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Kimanga, Davies O., Valeria N. B. Makory, Amin S. Hassan, et al. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine HIV care and antiretroviral treatment outcomes in Kenya: A nationally representative analysis." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (2023): e0291479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291479.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic adversely disrupted global health service delivery. We aimed to assess impact of the pandemic on same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation, six-months non-retention and initial virologic non-suppression (VnS) among individuals starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kenya. Methods Individual-level longitudinal service delivery data were analysed. Random sampling of individuals aged >15 years starting ART between April 2018 –March 2021 was done. Date of ART initiation was stratified into pre-COVID-19 (April 2018 –March 2019 and April 2019 –March 2020) and COVID-19 (April 2020 –March 2021) periods. Mixed effects generalised linear, survival and logistic regression models were used to determine the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation, six-months non-retention and VnS, respectively. Results Of 7,046 individuals sampled, 35.5%, 36.0% and 28.4% started ART during April 2018 –March 2019, April 2019 –March 2020 and April 2020 –March 2021, respectively. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, the COVID-19 period had higher same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation (adjusted risk ratio [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.04–1.13], p<0.001) and lower six-months non-retention (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.66 [0.58–0.74], p<0.001). Of those sampled, 3,296 (46.8%) had a viral load test done at a median 6.2 (IQR, 5.3–7.3) months after ART initiation. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, there was no significant difference in VnS during the COVID-19 period (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.79 [95%% CI: 0.52–1.20], p = 0.264). Conclusions In the short term, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an adverse impact on HIV care and treatment outcomes in Kenya. Timely, strategic and sustained COVID-19 response may have played a critical role in mitigating adverse effects of the pandemic and point towards maturity, versatility and resilience of the HIV program in Kenya. Continued monitoring to assess long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV care and treatment program in Kenya is warranted.
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Albeitawi, Soha, Zina Al-Alami, Khaldoun Khamaiseh, Lama Al Mehaisen, Almu’atasim Khamees, and Jehan Hamadneh. "Conception Preferences during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12050144.
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Background: The COVID-19 lockdowns imposed new challenges to couples who were planning to conceive. In this research paper, we aimed to study the perceptions of women in Jordan during the pandemic regarding fertility behavior, the desire to use assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the awareness and beliefs of potential risks related to conception. Methods: A validated online-based questionnaire was distributed to women from April–May 2020, Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS version 22 and R software (2020); p values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The total number of participants was 814 women, with 78.2% of the participants (58.7% fertile and 76.6% infertile) believing that pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic could be risky. Among them, 16% and 40%, respectively, were trying to conceive during the pandemic, and 97.4% and 89.9%, respectively, were not willing to use ART if needed during the pandemic. Young, nulliparous women who were married for less than one year were significantly associated with the desire to conceive during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: This study concluded that the fertility behavior of women in Jordan changed during the pandemic, and their desire for natural conception and for using ART declined, as they believed that there were potential risks related to conceiving during the pandemic. However, the effect was greater among the general fertile population than the infertile.
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Toptchiyska, Denitza. "Protection of privacy in the period of Covid-19 pandemic." Law Journal of New Bulgarian University 16, no. 2 (2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/ljnbu.20.2.2.
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During the pandemic of COVID-19 in April 2020 the Ministry of Health in Bulgaria began the administration of the Virusafe contact tracking application. With the Law on Emergency Measures and Actions, declared by a decision of the National Assembly of 13th March 2020 amendments to the Electronic Communications Act were adopted. The purpose of the legislative amendments was to provide access of the competent authorities to the localization data from the public electronic communication networks of the individuals, who have refused or do not fulfill the obligatory isolation or treatment under art. 61 of the Health Act. This publication aims to analyze the main features of mobile applications for tracking the contacts of infected persons, as well as the adopted legislative changes, comparing them with the standards of personal data protection provided in the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and Directive 2002/58/EC on the right to privacy and electronic communications.
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Lockheart, Julia. "Painting and Socializing COVID-19 Dreams." International Journal of Surrealism 1, no. 2 (2024): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ijs.2024.a922369.
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Abstract: A catastrophic worldwide trauma occurred with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, which caused changes in the content of dreams worldwide. In response to this, the science art collaboration DreamsID (Dreams Interpreted and Drawn; Dreams Illustrated and Discussed) held dream salons online, from March to July 2020, to explore the effects of the pandemic on the dreams of healthcare professionals and keyworkers. In each salon a worldwide audience discussed the dream of a key worker, and the dream was painted simultaneously so as to return the dream to a visual form. Three of these dreams are described here. Each is shown to reflect metaphorically the adverse circumstances of the pandemic. The painting of each dream is reproduced, with feedback from each dreamer about this process. This article shows how, through discussion with others, the socialization of the dream results in an artistic intervention and a collaborative act of creativity. It concludes that the dream salon, as a forum, combines the dream and rational waking life of the dreamer, one of the key aims of Surrealism.
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He, Yuan, and Robert J. Vinci. "Uncertainty in the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Art of Medicine." Pediatrics 147, no. 5 (2021): e2020042937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-042937.
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Eidsaa, Randi Margrethe. "Aesthetic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: The corona performance No Problama." Routledge Open Research 2 (January 26, 2024): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17719.2.
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This article highlights the artistic project No Problama, which was created during the COVID-19 crisis. The discussion takes its point of departure in revisiting the project, aiming to discover new meanings, expand knowledge about art as response to crises and more profound understanding of connecting art and society when explored two years after completion. The investigation is inspired by international research on the function of art during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article includes references to art and music projects published in 2020 as creative, aesthetic responses, which reflected how people worldwide used artistic expressions to release fear and anxiety during the first months of the lockdown. The No Problama project was developed from August 2020 to May 2021 as a primary school and university collaboration in a small city close to the University of Agder in Kristiansand, Norway. The project exemplifies what was later referred to as "corona-music" or "corona-art". It is discussed as an aesthetic response to the COVID-19 pandemic using approaches from music aesthetics, music education and research in the arts. A retrospective exploration made it evident that the No Problama artistic expressions became representations of COVID-19-pandemic aesthetics. Thus, the project illustrates one path of intervention between art and crisis in a specific context where each component was developed and tailored to a situation affected by strict national health regulations.
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Osei, Eric, Hubert Amu, Gideon Kye-Duodu, et al. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Tuberculosis and HIV services in Ghana: An interrupted time series analysis." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0291808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291808.
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Introduction The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) burden, coupled with unprecedented control measures including physical distancing, travel bans, and lockdowns of cities, implemented to stop the spread of the virus, have undoubtedly far-reaching aftereffects on other diseases. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), a particular worry is the potential impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB), as a consequence of possible disruption to health services and limiting access to needed life-saving health care. In Ghana, there is a paucity of information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on disease control, particularly TB and HIV control. This study sought to contribute to bridging this knowledge gap. Method The study involved the analysis of secondary data obtained from the District Health Information Management System-2 (DHIMS-2) database of Ghana Health Service, from 2016 to 2020. Data were analysed using an interrupted time-series regression approach to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on TB case notification, HIV testing, and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) initiations, using March 2020 as the event period. Results The study showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic period, there was an abrupt decline of 20.5% (955CI: 16.0%, 24.5%) in TB case notifications in April and 32.7% (95%CI: 28.8%, 39.1%) in May 2020, with a median monthly decline of 21.4% from April-December 2020. A cumulative loss of 2,128 (20%; 95%CI: 13.3%, 26.7%) TB cases was observed nationwide as of December 2020. There was also a 40.3% decrease in people presenting for HIV tests in the first month of COVID-19 (April 2020) and a cumulative loss of 262620 (26.5%) HIV tests as of December 2020 attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. ART initiations increased by 39.2% in the first month and thereafter decreased by an average of 10% per month from May to September 2020. Cumulatively, 443 (1.9%) more of the people living with HIV initiated ART during the pandemic period, however, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted TB case notifications and HIV testing and counselling services, However, ART initiation was generally not impacted during the first year of the pandemic. Proactive approaches aimed at actively finding the thousands of individuals with TB who were missed in 2020 and increasing HIV testing and counselling and subsequent treatment initiations should be prioritised.
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Alamsyah and Siti Maziyah. "The Influence of Covid-19 Pandemic on Emprak Art in Jepara." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131704002.
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This article was to explain how the Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in Indonesia from the beginning of 2020 to 2021 had an effect on Empark Art existence in Jepara. The purpose of the study was to describe analytically the impact of covid on the emprak art existence and how to make emprak art in Jepara sustainable. The method used was a descriptive qualitative and historical method. The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic had reduced the Emprak art performance. This decline affected the artists’ creativity and economic income. On the creativity side, they rarely practice because there were no performances. This condition hampered the regeneration process. The artists, especially the younger generation, were more focused on activities outside the arts. From the economic side, the artist’s income had also decreased, and even there was no income anymore. On the other hand, the regulations of staging prohibition to prevent the spread of COVID-19 had made emprak art even worse. This was what made this art suspended. Therefore, there needs to be an effort from the artists, government, and the supporting community so that this art can survive and be sustainable. The conclusion showed that the Covid-19 pandemic had an effect on the emprak existence related to the artists’ income and regeneration process.
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Bai, Gegentuul Hongye. "Fighting COVID-19 with Mongolian fiddle stories." Multilingua 39, no. 5 (2020): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2020-0087.
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AbstractThis article examines the recontextualization of traditional Mongolian verbal art khuuriin ülger (‘fiddle story’) by Mongolian folk singers in the context of the spread of COVID-19 in Inner Mongolia, China. Drawing on the concept of intertextuality, I analyze the verbal and visual signs in 94 videos of Mongolian fiddle stories. The article argues that the minority Mongols participate in the dominant global and national discourses while at the same time creating a sense of Mongolian-ness by marrying Mongolian verbal art with public health messages related to COVID-19. The article also finds that the multivocal COVID-19 Mongolian fiddle stories are a medium to articulate the very heteroglot sense of the world in which minority Mongols dwell and to construct and reaffirm their multi-layered identities. The study contributes to our understanding of how traditional genres and symbols evolve in response to the pandemic.
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Eidsaa, Randi Margrethe. "Aesthetic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: The corona performance No Problama." Routledge Open Research 2 (March 31, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/routledgeopenres.17719.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article highlights the artistic project No Problama, which was created during the COVID-19 crisis. The discussion takes its point of departure in revisiting the project, aiming to discover new meanings and more profound understanding when explored one year after completion. The investigation is inspired by international research on the function of art during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article includes references to art and music projects published in 2020 as creative, aesthetic responses, which reflected how people worldwide used artistic expressions to release fear and anxiety during the first months of the lockdown. The No Problama project was developed from August 2020 to May 2021 as a primary school and university collaboration in a small city close to the University of Agder in Kristiansand, Norway. The project exemplifies what was later referred to as "corona-music" or "corona-art". It is discussed as an aesthetic response to the COVID-19 pandemic using approaches from arts-based research. A retrospective exploration made it evident that the No Problama artistic expressions became representations of COVID-19-pandemic aesthetics. Thus, the project illustrates one path of intervention between art and crisis in a specific context where each component was developed and tailored to a situation affected by strict national health regulations.
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Coman, Iuliana. "ART CONSUMPTION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: INFLUENCE UPON THE SENTIMENT OF LIFE FULFILMENT." Business Excellence and Management S.I., no. 1 (2020): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2020.s.i.1-09.
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Art has been present in our life since the beginning of the humanity, participating to the evolution of society and at the same time reflecting the different stages of human evolution. The aim of this paper is to offer a short analysis regarding the art consumption during the Covid-19 crisis presenting several convictions, perceptions and influences which are manifesting in the art consumers behavior. The research analyzed the influences of art upon the feeling of life fulfilment and upon convictions regarding the capacity of art to influence the life of society. The analysis is performed using data obtained from an experimental survey on a sample of 200 persons with higher education in the south of Romania. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel and contain descriptive tables. The analysis took into consideration the comparisons of the results obtained using different statistical methods. Following the analysis, it was concluded that the consumption of art continued during Covid-19 crisis, the frequency of art consume were rather high due to the availability of various Internet platforms: 75% of respondents consume at least weekly movies on Internet platforms like Netflix or HboGo; 34% of respondents consume weekly theater on Internet platforms (online TV stations, plays broadcast online, others); 73% of respondents consume at least weekly music on Internet platforms (online TV stations, music broadcast online, others). Another conclusion of the research is that the presence of art manifests influences upon the sentiment of life fulfilment and upon the convictions regarding the capacity of art to participate to the consolidation of society.
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Carollina, Donna. "Graffiti Virtual Exhibition “Pandemic Youth”." International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies 7, no. 2 (2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v7i2.4655.
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In the middle of March 2020, Indonesia declared a Covid-19 emergency. This pandemic has an impact on art activities, including the artistic world of graffiti. During this time, the activities of graffiti artists in public spaces were increasingly limited. However, this limitation does not dampen their spirit, especially in terms of organizing exhibitions. Where on May 17, 2020, they held a virtual exhibition titled "Youth Pandemics." This topic is interesting to discuss since organizing a virtual exhibition is a new thing for graffiti artists, especially in Indonesia. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. This study's results reveal that implementing a virtual exhibition gave new alternative space for graffiti artists during a pandemic. Also, a virtual exhibition is a place to gather for graffiti artists amid their social limitations. Pameran Virtual Graffiti “Pandemic Youth” ABSTRAK Medio Maret 2020 Indonesia dinyatakan darurat Covid-19. Pandemik ini berdampak pada aktivitas seni termasuk di dalamnya dunia artistik graffiti. Selama pandemik, aktivitas artistik pelaku graffiti di ruang publik semakin terbatas. Namun batasan ini tidak menyurutkan semangat berkesenian sebagian pelaku graffiti, terutama dalam hal penyelenggaraan pameran. Dimana pada 17 Mei 2020 lalu mereka menyelenggarakan pameran virtual bertajuk “Pandemic Youth”. Topik ini menarik untuk dibahas mengingat upaya penyelenggaraan pameran virtual ini merupakan hal yang baru bagi pelaku graffiti khususnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa penyelenggaraan pameran virtual menambah alternatif baru bagi ruang berekspresi para pelaku graffiti di tengah pandemik. Selain itu pameran virtual sekaligus menjadi wadah berkumpul bagi para pelaku graffiti di tengah keterbatasan sosial mereka.
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Devindriati Kusuma, Putu Sandra. "Children Virtual Concert in the Covid-19 Pandemic." Journal of Music Science, Technology, and Industry 3, no. 2 (2020): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31091/jomsti.v3i2.1160.
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Purpose: This article aims to see a children virtual concert held by La Prima Course and Bandung Philharmonic. Both of them held an online concert in June 2020, when the world was entering new normal era due to Covid-19 pandemic. Research methods: The method used in writing this article is descriptive-qualitative by observing watching two virtual concert and long-distance interviews through social media. Results and discussion: Children virtual concert have a positive impact for children as activities at home during the Covid-19 pandemic. Other impacts were also felt by the organizers so that the organizers were enthusiastic to routinely hold virtual performances. Implication: Covid-19 pandemic makes virtual performance a cost-effective and attractive choice for organizers, children, and parents who concern about art.
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De-Graft Aikins, Ama, and Bernard Akoi-Jackson. "“Colonial Virus”: COVID-19, creative arts and public health communication in Ghana." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 4s (2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i4s.13.
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Since March 2020, Ghana’s creative arts communities have tracked the complex facets of the COVID-19 pandemic through various art forms. This paper reports a study that analysed selected ‘COVID art forms’ through arts and health and critical health psychology frameworks. Art forms produced between March and July 2020, and available in the public sphere - traditional media, social media and public spaces - were collated. The data consisted of comedy, cartoons, songs, murals and textile designs. Three key functions emerged from analysis: health promotion (comedy, cartoons, songs); disease prevention (masks); and improving the aesthetics of the healthcare environment (murals). Textile designs performed broader socio-cultural functions of memorialising and political advocacy. Similar to earlier HIV/AIDS and Ebola arts interventions in other African countries, these Ghanaian COVID art forms translated public health information on COVID-19 in ways that connected emotionally, created social awareness and improved public understanding. However, some art forms had limitations: for example, songs that edutained using fear-based strategies or promoting conspiracy theories on the origins and treatment of COVID-19, and state-sponsored visual art that representedpublic health messaging decoupled from socio-economic barriers to health protection. These were likely to undermine the public health communication goals of behaviour modification. We outline concrete approaches to incorporate creative arts into COVID-19 public health interventions and post-pandemic health systems strengthening in Ghana.
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Kuo, (Gwen) Kuan-ying. "From IRL (in-real-life) to URL: Capturing the art biennial amid COVID-19." Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 8, no. 2 (2021): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca_00048_1.
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In early 2020, the unforeseen COVID-19 has brought the art world to its knees, particularly the contemporary art scene needs viewers and feedback to survive. Artists require new channels connecting them with their audiences, while artists’ work needs to be seen and appreciated by the public to sustain its value. In the face of social distancing restrictions and limited visitors, however, many international exhibitions are forced to cancel or postponed. With less to no patronage, will the global pandemic bring the end of the art world? As the global pandemic has forced most social and cultural events moving online, the art biennials are no exception. This article examines the art biennial, the Olympics of the art world, to rediscover the meaning of ‘art’ before and after COVID-19. Integrating virtual presentation and digital campaign between the Taipei Biennial and the Shanghai Biennale, the first running art biennials across the Taiwan Strait, this article analyses and presents the art world’s potential shifts in the post-pandemic future.
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Mugo, Cyrus, Oluwasanmi Adedokun, Oluwafemi David Alo, et al. "Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV service delivery and viral suppression: Findings from the SHARP program in Northern Nigeria." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0300335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300335.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV programs scaled up differentiated service delivery (DSD) models for people living with HIV (PLHIV). We evaluated the effects of COVID-19 on HIV service delivery and viral suppression in facilities in Northern Nigeria, and determined factors associated with viral suppression among adolescents and adults. We analysed a cross-sectional survey data from facility heads, and retrospective, routinely collected patient data from 63 facilities for PLHIV ≥10 years old in care between April 2019-March 2021, defining study periods as “pre-COVID-19” (before April 2020) and “during COVID-19” (after April 2020). For the pre-COVID and the COVID-19 periods we compared uptake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) refills of ≥3 months (MMD3), and ≥6 months (MM6), missed appointments, viral load (VL) testing, VL testing turnaround time (TAT) and viral suppression among those on ART for ≥6 months using two proportions Z-test and t-tests. We fit a multivariable logistic regression model to determine factors associated with maintaining or achieving viral suppression. Of 84,776 patients, 58% were <40 years, 67% were female, 55% on ART for >5 years, 93% from facilities with community-based ART refill, a higher proportion were on MMD3 (95% versus 74%, p<0.001) and MMD6 (56% versus 22%, p<0.001) during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19, and a higher proportion had VL testing during COVID-19 (55,271/69,630, [84%]) than pre-COVID-19 (47,747/68,934, [73%], p<0.001). Viral suppression was higher during COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID era (93% [51,196/55,216] versus 91% [43,336/47,728], p<0.001), and there was a higher proportion of missed visits (40% [28,923/72,359] versus 39% [26,304/67,365], p<0.001) and increased VL TAT (mean number of days: 38 versus 36, p<0.001) during COVID-19 pandemic and pre-COVID period respectively. Factors associated with maintaining or achieving suppression during COVID-19 were receiving MMD3 and MMD6 refills (OR: 2.8 [95% CI: 2.30–3.47] and OR: 6.3 [95% CI: 5.11–7.69], respectively) and attending clinics with community-based ART refill (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.39–1.87]). The program in Northern Nigeria demonstrated resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic and adoption of MMD had a positive impact on HIV care. Though VL TAT and missed clinic visits slightly increased during the pandemic, VL testing improved and viral suppression moved closer to 95%. Adoption of MMD and community-based models of care at scale are recommended for future pandemic preparedness.
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Bhujade, Rashmi, Anupama Srivastva, Renu Agrawal, and Anil Baghel. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of ART Centre Services of a teaching hospital." Indian Journal of Community Health 36, no. 2 (2024): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2024.v36i02.005.
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Background- COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the collateral health system. It made access to essential health services difficult. Such an essential service is a service provided to HIV patients. This study was planned to assess the effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on Anti-Retroviral therapy (ART) center services. Methods -Pre-recorded epidemiological data from an ART center of a teaching hospital was used to answer the research question. Data was collected for retrieving 4 parameters i.e. number of registrations, number of HIV-positive patients kept on ART, number of deaths, and loss to follow up of the COVID-19 year and non-COVID-19 year then comparison was made between both. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS. Independent t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and multiple comparison Tuckey’s test were applied. Results- Statistically significant difference was noted in the total number of registrations, the number of patients kept on ART, death, and loss to follow-up in non- COVID-19 & COVID-19 years. After appling above mentioned statistical test the p-value came out to be <0.05. Conclusion-COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the auxiliary non-COVID-19 health services and health programs. The current study gives evidence that ART functioning is negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mohd Shukri, Nor Azwani, and Sarah Muneera Karami. "FINANCIAL HARDSHIP AND DIETARY ADHERENCE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 23, no. 1 (2023): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.23/no.1/art.1802.
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 The COVID-19 pandemic affected the global economy resulting in financial hardship due to declining wages or job losses. A decreased income influences food expenditure and accessibility affecting dietary adherence to healthy recommendations. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between financial hardship and dietary adherence among Malaysian working adults during the pandemic. Individuals aged 18 to 59 years (N=163) who experienced financial hardship during the pandemic participated in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected through an online survey. The reported number of servings consumed by the respondents for nine food groups was compared with the recommendations by the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2020 and Malaysian Food Pyramid 2020 using one-sample t-test to measure dietary adherence. The association between the financial hardship categories (≤25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, and 76-100% of monthly household income reduction rate during the pandemic) and dietary adherence status was assessed using the chi-squared test. The respondents consumed significantly lower number of servings of vegetables, fruits, cereals, fish, legumes, milk and milk products, and fat/oils, compared to recommendations (all p<0.001) whereas their sugar intake was significantly higher than recommended (p=0.041). These indicate dietary non-adherence. However, no association between financial hardship and dietary adherence was detected among adults who were financially affected during the COVID-19 pandemic in this study. In conclusion, most Malaysian adults who reportedly experienced financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated non-adherence to healthy dietary recommendations. However, whether this was influenced by financial difficulties faced during the pandemic is inconclusive and warrants further investigation.
 
 
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Subramaniam, Maithreyi, Jacqueline Sim Fei Chin, Tan Tay Guan, and Tan Yar Shi. "Batik Paintings, A Beautiful Cultural Heritage." Journal of Social Science and Humanities 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.jssh.2023.1.1.
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In early 2020, Malaysia’s creative industry was weakened by the country’s constant lockdown due to pandemic Covid-19. Lim Anuar, a deaf artist, illustrator, and designer, was struggling financially and missed his family in Vietnam as many galleries and art workshops were closed during this pandemic. In this research, the authors discussed the impact of Covid-19 towards creative industries globally, issues with Malaysian creative industry and batik during Covid-19, batik paintings during modern Malaysian art in between 60s-70s, Kwan Chin’s style of Modern Malaysian batik paintings, exploration of Lim Anuar’s batik paintings in contemporary Malaysian art. Three significant batik paintings of the artist’s interest namely Gotong-Royong II, Best Friends, and Family Togetherness, produced in 2021 were discussed in terms of subject, form, and content. The researchers found that there are some influences from the Western art namely Cubism and Kwan Chin’s “crackle” effect in Lim Anuar’s batik paintings. This study also clarifies that local artists especially those with special needs who contributed to the development of contemporary Malaysian art should be given more opportunities for career expansion and voice in the creative industry during the post-pandemic era of Covid-19.
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Lee, Dooyeon, Eric P. F. Chow, Ivette Aguirre, Christopher K. Fairley, and Jason J. Ong. "Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy among People Living with HIV in Melbourne during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312765.
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The social measures taken to control the COVID-19 pandemic can potentially disrupt the management of HIV. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Australian COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV in Melbourne. Using data from the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC), we assessed the changes in rates of ART postal delivery, controlled viral load, and ART dispensing from 2018 to 2020. The percentage of ART delivered by postage from the MSHC pharmacy was calculated weekly. The percentage of people living with HIV with a controlled viral load (≤200 copies/mL) was calculated monthly. We calculated a yearly Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). The average percentage of HIV ART dispensed through postage for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 3.7% (371/10,023), 3.6% (380/10,685), and 14% (1478/10,765), respectively (Ptrend < 0.0001). Of the 3115 people living with HIV, the average MPR for 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 1.05, 1.06, and 1.14, respectively (Ptrend = 0.28). The average percentage of people with an HIV viral load of <200 copies/mL for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 97.6% (2271/2327), 98.0% (2390/2438), and 99.2% (2048/2064), respectively (Ptrend < 0.0001). This study found that the proportion of controlled viral load and access to ART of people living with HIV in Melbourne was largely unaffected by the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. This suggests that some of the services provided by the MSHC during the pandemic, such as HIV ART postal delivery, may assist long-term HIV management.
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Mann, Laura M., Travis Sanchez, Rob Stephenson, Patrick S. Sullivan, and Samuel M. Jenness. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual Behavior and HIV Prevention and Treatment Services Among U.S. Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Post-Lockdown Era." American Journal of Men's Health 17, no. 2 (2023): 155798832311686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883231168602.
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Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, disruptions to sexual health services and changes to sexual behavior due to the first COVID-19 lockdowns were common among U.S. gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Less is known about the persistence of these changes after this initial lockdown period. These changes have long-term implications for HIV prevention for current and future pandemic periods. This study collected information on COVID-related impacts on sexual behavior and HIV-related health service disruptions from a cohort of U.S. GBMSM at three time points during the COVID-19 pandemic. We observed that COVID-related disruptions to sexual behavior continued from early lockdown periods through December 2020. Although early interruptions to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) access resolved in later 2020 and interruptions to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence were minimal, extended disruptions were observed in HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, HIV care clinical visits, and HIV viral load testing. Although sexual behavior did not return to prepandemic levels in late 2020, the reduced access to HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services during this period could result in an overall increased HIV transmission rate, with long-term impacts to the trajectory of the U.S. HIV epidemic. Additional resources and programs are needed to address challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as prepare for future potential pandemics and other disruptive events.
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McNaughton, Esther Helen. "Art Gallery Education in New Zealand during COVID-19." Museum Worlds 8, no. 1 (2020): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2020.080110.
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This article describes the unprecedented coming together of New Zealand art gallery educators to respond to the challenges of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. This newly formed community of practice met virtually three times at critical points. At each stage, new concerns were discussed and understandings evolved. The gallery educators were able to approach shared issues cooperatively, enabling mutual support to a degree that had hitherto not been possible. By the end of these meetings, gallery educators were reestablishing their regular teaching practice with the integration of many of the innovations of the period. Additionally, the meetings fulfilled a preexisting desire for closer contact and professional support, and thus proved to be the foundation of an ongoing national professional group for New Zealand art gallery educators.
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Akiyama, Hajime. "COVID-19 measures and the Japanese Constitution." F1000Research 10 (March 23, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50861.1.
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Since March 2020, the Act on Special Measures for Pandemic Influenza and New Infectious Diseases Preparedness and Response has been a significant statute in dealing with COVID-19 in Japan. The Act mandates requests and orders for business suspension and shortened business hours, as well as stay-at-home requests. Although there have been no penalties as of January 2021, these requests and orders limit freedom of movement and establishment, guaranteed rights under the Japanese Constitution. This article poses the following research question: “Does the Japanese Constitution allow measures against COVID-19 such as requests and orders for business suspension and shortened business hours, and stay-at-home requests?” It also asks: “Are measures with penalties allowed by the Constitution?” This paper introduces constitutional concepts that guarantee or limit individual freedom. Concepts that guarantee individual freedoms include freedom of establishment and movement. These freedoms derive from the constitutional values of freedom to choose one’s occupation and choose and change one’s residence (Art. 22) and the right to own or hold property (Art. 29). Concepts that limit individual freedom include the right to life (Art. 13), welfare rights and public health (Art. 25), and public welfare (Art. 13). Individual freedom that threatens right to life, welfare rights and public health, and public welfare may not be guaranteed. This paper argues that since measures against COVID-19 are considered public welfare, the Constitution allows the limiting of freedom of establishment and movement. Furthermore, from the perspectives of the right to life, welfare rights, and public health, the government is responsible for reducing the risk to life from COVID-19. It also argues that the Constitution permits measures with penalties, while proportionality needs to be considered.
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Samudyatha, U. C., J. K. Kosambiya, and Manvendra Singh Rathore. "HIV Care in the Times of COVID-19 Pandemic in Urban South Gujarat: An Operational Overview." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 21 (January 2022): 232595822210848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259582221084885.
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In India, the nationwide lockdown was implemented from March to May 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. As of March 2020, there were 13.08 lakh PLHIV availing ART free of cost from Government run ART centres, To maintain the continuum of care, National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) of India adopted Multi Months Dispensation (MMD) through ART centres and Community Dispensation of ART through the various Targeted Interventions (TI) and Community Based Organizations (CBO). A mixed methods study was designed, with desk review of programmatic data, semi qualitative interviews of 250 PLHIV and 15 In-Depth Interviews of ART centre and TI/CBO staff to document the process, strengths and challenges of these strategies in Surat city of South Gujarat. While administrative, technical and networking strengths were documented, manpower constraints, interrupted laboratory services, migration and relatively passive role of PLHIV in availing services were major challenges described in this study among several others.
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Belokrinitskaya, T. E., S. A. Iozefson, N. I. Frolova, and O. Yu Brum. "Critical obstetric conditions during pandemic (COVID-19) and pre-pandemic years." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 6, no. 3 (2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2021-6-3-56-63.
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Aim. To assess the structure of critical obstetric conditions and maternal mortality in Transbaikal Region in pandemic (COVID-19) and pre-pandemic years (2020 and 2019, respectively).Materials and Methods. We retrospectively analysed “near miss” (NM) and maternal deaths (MD) in 2019 and 2020, further calculating the severe maternal outcome ratio (SMOR), the summary indicator which includes both NM and MD per 1000 live births.Results. In a pandemic year (2020), we observed an increase in SMOR in comparison with a pre-pandemic year (3.0 vs 2.0, respectively). In 2019, maternal mortality was exclusively caused by obstetric complications, while extragenital pathology (cardiovascular disease and COVID-19) was responsible for that in 2020. However, the main causes of «near miss» in 2019 and 2020 were similar, including obstetric haemorrhage because of placental abruption and severe pre-eclampsia. Maternal near-miss mortality ratio (MNM/MD) increased from 7.3: 1 in 2019 to 11.3: 1 in 2020, and mortality index (MD/(MNM + MD) × 100) reduced from 12.0 to 8.1. Therefore, fewer women with life-threatening conditions died in 2020 as compared with 2019, indicating a better quality of obstetric care.Conclusion. Analysis of the critical obstetric conditions can probably find regional issues of maternal healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic and propel the policy makers to find additional resources to minimise maternal morbidity and mortality.
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Dugis (Scopus ID: 57201258125), Vinsensio. "State Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic." Jurnal Global & Strategis 14, no. 2 (2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.175-188.
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In this edition, Global Strategis specifically presents articles about the experiences of seventeen different countries from various regions in the world, on how their respective governments respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus was on the first six months of 2020 as this period (January to June 2020) is considered a critical moment. It was during this period the world realizes that it is faced with a global health crisis, enforcing every country to 'fast learning' confronting this completely new pandemic, and hence to determine the most appropriate response in confronting the difficult choice between saving people's lives or preventing the country's economic crisis. Different experiences of each country seem to suggest that above various variables affecting each of them, the initial attitude of their respective governments in assessing the deadly level of COVID-19 pandemic and the speed to act according to what is most needed are crucial factors influencing the relative success or not of the response of their respective governments. When knowing the initial information about the transmission of the virus that originated in Wuhan, China, to what extent the governments of each country see this as a force that potentially deadly outbreak? Keywords: Global Health Crisis, Pandemic Covid-19, State Response.Pada edisi ini, Global Strategis secara khusus menghadirkan tulisan tentang pengalaman tujuh belas negara dari kawasan dunia yang berbeda, bagaimana pemerintah mereka merespons pandemi COVID-19. Fokus kajian pada periode enam bulan pertama tahun 2020 karena periode ini (Januari sampai dengan Juni 2020) dianggap momen kritis. Pada periode inilah dunia mengakui mulai sedang dihadapkan pada situasi krisis kesehatan global, memaksa setiap negara ‘belajar cepat’ menghadapi pandemi yang sama sekali baru ini, untuk selanjutnya secara tepat pula menentukan respons yang paling sesuai menghadapi pilihan sulit antara menyelamatkan nyawa penduduk atau mencegah krisis ekonomi negara. Pengalaman berbeda dari berbagai negara nampaknya membawa ke suatu kesimpulan bahwa di atas kompleksitas variabel yang masing-masing memengaruhi pilihan kebijakan, nampaknya sikap awal pemerintah di dalam menilai tingkat ‘mematikan’ wabah COVID-19 serta kecepatan bertindak atas dasar kebutuhan masing-masing menjadi faktor krusial menentukan keberhasilan masing-masing negara. Ketika mengetahui informasi awal tentang adanya penularan virus yang bermula dari Wuhan, China ini, sejauh mana pemerintah masing-masing negara melihat ini sebagai kekuatan yang berpotensi sebagai wabah mematikan? Kata-kata Kunci: Krisis Kesehatan Global, Pandemi COVID-19, Respon Negara.
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Raharjo, Timbul, Suastiwi Triatmodjo, and Yulriawan Dafri. "“Guyub Trisno” Fine Art Exhibition: Donation and Recovery of The COVID-19 Pandemic." Devotion Journal of Community Service 4, no. 3 (2023): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/devotion.v4i3.439.
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A pandemic is like a mirror that shows us the realities of life (Teng & Margaret, 2020). This fact of life is the importance of doing for humanity as did the artists of Trisno Guyub’s members. They initiated a joint exhibition for donations and recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic. This exhibition was attended by 118 artists and exhibited around 200 works of art, paintings and sculptures. The first purpose is an effort to share and the second is so that artists can fulfill their artistic expression. This study uses a qualitative method in the form of an explanation of the pandemic condition and how a group of Guyub Tresno conducts exhibition efforts as one of the recovery efforts. The pandemic period in various fields experienced significant social and economic changes in society. Life is relatively difficult and efforts to maintain and develop the arts continue. Artists generally focus on how to create works according to their intuition. Meanwhile the strategy of how the work can be distributed with a certain dowry during the pandemic is also relatively difficult. This also applies to other disadvantaged groups of people, namely orphans of course. Those experiencing the same problem may be more concerned. The limitations of children who have lost their parents as the foundation of life and learning to live are gone. Meanwhile, this happens to artists who are in a state of suspended animation. This exhibition is one of the positive forums for an honorable life and ways to share with others. The aim of this exhibition is recovery (Farah & Nasution, 2020) together with the way artists share with fellow artists and orphans. It is hoped that it can contribute to awakening the creative process of artists and can ease the burden on orphans affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic.
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Cheng, Xunchao. "Stock Analysis on Retail Industries under the COVID-19 Epidemic." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 4 (December 12, 2022): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v4i.3496.
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In 2020, The COVID-19 pandemic is sweeping the globe. Covid-19 has had a major impact on the economies of various countries. The researchers found that the retail industry is one of the industries that have been greatly affected by the epidemic. However, there is still a research gap on retail stock selection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this paper analyzes the specific method of stock selection, introduces the meaning of various data and collects the stock prices of Yonghui Supermarket, Sun Art Retail and Walmart. Conducted a presentation study on equity investments in three retail sectors under COVID-19. The study found that after 2020, all the operating data of the three companies have undergone significant changes, and different companies have different measures to cope with the pandemic, and the change of stock prices is also different. It can be seen that different types of investors have different stock selection methods, and the impact of the pandemic on different companies is also relatively different.
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Rogers, Ajeh, Ellen Brazier, Anastase Dzudie, et al. "COVID-19 associated changes in HIV service delivery over time in Central Africa: Results from facility surveys during the first and second waves of the pandemic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0275429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275429.
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted population health around the globe, directly and indirectly. The objective of this study was to document changes in HIV care associated with the COVID-19 pandemic at selected clinics in Central Africa, along with clinic-level strategies for minimizing disruptions in HIV care and treatment for people with HIV (PWH). Methods A 51-item questionnaire on COVID-19 pandemic-associated changes in HIV service delivery was completed by clinicians involved in HIV care at 21 clinics in five countries participating in Central Africa International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA). The survey was completed at two timepoints: June-July 2020 and October 2020 to February 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize changes in HIV care and related services. Results While 81% of sites reported at least one negative consequence of COVID-19 for clinic operations during the first survey, none reported suspending antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation services for new patients, and 24% reported adopting telemedicine. In the follow-up survey, fewer sites (48%) reported at least one disruption to clinic operations, and more sites reported mitigation strategies, including expanding rapid ART initiation services and providing extra supplies of ART medications to reduce visit frequency. In the follow-up survey, more sites, especially in Rwanda, reported stockouts of commodities, including HIV and viral load testing and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. More than one-fifth of sites reported stockouts of second- or third-line ART at each survey timepoint. Conclusions While the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in concerning disruptions to HIV service delivery at CA-IeDEA sites, most of these disruptions attenuated over time, and many sites introduced measures to help PWH avoid frequent visits to the clinic for care and medications. The impact of HIV commodity stockouts and clinic mitigation strategies on treatment outcomes needs to be assessed.
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Erfinawati, Erfinawati, Ismawirna Ismawirna, Harunun Rasyid, Nisa Ayu Lestri, and Eli Nurliza. "KAJIAN RETORIKA YANG BERKEMBANG PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Dedikasi Pendidikan 7, no. 2 (2023): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30601/dedikasi.v7i2.3982.
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This research is one of the benchmarks for the development of rhetoric during the pandemic and provides knowledge to readers about the rhetoric and terms that developed during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia.The problem posed in this study is how rhetoric developed during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to describe data on rhetorical developments that emerged during the 2020 co-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The data sources in this study are in the form of videos that discuss Covid-19 in 2020. Data collection was carried out using observation techniques and documentation techniques. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data analysis technique used is a qualitative analysis technique with the stages of observing, writing, describing, and concluding data. The results of the study found that the three videos that had been examined all used aspects of rhetoric to persuade people that they fulfilled ethos, logos, and pathos when viewed from Aristotle's art of persuasion. The three videos that have been studied apply the use of five aspects in rhetoric, such as the discovery aspect, the arrangement aspect, the style aspect, the delivery aspect and the memory aspect and others and types of rhetoric including forensic rhetoric, demonstrative rhetoric and deliberative rhetoric
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Belokrinitskaya, T. E., N. I. Frolova, K. A. Kargina, E. A. Shametova, M. I. Chuprova, and K. A. Rodionova. "COVID-19 pandemic in low-risk pregnant women in 2020-2022: disease confounders and clinical characteristics." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1 (2023): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2023-8-1-32-42.
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Aim. To identify confounders and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in low-risk pregnant women during the pandemics from 2020 to 2022.Materials and Methods. The study included pregnant women with COVID-19: 1) those who have been admitted in October-December 2020 (n = 163); 2) those who have been admitted in May-August 2021 (n = 158); 3) those who have been admitted in January-February 2022 (n = 160). Patients in all groups were in the 3st trimester of gestation and were comparable in age (18–35 years), socioeconomic status, parity, body mass index, and had no established risk factors for COVID-19.Results. Iron deficiency anemia, tobacco smoking, and belonging to the East Asian ethnic group were recognized as reliable confounders for COVID-19 in pregnant women. In the 1st year of the pandemic, the most common symptoms were: loss of smell/taste (87.7%), somnolence (68,7%), and shortness of breath (68.1%). In the 2nd pandemic year, SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant more frequently resulted in fever above 38°C (19.6% vs 7.4%), pneumonia (61.4% vs 21.4%), respiratory failure (17.7% vs 4.9%), admission to intensive care unit (11.4% vs 6.4%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0). Symptoms of COVID-19 in the 3rd year of the pandemic were similar to those observed in seasonal acute respiratory viral infections: runny nose (66.7%) and cough (54.4%), whereas the cases of pneumonia were rare (3.8%).Conclusion. Among the most reliable confounders of COVID-19 in pregnant women without any risk factors in the 3rd trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, tobacco smoking, and belonging to the East Asian ethnic group. Each SARS-CoV-2 variant provoked vastly different symptoms.
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Ogutu, Wanyama. "Re-configuring the Rights to Education Through Play with Painting and Clay Modelling among Children Affected by the Psychosocial Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.6.2.1338.
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The devastating COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in the closure of all schools for nearly a year, violated articles 43(1)f, 53(1)b, and 55(a) of Kenya’s 2010 constitution on the right to education. The Government of Kenya deprived UNDP-SGDs (2015) of goals on quality education and UNICEF (2018); Every Child Learns when enforcing the social distance policy, a direction of World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) preventive measures. Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF (2018) cautioned that any attempt to inhibit child learning’s welfare, such as play, would harm growth and development in early childhood. Modern educationalists have asserted that play with art plays a role in cognitive and social learning as an extension of recreation and elaboration of their conflicts. The paper aims to reconfigure rights to education on play with paintings and clay modelling among children affected by the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researcher has focused on descriptive desktop research design art bases research activities such as playing with painting and clay modelling; it has examined the literature on psychoanalysis tools to create a discussion on the paper. The paper acknowledged the mission of WHO (2020), UNDP-SDGs (2015), UNICEF (2018), and Article 53(1)d of the Kenyan 2010 Constitution on Good Health for All Children. It has merited play with painting and clay modelling as a profound tool to re-configure rights to education among children affected by the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the paper suggested a campaign workshop or seminars for play with painting and clay modelling to champion the right to education among children in schools
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Doolittle, Benjamin R. "Are we Athens or Florence? COVID-19 in historical context." Family Medicine and Community Health 9, no. 1 (2021): e000811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000811.
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We have been here before. In 430 BCE, a plague struck Athens, killing as much as 25% of the population. In 1347 CE, the bubonic plague afflicted western Europe for 4 years, killing as much as 50% of the population. The plague of Athens led to a collapse of their religion, cultural norms and democracy. In contrast, the bubonic plague led eventually to the Renaissance, a growth of art, science and humanism. As we contend with the COVID-19 global pandemic, will we become Athens or Florence?
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Christofi, Christakis. "Music and Art in Cyprus During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Symbolon 23, SI (2022): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46522/s.2022.s1.8.
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Cyprus, music and artistic creation have significantly expanded their presence in mass media, the Internet and social media because of the social distancing measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. As cultural expressions, on the air and online, they have reinforced their strong popular and intercultural character during this period since cultural activity embodies an unprecedented but common experience in an interconnected world. At the same time, music and art serve values that reveal their connection with the social and political context and prompt us to re-examine their parallel or mutual definition. Various cultural agents and actors express themselves through original music, artistic and cultural spaces that present dialogue and bolder speeches often of a participatory nature. From this perspective, music and art in Cyprus during the pandemic present a case study of a critical polyphony that appears through the interaction of multiple spaces, discourses and values.
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Sanjaya, Bangkit, and Yossi Pransiska Ayu Citra. "FENOMENA AKU SETELAH PANDEMI COVID-19 SEBAGAI IDE PENCIPTAAN KARYA SENI LUKIS." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 11, no. 1 (2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i1.33867.
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The creation of this work is motivated by the situation that may occur when the COVID-19 pandemic is over. Therefore, the question arises whether the human can return to normal life?. One of the purpose of the art creation is someone's effort to see the situation that might occur after the Covid-19 pandemic is over. This phenomenon became a lighter in the idea of creating a painting that is used to visualize himself after the covid-19. The word I am in the creation of this work of art namely an individual who has traits and behaviors that arise both during and after the Covid-19 Pandemic. The methodology that is used in the creation of this work is Practice Based Research. There is anxiety in oneself and uses supporting literature or theory as reinforcement. Then, five creative processes from experts namely preparation, concentration, incubation, illumination and verification. As a result, a work entitled “My Body, My Home, and My Thinking” was born. The conclusion from the process of creating painting is a situation that is uncomfortable of being alone actually becomes an impetus to use free time to be more active and productive at work. On the basis of efforts to explore themselves and think far ahead, the spirit souls to be more creative even though they are in difficult times and become more visionary.Keywords: I, pandemic, covid-19, painting. AbstrakPenciptaan karya ini dilatarbelakangi oleh situasi yang mungkin terjadi pada saat pandemi Covid-19 telah berakhir. Karena itu, muncullah pertanyaan apakah manusia bisa kembali hidup normal?. Salah satu tujuan dari penciptaan ini yaitu usaha seseorang melihat situasi yang kemungkinan terjadi setelah pandemi Covid-19 usai. Fenomena tersebut menjadi pemantik dalam ide penciptaan karya seni lukis yang tertuju pada visualisasi dirinya setelah pandemi Covid-19. Aku dalam penciptaan karya seni ini yaitu seorang individu yang memiliki sifat dan perilaku yang timbul sesaat sebelum maupun setelah pandemi Covid-19. Metode yang digunakan dalam penciptaan karya ini yaitu practice based research. Adanya kegelisahan dalam diri dan menggunakan literatur atau teori pendukung sebagai penguatannya. Proses kreativitas dari ahli memiliki lima langkah yaitu: persiapan, konsentrasi, inkubasi, iluminasi dan verifikasi. Hasilnya yaitu berupa karya dengan judul “My Body, My Home, dan My Thinking”. Simpulan dari proses berkarya seni lukis yaitu situasi yang tidak nyaman akan kesendirian justru menjadi dorongan dalam memanfaatkan waktu luang untuk lebih aktif dan produktif dalam kekaryaan. Atas dasar upaya mendalami diri dan berpikir jauh ke depan memunculkan jiwa-jiwa semangat untuk lebih kreatif walaupun berada pada masa sulit dan menjadi lebih visioner.Kata Kunci:aku, pandemi, covid-19, seni lukis. Authors:Bangkit Sanjaya : Universitas Negeri SemarangYossi Pransiska Ayu Citra : Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu References: Asan, Campbell David. (1986), Mengembangkan Kreativitas. Disusun kembali oleh A. M Mangunhardjana. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.Hanoatubun, S. (2020). Dampak Covid–19 terhadap Prekonomian Indonesia. EduPsyCouns: Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 146-153. Kartika, Dharsono Soni. (2004). Seni Rupa Modern. Bandung: Rekayasa Sains.Lestari, Sri. (2012). Psikologi Keluarga: Penanaman Nilai dan Penanganan Konflik dalam Keluarga. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group.Lubis, S. K., Retnowati, T. H., & Syawalina, S. (2020, July). Predictive Power of Intellectual Ability Test Score on Students’ Fine Art Learning Outcomes. In 3rd International Conference on Arts and Arts Education (ICAAE 2019) (pp. 41-44). Atlantis Press.Poerwadaminta. (2014). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Balai Pustaka (Persero).Sumardjo, Jacob. (2000). Filsafat Seni. Bandung: ITB.Takwin, Bagus (2005). Kesadaran Prulal: Sebuah Sintesis Rasionalitas dan Kehendak Bebas. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.
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Sederholm, Helena, Riikka Haapalainen, and Tiina Pusa. "Meme layers in the times of pandemic." International Journal of Education Through Art 18, no. 2 (2022): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eta_00092_1.
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During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020, art teachers put remote teaching in Finnish comprehensive schools into operation in varying ways. One popular implementation was classical art memes, an assignment that art teachers shared through professional networks in social media. This phenomenon brought out the question: what kind of meanings did art history-related memes construct during the pandemic in Finland? The authors collected and analysed empirical data that consisted of a questionnaire for art teachers (N = 14), students’ meme works (N = 45) sent to the authors by the teachers, and assignments that were given. The research approach was critical inquiry. The main components of the theoretical framework were meme theories and crisis pedagogy, with which the authors confronted the national curriculum. Although Finland has not been among the most afflicted countries by the pandemic, the sudden flip to remote teaching created anxiety and a sense of crisis among teachers, who tried to find a balance between their own workload, students’ confusion with the new learning situation and the demands of the curriculum. The analysis concentrated on four themes: the COVID-19 crisis in meme manifestations, teaching art history, art education through making and art education as copying and repeating. The authors concluded that it is crucial to highlight the conceptualizing and contextualizing of art beside actual art-making. From this emerges an essential challenge for in-service training: critical knowledge production and discourse practices.
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Nanyeni-Kanyemba, Frieda Nauyele. "COVID-19." NAWA Journal of Language and Communication 16, no. 2 (2023): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59677/njlc.v16i2.35.
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When a country is faced with a crisis, the President, as the chief policy maker and Head of State, is the first person expected to act. With the power vested in him by the Namibian constitution in the article 26 (1), Hage Geingob, the President of Namibia declared a State of emergency on 17 March 2020 in response to the global pandemic Coronavirus (COVID-19). A national crisis is one of the important occasions of a presidency as a rhetorical institution. In this regard, words are an important source of power. Therefore, this paper analysed the language and rhetoric of emergency used by Geingob as his political tool to respond to this pandemic. The analysis is guided by the rhetorical theory (Bitzer, 1968) and Aristotle’s rhetorical proofs of ethos, pathos and logos. It is important to note that national crises such as COVID 19 are linguistic constructions in the sense that it is largely through presidential rhetoric that the country deals with them.
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Sibanda, Nkululeko, and Cletus Moyo. "Theatricality in the midst of a pandemic: An assessment of artistic responses to COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe." Journal of African Media Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00079_1.
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This article examines theatre as a creative journalistic media deployed by theatre practitioners to map experiences of Zimbabweans during the COVID-19-induced lockdown. When the first positive case of COVID-19 was reported in March 2020, the Zimbabwe government, like many other countries, responded by introducing restrictions for public gatherings and ultimately a lockdown including arts events. Yet, theatricality has refused to capitulate. Artists re-invented their theatre productions into theatrical comic and satirical works posted on various social media platforms, in an effort to make sense of the pandemic, bring laughter and address a serious complex situation. We examine how artists deployed theatre to journal, capture and document the citizen’s collective experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, for both the present and posterity. We are specifically interested in analysing the different ways art is deployed to provide entertainment, a broader understanding and awareness of the social, psychological and economic impact of COVID-19 for the present and future generations.
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Singh, Suyogita, and Satya Bhushan Verma. "Resolving Covid-19 with Blockchain and AI." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 13 (June 12, 2024): e31454. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij.31454.
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In the early months of 2020, a fast-spreading outbreak was brought about by the new virus SARS-CoV-2. The uncontrolled spread, which led to a pandemic, illustrated the healthcare system’s slow response time to public health emergencies at that time. Blockchain technology was anticipated to be crucial in the effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. In that review, many potential blockchain applications were discovered; however, the majority of them were still in their infancy, and it couldn’t yet be predicted how they could contribute to the fight against COVID-19 through the use of platforms, access kinds, and consensus algorithms. Modern innovations such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) were shown to be promising in limiting the spread of a virus. Blockchain could specifically aid in the battle against pandemics by supporting early epidemic identification, assuring the ordering of clinical information, and maintaining a trustworthy medical chain during disease tracing. AI also offered smart forms of diagnosing coronavirus therapies and supported the development of pharmaceuticals. Blockchain and AI software for epidemic and pandemic containment were analyzed in that research. First, a new conceptual strategy was proposed to tackle COVID-19 through an architecture that fused AI with blockchain. State-of-the-art research on the benefits of blockchain and AI in COVID-19 containment was then reviewed. Recent initiatives and use cases developed to tackle the coronavirus pandemic were also presented. A case study using federated intelligence for COVID-19 identification was also provided. Finally, attention was drawn to problems and prospective directions for further investigation into future coronavirus-like wide-ranging scenarios.
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Champagne-Langabeer, Tiffany, Michael Swank, Shruthi Manas, Yuqi Si, and Kirk Roberts. "Dramatic Increases in Telehealth-Related Tweets during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Sentiment Analysis." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060634.
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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a large expansion of telehealth, but little is known about user sentiment. Tweets containing the terms “telehealth” and “telemedicine” were extracted (n = 192,430) from the official Twitter API between November 2019 and April 2020. A random subset of 2000 tweets was annotated by trained readers to classify tweets according to their content, including telehealth, sentiment, user type, and relation to COVID-19. A state-of-the-art NLP model (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, BERT) was used to categorize the remaining tweets. Following a low and fairly stable level of activity, telehealth tweets rose dramatically beginning the first week of March 2020. The sentiment was overwhelmingly positive or neutral, with only a small percentage of negative tweets. Users included patients, clinicians, vendors (entities that promote the use of telehealth technology or services), and others, which represented the largest category. No significant differences were seen in sentiment across user groups. The COVID-19 pandemic produced a large increase in user tweets related to telehealth and COVID-19, and user sentiment suggests that most people feel positive or neutral about telehealth
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Victor Hugo Meriño, Cordoba, Lirios Cruz Garcia, Rodriguez Elisa Bertha Velazquez, Valencia Oscar Igor Carreon, and Bund Arger Verstapp. "Training networks preparation for the era of COVID-19." Journal of Community Medicine and Health Solutions 4, no. 1 (2023): 023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jcmhs.1001030.
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In administrative and economic science, factor analysis models are essential for their explanatory capacity of institutional responses to risk events. The objective of this document was to contrast a model that explains the emergence of corporate governance dimensions in the face of the pandemic. An exploratory study was carried out based on a systematic review of the literature from 2020 to 2023, considering the search by keywords in Google scholar and Microsoft academic, as well as the judges from a public university in the center of Mexico. The results show that corporate identity explains the university’s response to the pandemic. In relation to the state of the art, the scope and limits of the model are discussed in other proposals.
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Żyniewicz, Karolina. "Contamination as collaboration: Being-with in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic." Technoetic Arts 20, no. 1 (2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tear_00087_1.
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The global pandemic outbreak in 2020 was a disturbing experience for most people worldwide. The primary way of protecting human life was social distancing and lockdown, often forcing people to stay at home. The confinement made the fear and uncertainty grow bigger and bigger. Fortunately, the online connection was still as possible and essential as never before. The text is inspired by a series of remote meetings under the working title Viral Culture: Bio Art and Society, initiated by academic curator Claire Nettleton to put together people working in art&science area. Recordings of the Zoom gatherings complemented by notes and chat transcriptions served as intriguing storage of topics and ideas. This article focuses on the three threads: being-with (other humans, the virus and other non-human actors), caring without touch and the pandemic interpreted as a vast bio art project. All the archived materials, including the present article, will potentially function as historical documents in the future, showing how a specific group of transdisciplinary culture producers dealt with the global crisis in its first phase.
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Papanikos, Gregory T. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Greek Tourism-Updates and Comparisons." ATHENS JOURNAL OF TOURISM 9, no. 1 (2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.9-1-4.
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This paper updates and compares the results obtained in Papanikos’ (2020a) paper published in the Athens Journal of Tourism, which estimated the impact of the current pandemic on international Greek tourism receipts and tourist arrivals. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have negative effects on Greek tourism and the Greek economy. In this paper, newly released data by the Bank of Greece for the entire 2021 period are used to assess the impact on Greek tourism during the two pandemic years of 2020 and 2021. In addition, the actual data from 2020 are compared with the estimates of the three scenarios made in the 2020 paper. One conclusion that emerges from the analysis of the data on international tourism is that in 2021 Greek tourism did much better than in 2020, but still is far away from the record year of 2019. In 2021, international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts accounted for 48% and 58% of the 2019 values respectively. Keywords: pandemic, COVID-19, crisis, tourism, Greece, economic impact
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Biabani, S. A. A., and N. A. Tayyib. "A Review on the Use of Machine Learning Against the Covid-19 Pandemic." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 1 (2022): 8039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4628.
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Coronavirus-2019 disease (Covid-19) is a contagious respiratory disease that emerged in late 2019 and has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic in early 2020. Since then, researchers have been exploring various strategies and techniques to fight against this outbreak. The point when the pandemic appeared was also a period in which Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms were competing with traditional technologies, leading to significant findings in diverse domains. Consequently, many researchers employed ML/DL to speed up Covid-19 detection, prevention, and treatment. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art ML/DL tools used, thoroughly evaluating these techniques and their impact on the battle against Covid-19. This article aims to provide valuable insight to the researchers to assess the use of ML against the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Demczuk, Agnieszka. "Ruch antyszczepionkowy w Polsce i jego kabiny pogłosowe w alt-internet w latach 2020-2022." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 20, no. 3 (2022): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2022.3.1.
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The anti-vaccination movement, which has been present worldwide for nearly two hundred years, has become an extraordinarily visible movement of protest against the announced COVID-19 pandemic and mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The National Association for Knowledge on Vaccine STOP NOP, known for years – during a pandemic – along with echo chambers in alt-internet resonating anti-COVID, anti-mask and anti-vaccine propaganda, has become one of the main participants in the COVID discourse effectively influencing the opinions, attitudes and behaviors of Poles towards the virus, COVID restrictions and vaccines.
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Chan, Kelly Ka-lai, Jaz Hee-jeong Choi, and Daniel Harris. "Urban Pedagogies of Resistance in Apocalyptic Hong Kong." Journal of Public Pedagogies, no. 6 (February 8, 2022): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/jpp.1248.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing inequalities and highlighted multiple apocalyptic conditions affecting many different people and other-than-humans. At the same time, the pandemic has made it difficult to mobilise and make visible collective action in public, which has required artist-activists to devise new and diverse strategies to identify, occupy, and refuse spaces of publicness. Hong Kong’s unique urban and socio-political conditions continue to coevolve rapidly with the pandemic and intensifying political oppression. Following the Umbrella Movement (2014) and the ‘Be Water’ Movement (2019-2020), the current COVID-19 era forms the third key turn in the development of public pedagogy at the intersection of art and protest practices in Hong Kong. This paper examines the emerging artistic tactics of creating spaces of publicness as ‘the wild place’ or ‘cracks’ in apocalyptic Hong Kong, through two cases of artistic interventions and interruptions—the Hong Kong Way (August 2019) and #Hijack Art Basel HK (May 2021)—which in Biesta’s (2012) words can act both as a test of and a reminder of publicness. To contest the notion of publicness and Savage’s (2010) multiplicity of publics, we incorporate Harney and Moten’s (2013) conceptualisation of ‘study’ in the undercommons as urban public pedagogies.
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Person, Anna K., Fernanda Maruri, Ellen Brazier, et al. "475. Describing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV care in Latin America." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (2020): S303—S304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.668.
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Abstract Background The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV (PWH) are unknown. Beyond SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, the pandemic may have devastating consequences for HIV care delivery. Understanding these is crucial as reduced antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability alone could lead to ≥500,000 AIDS-related deaths in 2020–2021. With Latin America now a focal point in the pandemic, we sought to describe the impact of COVID-19 on HIV care at Latin American clinical sites. Methods Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet) and additional Brazilian HIV care sites in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru were included. An electronic survey of COVID-19 effects on HIV clinic operations was administered in Spanish or English via phone and email, April 28-June 2, 2020. We also compared national COVID-19 case, mortality, and policy data from public sources. Results Brazil’s and Mexico’s epidemics appear most pronounced, with &gt;10,000 confirmed COVID-19-related deaths (Figure 1); countries implemented “social distancing” policies at different times after initial cases, with Haiti earliest and Mexico latest (Figure 2). Nearly all 13 sites reported decreased hours and providers for HIV care. Twelve of 13 reported increased use of telehealth, suspension/postponements of routine HIV appointments, and/or suspension of HIV research. Eleven of 13 reported initiation of new COVID-19 research but suspension of community HIV testing, and nearly half provided additional ART supplies. Nearly 70% reported impacts on HIV viral load testing and nearly 40% reported personal protective equipment stock-outs (Table). All 13 sites experienced changes in resources/services in tandem with national policies; there was wide variation, however, in the number of economic and health supports implemented thus far (e.g., quarantines, tax deferrals, interest rate reductions, etc.), from 172 COVID-19-related policies in Brazil to only 30 in Mexico. Table Site Assessment of Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on HIV services in Latin America at CCASAnet and Coorte Sites, N=13 Figure 1. Cumulative mortality due to COVID-19 in countries within which CCASAnet and Coorte sites are located Figure 1 footnote: Source for mortality counts: the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard, available at: https://covid19.who.int/ All data were up-to-date as of, and were accessed on, June 17th, 2020 Figure 2. Cumulative cases of COVID-19 in countries within which CCASAnet and Coorte sites are located and dates (relative to the day on which the first positive case of COVID-19 was detected) of general social distancing, public health emergency, or mass quarantine policy introduction (vertical dashed lines), 2020 Figure 2 footnote: Source for case counts: the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard, available at: https://covid19.who.int/ Source for health policy implementation: the United Nations Economic Council for Latin America & the Caribbean, available at: https://cepalstat-prod.cepal.org/forms/covid-countrysheet/index.html All data were up-to-date as of, and were accessed on, June 17th, 2020 Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has already had a substantial effect on daily operations of HIV clinics in Latin America. The downstream effects of these impacts on HIV outcomes in Latin America will need to be further studied. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Mariati, Pance, Sri Hartatik, Suharmono Kasiyun, and Ratih Asmarani. "Texts and Co-texts of Digital Native Elementary School Art Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic." Jurnal Inspirasi Pendidikan 11, no. 2 (2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jip.v11i2.5703.
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This study aims to explain the synthesis of conceptual changes in art learning for digital natives students to reflect current art learning practices so that they become a foothold in future improvement. This research uses a case study approach to art learning for digital natives students in 3 elementary schools in Pacitan, East Java, from May 2020 to May 2021 with 100 students and 50 teacher. This research discusses material and formal objects in learning art into text and co-text as a perspective from educational semiotics classroom, which is an effort to systematize based on the elements of art learning for digital natives. The results showed that the elements of art learning, such as the learning model, the intimacy aspect between teachers and students, and the digital natives learning ecosystem in them are continuously developing by considering the element of entrainment. Integration between learning elements is needed to meet the prerequisites for resilience for digital natives students, including intimacy between text and co-text learning, text competence and co-text learning, and entrainment in a learning-based ecosystem of digital natives class.
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She, Bingling, Tara D. Mangal, Anna Y. Adjabeng, et al. "The changes in health service utilisation in Malawi during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (2024): e0290823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290823.
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic and the restriction policies implemented by the Government of Malawi may have disrupted routine health service utilisation. We aimed to find evidence for such disruptions and quantify any changes by service type and level of health care. Methods We extracted nationwide routine health service usage data for 2015–2021 from the electronic health information management systems in Malawi. Two datasets were prepared: unadjusted and adjusted; for the latter, unreported monthly data entries for a facility were filled in through systematic rules based on reported mean values of that facility or facility type and considering both reporting rates and comparability with published data. Using statistical descriptive methods, we first described the patterns of service utilisation in pre-pandemic years (2015–2019). We then tested for evidence of departures from this routine pattern, i.e., service volume delivered being below recent average by more than two standard deviations was viewed as a substantial reduction, and calculated the cumulative net differences of service volume during the pandemic period (2020–2021), in aggregate and within each specific facility. Results Evidence of disruptions were found: from April 2020 to December 2021, services delivered of several types were reduced across primary and secondary levels of care–including inpatient care (-20.03% less total interactions in that period compared to the recent average), immunisation (-17.61%), malnutrition treatment (-34.5%), accidents and emergency services (-16.03%), HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) tests (-27.34%), antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiations for adults (-33.52%), and ART treatment for paediatrics (-41.32%). Reductions of service volume were greatest in the first wave of the pandemic during April-August 2020, and whereas some service types rebounded quickly (e.g., outpatient visits from -17.7% to +3.23%), many others persisted at lower level through 2021 (e.g., under-five malnutrition treatment from -15.24% to -42.23%). The total reduced service volume between April 2020 and December 2021 was 8 066 956 (-10.23%), equating to 444 units per 1000 persons. Conclusion We have found substantial evidence for reductions in health service delivered in Malawi during the COVID-19 pandemic which may have potential health consequences, the effect of which should inform how decisions are taken in the future to maximise the resilience of healthcare system during similar events.
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Saint-Raymond, Léa. "“The Show Must Go On”. Ethnography of the Art Market Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic." Arts 10, no. 3 (2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10030053.
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This paper aims at understanding, from the inside, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying restrictive administrative measures on the art market. It is based on the interviews and ethnographic surveys made by graduate students from the Ecole du Louvre, from September 2020 to May 2021. This methodology makes it possible to demonstrate that, during the crisis, art market professionals were driven by the motto “the show must go on”. On the one hand, they wished to keep a straight face and remain silent on their individual difficulties, preferring to talk about their vocation and the positive effects of the crisis. On the other hand, the commercial activity continued despite everything; if the pandemic accelerated the digital turn of the art market, the physical contact with the works and the collectors remained primordial. The art market thus remained physical but accelerated its digital turn. The proportion of each interactional framework—physical and digital—is still uncertain, difficult to measure today and to predict in the long run.