Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Court media interface”

Newspaper headlines constitute an essential part of media discourse, which is an important field of research in Discourse and Communication Studies. Particularly, certain features of news headlines and their role in observing and directing readers’ attention have made the interface between linguistic analysis of newspaper headlines and the opinion building of the readership. In order to explore the ideological role of print media in representation of Swiss Letter Issue which resulted nullification of an elected prime minister of Pakistan by Supreme Court and the next PM of the same political party was also facing the same challenge. Three widely distributed English newspapers (The News International, DAWN and The Nation) have been selected using purposive sampling technique. Designated time ranges between 1st July 2012 and 31st December 2012, very significant pre-election period in Pakistan. To find the coverage given to the issue by the selected newspapers, total 319 related headlines were found. The data were selected through simple random sampling technique. The obtained data has been analysed by using Faiclough’s three-dimenional model of critical discourse analysis, and simple statistical analysis as well. The findings of the study indicate that print media of Pakistan used manipulative strategies in construction of headlines on Swiss Letter Issue and represented the issue in a biased manner.

Kazanga – Ethnicity in Africa Between State and Tradition The production of cultural forms at the interface between a rural-based tradition and the state is a familiar aspect of ethnicity in contemporary Africa. This paper seeks to identify some of the characteristics of this process, whose products are too often misunderstood, and cherished, as ‘authentic’ forms of ‘tradition’. Highlighting the role of ethnic brokers, of the modem mass media, and of a model of commoditified ‘performance’ as an aspect of contemporary electronic mass culture, the argument explores the production of expressive culture in the context of the Kazanga cultural association and its Kazanga annual festival among the Nkoya people of central western Zambia since the early 1980s, against the background of Nkoya ethnicity and Nkoya expressive and court culture since the 19th century.

This article analyses silence at the interface between print and audio media by reading and listening to Heinrich Böll's short story ‘Murke's Collected Silences’ (‘Doktor Murkes gesammeltes Schweigen’) in its book (1958) and three German-language radio play versions (1965; 1986; 1989). Reference is also made to Benjamin Gwilliam's sound art piece (2007) based on the 1986 adaptation. The Böll story thematises silence and media in various ways, and has definite countertextual aspects, in the sense of technology, textuality, and materiality of language. In the printed story, silence is either verbally named or typographically indicated, whereas the radio plays present or perform it. The comparison of the three silence-related scenes in the Murke radio plays shows considerable variation in the length and manner of pauses. The article considers the differences in receiving silence through print and audio media, and concludes that ‘Murke’ demonstrates, in both formats, that the medium is an integral part of the ‘message’, even the silent one.

This analysis aims to determine the difference between Human Machine Interface (HMI) based learning media and conventional learning media in influencing student competence in operating the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The method used was a true experimental design with a posttest-only control group design. The experimental group was given learning treatment assisted by HMI Omron with the CX-Designer software, while the control group was given treatment with conventional learning media. The treatment effect was analyzed by using different test (Mann-Whitney). The results showed that the effect of HMI-based learning media on PLC competence is as follows: (1) 61% competence in the cognitive domain is in the very good category, 50% competence in the affective domain is in the very good category, and 50% competence in the psychomotor domain is in the very good category; and (2) There are competency differences between HMI-based learning media and conventional learning. This is evidenced by the Sig. Count value of 0.000 in the cognitive domain, 0.000 in the affective domain, and 0.001 in the psychomotor domain, which is smaller than the Sig. Of the study of 0.05 after being given treatment.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek reasons for some videos going viral over YouTube (a type of social media platform). Design/methodology/approach – Using YouTube APIs (Application Programming Interface) and Webometrics analyst tool, the authors collected data on about 100 all-time-most-viewed YouTube videos and information about the users associated with the videos. The authors constructed and tested an empirical model to understand the relationship among users’ social and non-social capital (e.g. User Age, Gender, View Count, Subscriber, Join Date, Total Videos Posted), video characteristics (Post Date, Duration, and Video Category), external network capital (in-links and hit counts), and Virality (Likes, Dislikes, Favorite Count, View Count, and Comment Count). Partial least square and Webometric analysis was used to explore the association among the constructs. Findings – Among other findings, the results showed that popularity of the videos was not only the function of YouTube system per se, but that network dynamics (e.g. in-links and hits counts) and offline social capital (e.g. fan base and fame) play crucial roles in the viral phenomenon, particularly view count. Originality/value – The authors for the first time constructed and tested an empirical model to find out the determinants of viral phenomenon over YouTube.

BackgroundPatients with relapsed metastatic osteosarcoma have no effective treatments available to them,1 and immunotherapy thus far has not succeeded in improving outcomes.2–5 We aim to understand the immune architecture of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of osteosarcoma, with the goal of harnessing the immune system as a major therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma.Methods66 osteosarcoma tissue specimens were stained and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from 25 specimens were profiled by functional multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). Distinct regions from 16 pulmonary metastases (PMs) were microdissected, and RNA was extracted to perform comparative transcriptomic studies. Clinical follow-up (median 24 months) was available from resection.ResultsDigital image analysis of immunohistochemistry demonstrated significantly higher infiltrating immune cells in the PMs compared to primary bone tumors, concentrated at the tumor-normal lung ‘PM interface’ region, and elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoint molecules at the PM interface (figure 1). MFC confirmed the increased expression of the immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death 1 (PD-1, p<0.01) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3, p<0.01), as well as the activation marker IFN-γ (p<0.05) in CD8+ TILs. Gene expression profiling provided further evidence for the presence of TILs with expression of activation markers and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules at the PM interface compared to the PM interior (figure 2). A strong M2 macrophage signature was present in both regions. Further analysis revealed that genes related to neutrophil and myeloid cell chemotaxis and known to be associated with polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells were highly expressed at the PM interface, along with genes for multiple subsets of dendritic cells (figure 3). Expression of PD-L1, LAG-3, and CSF1R at the PM interface were associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS), while gene sets associated with productive T cell immune response were associated with improved PFS (figure 4).Abstract 506 Figure 1Immunohistochemistry of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastasesA. H&E with demarcation of tumor-normal lung interface (center green line) and area quantified as the ‘PM interface’ (outer green lines). Pulmonary metastases demonstrate a higher concentration of immune cells (CD3 p<0.001, CD8 p<0.001, CD163 p<0.01) and PD-1 (p<0.001)/PD-L1 (p<0.05) at the PM interface.B. H&E with demarcation of PM interface as above. Pulmonary metastases demonstrating increased staining of TIM-3 (p<0.01), LAG-3 (p<0.01) and IDO1 (p<0.0001) at the PM interface (no significant concentration of CSF1R at PM interface).Abstract 506 Figure 2Activated/exhausted lymphocyte signatures at PM interfaceA. Heatmap displaying significant genes that contribute to leading-edge of core enrichment subset via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) demonstrating higher expression of immune regulatory molecules at the PM interface compared to the PM interior. Expression levels were converted into heatmaps and colors quantitatively correspond to fold changes. FDR=GSEA false-discovery rate q-value.B. Heatmap illustrating coefficients of xCell analysis shows higher expression of markers of cytotoxicity and activation, as well as multiple checkpoint molecules, at the PM interface, with evidence that they are being contributed chiefly by T cells. Intensity represents xCell coefficient, which corresponds to the amount that a particular region (PM interior or PM interface) or cell population (T cells, B cells, or myeloid cells) contributes to the expression of a specific gene.Abstract 506 Figure 3Genes related to dendritic cells and MDSCs at PM interfaceA. By GSEA, genes associated with multiple subclasses of antigen-presenting dendritic cells are significantly upregulated at the PM interface (cDC1=conventional type 1 dendritic cell; cDC2=conventional type 2 dendritic cell; pDC=plasmacytoid dendritic cell; moDC=monocyte-derived dendritic cell). FDR=GSEA false-discovery rate q-value.B. Heatmap shows heightened expression of cytokines, chemokines and endothelin transcripts associated with development, recruitment and maintenance of PMNs and granulocytic MDSCs at the PM interface compared to the PM interior.Abstract 506 Figure 4Markers of immune TME at PM interface correlate with PFSA. Hazard ratios for immunohistochemistry markers at the PM interface as they relate to PFS. For absolute count biomarkers (CD3, CD8, Foxp3, PD-1, CD163, and LAG-3) the unit is per 100 cells, and for percentage biomarkers (PD-L1, CSF1R, TIM-3, and IDO1) the unit is per 1%.B. Hazard ratios for gene sets at the PM interface as they relate to PFS. NS=p>0.05, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001ConclusionsIn contrast to primary bone osteosarcoma ‘immune deserts,’ osteosarcoma PMs represent an ‘immune-excluded’ TME where immune cells are present but are halted at the PM interface. TILs can produce effector cytokines, suggesting their capability of activation and recognition of tumor antigens. Our findings suggest cooperative immunosuppressive mechanisms in osteosarcoma PMs that prevent TILs from penetrating into the PM interior, including immune checkpoint molecule expression and the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. We identify cellular and molecular signatures that are associated with PFS of patients, which could be potentially manipulated for successful immunotherapy.Ethics ApprovalThis study was approved by Johns Hopkins University’s Ethics Board, approval number FWA00005752.ReferencesMirabello L, Troisi RJ, Savage SA. Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: Data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer 2009;115(7):1531–43.Tawbi HA, Burgess M, Bolejack V, Van Tine BA, Schuetze SM, Hu J, et al. Pembrolizumab in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma (SARC028): A multicentre, two-cohort, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18(11):1493–501.Davis KL, Fox E, Merchant MS, Reid JM, Kudgus RA, Liu X, et al. Nivolumab in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory solid tumours or lymphoma (ADVL1412): A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1–2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21(4):541–50.D’Angelo SP, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, Atkins J, Milhem MM, Jahagirdar BN, et al. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab treatment for metastatic sarcoma (alliance A091401): Two open-label, non-comparative, randomised, phase 2 trials. Lancet Oncol 2018;19(3):416–26.Paoluzzi L, Cacavio A, Ghesani M, Karambelkar A, Rapkiewicz A, Weber J, et al. Response to anti-PD1 therapy with nivolumab in metastatic sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res 2016;6:24.

The stability of the interface between mortar and rock is very important in engineering construction. In this paper, the all-digital acoustic emission (AE) system is used to detect the direct shear test of the mortar-rock binary medium interface with different sawtooth angles under different normal stress states. The stress-displacement information and AE signal during the whole shearing process are extracted. The coupling relationship between stress and AE characteristic parameters is discussed. The quantitative relationship between sawtooth angle and shear strength of binary medium is established, and three AE characteristic parameters that can be used to predict structural instability are proposed. The research shows that: With the increase of the normal stress and the sawtooth angle, the shear strength of the mortar-rock binary medium increases. The relationship of that is obtained by least squares fitting. The shear stress-displacement curve is divided into five stages according to the change of deformation law. Through the analysis of AE characteristic parameters, it is found that increasing the sawtooth angle makes the AE count and AE cumulative count increase. Based on the analysis of the characteristic parameters of RA-AF, the changes of shear cracks and tensile cracks within the whole shearing process were obtained, respectively. In the process of binary medium shearing, the AE peak frequency is in the range of 120–340 kHz. Three acoustic emission parameters that can predict the macroscopic damage of binary media are obtained: the AE b value, the ratio of shear crack signals, and the number of signals with a peak frequency of 220 Hz to 320 Hz.

We live constantly networked, performing multiple activities in virtual spaces which are intertwined with physical space, shaping an augmented and symbiotic chronotope. Considering that personal space is an area surrounding individuals that provides a framework for developing activities wouldn’t it be necessary to count on a virtual personal space? This article presents the bases, processes, and results of a didactic experience which purpose was to imagine and design a personal space in the Web, representing its properties and characteristics through a transmedia narrative unfolded through diverse languages and media. Three cases are presented, selected because they propose different strategies to approach the problem. In order to perform a comparative analysis of the results, the categories were defined based on the triadic structure of Peirce’s Theory of Signs, which in turn were divided into sub-categories that incorporate the Principles of Design and Evaluation of Interface-Spaces.

PubMed is the most extensively used database and search engine in the biomedical and healthcare fields. However, users could experience several difficulties in acquiring their target papers facing massive numbers of search results, especially in their unfamiliar fields. Therefore, we developed a novel user interface for PubMed and conducted three steps of study: step A, a preliminary user survey with 76 medical experts regarding the current usability for the biomedical literature search task at PubMed; step B is implementing EEEvis, a novel interactive visual analytic system for the search task; step C, a randomized user study comparing PubMed and EEEvis. First, we conducted a Google survey of 76 medical experts regarding the unmet needs of PubMed and the user requirements for a novel search interface. According to the data of preliminary Google survey, we implemented a novel interactive visual analytic system for biomedical literature search. This EEEvis provides enhanced literature data analysis functions including (1) an overview of the bibliographic features including publication date, citation count, and impact factors, (2) an overview of the co-authorship network, and (3) interactive sorting, filtering, and highlighting. In the randomized user study of 24 medical experts, the search speed of EEEvis was not inferior to PubMed in the time to reach the first article (median difference 3 sec, 95% CI -2.1 to 8.5, P = 0.535) nor in the search completion time (median difference 8 sec, 95% CI -4.7 to 19.1, P = 0.771). However, 22 participants (91.7%) responded that they are willing to use EEEvis as their first choice for a biomedical literature search task, and 21 participants (87.5%) answered the bibliographic sorting and filtering functionalities of EEEvis as a major advantage. EEEvis could be a supplementary interface for PubMed that can enhance the user experience in the search for biomedical literature.

This research investigates the changing relationship between the courts and the news media in Australia. While providing a broad historical context for this relationship, it focuses specifically on the past decade and the significant changes in communications practice within many Australian court jurisdictions. The study critically examines the role of public information officers (PIOs) in the Australian court system from 1993. It also investigates debates around experimentation with television cameras in Australian courts. It further critically examines other initiatives, undertaken by the courts through the PIO, including the development of court-media liaison committees, judgment summaries, websites and standardised request forms. This investigation brings together a range of perspectives about the court-media relationship. The findings are based on responses from 32 semi-structured interviews, conducted across seven jurisdictions in Australia over 28 months. Those interviewed include judges, PIOs, television reporters, news directors and newspaper reporters. The findings show overwhelming support for the role of PIO in facilitating access, improving communication, fostering a better understanding between the courts and the media and enhancing accuracy in court reportage. They indicate that those jurisdictions with PIOs in office are better at meeting the needs of the news media than the single jurisdiction that does not employ a PIO. In contrast, the issue of television camera access to courts has been marked by inconsistencies across the different groups of respondents. While the courts have generally been proactive in this area, news directors are ambivalent, even dismissive, about advancing moves. Progress has been slow, to the point of stalling in this area. This research is positioned within a field described as 'under-researched' and 'incompletely theorized'. It deals with uncharted research territory, particularly in the analysis of how the news media perceive their own role in the court-media interface. In delving into how the courts and media intersect, it forces an analysis of open justice and investigates the practice, policy, theoretical and philosophical assumptions and traditions of this relationship. Central to any relationship with the media is the source-reporter connection and this is analysed in the context of courts. It is argued that, consistent with the relatively low-level of analysis into the courts-media interface in general, sources on the court round have been inconsistent and disparate, reinforcing problems and irregularities for reporters on the round. Theories of sources as bureaucratic channels of information and primary definers of news provide a theoretical position for the emergence of the PIO. Critical elements that underpin the research are the importance of the media as presenting the courts to the wider community, through open justice, as well as the news media's role as the Fourth Estate in monitoring all aspects of society, including the judiciary and the courts. While the courts and the media must work together, they must also remain separate if the are to function effectively within a democracy. The investigation concludes that they should have 'separate but interlocking functions' in the public sphere. The research is framed around ideas of courts as part of the public sphere. It argues that developments aimed at enhancing communication between courts and the media have also improved the position of courts within that sphere. The intersections are viewed through concepts of ideal speech, communicative action and shared lifeworld. Individually and collectively, these provide a solid 'best practice' approach to how courts and the media can work together. These ideas are shown as a cycle of communication, represented as a communication model between courts, media and the public. Whilst originating from the work of Jurgen Habermas, these ideas have evolved to include a variety of perspectives and have, in this thesis, been employed to provide the theoretical framework for an analysis of the changing court-media interface.

This research investigates the changing relationship between the courts and the news media in Australia. While providing a broad historical context for this relationship, it focuses specifically on the past decade and the significant changes in communications practice within many Australian court jurisdictions. The study critically examines the role of public information officers (PIOs) in the Australian court system from 1993. It also investigates debates around experimentation with television cameras in Australian courts. It further critically examines other initiatives, undertaken by the courts through the PIO, including the development of court-media liaison committees, judgment summaries, websites and standardised request forms. This investigation brings together a range of perspectives about the court-media relationship. The findings are based on responses from 32 semi-structured interviews, conducted across seven jurisdictions in Australia over 28 months. Those interviewed include judges, PIOs, television reporters, news directors and newspaper reporters. The findings show overwhelming support for the role of PIO in facilitating access, improving communication, fostering a better understanding between the courts and the media and enhancing accuracy in court reportage. They indicate that those jurisdictions with PIOs in office are better at meeting the needs of the news media than the single jurisdiction that does not employ a PIO. In contrast, the issue of television camera access to courts has been marked by inconsistencies across the different groups of respondents. While the courts have generally been proactive in this area, news directors are ambivalent, even dismissive, about advancing moves. Progress has been slow, to the point of stalling in this area. This research is positioned within a field described as 'under-researched' and 'incompletely theorized'. It deals with uncharted research territory, particularly in the analysis of how the news media perceive their own role in the court-media interface. In delving into how the courts and media intersect, it forces an analysis of open justice and investigates the practice, policy, theoretical and philosophical assumptions and traditions of this relationship. Central to any relationship with the media is the source-reporter connection and this is analysed in the context of courts. It is argued that, consistent with the relatively low-level of analysis into the courts-media interface in general, sources on the court round have been inconsistent and disparate, reinforcing problems and irregularities for reporters on the round. Theories of sources as bureaucratic channels of information and primary definers of news provide a theoretical position for the emergence of the PIO. Critical elements that underpin the research are the importance of the media as presenting the courts to the wider community, through open justice, as well as the news media's role as the Fourth Estate in monitoring all aspects of society, including the judiciary and the courts. While the courts and the media must work together, they must also remain separate if the are to function effectively within a democracy. The investigation concludes that they should have 'separate but interlocking functions' in the public sphere. The research is framed around ideas of courts as part of the public sphere. It argues that developments aimed at enhancing communication between courts and the media have also improved the position of courts within that sphere. The intersections are viewed through concepts of ideal speech, communicative action and shared lifeworld. Individually and collectively, these provide a solid 'best practice' approach to how courts and the media can work together. These ideas are shown as a cycle of communication, represented as a communication model between courts, media and the public. Whilst originating from the work of Jurgen Habermas, these ideas have evolved to include a variety of perspectives and have, in this thesis, been employed to provide the theoretical framework for an analysis of the changing court-media interface.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
Full Text

A precisão na fabricação de um implante pode ser verificada pelo grau de adaptação na interface implante/componente protético. Uma pobre adaptação permite a infiltração de microrganismos através dessa interface e a colonização dos espaços vazios dos implantes, levando ao surgimento de reações inflamatórias dos tecidos periimplantares e ao insucesso clínico do tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, in vitro, a infiltração de uma bactéria, o Staphylococcus aureus, através da interface implante/componente protético, pelo método de cultura bacteriana. Foram utilizados vinte conjuntos de implantes Cone Morse, com os Pilares CM (NEODENT®, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil), divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A, onde foram avaliados quanto à infiltração bacteriana de fora para dentro dos implantes, e Grupo B, onde foram avaliados quanto à infiltração bacteriana de dentro para fora dos implantes. Foram utilizados também vinte conjuntos de implantes Titamax II Plus, com os Mini Pilares Cônicos II Plus (NEODENT®, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil), divididos em dois grupos: Grupo C, onde foram avaliados quanto à infiltração bacteriana de fora para dentro dos implantes, e Grupo D, onde foram avaliados quanto à infiltração bacteriana de dentro para fora dos implantes. Na avaliação da infiltração bacteriana de dentro para fora dos implantes, foi feita a inoculação da bactéria na parte interna dos implantes, e estes mergulhados em tubos de ensaio contendo um meio de enriquecimento estéril. Para avaliação da infiltração bacteriana de fora para dentro dos implantes, os conjuntos implantes/componentes foram mergulhados em tubos de ensaio contendo um meio de enriquecimento com cepas da bactéria. Ocorreu infiltração bacteriana em todos os grupos, e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos A e C, nem entre os grupos B e D, em relação à percentagem da passagem do microrganismo na interface implante/componente protético.
The precision in the manufacture of an implant can be determined by the degree of adaptation at the abutment-implant interface. A poor adaptation allows the infiltration of microorganisms through this interface and colonization of empty spaces of the implants, leading to inflammatory reactions and clinical failure of treatment. The aim of the present in-vitro study was to investigate leakage of Staphylococcus aureus through the abutment-implant interface, by the method of bacterial culture. It was used twenty sets of Morse Taper implants with Pillars CM (NEODENTTM, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), divided into two groups: Group A, which were evaluated for bacterial infiltration into the inner part of the implants, and Group B, which were evaluated for bacterial infiltration from the inner part of the implants. Were also used twenty sets of Titamax II Plus implants, with the conical Mini Pillars II Plus (NEODENTTM, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), divided into two groups: Group C, which were evaluated for bacterial infiltration into the inner part of the implants and Group D, which were evaluated for bacterial infiltration from the inner part of the implants. In the evaluation of bacterial infiltration from the implants, the assemblies had the inner parts inoculated with S. aureus, and each assembly was incubated in BHI broth. For assessment of bacterial leakage into the implants, each assembly was submerged in S. aureus culture in tubes. Bacterial infiltration occurred in all groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between groups A and C, or between groups B and D.

Se réveiller pendant une intervention chirurgicale est une expérience terrifiante à la fois pour les patients, qui la redoute mais également pour le personnel médical qui craint que cette situation ne se produise sous leur autorité. On nomme ce type de phénomène “un réveil peropératoire durant l’anesthésie générale" (en anglais Accidental Awareness during a General Anesthesia; AAGA) et se définit comme étant un réveil inattendu du patient sous anesthésie générale. Cette situation apparaît lorsque l’anesthésie générale n’est pas assez profonde pour compenser l’ensemble des stimulations chirurgicales liés à l’opération. On considère que le nombre d'AAGA dans les pratiques à haut risque oscille entre 1 et 2%. Le problème est que ce type de réveil peropératoire peut provoquer une souffrance physique ou engendrer des séquelles psychologiques nommées syndromes de stress post-traumatiques (ou Posttraumatic stress disorder – PTSD). Les PTSDs consécutifs peuvent durer plusieurs années et causer des effets psychologiques graves allant jusqu’au suicide. “Je ne pouvais pas respirer, je ne pouvais pas bouger ou ouvrir mes yeux, ni même dire aux docteurs que je n’étais pas endormi”. Ce témoignage montre que la première réaction d'un patient est généralement de bouger pour alerter le personnel médical de cette situation terrifiante. Malheureusement, pendant la majorité des interventions chirurgicales, le patient est curarisé, ce qui provoque un blocage neuromusculaire et empêche tout mouvement de celui-ci. L’innovation proposée dans cette thèse est d’étudier l’activité cérébrale motrice sous anesthésie générale dans le but de mieux détecter les réveils peropératoires. En théorie, la détection d’une intention de mouvement est possible en analysant le signal EEG du cortex moteur via une interface cerveau-ordinateur (BCI). En effet, la phase de préparation ainsi l'exécution d’une intention de mouvement présentent des variations de puissance (i.e., Event-related (de)-sycnhronization) dans les bandes alpha et bêta du signal EEG. La stimulation électrique du nerf médian induit également des changements de l’activité corticale visible dans le signal EEG et comparable à une intention de mouvement. Ce qui est intéressant, c’est que lorsqu’une intention de mouvement de la main intervient en même temps qu’une stimulation du nerf médian, la signature corticale dite ERD/ERS% est amplifiée et peut être détectée par une BCI. Une des grandes originalités de ce projet est d’exploiter ce phénomène pour mieux détecter les intentions de mouvement. Pour concevoir une BCI qui permettrait de détecter les réveils peropératoires chez les patients, cette thèse repose sur trois disciplines (i.e. anesthésie, neurophysiologie, informatique) et vise trois objectifs majeurs: (i) étudier l’effet des anesthésiques sur le signal EEG du cortex moteur, (ii) réussir à détecter la tentative de mouvement du patient sans marqueurs temporels en utilisant un nouveau type de BCI basée sur la stimulation du nerf médian et (iii) étudier l'activité cérébrale motrice dans des conditions cliniques qui seront proches d'un réveil peropératoire
Waking up during surgery is a terrifying experience for patients, who fear it, but also for medical staff, who are worried that the situation will occur under their supervision. This type of phenomenon is called "an Accidental Awareness during a General Anesthesia” (AAGA) and is defined as an unexpected awakening of the patient under general anesthesia. This situation occurs when the general anesthesia is insufficiently deep to compensate all the surgical stimuli related to the surgery. AAGA rate in high-risk practices (e.g. obstetric, cardiac, thoracic) is considered to vary from 1-2%. The problem is that such intraoperative awakening can cause physical pain or lead to psychological sequelae called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consecutive PTSDs can last for several years and have serious psychological effects leading to suicide. "I couldn't breathe, I couldn't move or open my eyes, or even tell the doctors I wasn't asleep.". This testimony shows that a patient's first reaction is usually to move to alert medical staff of this terrifying situation. Unfortunately, during the majority of surgical procedures, the patient is curarized, which causes neuromuscular block and prevents any movement of the patient. The innovation proposed by this thesis is to detect AAGA reliably by analysing, in real-time, motor brain activity under general anesthesia. In theory, detection of movement intention is possible by analyzing EEG signals from the motor cortex via a brain-computer interface (BCI). Indeed, both a movement execution but also a simple movement intention are characterized by power variations (i.e., Event-related (de)-synchronization called ERD/ERS) in the EEG alpha and beta bands over the motor cortex. Electrical stimulation of the median nerve also induces changes in cortical activity which are visible in the EEG signal and similar to an intention of movement. Interestingly, when an intention to move a hand occurs at the same time as a median nerve stimulation, the ERD/ERS cortical signature is amplified and can be detected better by a BCI based on specific machine learning techniques. In order to design a BCI that would allow the detection of AAGA, this thesis is based on three disciplines (i.e. anesthesia, neurophysiology, computer science) and has three major objectives: (i) to study the effect of anaesthetics on the EEG signal of the motor cortex, (ii) to detect the patient's attempted movement without temporal markers using a BCI based on median nerve stimulation and (iii) to study motor brain activity in clinical conditions that will be close to intraoperative recovery

Brain computer interfaces make possible a form of neurobionic agency in which people interact with the Internet by mental action, without the need for a bodily movement. This chapter considers the possibility of someone uploading intimate images of another person, without their consent, onto social media by way of brain–computer interface. The author highlights the novel and perhaps problematic nature of the options for response to such offending (given current doctrine) that are available to the criminal law. The example of revenge porn is used as a case study to very tentatively consider the criminal law’s response to neurobionic offending more generally. While the law has criminalized bodily actions, omissions and certain kinds of status, neurobionic agency falls into none of these traditional categories, and some issues flow from this failure. The author argues that neurobionic revenge porn would present a challenge to the criminal law relating to the determination of the conduct that constitutes the actus reus. Thus, if the courts are required to respond to this kind of offending, it will raise questions about a concept that is currently central to the criminal law.