Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Coupled Thermomechanical Structures

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Coupled Thermomechanical Structures”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Coupled Thermomechanical Structures"

Machairas, Theodoros T., Alexandros G. Solomou, Anargyros A. Karakalas i Dimitris A. Saravanos. "Effect of shape memory alloy actuator geometric non-linearity and thermomechanical coupling on the response of morphing structures". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, nr 14 (10.07.2019): 2166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19862362.

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The response of adaptive structures entailing shape memory alloy actuators is investigated both numerically and experimentally in this work. Emphasis is placed on the inclusion of large displacements and rotations, as well as thermomechanical coupling in the simulation of the shape memory alloy actuators. Reduced multi-field beam finite element models for shape memory alloy actuators, encompassing a co-rotational formulation for large displacements and capability to provide the thermomechanically coupled transient response, are briefly overviewed. Prototypes of two adaptive structure configurations are developed, experimentally characterized, and numerically modeled. The measured response of the two prototypes is correlated with respective numerical results that consider both the geometric non-linearity and the thermomechanical coupling of the shape memory alloy actuators. Hence, the influence of these two effects on the predicted response of both the actuator and the adaptive structure is demonstrated. The results quantify also the interactions between geometric non-linearity and thermomechanical coupling terms. As it is shown, better agreement with experimental data is obtained when considering both effects.

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Son, Myeong Jin, i Eui Sup Shin. "Thermomechanical Coupled Analysis of Carbon/phenolic Composite Structures in Reentry Environments". Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 47, nr 6 (30.06.2019): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2019.47.6.414.

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Kundu, Animesh, i Atanu Banerjee. "Coupled thermomechanical modelling of shape memory alloy structures undergoing large deformation". International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 220 (kwiecień 2022): 107102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107102.

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Baker, Graham, i René de Borst. "An anisotropic thermomechanical damage model for concrete at transient elevated temperatures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, nr 1836 (10.10.2005): 2603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1589.

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The behaviour of concrete at elevated temperatures is important for an assessment of integrity (strength and durability) of structures exposed to a high-temperature environment, in applications such as fire exposure, smelting plants and nuclear installations. In modelling terms, a coupled thermomechanical analysis represents a generalization of the computational mechanics of fracture and damage. Here, we develop a fully coupled anisotropic thermomechanical damage model for concrete under high stress and transient temperature, with emphasis on the adherence of the model to the laws of thermodynamics. Specific analytical results are given, deduced from thermodynamics, of a novel interpretation on specific heat, evolution of entropy and the identification of the complete anisotropic, thermomechanical damage surface. The model is also shown to be stable in a computational sense, and to satisfy the laws of thermodynamics.

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Li, Zhenghong, Yuheng Liu, Yafei Wang, Haibao Lu, Ming Lei i Yong Qing Fu. "3D Printing of Auxetic Shape-Memory Metamaterial Towards Designable Buckling". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 13, nr 01 (styczeń 2021): 2150011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825121500113.

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As one of the most popular 3D printed metamaterials, the auxetic structure with its tunable Poisson’s ratio has attracted huge amount of attention recently. In this study, we designed an auxetic shape-memory metamaterial, which showed designable buckling responses by using the thermomechanically coupled in-plane instability. The influence of viscoelasticity on in-plane moduli and Poisson’s ratios of shape-memory auxetic metamaterial was experimentally investigated. Based on the generalized Maxwell model and finite-element method, the buckling behaviors and their main influence factors were studied. The analytical results and experimental ones showed a good agreement. Thermomechanical properties of the printed metamaterials govern the temperature and strain rate-dependent buckling, and a controllable transition from the negative to positive Poisson’s ratio in the metamaterials can be achieved. Based on the shape memory effect, the buckled state and the Poisson’s ratio of the metamaterials can be tuned by programmed thermomechanical processes. This study provides a simple and efficient way to generate morphing structures using the designable buckling effect.

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Ma, Zhu, Changzheng Shi, Hegao Wu i Songzi Liu. "Structural Behavior of Massive Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Thermomechanical Loads". Energies 15, nr 7 (6.04.2022): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072671.

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Massive reinforced concrete (MRC) structures are utilized in a variety of applications where both mechanical and thermal properties are of concern. A 1:2 large-scale test model of the steel-lined reinforced concrete penstock (a kind of MRC) and a coupled thermomechanical numerical analysis are both implemented to investigate the thermomechanical effects on structural behavior. Three different temperature fields and eight temperature gradients are selected to explore how the temperature affects the crack width, steel stress, and deformation. The results show that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental results and that this method can be applied to other similar MRC structure analysis. The thermal effect can cause 10−3~10−2 mm thermal crack width and ±45 MPa thermal stress and this may lead the total crack width to exceed the limited value and the reinforcement stress beyond the yield strength. Consequently, the influence of the thermomechanical loads cannot be ignored and the corresponding temperature control measures must be taken to ensure structural safety and durability.

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Xu, Chenglong, i Zhi Liu. "Coupled CFD-FEM Simulation of Steel Box Bridge Exposed to Fire". Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (10.01.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5889743.

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Increasing fire-induced bridge failures are demanding more precise behavior prediction for the bridges subjected to fires. However, current numerical methods are limited to temperature curves prescribed for building structures, which can misestimate the fire impact significantly. This paper developed a framework coupling the computational dynamics (CFD) method and finite element method (FEM) to predict the performance of fire-exposed bridges. The fire combustion was simulated in CFD software, Fire Dynamic Simulator, to calculate the thermal boundary required by the thermomechanical simulation. Then, the adiabatic surface temperatures and heat transfer coefficient were applied to the FEM model of the entire bridge girder. A sequential coupled thermomechanical FEM simulation was then carried out to evaluate the performance of the fire-exposed bridge, thermally and structurally. The methodology was then validated through a real fire experiment on a steel beam. The fire performance of a simply supported steel box bridge was simulated using the proposed coupled CFD-FEM methodology. Numerical results show that the presented method was able to replicate the inhomogeneous thermomechanical response of box bridges exposed to real fires. The girder failed due to the buckling of a central diaphragm after the ignition of the investigated tanker fire in no more than 10 min. The framework presented in this study is programmatic and friendly to researchers and can be applied for the estimation of bridges in different fire conditions.

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Song, Ying, Renwei Liu, Shaofan Li, Zhuang Kang i Feng Zhang. "Peridynamic modeling and simulation of coupled thermomechanical removal of ice from frozen structures". Meccanica 55, nr 4 (19.12.2019): 961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-01106-z.

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Wang, Lixiang, Shihai Li, Guoxin Zhang, Zhaosong Ma i Lei Zhang. "A GPU-Based Parallel Procedure for Nonlinear Analysis of Complex Structures Using a Coupled FEM/DEM Approach". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/618980.

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This study reports the GPU parallelization of complex three-dimensional software for nonlinear analysis of concrete structures. It focuses on coupled thermomechanical analysis of complex structures. A coupled FEM/DEM approach (CDEM) is given from a fundamental theoretical viewpoint. As the modeling of a large structure by means of FEM/DEM may lead to prohibitive computation times, a parallelization strategy is required. With the substantial development of computer science, a GPU-based parallel procedure is implemented. A comparative study between the GPU and CPU computation results is presented, and the runtimes and speedups are analyzed. The results show that dramatic performance improvements are gained from GPU parallelization.

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Tong, Fujuan, Wenxuan Gou, Lei Li, Wenjing Gao i Zhu Feng Yue. "Thermomechanical stress analysis for gas turbine blade with cooling structures". Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 14, nr 4 (3.12.2018): 722–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-08-2017-0081.

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Purpose Blade tip clearance has always been a concern for the gas turbine design and control. The numerical analysis of tip clearance is based on the turbine components displacement. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermal and mechanical effects on a real cooling blade rather than the simplified model. Design/methodology/approach The coupled fluid-solid method is used. The thermal analysis involves solid and fluid domains. The distributions of blade temperature, stress and displacement have been calculated numerically under real turbine operating conditions. Findings Temperature contour can provide a reference for stress analysis. The results show that temperature gradient is the main source of solid stress and radial displacement. Compared with thermal or mechanical effect, there is a great change of stress magnitude for the thermomechanical effect. Large stress gradients are found between the leading and trailing edge of turbine cooling blade. Also, the blade radial displacement is mainly attributed to the thermal load rather than the centrifugal force. The analysis of the practical three-dimensional model has achieved the more precise results. Originality/value It is significant for clearance design and life prediction.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Coupled Thermomechanical Structures"

Muller, Yannick. "Coupled thermomechanical fluid-structure interaction in the secondary air system of aircraft engines : contribution to an integrated design method". Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/94032a6b-3a17-4aaf-b07a-ce560f117b33.

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Dans un turboréacteur, le système d'air secondaire remplit de multiples fonctions. Les flux d'air secondaire contrôlent les températures des matériaux et l'expansion thermale des parties moteurs, en particulier les écartements des joints d'étanchéité. Pour s'assurer de la réalisation des diverses fonctions dès la phase de développement, les différentes propriétés du gaz doivent être correctement prédîtes. Actuellement, les calculs aérodynamiques, livrant les flux les températures et les pressions d'air, sont séparés des calculs thermiques, livrant les températures matériaux. Les interactions dont le traitement nécessite de nombreuses itérations sont ignorées. En effet, un changement de température matériau modifie l'expansion relative des parties moteurs, redéfinissant ainsi l'écartement des joints qui a son tour contrôle les débits d'air. La définition de l'écartement de joint influant de manière importante sur les pertes de charges, un fort effet de couplage est attendu. Le but de l'étude est de prendre en compte ces interactions au sein d'un nouvel outil combinant analyse du système d'air secondaire et calculs thermique et mécaniques. Une série de modules intégrés permet de considérer ces effets dans les cas stationnaires. Un réseau constitue de nodes représentant les chambres connectées par des éléments assimiles a des pertes de charges constitue la base du concept. Utilisant une formulation compatible avec la topologie Elément Finis, le réseau est imbrique dans le modèle Eléments Finis thermomécanique au sein d'un modèle unique et résolu grâce au logiciel CalculiX. Températures, pressions et débits sont calculés basé sur les températures et déformations matériau de l'itération précédente et servent de conditions limites au calcul thermomécanique dans l'itération suivante
In jet engines, the secondary air system, or SAS, takes care of a variety of important functions. In particular, secondary air flows control material temperatures and thermal expansion of engine parts, especially seal clearances. To check the fulfilment of these functions in the engine design phase, gas properties, temperatures, pressures and mass flow rates, must be accurately predicted. Up to now, the aerodynamic calculations leading to mass-flow rates, fluid pressures and temperatures and the thermal calculations yielding material temperatures are performed separately. A lot of interactions are neglected, the treatment of which would require numerous time consuming iterations. Indeed, material temperature changes lead to a modification of the expansion of the interacting parts yielding significant modifications in the gaps which control mass-flow rates. Since gap width has an important influence on the pressure losses, the interaction between aerodynamic, thermal and solid mechanics solution to the problem is expected to be important. The present investigation aims at taking this interaction into account in a robust analysis tool, combining SAS, thermal and mechanical analysis. An integrated program suite has been created, which allows to calculate these effects steady state. The basic concept is a network consisting of nodes representing the chambers and connected by pressure loss elements. Using a finite-element-compatible formulation, the network is embedded in a thermo-mechanical finite element model of the engine within an unique model and solved using the free software finite element CalculiX. This is done in the form of a module in which the gas pressure temperature and mass-flow are calculated based on the structural temperature and deformation of the previous iteration and serve as boundary conditions to the thermo-mechanical model for the next iteration

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Desai, Akshay. "Topological Derivative-based Optimization of Fiber-reinforced Structures, Coupled Thermoelastic Structures, and Compliant Mechanisms". Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5158.

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The topological derivative of a functional quantifies the sensitivity with respect to an infinitesimal domain perturbations such as a hole, an inclusion, a source term, a crack, etc. In this thesis, topological derivatives are used in conjunction with level-set methods to optimize stiff structures and compliant mechanisms. In the first part of the thesis, we use topological derivatives in polar form to obtain fiber-reinforced structural designs with non-periodic continuous fibers that are optimally arranged in specific patterns. The distribution of anisotropic fiber material within isotropic matrix material is determined for given volume fractions of void and material as well as fiber and matrix simultaneously, for maximum stiffness. In this three-phase material distribution approach, we generate a Pareto surface of stiffness and two volume fractions by adjusting the level-set plane in the topological sensitivity field. The next part of the thesis deals with the topology optimization of thermally coupled elastic structures. In this, we present two design examples: (i) a stiff battery pack for heat dissipation; and (ii) a thermomechanical actuator. In addition to the design of stiff structures, we perform topology optimization of compliant mechanisms using topological derivatives. In such elastically deformable structures, we adopt a multicriteria formulation that aims to simultaneously attain desired displacement with adequate overall stiffness. The resulting compliant topologies reduce the occurrence of undesirable discrete compliance, particularly at low volume fraction of material. Finally, we derive topological derivative for a homogeneous Dirichlet condition prescribed on the boundary of a hole. Here, we address the rationale behind the proposed ansätz in the asymptotic analysis of the solution using a second-order Green’s tensor. In summary, the analytically derived topological derivative-based optimization approach makes it unique in terms of its computational efficiency and wide applicability for a variety of problems.

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Części książek na temat "Coupled Thermomechanical Structures"

Chaithanya, Chenna Sai Krishna, Animesh Kundu i Atanu Banerjee. "Coupled Thermomechanical Analysis of SMA Structures". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 159–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8724-2_16.

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Barfusz, Oliver, Felix Hötte, Stefanie Reese i Matthias Haupt. "Pseudo-transient 3D Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Lifetime Prediction of a Rocket Combustion Chamber". W Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 265–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_17.

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Abstract Rocket engine nozzle structures typically fail after a few engine cycles due to the extreme thermomechanical loading near the nozzle throat. In order to obtain an accurate lifetime prediction and to increase the lifetime, a detailed understanding of the thermomechanical behavior and the acting loads is indispensable. The first part is devoted to a thermally coupled simulation (conjugate heat transfer) of a fatigue experiment. The simulation contains a thermal FEM model of the fatigue specimen structure, RANS simulations of nine cooling channel flows and a Flamelet-based RANS simulation of the hot gas flow. A pseudo-transient, implicit Dirichlet–Neumann scheme is utilized for the partitioned coupling. A comparison with the experiment shows a good agreement between the nodal temperatures and their corresponding thermocouple measurements. The second part consists of the lifetime prediction of the fatigue experiment utilizing a sequentially coupled thermomechanical analysis scheme. First, a transient thermal analysis is carried out to obtain the temperature field within the fatigue specimen. Afterwards, the computed temperature serves as input for a series of quasi-static mechanical analyses, in which a viscoplastic damage model is utilized. The evolution and progression of the damage variable within the regions of interest are thoroughly discussed. A comparison between simulation and experiment shows that the results are in good agreement. The crucial failure mode (doghouse effect) is captured very well.

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Martin, Katharina, Dennis Daub, Burkard Esser, Ali Gülhan i Stefanie Reese. "Numerical Modelling of Fluid-Structure Interaction for Thermal Buckling in Hypersonic Flow". W Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 341–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_22.

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Abstract Experiments have shown that a high-enthalpy flow field might lead under certain mechanical constraints to buckling effects and plastic deformation. The panel buckling into the flow changes the flow field causing locally increased heating which in turn affects the panel deformation. The temperature increase due to aerothermal heating in the hypersonic flow causes the metallic panel to buckle into the flow. To investigate these phenomena numerically, a thermomechanical simulation of a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model for thermal buckling is presented. The FSI simulation is set up in a staggered scheme and split into a thermal solid, a mechanical solid and a fluid computation. The structural solver Abaqus and the fluid solver TAU from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are coupled within the FSI code ifls developed at the Institute of Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures (IFL) at TU Braunschweig. The FSI setup focuses on the choice of an equilibrium iteration method, the time integration and the data transfer between grids. To model the complex material behaviour of the structure, a viscoplastic material model with linear isotropic hardening and thermal expansion including material parameters, which are nonlinearly dependent on temperature, is used.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Coupled Thermomechanical Structures"

Panahandeh, Mohammad, i Eric P. Kasper. "Coupled thermomechanical simulation of shape memory alloys". W Smart Structures and Materials '97, redaktorzy Vasundara V. Varadan i Jagdish Chandra. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.276565.

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Oterkus, Selda, i Erdogan Madenci. "Peridynamics for Fully Coupled Thermomechanical Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Laminates". W 55th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-0694.

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Peigney, Michael. "A time-discretization scheme for coupled thermomechanical evolutions of shape memory alloys". W Smart Structures and Materials, redaktor William D. Armstrong. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.657368.

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ODABAS, ONUR, i NESRIN SARIGUL-KLIJN. "On the coupled thermomechanical analysis of hypersonic flight vehicle structures". W AlAA 4th International Aerospace Planes Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-5018.

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Lewis, Nicole, i Stefan Seelecke. "Effects of Temperature Boundary Conditions on SMA Actuator Performance Using a Fully Coupled Thermomechanical Model". W ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5209.

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The effects of temperature boundary conditions and the resulting performance of an SMA actuator were studied for an SMA wire coupled with a stiff spring. The wire was actuated via joule heating under both adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions. The resulting temperature, phase fraction, strain and stress profiles along the wire were studied together with the wire tip displacement. The simulations were conducted using the finite element program ABAQUS, and a fully thermo-mechanically coupled shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator model was used to simulate the behavior. ABAQUS’s user material (UMAT) feature was utilized to model the SMA wire using a mesoscopic free energy model [1] in order to accurately describe the thermomechanically coupled actuator behavior. The results from the simulations highlighted the differences between homogeneous and inhomogeneous profiles, and a 34% difference in actuation stroke between the two cases was observed.

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Guerin, Nicolas, Fabrice Thouverez, Claude Gibert, Mathias Legrand i Patricio Almeida. "Thermomechanical Component Mode Synthesis for Blade Casing Interaction Prediction". W ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64342.

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Increasing the efficiency of turbomachines is a major concern as it directly translates into lower environmental impact and improved operational costs. One solution is to reduce the blade-casing operating clearance in order to mitigate aerodynamic losses at the unavoidable cost of increased structural unilateral contact and friction occurrences. In centrifugal compressors, the dynamic behaviour of the structures interacting through unilateral contact and friction is not yet fully understood. In fact, the heat generated during such events may affect the dynamics through thermal stresses. This paper presents a complete thermomechanical modelling strategy of impeller rotor and casing, and of blade-tip/casing contact events. A fully coupled thermomechanical modal synthesis technique is introduced and applied to turbomachinery-related models. The blisk is reduced via a hybrid modal synthesis technique combining the Craig-Bampton method and the characteristic constraint mode method. The casing model is reduced using an axisymmetric harmonic modal synthesis. Both strategies involve thermomechanical modes embedding thermal dilatation effects. The contact modelling algorithm is then introduced. It handles unilateral contact and friction occurrences together with heating effects. This algorithm uses the above mentioned reduced-order models as input data to avoid CPU-intensive simulations. The results show that the thermomechanical behaviour of the structures is well preserved by the reduction strategy proposed. Contact simulations on simple cases show qualitative results in accordance with expectations. Further work is needed in order to validate the strategy based on experimental results. However, this methodology opens the way to extended multiphysics simulations of contact events in turbomachinery.

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Valente, T. "A new basic creep model coupled with a thermomechanical model for the numerical simulation of the time-dependent behaviour of concrete structures". W 10th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. IA-FraMCoS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21012/fc10.232972.

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Tabesh, Majid, Brian Lester, Darren Hartl i Dimitris Lagoudas. "Influence of the Latent Heat of Transformation and Thermomechanical Coupling on the Performance of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators". W ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8188.

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In this work, the influence of the latent heat of transformation and heat transfer on the performance of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is numerically explored. A 1D analytical model is first considered and used to perform parametric studies on the effects of geometry and heat transfer conditions on SMA wire responses. In order to consider the response of SMA structures, a recent SMA constitutive model is expanded to include the effects of the latent heat of transformation. The enhanced model is then implemented in a 3D finite element framework to solve the coupled and transient thermomechanical problems. The resultant model is used to explore the isothermal and adiabatic assumptions commonly used for quasi-static SMA modeling by considering the response of SMA structures. The responses of an axial SMA actuator heated from one end is evaluated and it is shown that the generation of latent heat during forward transformation and its absorption during reverse transformation decreases the actuation response when compared to a case neglecting thermal effects. It is concluded that the latent heat of transformation must be considered for the design of SMA components unless their operation can reasonably be approximated as isothermal.

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Eshghinejad, Ahmadreza, i Mohammad Elahinia. "Exact Solution for Bending of Shape Memory Alloy Superelastic Beams". W ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5151.

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Bending is a common mode of application and operation of shape memory alloys (SMA). So far the coupled thermomechanical behavior of these alloys have been modeled with numerical methods such as finite element. The issue in developing exact solutions for a SMA beam in bending is because of the distributed and hysteric stress-strain profile. In this paper an analytical approach is developed to find the exact solution for the displacement due to the applied force on the SMA superelastic beam. The approach is based on the assumption of linear distribution of strain along the height of a cross section in the beam. The solution is validated by experimental data and the results of the solution for a superelastic beams for different cases are illustrated.

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Agwai, Abigail, Ibrahim Guven i Erdogan Madenci. "Fully Coupled Peridynamic Thermomechanics". W 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
20th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
14th AIAA. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1963.

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