, because of the interaction of their associated stress fields. That interaction also results in the coalescence of cracks, an extremely important part of the overall growth process, and that interaction is defined quantitatively to provide further information to which modeling must aspire.
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Leis. L51807 Characterization of Axial Flaws in Pipelines with a Focus of Stress Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010328.

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This report presents the results of a series of projects that involved: (1) characterizing the behavior of crack colonies associated with stress-corrosion cracking (SCC); (2) developing failure criteria to provide safety without undue conservatism; and (3) developing criteria to characterize crack coalescence prior to SCC leaks. Analytical details are given for the various types of axial cracks, with a focus on short, deep cracks, patches of SCC cracks often found in field-digs, and deep, co-parallel cracks. All analyses were done in a fracture mechanics framework for use in developing criteria to ensure safety and assess the serviceability of natural gas transmission pipelines.
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Yunovich. L51923 Stress Corrosion Crack Depth Measurement Program. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), listopad 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011224.

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To be able to answer each of the questions that an operator faces upon encountering stress corrosion cracking, the following must be achieved:- Accurate depth measurement for near-critical flaws- Accurate depth measurement for sub-critical flaws- Accurate discrimination of inconsequential cracks from cracks that may grow to failure.This program compared the depth measurement accuracy of ten crack-depth measurement technologies using a common set of stress-corrosion crack samples.
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Wang, Bo. PR-350-144502-R01 Assessment of Cracks Clusters with Intelligent Interaction. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), sierpień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011743.

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This project developed intelligent flaw interaction rules that can account more accurately the impact of multiple cracks without being overly conservative. These rules use the principles of equivalent impact among multiple interacting cracks and represent the magnitude of the impact by a single virtual crack. These rules do not rely on a critical spacing to determine whether there is an interaction. The magnitude of the interaction is a continuous function of the size of adjacent cracks and the spacing between them. There is a related webinar.
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Bruce. L52090 Near-Neutral pH SCC - Dormancy and Re-Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), kwiecień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011360.

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The objective of this research project was to identify the environmental, metallurgical, and mechanical conditions that lead to dormancy and re-initiation of previously dormant stress corrosion cracks. These parameters would assist pipeline operators in mitigating near-neutral pH SCC on their systems, and allocating resources for pipeline maintenance. Unload-reload transients were found to increase the crack growth rate in the majority of the experiments and to re-initiate dormant stress corrosion cracks in several cases. On the other hand, there was no consistent effect of the presence or magnitude of overloads on crack growth behavior. The simulated hydrostatic tests had relatively little effect on the crack velocities for near dormant conditions, but consistently inhibited subsequent crack growth for actively growing cracks. The results of analyses of the data and modeling suggest that the R ratio (ratio of minimum to maximum pressure) and frequency of pressure fluctuations on an operating pipeline can be used as a tool to rank segments of pipelines base on the mechanical driving force for propagation of near neutral pH SCC. The concept of a critical crack tip strain rate, which can be related to the R ratio and frequency, also can be used to reasonably predict whether a given set of loading conditions will lead to dormancy.
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Snyder, Kenneth A. Effect of drying shrinkage cracks and flexural cracks on concrete bulk permeability. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6519.

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Arumugam, Udayansankar, Mimoun Elboujdaini, Ming Gao i Ramiro Vanoye. PR-328-133702-R02 F-S Fatigue Testing of Crack-in-Dent with Framework for Life Prediction. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011628.

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ASME B31.8 states that "Dents that contain stress corrosion cracking or other cracks are injurious to the pipeline" and therefore, requires immediate attention by the Operators. Dent containing crack fields (colonies) are often observed in liquid pipelines. The recently completed PRCI research project MD-1N "Study of the Mechanism for Cracking in Dents in a Crude Oil Pipeline" showed evidence of a mechanism for fatigue cracking. The crack growth rate as a function of stress intensity factor was estimated using the measured spacings of fatigue striations from fracture surfaces based on the assumption that the formation of fatigue striations on a cycle-by-cycle basis. However, due to the lack of full-scale fatigue crack growth data, the success was limited. This gap prompted PRCI to launch a full-scale experimental investigation of crack growth rates of cracks in dents under cyclic pressure load in the simulated groundwater NS4 environment (PRC-328-133702, MD-1Q). The objective of the study was to determine the crack growth rate as a function of stress intensity factor, the number of cycles to failure, and the failure modes of cracks in dents. The test results would be used to evaluate the validity of cycle-by-cycle based assumption for crack growth rate estimation from the measured fatigue-striation-spacing. The investigation was also aimed at establishing a framework for remaining fatigue life prediction of cracks in dents in liquid pipelines. This framework would benefit liquid pipeline Operators to manage better the integrity of dents associated with corrosion fatigue cracking in groundwater. A total of six pipe samples containing cracks in shallow dents excavated from a retired 24-inch diameter liquid transmission pipeline were available and used for the full-scale fatigue tests. The test system developed under the project consisted of four components: (1) a computer-controlled hydraulic pressure cycling system, (2) an environment chamber containing a simulated groundwater NS4 solution mounted on the pipe in around the dent region to provide a simulated field environment condition; (3) real-time crack growth monitoring systems including direct cur-rent potential drop (DCPD), Clip gage and Strain gage; (4) data acquisition system. The cyclic pressure range used in the fatigue tests was 78 to 780 psig (72%SMYS) with R=0.1, which was based on historical operational pressure data and the Rain flow analysis. A constant frequency of 0.0526 Hz was selected for the testing to ensure the frequency requirement for corrosion fatigue is met. The remaining fatigue life of cracks-in-dents and failure modes were evaluated using the full-scale fatigue test results. Further, fatigue crack growth rates were established. Finally, a framework was developed for the life prediction of cracks in shallow dents based on the findings from six full-scale fatigue cyclic tests. This framework will assist liquid pipeline operators to estimate the remaining fatigue life for cracks in shallow dents utilizing inputs from ILI and pipeline's historical operational pressure fluctuation data and to mitigate the threat of cracks in dents in a timely manner. There is a related webinar.
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Bubenik i Nestleroth. L51619 Effects of Loading on the Growth Rates in Deep Stress-Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), sierpień 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010094.

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With the development of improved techniques for detection of stress corrosion cracks in existing pipelines, the pipeline industry is faced with the problem of estimating the growth rates of these cracks. Current efforts in model development are addressing the problem but, in order to verify these models, accurate average crack velocity data are needed (average crack velocity being defined as the average rate of crack growth with time, crack velocity is the instantaneous rate of crack tip dissolution.) Currently available data are limited and are based primarily on either slow-strain rate tests or tapered tensile tests. The loading conditions in the former are unrepresentative of actual operating conditions while the crack depths in the latter are much shallower than those observed in service. Some fracture mechanics data also are available for this system but the specimen and crack geometry used in these tests are not similar to the geometry of the field failures*. In addition, results of recent PRCI research suggest that the stress intensity parameter, K, which is used to relate different cracking geometries, is a poor crack driving force parameter for SCC in line pipe steels. The overall objective of this work is to obtain accurate average crack velocity data as a function of crack depth and loading conditions. The program is divided into two tasks: Task 1 - Effect of Crack Depth and Cyclic Loading Conditions on Crack Growth and Task 2 - Inhibition of Crack Growth.
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Arumugam, Udayansankar, Pablo Cazenave i Ming Gao. PR-328-133702-R01 Study of the Mechanism for Cracking in Dents in a Crude Oil Pipeline. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011556.

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Phase one report: Crack fields (colonies) in dents are often observed in liquid pipe lines. Because of their colonial appearance, these cracks in dents are often thought to be associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, a recent full-scale dent fatigue testing under a PRCI mechanical damage program showed that crack colonies in dents can be produced by fatigue. This observation facilitated PRCI to launch a further study of the cracking mechanism in dents using samples extracted from a liquid pipeline. A total of 6 pipe samples containing dent with crack/metal loss were investigated. Evidences from this investigation showed that cracks in dents are aligned in an axial direction with appearance similar to crack colony. Fractographic analyses showed that the mechanism for cracking in these dents was fatigue. No evidence of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was found. Fractographic analyses also showed that cracks in the colony were associated with a corrosion pit, suggesting corrosion pits are the initiation sites for fatigue crack. A combination of corrosion pitting and fatigue crack growth is the overall mechanism for the observed cracking, that is, corrosion may be the first degrading mechanism followed by the fatigue crack growth. Based on the understanding of the mechanism for cracking, a review is given to the currently available pit-to-crack transition and overall life prediction models. Applicability and limitations of these models to cracks in dent are discussed. Gaps and areas for further study are discussed. An example of rate competing between pit and crack growth and for overall life estimate is illustrated. In this report, sample selection and the approach used in this investigation are presented first. The findings from fractographic analysis are summarized. Currently available modelling efforts for pitto-fatigue are reviewed. Gaps and further research areas are discussed.
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