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Cayla, Jean-Michel. "Les ménages sous la contrainte carbone : exercice de modélisation prospective des secteurs résidentiel et transports avec TIMES". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00608619.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuivarch, Céline. "Évaluer le coût des politiques climatiques : de l'importance des mécanismes de second rang". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539892.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaujot, Mathieu. "Analyse économique et simulation prospective dans la planification de la ville sobre en carbone : Application à Grenoble du modèle TRANUS+". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00982385.
Pełny tekst źródłaShirizadeh, Ghezeljeh Behrang. "Reaching carbon neutrality in France by 2050 : optimal choice of energy sources, carriers and storage options". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021EHES0013.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo stay in line with 1.5°C of global warming, the French government has adopted the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The main greenhouse gas being carbon dioxide, and the majority of its emissions being due to energy combustion, this dissertation focuses on reaching carbon-neutrality in French energy-related CO2 emissions by 2050. This thesis dissertation aims to study the relative role of different low-carbon mitigation options in the energy sector in reaching carbon-neutrality. More precisely, this thesis first studies the French power sector, first in a fully renewable power system, and second in a power system containing other mitigation options i.e. nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage. I study the impact of uncertainties related to cost development of renewables and storage options and address the robustness of a fully renewable power system to cost uncertainties. Later, adding other low-carbon mitigation options in the power sector, I analyze the relative role of different low-carbon options. Similarly, to incentivize the investments in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, I study the investment risk related to the price and volume volatility of renewable electricity technologies, and the performance of different public policy support schemes. The analysis in this thesis goes beyond the electricity system and it also considers the whole energy system in the presence of sector-coupling. During this thesis, I have developed a family of models optimizing dispatch and investment to answer different questions regarding the French energy transition. These models minimize the cost of the considered system (electricity system or the whole energy system) by satisfying the supply/demand equilibrium at each hour over at least one year, respecting the main technical and operational, resource related and land-use constraints. Thus, both short-term and long-term variability of renewable energy sources are taken into account. Using these models, I address the questions raised above. These models are not used to find a single optimal solution, but several optimal solutions depending on different weather, cost, energy demand and technology availability scenarios. Therefore, the importance of robustness to the uncertainties is at the center of the used methodology beside optimality. The findings of my thesis show that renewable energy supply sources are the main enablers of reaching carbon neutrality in a cost-effective way, no matter the considered energy system; either only electricity or the whole energy system. While the elimination of nuclear power barely increases the cost of a carbon-neutral energy system, the elimination of renewables is associated with high inefficiencies both from the cost and emission points of view. In fact, if renewable gas is not available, even a social cost of carbon of €500/tCO2 will not be enough to reach carbon-neutrality. This is partially due to the negative emissions that it can provide once combined with carbon capture and storage, and partially due to the cost-optimality of renewable gas-fired internal combustion engines in reaching carbon-neutrality in the transport sector. This dissertation has several important policy-related messages; however, the central one is that reaching carbon-neutrality for the lowest cost requires a highly renewable energy system. Therefore, if we are to prioritize investment in low-carbon options, renewable gas and electricity technologies are of the highest importance
Foley, Duncan K., Armon Rezai i Lance Taylor. "The social cost of carbon emissions: Seven propositions". Elsevier, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4021/1/RezaiSeven.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaux, Charles-Gabriel. "Quel coût pour le secteur électrique d'une politique de restriction des émissions de carbone en France ?" Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020032.
Pełny tekst źródłaCaron, Armelle. "Une relecture coasienne du problème du coût social". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010043.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe publication of "the problem of social cost" is usually regarded as a decisive stage for the external effects theory. In such a perspective the contribution of R. Coase's paper is confined to a radical criticism of the neo-classical interventionism. In other terms, "the problem of social cost" is usually reduced to the famous "coase theorem", a proposition which covers a virulent attack on the pigouvian approach through the demonstration of the existence of a bargaining externality solution under the zero transaction cost hypothesis. But for nearly ten years R. Coase (who has refused to take on the paternity of the theorem named and formulated by g. Stigler) has claimed against this conventional misinterpretation of his paper. For the author, the coase theorem must be seen as what it really is : the first step to introduce positive transaction costs into economic analysis in order to "endogeneise" the institutional structure of production. If "the problem of social cost" is read from this new viewpoint, it clearly appears that R. Coase applies, in dealing with the problem of "harmful effects", the same approach as the one he has adopted in "the nature of the firm" to justify the existence of such a specific way to "efficiently" allocate resources by the side of the market. According to the coasian comparative approach, legal and administrative institutions or even firms are conceived as alternative ways of rearranging property rights to remove detrimental effetcs. Transposed in a normative perspective the coasian approach consists in comparing the total product yielded by alternative social arrangements in order to choose the best one (that minimizes the expenditures due to the presence of high transaction costs). Beyond the investigation into the analytical consequences of coase's institutional approach of the externality concept, we underline potential fruitfulness of the application of his comparative approach to the theory of environmental policy
Coste, Sabrina. "Diversité et plasticité des traits foliaires en forêt tropicale humide : une analyse coût/bénéfice de l'acquisition de carbone". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004645.
Pełny tekst źródłaFerrand-Roumet, Catherine. "Importance et devenir du CO2 fixé par les racines nodulées de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) : incidence sur l'estimation du coût carboné de la fixation de N2". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20196.
Pełny tekst źródłaParet, Alain. "Le coût social des conséquences psychologiques des conditions de travail". Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100264.
Pełny tekst źródłaDavoust, Romain. "Trajectoires carbone en Europe à l'horizon 2050 sous une stabilisation mondiale à 450 ppmv CO2-équivalent : réductions, valeurs carbone et coûts d'abattement optimaux". Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/7235.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlobal warming will be a major issue in the 21st century. Limiting temperature increase to +2⁰C above pre-industrial levels should help to preserve ecosystems. According to current estimates, this sustainable development objective requires a stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) concentrations at 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent. Over the next decade, the world should reduce its GHG emissions by a factor 2 compared to 1990 levels. Europe has committed to reduce its Greenhouse Gases emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 and by 30% in case of a fair international agreement. In the long term, EU is targeting an abatement of at least 80% by 2050, which is a required level under the 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent constraint. The thesis models carbon effort in Europe to reach -80% GHG by 2050. Over the projection, the OCTET model (Optimal Carbon Trajectories for Emission Targets) projects a set of temporally optimal CO2 pathways. Efficient reduction strategies are built for the next decades (2020, 2030, 2040) depending on international uncertainty. The thesis calculates carbon price profiles in Europe under a factor 5 reduction as well as reduction costs. In a word, this thesis seeks to explore the implications of a low-carbon European society and to advise the European abatement policy over the 2050 horizon
Dufau, Bastien. "L’influence des prix de l’énergie sur la compétitivité-coût : une approche multisectorielle et internationale". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100174.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe WIOD project (World Input-Output Database) was launched by the European Commission in 2009 thanks to the improvement of statistical sources on international trade that had been made in previous years. It has led to the international harmonization of input-output tables of many countries. International input-output tables renew the interest on Leontief theory but brought it to the international level. Indeed it is now possible to follow a shock’s worldwide. This dissertation follows this renewal, trying to evaluate the multisectoral and international impact of an energy shock. More precisely, the focus is made on a carbon tax and its impact on unit cost of production. In this dissertation, the focus is made on a way to go through the limits of the input-output analysis by endogenizing technical coefficients.Perfect complementarity of goods hypothesis is the main limit of the input-output analysis and leads to the rigidity of the technical coefficients describing interindustrial trade. Our objective is to take advantage of the littérature on flexibles functional forms to remove this constraint of the input-output analysis. More precisely we focus on the Generalized Leontief functional form as input-output cost function are a particular case of this form. In spite of the improvement of statistical sources, the lack of data leads us to use an aggregate function on several levels and to harmonize our functions using the price index theory. Finally, we study the impact of a carbon tax (20€/tCO2 or 80€/tCO2) first on an european level. A cost competitiveness analysis shows that Poland and Spain are mainly impacted by the tax, contrary to other European countries that keep their competitiveness at the international level. Then we study the impact of the tax on France and on Germany and find a little impact on unit cost of production
Lecuyer, Oskar. "Quelle place pour les aides aux technologies de réduction d'émissions en présence d'un prix du carbone? : le cas du secteur électrique". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914477.
Pełny tekst źródłaBouhdaoui, Yassine. "Systèmes de divisions monétaires, changements technologiques et coût des espèces". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00686655.
Pełny tekst źródłaRosario, de De Jesus Santa Felicita. "Social-Economic Benefits of Payment for Environmental Services in Yaque del Norte Watershed, Dominican Republic". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85240.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Combet, Emmanuel. "Fiscalité carbone et progrès social : application au cas français". Phd thesis, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813550.
Pełny tekst źródłaVogt-Schilb, Adrien. "Éléments sur la transition vers du capital bas carbone". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1114/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis shows that while greenhouse gases are a stock pollution that imposes a shadow carbon cost that increases over time, it may be socially desirable to invest now in the deployment of expensive emission-reduction measures. This results solely from taking into account inertia inherent to the accumulation of low-carbon capital, in the absence of any other market imperfection. This thesis also covers the choice of policy instruments that imperfect governments can use to ensure the market implement these investments. It suggests that if governments cannot commit credibly to a carbon price path, or cannot fully compensate the losers from the introduction of a carbon price, then sector-scale policy instruments that incentivize investment in clean capital may be more effective and more acceptable than the carbon price
Tellier, Idriss-Solenne. "Le contact visuel : Démonstration de son coût sur le contrôle cognitif". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3048/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur thesis extends a serie of studies on the effects of eye contact on the management of attentional resources. Six experiments tested the distracting effects of a brief versus sustained eye contact with an adaptation of the Stroop task (referred to as "Stroop Eyes" ; cf Conty, Gimmig, Belletier, George, & Huguet, 2010) involving concomitantly semantic distractors (incongruent words) and social distractors (direct gaze vs. averted gaze, and closed eyes). The main objective was to evaluate the cost of eye contact (initiated by direct gaze) on executive resources, this cost being possibly involved in pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Classic response time analyses and distributional response time analyses indicate that direct gaze 1) is processed automatically whatever its duration, 2) consumes executive resources, and 3) facilitates the processing of averted gaze. These results strengthen the models suggesting a modular (brain) network dedicated to the detection of direct gaze and related modulations of cognitive processes operating in parallel or consecutively. As humans perform the majority of their activities while being watched by others, the fields of application are vast. Furthermore, the links between eye contact and executive resources highlighted in our work suggests ways to address the management of people with specific social disabilities
Antoine, Stéphane. "Système intégré d'approches du contrôle vers la gouvernance conciliant l'économique et le social : cas du secteur de l'habitat social". Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/antoine_s.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe first part of the research have, for objectives from the principal bases of four disciplinary approaches of control : control of management, analyzes financial, internal audit and quality to succeed a global solution of control in terms of costs, performances and risks with the concepts of hidden costs-performances, societal costs-performances. Of this object of search for an integrated system of approaches of control, it is then to position compared to our field of study : the structure of management of social housing within the activity of the social housing and analyse the political dimension of the concept of governance associating the structure of management of social housing to its various actors. In the second part of the research, we propose a conceptualization of our integrated system of approaches of control in four dimensions : strategic, organisational, informational and instrumental. As for the third part of the research, it draws up the stages of implementation and the conditions of success of the management of a integrated system of approaches of contol towards an economic and social governance in the activity of the social housing following the structuring of our project of followed research-action. This book rests on a research-action lead during three years, as controller, in an important structure of management of social housing. An investigation adressed towards the french companies of social housing into their vision of the activity of the social housing cmes to supplement undertaken experimental search
Djerbi, Zouhair. "L'ARTICULATION COÛT – VALEUR PAR LE DIALOGUE ABC – GRC". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473187.
Pełny tekst źródłaConci-Claveranne, Martine. "L'hopital à la croisée des chemins : des diagnostics à la thérapeutiques : contribution des sciences de gestion à un fait social". Lyon 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO33004.
Pełny tekst źródłaCardenas, Tamayo Raúl. "Bien-être social, usages du capital et répartition : repenser la technologie et le coût collectif". Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0060.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbbes, Souhir. "Tarification au coût marginal social des infrastructures et des services portuaires : modélisation et méthodologies d'estimation". Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4011.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe transportation sector is one of the most involved sectors in environmental problems. Therefore, the European Commission advocate, in several papers (White Paper, 1998; Green Paper, 1997), to adopt the marginal social cost pricing taking into account both private (operational costs) and external costs (environmental, congestion and accident costs). The major motivations behind this pricing policy are to improve efficiency and to allow the sector to be developed in a sustainable way. Seaports are also concerned by this pricing approach. However, the economic theory doesn't offer all necessary tools to the evaluation of short-run marginal social costs in seaports. The purpose of this thesis is to palliate this theoretical gap. Thus, we propose theoretical and econometric models permitting to determine operational marginal costs as well as external marginal costs of accidents, atmospheric and noise pollution, and congestion costs in the seaport of Saint-Brieuc. We were based, in particular, on the models developed for the road transport (Jansson, 1994; Lamure, 1990) and on the assumptions commonly retained in port economics
Luong, Thi Hông Liên. "Conception des Moyens d'Expérimentation. Approche de Cohérence en Coût - Performance". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001393.
Pełny tekst źródłaBakouka, Serge. "Le coût social de l'impôt et la fiscalité des ménages : mesures économétriques pour quelques pays africains". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994IEPP0026.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhen the government collects a dollar in tax revenue, the cost to taxpayers is actually greater than on follar : when taxes shift resources from taxpayers to government, they also distort decisions about the use of resources remaining in the private sector. For every dollar of tax revenue collected, the public loses that dollar (a direct cost) and also bears a cost in form of a less efficiently functioning economy. In effect, the distorsion due to taxes, which are generally referred to as welfare costs or excess burden, are kind of hidden cost associated with the expenditure of tax dollars. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid by public finance economists to the marginal excess burden per additional dollar of tax revenue. But, all theses works and estimations have been focused on industrial countries what's about developing countries? In this paper, we estimate the welfare cost of tax revenues in developing countries. We find that the marginal welfare costs of taxes in theses countries are larger than in developed countries. The welfare loss from one percent increase in the marginal tax rate is in range of 0,12 to 1,54 CFA franc per CFA franc of extra revenue, when we use elasticity assumptions that we consider to be plausible
Le, Bouc Raphaël. "La motivation comme un calcul coût-bénéfice : neuro-imagerie, modélisation, manipulations pharmacologiques et investigations cliniques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066651.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhy do we do what we do? Recent neuroeconomic theories suggest that our behaviour is determined by optimizing the difference between the benefit and the cost of our actions. In this work, we studied the neural basis of motivation by using incentive motivation tasks, and we developed a computational model of goal-directed effort production that gathers theories of motor control with decision-making principles of cost/benefit optimization. We first studied the motivational effects of social interactions, such as cooperation and competition, and showed that the activity in the ventral striato-pallidal complex correlated with utilitarian behaviours, whereas the activity and the cortical volume in the temporoparietal junction predicted altruistic biases, suggesting a key role for this region in prosocial motivation.Next, we studied Parkinson’s disease patients, and showed a dissociation, at the behavioural and the computational level, between the motor and the motivational effects of dopamine. These effects predicted respectively the clinical change in motor dysfunction and apathy. We also showed that serotoninergic treatments in healthy subjects affected incentive motivation. This effect could account for the occurrence of apathetic syndromes with these treatments.Finally, we identified different profiles of motivational deficits in psychiatric, focal or degenerative neurological conditions.This work thus suggest a normative framework to account for the mechanisms that determine the direction and the intensity of the behaviour, and aims at better understanding the neural basis of motivation and its deficits among neuropsychiatric disorders
Gitz, Vincent. "Usage des terres et politiques climatiques globales". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000622.
Pełny tekst źródłavan, der Ploeg Frederick, i Armon Rezai. "The Simple Arithmetic of Carbon Pricing and Stranded Assets". Springer Nature, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9592-6.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeconte, Arnaud. "Combler l'écart entre la gestion de l'information et du risque social : : le marché européen du carbone, un modèle pour un marché global du carbone?" Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of a new emerging market of carbon emission rights, the EU ETS (European Trading Scheme), since 2005 represents the first empirical attempt to capture new information (the carbon price) in climate risk management. A future global and efficent carbon price set by the market system assumes the existence of financial and technological transfer mechanisms to developing countries under the equity principle. The fair distribution of resources and risks is critical in the carbon market, and issues of equity are central to securing a global action programme to deal with climate change. Most economic studies consider that the carbon market is superior to other instruments (such as the carbon tax) in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Formal modelisation in economics focuses on neo-classical models where perfect information is assumed. However, even a small amount of information imperfection has a profound effect on the nature of the equilibrium. The loss of confidence in the market mechanism observed in the current crisis leads to propose a new way of analysing financial markets. Under a framework of interactions between imperfect information and speculative flows, the new model developed in the present thesis, called PRISME, identifies and addresses the six key functions of financial markets: Price, Risk, Incentives, Social, Multiplier and Effectiveness. .
Teichmann, Dorothee. "The role of public-private partnerships in local infrastructure : the case of carbon offset projects". Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8201.
Pełny tekst źródłaInvestment in low carbon infrastructure is considered an important component of the fight against climate change. The mechanisms of climate regulation (such as carbon offsets) transfer to project developers the risks associated with reducing emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, i. E. Operational and technological risk, or risks associated with the environmental monitoring and the regulatory mechanism itself. The success of projects depends importantly on the risk sharing arrangements between the private and public partners. It is shown that the delegation of tasks between the partners can create risks that affect the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of the project. For a sample of landfill gas flaring projects financed under the Clean Development Mechanism, it is shown that the outsourcing of the provision of technology creates additional risks. The outsourcing of the development of the official project documentation required by the UNFCCC and the separation of the operation of the landfill and the CDM project development appear to be manageable by risk sharing arrangements
Palmer, Andrew. "The development of an integrated routing and carbon dioxide emissions model for goods vehicles". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/2547.
Pełny tekst źródłaDequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Thureson, Disa. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of climate policy and long term public investments". Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48241.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaisman, H. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rentes pétrolières et dynamiques urbaines". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Pełny tekst źródłaSerrier, Hassan. "Théories et méthodes d'évaluation du coût social de facteurs de risque professionnels en France : application au cas des cancers d'origine professionnelle". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704550.
Pełny tekst źródłaSérès, Claire. "Approche coût-efficacité des politiques agri-environnementales : impact des critères d'éligibilité des exploitations agricoles". Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089610.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes résultats montrent que la solution collective la plus coût-efficace est réalisée quand seules les exploitations les plus coût-efficaces sont intégrées dans la politique. Or, cette solution ne représente pas la meilleure des solutions d'un point de vue environnemental ; les exploitations les plus polluantes n'étant pas toujours les plus coût-efficaces, et les bénéfices environnementaux de la politique étant susceptibles d'être dilués par l'intégration d'un nombre restreint d'exploitations. La prise en compte de la localisation des exploitations sur un territoire constitue une solution pertinente pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité environnementale d'une politique, même si cette solution s'avère être plus coûteuse. Aussi, si les pouvoirs publics optent pour des politiques plus performantes d'un point de vue environnemental, ils doivent s'attendre à ce que le coût de la politique soit supérieur à celui proposé par une solution économiquement efficace.
Lemoine, Derek, i Christian P. Traeger. "Ambiguous tipping points". ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622659.
Pełny tekst źródłaStankeviciute, Loreta. "L'impact de la contrainte carbone sur le secteur électrique européen". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENE007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe general idea of thesis is that European Emissions Trading system (ETS) is the instrument that can facilitate the decarbonisation of European electricity system. However, the necessary conditions ought to be brought together in the context of liberalisation in terms of risk management, market architecture and setting up of the complementary public policy instruments, in order for the carbon price signal to be effective. The introduction of liberalisation in the electricity industry conditions significantly the investment choice. The analysis of theoretical market model allows demonstrating organisational inadequacy for developing an optimal technological mix and for adapting to long-term issues due to the extreme difficulty of interpreting the price signals. The introduction of ETS overlaps with the market risks inherent to liberalisation. The enlargement of the carbon market and the interaction of European objectives in the horizon 2020 in terms of emissions reduction and increase of green electricity influence as well the anticipation of carbon price. The use of the prospective model POLES allows analysing these different configurations of the carbon market and establishing a number of possible scenarios for the carbon price. Additionally, certain measures for the reduction of carbon price volatility are recommended. The modelling exercises with POLES model enable likewise the analysis of European electricity mix in the long term under the uncertainty of carbon constraint. The modelling exercises show therefore that it is possible to have a less emitting electricity mix in the future, the remaining challenge is to construct an organisational and institutional framework capable to stimulate the necessary investments in the near future
Stankeviciute, Loreta. "L'impact de la contrainte carbone sur le secteur électrique européen". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466498.
Pełny tekst źródłaSirilertsuwan, Petchprakai. "Décisions de fabrication et modèle d’aide à la prise en charge à plusieurs niveaux pour améliorer la durabilité dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement en textiles et en vêtements". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I045.
Pełny tekst źródłaA recent trend towards sustainability has led to increases in various sustainable practices, but sustainability has still not been fully implemented into manufacturing and supply location decisions. A fragmented product supply chain (SC), which has various locations and multi-tier suppliers, leads to difficulties in traceability to ensure the SC has business, environmental, and social/socio-economic sustainability, known as the triple bottom line (TBL). Thus, this thesis aims to reveal which manufacturing decisions and location configurations better contribute to TBL, as well as to develop a location decision-support model for designing or evaluating multi-tier SCs with objective measurements and TBL factor considerations. Mixed methods are employed, including systematic literature reviews, semi-structured interviews, and SC simulations for the model formulation and its viscose t-shirt application. The thesis highlights that TBL benefits of proximity and distant manufacturing are location-dependent with their sources from spatial, cultural, ethnic, and linguistic proximity as well as country-, supplier-, and firm-specific. Spatial proximity benefits can be from proximity manufacturing to markets, materials suppliers, and headquarters as well as proximity between headquarters and market. The propose model has the potential to reveal the lowest or optimized cost and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) SCs. The model is capable of revealing important factors and possible risks from future local and global disruptions, benefiting long-term supply chain planning. The model differentiates itself from the others by incorporating TBL from not only manufacturing and logistics activities but also sustainability assurance activities performed by suppliers and focal firms. The model potentially helps enhance TBL sustainability and supply chain visibility. This thesis has theoretical contributions to location theories, manufacturing decisions, cost and CO2e computational models, and sustainable multi-tier supply chain management
Shen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Hassan, Ali. "Traitement thermochimique et caractérisation spectro-électrochimique des électrodes en feutre de carbone, utilisées dans des cellules pilote d'une batterie à circulation tout vanadium". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30144.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncrease of the share of renewable energy in the overall power production can ensure the future energy demand and help to cope with the environmental challenges inherent to the carbon enrich fossil fuels. Due to intermittent nature of these renewable resources, cost competitive and efficient energy storage devices are required. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising storage devices for the stationary applications due to its easy scalability, long charge-discharge cycles. The graphite and the graphite felt are low cost electrodes materials used by VRFBs which exhibits low kinetic reversibility of the redox reaction involving the system V(V)/V(IV) in the positive half-cell; this fact is responsible of significant kinetics overpotential decreasing the delivered voltage from the battery. In this work, different methods (chemical, thermal, electrochemical,) were tried to activate the surface of commercial graphite, expecting to enhance its electro-kinetics activity, specifically for the positive half-cell reaction (VO2+⇌VO2+). The enhancement of the electro kinetic activity of the electrode surface was characterized by the cyclic and linear sweep voltammetries. Besides the surface chemistry and morphology were analysed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In another study, the electrode-electrolyte interaction was quantified by contact angle measurements allowing access to the surface free energy determination. The activation method enables to create different oxygenal groups (C-OH, C=O -COOH) on the graphite surface and to increase the surface area. Both effects lead to i) the increase by 35 % of the current magnitude of the peak obtained by cyclic voltammetry (for the system VO2+/VO2+) and ii) the decrease of the ΔEpeaks of the same system by 300 mV. The density functional theory calculations (DFT) were performed to evaluate the individual catalytic role of the these oxygenal groups against the redox couple VO2+/VO2+(in the positive electrode). DFT shows that these oxygenal groups increase sp3 hybridization in the structure of the felt, that are facilitating the redox reactions. The intrinsic heterogeneous electronic transfer constant (k°) of V(V)/V(IV) system is enhanced by 2.6 and 6.1 times for the oxidation (V(IV)→V(V)) and reduction (V(V)→V(IV)) reactions, respectively. The electrode-electrolyte interaction improves because of the increment of the surface free energy of GF from 13.9 mN/m to 53.29 mN/m. The electrode performance was evaluated in the classical half-cell by charge discharge cycles. The charging voltage decrease from 1.18V to 1.04V and the discharge voltage increase from 0.42V to 0.75V, after the activation of GF. Proposed activation methods are novel, easy and effective. The charge discharge cycles of VRFB were performed at stack level, into the electrochemical plug flow reactor, by using 100 cm2 GF in each electrolytic section. At a current density of 50 A.m-2, there is an improvement of 20 % and 13 % in energy and voltage efficiency (VE) of stack respectively, due to treated electrode
Karpf, Andreas. "Social interactions, expectation formation and markets". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010015/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSocial interactions are in the core of economic activities. Their treatment in Economies is however often limited to a focus on the market (Manski, 2000). The role social interactions themselves play for the behavior of agents as well as the formation of their attitudes is often neglected. This is despite the fact that already early contributions in economic literature have identified them as important determinants for the decision making of economic agents as for example Sherif (I936), Hyman (1942), Asch (1951 ), Jahoda (I 959) or Merton (1968). ln consumer research, a field on the intersection between Economies, Sociology and Psychology, on the other hand social interactions (social influences) are considered to be the" ... most pervasive determinants [ ... ] of individual 's behaviour. .. " (Bumkrant and Cousineau, 1975). The thesis at hand bridges the gap between social interactions and their influence on agents expectation formation and behavior
Wignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaEco-materials, have revealed a number of interesting characteristics compared with more traditional technical or architectural solutions. The criteria so far used to differentiate them were often related to the preservation of the environment or health. The main research objective has been to study the technical, economic and financial advantages of such more environmentally friendly materials by collecting selected referential information- assessment indicators and criteria- inside a proposed system of reference. The first part of my work has been devoted to identifying eco-materials in the broader context of the conception of high environmental quality buildings. The position of eco-materials in international and European Environmental Quality Management Systems for Buildings- SMQEB- has then been reviewed in a second part. The third part of this work has consisted in designing a technical, economic and financial prescription decision tool for eco –materials. In the final part, the main concern has been to implement this designed and tested methodology within the Nord Pas De Calais region. An elaborate construction system - a flat roof - has been selected to compare a set of eco-built solutions with more conventional ones. The technical, economic, financial, environmental and health criteria have in-fine been used in easily understood language: the cost/profit ratio
Ben, Mimoun Mohamed. "Dépenses publiques d'éducation et performances socio-économiques". Phd thesis, Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00174179.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbouzahir, Omar. "Conception d'un outil de mesure et de réduction des coûts de non qualité : application au pilotage des processus industriels". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002197.
Pełny tekst źródłaKoning, Martin. "Essais sur la congestion dans les transports à Paris". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717656.
Pełny tekst źródłaWorsham, Matthew. "Carbon Lock-in and Decarbonization Pathways at the University of Dayton". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1493394692287645.
Pełny tekst źródłaGavard, Claire. "Analyse Economique des Mécanismes Possibles de Couplage du Marché Carbone Européen avec les Pays Emergents". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057084.
Pełny tekst źródłaCartel, Mélodie. "La fabrique de l'innovation institutionnelle : les marchés du carbone comme champs d'expérimentations managériales". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00931528.
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