Artykuły w czasopismach: „Country life, kenya”

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Alwala, Bernard. "Regaining the values and Appealing to Religious Resources for Social Transformation in Kenya: A Critical and Appreciative Perspective". East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 5, nr 1 (24.08.2022): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.5.1.806.

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Religion creates a complex part of Kenya as a country. In Kenya, almost all aspects of life; social, political, and commercial life are punctuated with religious lexes and rituals. Whereas Kenya and Africa as a whole are immersed in religiosity, poverty, ethnic politics, tribalism, and bribery are prevalent in African countries and the list cannot be complete without mentioning them. The inquiry thus arises as to whether African religiosity gives inducement to corruption and poverty or religion contributes to people’s involvement in corruption, poverty, and tribalism and how can religion be used to transform the country? By using the concept of religion, this paper will explore in what sense religion can be said to be a way of life for Africans; investigate why there is a loss of religious morals in the contemporary Kenyan society. Thereafter, the study will sort to appreciate the role religion can perform in the social change in Kenya and how resources of religion can be reclaimed and involved in the change of the Kenyan society. The paper will argue that even though religion seems to be a predicament to social disharmony expressed in issues such as corruption, conflict, and poverty in Kenya, it remains a vital constituent of ‘Africanness’ and may well contribute to social transformation by permeating the economic, political, and social life of the people.

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Mungara, David, i Wesley Too. "Preparing Future Doctors for Palliative and End of Life Care in Kenya: Cross-sectional Survey". Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing 9, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jhmn.1798.

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Purpose: The main aim of this study was to assess how prepared are Kenyan doctors in delivering palliative and end of life care to chronic and life-threatening conditions. Methodology: Cross-sectional survey was used to assess doctor’s palliative and end of life practices. Multi-center (three-mission referral and teaching hospitals in Kenya): Tenwek, Kijabe, and Chogoria were used to collect data from 96 medical practioners. Medical doctors with at least 6 months managing patients with chronic conditions (cancer, HIV/AIDS and other life-threatening conditions) were recruited into the study. The quantitative data was analysed using an independent t-test. All ethical considerations were addressed. Findings: Majority of doctors interviewed were generalists who had managed chronic diseases. Majority had basic concepts of palliative care and end of life care. Those who had received prior training in palliative care were better in performance’s score on knowledge questions regarding palliative care and end of life. Medical doctors were knowledgeable on psychological distress and opioids effects domains as compared to delirium and dyspnea domains. Among those who were knowledgeable in palliative care and end of life care were doctors trained outside Kenya, those who were senior with more experiences (>10 years), over 40 years and had further training after their undergraduate Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study seeks to develop training tailored to Kenyan doctors and Physicians on end-of-life care practices in selected counties then roll-out to the rest of the counties in the country in collaboration with Ministry of Health Kenya and also provide opportunities for doctors to develop palliative and end-of-life care skills especially for resident and junior doctors. This study will also form basis for policy development on palliative and end-of-life care practices in Kenya, which currently is non-existent. End-of-life care Policy would aid in clinical application of good practices surrounding palliative and end-of-life care which should be implemented in Kenya. This study advocates inclusion of end-of-life care training modules in a standardized curriculum for undergraduate as part of training and preparing future Kenyan doctors. Further, this study can be considered as current Physician’s approach to end-of-life care practices in Kenya which then can be a basis to develop guidelines and standards addressing end-of-life which is fraught with ethical and medical dilemmas carried by healthcare professionals.

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Ukpokodu, I. Peter. "Theatre and Political Discord: Theatre Rebels of Zimbabwe and Kenya". Theatre Research International 23, nr 1 (1998): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300018198.

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Though the world is aware of the political activities of the Nigerian playwright, Wole Soyinka, it might be difficult to find a better example of the relationship between a nation in a state of socio-political chaos and the arts in an African country than that of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Kenya as exemplified in Matigari:Matigari, the main character [in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Matigari], is puzzled by a world where the producer is not the one who has the last word on what he has produced; a world where lies are rewarded and truth punished. He goes round the country asking questions about truth and justice. People who had read [Matigari] started talking about Matigari and the questions he was raising as if Matigari was a real person in life. When Dictator Moi [President of Kenya] heard that there was a Kenyan roaming around the country asking such questions, he issued orders for the man's arrest. But when the police found that he was only a character in fiction, Moi was even more angry and he issued fresh orders for the arrest of the book itself.

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Mugo, Aram, Anthony Odek i Paul Omato Gesimba. "Effects of Innovation Culture on the Performance of Genge Music Production Companies in Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya". African Journal of Empirical Research 4, nr 2 (16.10.2023): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.4.2.58.

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The Kenya Vision 2030 identifies music and performing arts as one of the sectors that can contribute towards transforming Kenya into a globally competitive and prosperous country with a high quality of life by 2030. In particular, the Genge music industry has the potential to create employment for many young people in the country due to the appeal that this music genre has to youth. However, Genge music production companies have not been effective in creating stable employment and entrepreneurial opportunities for many young people. In this regard, the study sought to examine the effect of innovation culture on the performance of Genge music production companies in Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study made use of the convergent parallel research design that combined quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The quantitative component of the study targeted a population of 252 workers in six Genge music production companies located in Starehe Sub-County, while the qualitative component targeted 10 directors of the Music Copyright Association of Kenya (MCSK) and Kenya Association Music Producers (KAMP). A sample of 70 workers was selected using the proportionate random sampling method for the purposes of collecting quantitative data using survey questionnaires. On the other hand, qualitative data was collected using interview guides from six directors of the MCSK and KAMP that were selected purposively. Findings revealed that Genge music companies have performed relative well in terms of generating revenues to meet their costs, signing new artists, and increasing revenues from music streams. However, the firms have not excelled when it comes to providing adequate remuneration to artists. The study found a statistically significant positive association between the performance of Genge music production companies and innovation culture (β =.607, t = 5.785, p =.002). The finding led to the conclusion that inculcating an innovation culture would enhance the performance of the Genge music production companies. The study recommends that policymakers at the State Department of Culture and Heritage should enhance enforcement of copyright law to promote innovation culture. If implemented, the recommendation will be of benefits to Kenyan youth interested in making a career in the music production value chain, either as artists, sound engineers, videographers, song writers, or marketers, among other music production professions.

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Okinyi, Fredrick Otieno, Joshua Dower, Germaine Serubuga Makory, Christy Orndorff, Jarred Gallegos, Edwin Indalo, Helena Musau i in. "Integration and delivery of palliative and supportive care." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, nr 34_suppl (1.12.2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.97.

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97 Background: Pediatric palliative care (PC) and end-of-life (EoL) planning and support for children, families, and providers are under-developed in Kenya. PC providers in Kenya want to build advocacy and teams to support children with life-threatening or limiting diseases and their families. Methods: KEHPCA in collaboration with UoN/KNH and US pediatric PC providers solicited applications from across the country to participate in a weeklong “train-the-trainer” workshop. The program was entirely devoted to pediatric PC and EoL care and is the “first-like” workshop to our knowledge. The program incorporated a variety of teaching and training tools that were used to support children, their families and caregivers suitable for the Kenyan setting. The cases of 7 children (7 mos. to 11 yrs) served as the focal point for training including extensive role-play scenarios. Results: The workshop convened 9-13th July 2018 in Nairobi. KEHPCA selected 31 providers from among 130 across Kenya to participate and included medical officers, nurses, pharmacists, psychosocial workers, spiritual care, and a school teacher. Expectations were identified by participants at the start, pre- and post-conference surveys were completed, and the identical survey was submitted twice to more than 5,000 physicians listed in the Kenya Board of Medicine directory. There is a lack of awareness of the importance of PC by physicians listed in the directory responding to the same survey. The workshop was well received and ways forward identified. Conclusions: There is consensus among participants that there are five critical gaps in pediatric PC in Kenya: 1) PC requires an interdisciplinary team; 2) interdisciplinary family visits are seldom done; 3) there is a need to facilitate EoL and serious illness conversations with families/guardians and children as appropriate (adolescents in particular); 4) identify ways to support the legacy of infants and young children who pass away; and 5) a clear desire to support the healthcare team. These observations will form a solid departure point for developing programs and ways forward for Kenyan children with life-threatening illnesses. [Supported in part by: KEHPCA and NIH grant nos.: D43 TW009333.]

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Wangai, Mukami. "Religious Pluralism in Practice: Defining Secularism in Kenya’s Headscarf Cases". Strathmore Law Journal 3, nr 1 (1.08.2017): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.59.

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Present day Kenyan society represents a plurality of peoples, ideas and consequently, approaches to life, a state well embodied in the Constitution of Kenya. The apparent diversity presents challenges to the preservation of the multi-coloured nature of the society and at the same time guaranteeing rights and freedoms as envisaged by the 2010 Constitution. The preamble to the Constitution reconciles the two interests by celebrating the ‘ethnic, cultural and religious diversity’ of Kenya and envisioning an existence ‘in peace and unity as one indivisible sovereign nation’. A marriage of diversity and peaceful coexistence requires tolerance in order to balance competing rights. Within Kenya’s plural society, the most visible religion freedom disputes have been between the Christian majority and Muslim minority. Present constitutional clashes between the two religions date back to the Constitution of Kenya, 1963 (Independence Constitution) and its 1969 revision (Repealed Constitution), which granted Kadhis’ courts limited jurisdiction within a 10-mile coastal strip of the country. Following heated debate on matters of religious pluralism during the constitutional review process, the 2010 Constitution introduced a more accommodative framework for religious freedom. These matters will be analyzed in the following lines.

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Chuah-Petiot, Min S. "Data to the bryoflora of Mount Kenya, Kenya". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 10, nr 1 (1.12.1995): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.10.1.8.

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194 species of bryophytes, belonging to 61 families are reported from Mount Kenya, of which 38 species are new for Mount Kenya and 30 records are new for the whole country, marked by * and ** respectively. The montane forests between 1600 and 3300m. asl., contain the greatest diversity of life forms and species. This is due to the abundant rainfall providing adequate humidity at relatively low temperature and altitude, coupled with frequent cloud cover. All vegetation belts above the montane forests experience large diurnal fluctuations in temperatures, intense solar radiation, added by the fact that the rainfall is relatively low and erratic or at times fall in the form of hail or snow resulting in a low diversity of species and life forms except in very sheltered habitats such as rock crevices in rocky outcrops. Solifluctions soil conditions occuring between 3850 and 4450m. asl. exhibit moss balls growth forms. The summits of Batian (5199m.), Nelion (5188m.) and Lenana (4985m.) harbour small cushions of Grimmia affinis and Andreaea cucullata. The greatest number of species are found in the wetter southern, south-western and south-eastern slopes unlike the drier northern, north-western and north-eastern slopes of the mountain. Species commonly found in the wetter areas are Bryum preussii, Bryum keniae, Prionodon ciliatus, Hypopterygium viridissimum, Plagiochila barteri, Plagiochila squamulosa, Radula recurvifolia, Porella hoehnelii, Dumortiera hirsuta while Pterogonium gracile, Leptodon smithii and Hedwigia ciliata are characteristic of the drier areas.

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Mwangi, Teresia Wambui, i Michel Mutabazi. "Analysis of Human Development of Kenya". International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability 11, nr 4 (15.04.2023): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijdes.13/vol11n44573.

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Kenya, like many other countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, still has problems with poverty, inequality, health, education, and environmental concerns, all of which limit its capacity for full human progress. The aim of this study was to analyse the human development of Kenya using the HDI index. HDI is a composite measurement of human well-being that includes data on life expectancy, income, and education. This study specifically analyzed the trends in HDI of Kenya since 2012 to 2022 and compared it with other countries in East African Community. A multidimensional concept was investigated using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research of human development was concentrated on Kenya and the countries of the East Africa Community, basing on secondary data from existing Governmental and Non-Governmental publications. The geometric mean of the normalised indices for life expectancy, GNI, and education makes up the HDI. The life expectancy at birth is used to evaluate the health dimension, while the mean number of years spent in school for persons 25 years and older and the anticipated number of years spent in school for young children are used to evaluate the education dimension. The measure of the standard of life is the gross national income per person. Kenya is a country with a medium level of human development, ranked 152nd out of 189 nations in 2022 with HDI of 0.598. A number of factors, including inequalities, influence the HID in Kenya. The results of this analysis highlight Kenya's accomplishments in terms of human development over the previous ten years. Kenya had the highest HDI score in East African Community, followed by Tanzania and Uganda. For the recommendation the policymakers and stakeholders can apply these findings to design targeted strategies and policies that address regional differences, promote gender equality, and further boost human development in Kenya and East African Community.

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Njore, Catherine M., Charles Mwangi Kimari i Kuria Thiong’o. "Initiative aiming to introduce children to maps in Kenya". Proceedings of the ICA 2 (10.07.2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-93-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The age at which one is introduced to cartography and map making skills has been identified as a major factor in creating interest and awareness in mapping, more so when incorporated in the education system. Additionally, participation of children in various cartographic arts and maps competitions develops their cognitive knowledge and skills. Despite this information, Kenya continues to lag behind in the incorporation of qualified cartographic products into the education curriculum. The objective of this project therefore was to sensitize the various education stakeholders in the country on the need to develop childrens’ cognitive skills and abilities at an early stage in their life. The project, which is at its initial stage, formulated under a book club called “ThinkWords” mainly targets primary school children (4&ndash;10 years) and is currently working with one of the schools based in Nyeri County, Kenya as a pilot project. The children are engaged in various activities which include maps and their uses. Currently the “ThinkWords” club has a membership of 50, which is inclusive of children and their teachers. The ultimate goal of the project is to convince the relevant education stakeholders in the country on the importance of introducing cartography in schools, by sharing the children’s work with the relevant government authorities and stakeholders on need of children themed maps in terms of symbology. The project is then envisioned to be rolled out to other parts of the country and eventually lead to the inclusion of cartographic training skills into the education system.</p>

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Kiche, Justus Odongo. "Effectiveness of Information Communication Technology on Education in Kenyan Universities". East African Journal of Information Technology 6, nr 1 (18.10.2023): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajit.6.1.1525.

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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been growing faster and having influence in society and daily life. It has been a vital instrument in giving higher education to the people. Integration of ICT assisted lectures to the global requirement to replace traditional lecturing methods with a technology-based lecturing and learning tools and facilities. ICT has a major role in giving access to information. Its application and having skills, knowledge and expertise was very critical. In the 21st century, the issue of ICT has made the level of education escalate in our Kenyan Universities. ICT has been considered as one of the main elements in transforming the country to the future development. Educational Sustainable development was the development that met the education needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations. As examples of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there was need to improve education status within our country. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ICT in universities of Kenya. The study was grounded on Constructivist learning theory. The researcher adopted a mixed methodology approach to carry out the study, since it had both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Concurrent triangulation design was used. The study was carried out in Nairobi County. The researcher used a questionnaire and an interview schedule to collect views on the effectiveness of ICT on education in universities of Kenya. Secondary data were obtained from books, journals, published and unpublished reports from education centres, libraries, and web-based materials. The collected qualitative data were organized into themes and contents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the quantitative data obtained. That specifically mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistical analysis of correlation to test the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. The study justified that there was an important positive association between all the measures of ICT and education in universities of Kenya. The results showed that ICT had impact on lecturers and the students. Findings further indicated that lecturers used ICT tools and facilities to lecture. The university management to provide resources to train lecturers on ICT matters

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Njama, Daniel Kamau, Erick Bor i Panuel Mwaeke. "The Implications of Child Trafficking on Society, A Case Study of Westland Sub-County Kenya". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, nr 6 (14.06.2023): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.106.13849.

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This paper uses data collected for an MA Thesis on the implications of child trafficking on society, a case study of Westland Sub-County, Kenya. The study has been motivated by increased cases of child trafficking in Kenya, especially within Kitsuru, though with little research activity in this area. The study was guided by the following research objectives; to determine the prevalence of child trafficking cases, to establish factors responsible for child trafficking to examine the effects of child trafficking on victims and finally to assess impact of child trafficking in Westland-Sub-County, Kenya. This study was grounded by Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) Ecological Systems Theory. The study used mixed method design and a purposive sampling design model. The main method of data collection was the interview. In addition, FGDs were used to collect data from the victim respondents. The sample size comprised of 50 respondents that included; DCI Officers, Employees from; HAART Kenya, Kabete Remand Home, Children Department and Parents of Trafficked children. Data was coded and analyzed using NVIVO software, computer software for managing qualitative and quantitative data. The first objective established prevalence average, of about 11 children that are trafficked every month in Westland’s Sub County. The study further established frequent information tips of 10s of children being clandestinely trafficked outside the country though without arrests, indication a possibility of very intricate web of organized informers for child traffickers. The second objective established the factors responsible for child trafficking in Westland Sub-County, Kenya. These included; high demand for women in sex trafficking (60%), economic hardship (90%), demand for cheap domestic and agricultural labour (80%) poverty(100%), and demand from human organ harvesting sector(50%).In all this the underlying factor is the temptation of poverty. The third objective established the effects of child trafficking on Victims in Westland Sub-County, Kenya from both the perspectives of adult respondents and from the victim respondents. These include; Low self-esteem and self-worth, inability to trust and build meaningful relationships in later life, substance misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder all rated at 90%, fear, anger and hostility, sexualized behaviour, pseudo maturity and self-harm all rated at 80 percent. The fourth objective established the impact of child trafficking in Westland’s Sub-County, Kenya; educational impacts, economic impacts, health impacts, societal impacts and national security impacts that are likely to ground the country’s economy, trap families and communities into cycles of poverty amongst other impacts. Amongst other major recommendations, the government should first treat as a national disaster and hand it as such.

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Mathur, Sanyukta, Craig J. Heck, Sangram Kishor Patel, Jerry Okal, Effie Chipeta, Victor Mwapasa, Wanangwa Chimwaza i in. "Temporal shifts in HIV-related risk factors among cohorts of adolescent girls and young women enrolled in DREAMS programming: evidence from Kenya, Malawi and Zambia". BMJ Open 12, nr 2 (luty 2022): e047843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047843.

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ObjectivesTo assess temporal shifts in HIV risk factors among adolescent girls (AG, aged 15–19 years) and young women (YW, aged 20–24 years) in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia.DesignProspective cohorts with two time points (Kenya: 2016/2017, 2018; Malawi: 2017, 2018; Zambia: 2016/2017, 2018)SettingCommunity-based programming.Participants1247 AG (Kenya: 389, Malawi: 371, Zambia: 487) and 1628 YW (Kenya: 347, Malawi: 883, Zambia: 398)InterventionDetermined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe (DREAMS), a multisectoral approach to reduce AGYW’s HIV vulnerability by delivering a package of tailored, multilayered activities and services.Primary and secondary outcome measures: HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptom experience, number of sexual partners, condom use (consistently, at last sex), transactional sex, experience of physical violence (from intimate partners) and sexual violence (from intimate partners and strangers/non-partners).ResultsChanges in HIV-related risk behaviours among DREAMS participants varied by age group and country. Among AG, HIV testing increased (Kenya and Zambia) and sexual violence from partners (in Kenya and Malawi) and non-partners (in Malawi) decreased. Among YW, HIV testing increased and STI experience decreased in Malawi; consistent condom use decreased in Kenya; transactional sex increased in Kenya and Zambia; and physical violence (in Malawi) and sexual violence from partners (in Kenya and Malawi) and non-partners (all three countries) decreased over time.ConclusionsImprovements in HIV testing and reductions in experiences of sexual violence were coupled with variable shifts in HIV-related risk behaviours among DREAMS participants in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia. Additional consideration of AGYW’s risk circumstances during key life transitions may be needed to address the risk heterogeneity among AG and YW across different contexts.

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Kimanzi, Johnstone K. "Population Viability Analysis of the Endangered Roan Antelope in Ruma National Park, Kenya, and Implications for Management". Scientific World Journal 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6015694.

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Population viability analysis (PVA) was used to (1) establish causes of roan population decline for the past 30 years in Ruma National Park (RNP), the only park where wild roans remain in Kenya, and (2) predict the probability of roan persistence under existing and alternative management options. PVA was done using long-term data based on population dynamics, life history, climatic conditions, and expert knowledge. Poaching was identified as the main cause of roan decline in RNP. Several antipoaching and prioritized habitat management interventions to promote population recovery and sustainable conservation of roans are described. PVA predictions indicated that, without these interventions, the roan population cannot persist more than 3 decades. Furthermore, ensuring sustainable conservation of roans in RNP will boost tourism in Western Kenyan and thus alleviate poverty in this part of the country. Improved income from tourism will reduce the possible pressures from hunting and give greater incentives for local people to be actively engaged in roan conservation.

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Ouma, Francan F., i Chrispinus S. Mulambalah. "Persistence and Changing Distribution of Leishmaniases in Kenya Require a Paradigm Shift". Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (18.10.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9989581.

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Background. Leishmaniases present a major global public health problem, being responsible for between 40,000 and 50,000 deaths annually. The resultant morbidity affects the economic productivity and quality of life of individuals in endemic regions. As zoonotic disease(s), leishmaniases have become persistent with intermittent transmission and a tendency to disappear and reemerge, straining the fragile healthcare infrastructure in Kenya. There is a need to better understand disease(s) dynamics in Kenya. Objectives of the study. The status of leishmaniases in Kenya was reviewed to refocus and influence the attention of the scientific community and intervention strategies/policies on this persistent public health problem. Methodology. Electronic and manual literature were searched for relevant scholarly peer-reviewed published articles on leishmaniases. Literatures were obtained from PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Host, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Findings. The diseases are reported to be persistent as emerging and reemerging within and outside traditional endemic regions. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has maintained restricted foci in Nyandarua, Baringo, Nakuru counties, and Mount Elgon area in Bungoma County. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was most prevalent with cases in Baringo, Turkana, West Pokot, Isiolo, Kitui, Meru, Machakos, Marsabit, and Wajir counties. New VL cases/foci reported in formerly nonendemic regions/beyond traditional foci of Garissa and Mandera counties. Diagnostics, management, and control strategies have remained unchanged even in the face of changing disease epidemiology. Conclusion. Leishmaniases are emerging and reemerging persistent infections in remote rural settings in Kenya. The adopted intervention strategies have not been effective over the years, and this has led to disease spread to formerly nonendemic areas of Kenya. The diseases spread have been further enhanced by population growth and movement, environmental and climate changes, and social conflicts. It is evident that without a paradigm shift in control methods, diagnostic techniques, and treatment protocols, the diseases may spread to even more areas in the country.

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Ruheni, George Gatere, i Lydiah N. Wambugu. "Resource Utilization Planning and Resilience in Food Security Projects in Kenya". East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, nr 1 (14.06.2022): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.706.

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Vision 2030 is Kenya's economic blueprint whose focus is to guide the country in the transformational agenda of achieving a newly industrialized, middle-income country; a country where citizens enjoy high quality life in a clean and secure environment by the year 2030. Appreciating that agriculture is the backbone of the Kenya’s economy, it is critical to inject efficiency in food security projects to guarantee sustainable food security. However, the current food production system is not keen on maintaining value of resources, hence, catalysing soil degradation, deforestation, water depletion, and Green House Gas emissions. Consequently, climate change, food insecurity, slowed economy, unemployment, and poverty. The resultant effect is poor human health, inability to cope with shocks, inequalities, and lack of social services. Nonetheless, factual based policies supporting science, technology, and innovation for efficient and effective resource utilization in food security projects will promote the country’s capacity in achieving resilience in food security. This paper will highlight the concept of resource utilization planning to enhance, resources predictability and value maintenance. The study will employ desk review of relevant documents on: resource utilization and food security and nutrition. The findings are expected to provide policy makers with insight on the policies that are required as a fundamental catalyst, in designing and creating an enabling environment for robust food security projects. In return, the food security projects are bound to minimize on extractive activities, Green House Gas emissions, deforestation, soil degradation and water depletion.

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Kaira, John, Mwenda Makadhimo i Adwek George. "Solar-Powered Refrigeration Systems for Kenya Sub-Counties Health facilities for COVID-19 Vaccines Storage; Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1121, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1121/1/012015.

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Abstract The economic prosperity plus technological growth of each & every county depend heavily on energy security, and the energy availability portrays the quality of life in that country. Solar energy is an alternative energy source for cooling systems where power is costly, unreliable, and unsustainable—the main options for electrically-powered refrigeration systems available for several years; are our gas and kerosene-driven refrigerators. The solar refrigeration system was a promising advancement in the early 1980s, creating an alternative to absorption technology to cater to the cold chain requirements in off-grid areas. The main objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of solar-powered refrigeration systems for rural dispensaries, sub-counties health centers, and health posts in Kenya; this is in line with the current COVID-19 pandemic, which demands that the vaccine be supplied to the local populace. This article provides essential recommendations on the solar-powered refrigeration system and highlights some critical parameters for the successful implementation of solar-powered refrigeration units into vaccination programs in the future, including; The supply chain of the vaccines in the country, the current state of the health system at sub-county hospitals, areas of improvements, and the recommendations

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Matveeva, Natalia. "On the History of the Restoration of a Multi-Party Political System in Kenya". Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, nr 3 (7.09.2022): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-53-72.

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On the eve of the declaration of independence in 1963, the specifics of the alignment of political forces in Kenya consisted in the struggle for future power between two large nationalist unions – Kenya African National Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). The outcome of this struggle brought victory to KANU and largely determined the vector of the future political history of this country. Under its first President, Jomo Kenyatta (and Chairman of KANU), multiparty Kenya became a de facto one-party state after KADU was dissolved in 1964 and the activities of the opposition Kenya People Union (was emerged in 1965) was banned in 1966. Kenya became officially the one-party state under Kenyatta’s successor D. аrap Moi in 1982. In the process of further establishing the authoritarian regime, he used KANU to extend state-party control to all forms of socio-political life of the country (parliament, judiciary, trade unions, public organizations, etc.). The main guarantor of ensuring order was repressive measures against any forms of dissidence. After the adoption in 1991 of the amendment to the Constitution on the liberalization of the political system, Moi managed to remain as president twice more (after the 1991 and 1997 elections), thanks to the disunity of the opposition represented by parties created on ethnic grounds. Only in 2002, the opposition managed to create a multi-ethnic short-term alliance National Rainbow Coalition led by M. Kibaki. As a result, the first president was elected in Kenya, who was not a member of the party that had been in power for 39 years before. It also put an end to the 24-year «Moi era», which was characterized by the flourishing of corruption, the crisis in the economy, political repression and tribal strife. But the same challenges, and the unresolved land issue among them, again led to the unrest during the next presidential campaign of 2007–2008. The culmination was the largest ethnopolitical crisis in the history of Kenya, which was stopped only thanks to the efforts of international mediators. In 2010 a new constitution was adopted, in which an attempt was made to reform the political system in order to prevent the aggravation of interethnic conflicts in the future during presidential election campaigns in multiparty Kenya. The purpose of the main provisions of the Constitution is to make politics more inclusive, to expand the participation of the population in decision-making, to overcome of the population distrust to their results of a presidential elections.

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Iradukunda, Alida, Jonathan NTHUSI i Eli HORN. "Caregivers’ Perceptions of Do Not Resuscitate Orders: A Qualitative Study in Rural Southwestern Kenya". Kabarak Journal of Research & Innovation 14, nr 01 (13.03.2024): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/kjri.v14i01.315.

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The need for palliative care services has increased with the rise of patients with terminal illnesses. Unfortunately, there is a need for more research in palliative care, especially on end-of-life care. Conversations during that period present an ethical and cultural challenge in both collectivistic and individualistic societies. Worldwide, the laws regulating Do Not Resuscitate orders differ from country to country. The perceptions also vary from society to society. Studies have shown the need to involve families in this era of rising advocacy for patient-centered care. Caregivers have an essential role in decision-making and are involved in end-of-life decisions. This study aimed to describe caregivers' perceptions of Do Not Resuscitate orders. The study used a qualitative approach and phenomenological research design. It involved eighteen caregivers of patients receiving palliative care. The sampling procedure was non-probability purposive. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Overall, two themes emerged from the findings. The first theme was a lack of awareness of the Do Not Resuscitate orders and the resuscitation techniques, and the second theme was subjective perceptions based on caregivers' beliefs and emotional responses. Caregivers need counseling, preparation, and education on Do Not Resuscitate orders and resuscitation methods to improve Do Not Resuscitate discussions. Healthcare providers need to be empowered to hold those discussions.

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Abdi, Ali Abdullahi, Wario Guyo i Makori Moronge. "Moderating Effect of Mobile Technology on the Relationship Between Health Systems Governance and Service Delivery in National Referral Hospitals in Kenya". European Journal of Medical and Health Research 2, nr 1 (1.01.2024): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejmhr.2024.2(1).03.

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In recent years, there is an increased attention to build formidable health systems governance to promote the highest attainable standard of health service delivery which has become a fundamental part of our human rights and of our understanding of a life in dignity. The health systems governance through the establishment of health policy has taken on increasing importance in the provision of health care services in the health institutions. The public hospitals in Kenya have weak health systems governance attributed to the existing health policy affecting quality healthcare. The current study sought to examine the moderating effect of mobile technology on the relationship between health systems governance and service delivery in National Referral Hospitals in Kenya. The study was anchored to the Contingency Leadership Theory. The study identified six categories of the target respondents, namely, 5 directors, 43 board members and 88 head of departments. The study used regression analysis to analyze the association between the variables at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that mobile technology positively and significantly moderated the relationship between health systems governance and service delivery in national referral hospitals in Kenya. The results support the current theories related to the study. Consequently, this study provides national referral hospitals with insights of how to improve health care service delivery through the adoption of appropriate mobile technology and health systems governance in the national referral hospitals. This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved service delivery in the national referral hospitals in Kenya. The implications of the study are that the moderating effect of mobile technology on the relationship between health systems governance and healthcare service delivery in Kenyan hospitals can lead to positive outcomes such as improved communication, data management, and patient-centered care. However, it also presents challenges that need to be carefully addressed through appropriate governance mechanisms. The successful integration of mobile technology requires a comprehensive and adaptive approach to healthcare governance in the national referral hospitals in the country.

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Njenga, Frank G., i Pius A. Kigamwa. "Mental health policy and programmes in Kenya". International Psychiatry 2, nr 8 (kwiecień 2005): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600007219.

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Following a 10-year war of liberation (fought by the Mau Mau against the British), Kenya attained full independence from colonial rule in 1963. For 10 years the country enjoyed rapid economic growth (6–7% per annum) but this slowed steadily to near stagnation in the 1990s. Poor governance, abuse of human rights, internal displacements of citizens, large numbers of refugees from neighbouring countries and the AIDS pandemic conspired to reduce Kenyans’ life expectancy to 47 years (in the UK it is presently 77 years). Some 42% of the population now live below the poverty line, and 26% of Kenyans exist on less than US$1 per day. The annual per capita income in Kenya is US$360 (in the UK it is $24 000) (World Bank, 2002). AIDS currently has an estimated prevalence rate of 12%. In large parts of rural Kenya many sexually active adults are unable to work, and elderly grandparents are left to look after orphaned children (some already infected with HIV), as they struggle to deal with their own grief for the loss of many of their own children. In December 2002 a new government was elected, which gives some grounds for optimism in an otherwise bleak situation.

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Ong’ale, Margaret Awino, i Casper Masiga. "Work-Life Challenges on the Performance of Female Officers in Kenya Police Service, Nakuru County". International Journal of Current Aspects 5, nr 2 (22.06.2021): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v5i2.173.

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Police officers play an integral role in enhancing security, which is normally a very basic premise if the economy of a given country is to thrive. The effectiveness and efficiency of police work are doing the right thing to assist the citizens who are their customers at all time. If they don’t perform as expected the public can view it with negativity, and term them as either corrupt or unwilling to meet their needs. For a long time, police officers especially female police officers have had numerous challenges that have consistently contributed to their low morale at work thus subsequently having ripple effects on their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of work-life challenges on the performance of female police officers in Kenya. The objectives of this study were; to examine the influence of gender stereotypes on the performance of female police officers in Nakuru county; to determine the influence of work-life balance on the performance of female police officers in Nakuru county; to identify how social injustices influences the performance of female police officers in Nakuru County; and to identify the best strategy to help enhance the performance of female police officers in Nakuru county. The study was guided by radical feminist theory and liberal approach theory. This study also adopted a descriptive survey research design. This study relied on primary data specifically a questionnaire and focus group discussion. A sample of 135 female police officers was drawn through stratified and simple random sampling to respond to the questionnaires. On the other hand, convenience sampling was used to select the female police officers who would participate in the focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages and standard deviation were used to analyze quantitative data that was obtained. The data was presented in charts, frequency, and tables. Qualitative data were analyzed according to themes and patterns formed. They were presented in narrative and verbatim quotations forms. This study was expected to contribute to the body of knowledge already existing on challenges facing female police officers and even police officers in general. It was also going to inform the national government on various challenges facing female police officers and how to mitigate them to enhance performance and by extension improving security. The study findings indicated that female officers experienced work-life challenges which included gender stereotypes, work-life balance and social injustices that affected their productivity to some extent. The study concluded that female officers encountered many forms of gender stereotypes at their workplace thus influencing their performance. There was a lot of preference for certain people for promotions or recommendations for promotions that took place at the workplace, a lot of bureaucracy and red tape in the management of police operations and missing certain opportunities for handling certain cases in the force because of their gender. The study also concluded that there was a lack of work-life balance amongst the female police officers as they found it difficult to balance their work and family responsibilities. The study recommends that the government or rather the KPS should come up with policy/policies that will cater for both genders and ensure that there is no favouritism and nepotism in the service as well as adopt practical reforms where possible for female officers to be assigned duties during the day to avoid inconveniences of not being able to attend to family and children.

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Jumbi, G., R. K. Tenge, B. O. Khwa-Otsyula, D. Menya, S. O. Bwombengi i B. R. Ombito. "Epidemiology of acute Intestinal obstruction in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya". East and Central Africa Medical Journal  3, nr 1 (1.08.2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/ecamj.v3i1.42.

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Background: Acute Intestinal Obstruction (AIO) is a common life threatening emergency in all general hospitals all over the world. This study provides a population based incidence of acute intestinal obstruction derived from hospital data within a period of seven years preceding the year of the study (2008/9). Inpatient records can provide a fairly accurate data on the incidence of acute intestinal obstruction since almost all the cases are admitted in hospitals. Objectives: This study aims at determining the incidence and other epidemiological characteristics of AIO in Uasin Gishu County based on the hospital records and the national population census. Methods: The study was conducted in twelve hospitals (six within Uasin Gishu County) and six from the surrounding counties. Patient records for seven years preceding the period of study (2008) were retrieved and demographic information of the disease and treatment outcome (mortality) were analyzed against the projected population for the seven year period covered by the study (2001-2007). The population projections (the denominators) were based on Kenya population census and housing survey, 1999. Results: There were 444 cases of AIO from Uasin Gishu County during the seven year period of the study (2001-2007). There were 319 males (71.8%) and 125 females (28.1%) (male/female ratio =2.6/1). The mean age was 31.4 years and the median age was 29 years. The population of Uasin Gishu County (1999 census) on which the population growth projections was based was 622,705. Mean annual incidence for the seven year period was 8.8 per 100,000 persons and this was significantly related to age and gender (p-values = 0.0001). Recovery (survival) rate was 93.5% and mortality (case fatality) rate was 6.5%. Mortality rate was not significantly related to age and gender (p-value>0.05). Conclusion: The observed annual incidence of acute intestinal obstruction in Uasin Gishu County was very low compared to available global data. Our findings could be a pointer to the general burden of AIO in Kenya (given the similarity of Uasin Gishu County and rest of the country in relation to demography, infrastructure and the state of health care services). The incidence increased exponentially with age. A prospective population based study on incidence could shed more light and confirm the low incidence found in this study.

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Ong’are, David Walunya, i Anastacia Vyalu. "Circularity as a New Imperative in Plastics Waste Management in Kenya". East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 6, nr 1 (22.10.2023): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.6.1.1528.

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Plastics are a major source of pollution in Kenya and present a wicked problem for the country, drawing in several players; the national and county governments, private sector, NGOs and street families each with their own agenda. The government has taken steps to control the plastic pollution problem through recent policy action including a ban on single use plastics and development of regulations. Producers have responded spontaneously through formation of collective Producer Responsibility Organizations to handle delegated extended responsibility over products they introduce into the market throughout the life cycle including the post consumption phase. The objective of the study is to analyse if the Responsibility Organizations are adequately designed to deliver on sustainability objectives in the plastics waste value chains. A case study approach was adopted using a review of secondary data. It is a finding of this study that two voluntary Producer Responsibility Organizations are operational in the plastics sector with commitments towards sustainability that work through member contributions and incentives to plastics waste collectors. A number of enabling policies and legislation are still in Draft form and need to be finalized. Comprehensive data on plastic production remains a challenge to assess the effect of the extended responsibility efforts so far. The plastics waste sector offers opportunity for employment for marginalized groups. Adaptive management practice offers opportunity for self-regulation by plastic producers with minimal government policing. The environmental, social, and governance aspects of the Producer Responsibility Organizations need to be strengthened

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Muma, Shadrack Lusi, Kovin Shunmugam Naidoo i Rekha Hansraj. "Perceived impacts of social enterprises in scaling effective refractive error coverage in Kenya". Social Enterprise Journal 20, nr 1 (30.01.2024): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-08-2023-0095.

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Purpose Effective refractive error (RE) coverage in a resource-constrained country such as Kenya could possibly be achievable if the current dominant commercial entrepreneurship is supplemented with alternative avenues such as social entrepreneurship. This study aims to explore the perceived impact of social enterprises (SEs) in scaling effective RE coverage in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach This was an exploratory study with data collected from representatives of SEs (n = 29), trainees of SEs (n = 112) and beneficiaries of eye care services provided by SEs (n = 674). Participants were recruited purposively with data collected through telephonic calls. Thematic analysis was carried out by categorizing the codes into categories and themes based on the semantic meaning of the codes. Findings The perceived impact of SEs from the representative perspective included entrepreneurship and livelihood (n = 3; 10.3%), skills development (n = 20; 69%), technology development (n = 7; 24.1%), access to specialized services (n = 7; 24.1%) and affordability, accessibility and availability of RE services (n = 27; 93.1%). From the perspective of trainees, the themes included economic empowerment (n = 99; 88.4%), improved quality of life (n = 84; 75.0%), sensitizing locals to RE during screening events (n = 112; 100.0%) and enhancing accessibility, availability and affordability (n = 107; 95.5%). Originality/value The perceived impact of SEs highlighted in this paper showcases that they are useful for integration into the eye health ecosystem in a resource-constrained country such as Kenya. Integration of SEs into the eye health ecosystem could potentially address the human resource challenge, scale RE service delivery, enhance awareness creation and address the cost barriers to current RE service delivery coverage.

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M.A Salim, Khaled, Amizawati Mohd Amir, Ruhanita Maelah i Dayana Jalaludin. "Effects of Instıtutıonal Pressures, Organisational Resources and Capabilities on Environmental Management Accounting For Sustainbility Competitive Advantage". 15TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ON 14 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2023, NOVOTEL BANGKOK PLATINUM PRATUNAM, THAILAND 15, nr 1 (14.09.2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2023.1(193).

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The Kenyan government announced the Kenyan vision 2030 development initiative in 2008. It is intended to assist the country to become a newly industrialising, middle-income nation that offers its residents a good quality of life in a safe and clean environment (Kibe, 2021). Consequently, the majority of companies, especially SMEs, which account for 98% of all businesses in Kenya, recognised the significance of operating following the government's vision in order to increase their sales share on the global market and to achieve better community relations and an enhanced image (Osano, 2019). In a related vein, substantial efforts have been made to boost the global adoption of green technology practices (Darnall et al., 2010). Companies pursuing industrialization, sustainable development, and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) must now respond to legislative pressure and reduce the negative environmental effect of manufacturing industries in order to achieve these objectives (Gunarathne et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2018). On the other side, few scholars indicated that, organizations even with facing external pressures must have adequate resources and capabilities that affecting firms' production, operation decisions and environmental protection behaviour (Latan et al. 2018; Wijethilake 2017). Keywords: Instıtutıonal Pressures, Organisational Resources, Capabilities, Environmental Management Accounting, Sustainbility Competitive Advantage

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Mueni Matheka, Hyrine, Ellen E.P.W.A. Jansen i Adriaan W.H.A Hofman. "PhD Students’ Background and Program Characteristics as Related to Success in Kenyan Universities". International Journal of Doctoral Studies 15 (2020): 057–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4467.

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Aim/Purpose: Kenya plans to be a middle-income country by the year 2030. To achieve this development target, the country has rapidly expanded its university sub-sector in order to produce the requisite skilled professionals. This has put a strain on the available PhD holders thus heightening the pressure on universities to produce more PhD graduates to meet the required larger pool of highly qualified professionals to service the academia and other sectors of the economy. However, the PhD graduation rate per year is very low and unexplained. This study sought to explain the factors influencing PhD success rates in Kenyan universities. Background: This cross-sectional study set out to establish how PhD students’ background and program characteristics are related to their success. This knowledge will inform policies and strategies to enhance PhD training and success in Kenya. Methodology: Data on 1,992 PhD students was collected from 10 universities by using the Microsoft Excel data tool to collect administrative data. The researchers utilized the data collection to construct a quantitative research design. The PhD students were enrolled in the following program domains/clusters: Humanities and Social Sciences, Business and Economics, Physical and Life Sciences, Applied Sciences and Medical Sciences. Contribution: PhD success factors have been extensively studied in developed countries. This paper builds on this body of knowledge with a specific focus on developing countries like Kenya. Findings: Students’ background characteristics (age, nationality, gender, financial support and marital statuses) were not related to PhD students’ success, however, full-time employed PhD students had better progression than their part-time colleagues. Program characteristics (program cluster and mode of study) were significantly related to students’ success. Students who had delayed for two years or more years had limited chance to graduate. Recommendations for Practitioners: To improve the PhD education system, practitioners should endeavor to monitor and track the progress of their PhD students. To do this, the researchers recommend that the universities collect and keep good records of these types of data. Universities should come up with strategies to build on or mitigate against the factors that have been identified to influence PhD success. Recommendation for Researchers: The researchers recommend further research, especially in developing countries, to understand the PhD study systems and inform effective interventions. Impact on Society: To identify, conceptualize or mitigate against the factors which influence PhD success lead to higher success in PhD training in order to enhance knowledge to solve societal problems. Future Research: Further research is recommended especially in the context of developing countries to establish how supervisor–student interactions, availability of infrastructural resources, and students’ motivation, efficacy and well-being relate to PhD success in Kenyan universities

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Okoth, Selelah, Elvin Nyukur i Richard Mulwa. "Assessment of the Level of Awareness of Households and Institutions on the Impacts of Premature End-of-Life Vehicles in Nairobi City County, Kenya". Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 13, nr 1 (24.05.2022): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v13i1.5.

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Over the years, Kenya has recorded an increase in the volumes of vehicles shipped into the country. Some of these vehicles end up being premature end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) mainly due to road accidents. These premature ELVS are poorly managed mostly parked in police station yards, garages, and some residential estates causing public health and environmental harm thus undermining achievement of sustainable development. There have been scattered efforts on their management through policies and legislation such as the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999; the umbrella law on environment which is both generic and unable to sufficiently address premature ELVs. This paper provides findings from a study whose objective was to assess the level of awareness of households, public and private institutions on the impact of poor management of premature ELVs on social concerns, public health, and the environment; and implores on the need for responsive policy and legal frameworks. To this end, structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 170 households in Nairobi County while key informant interviews (n=88) were conducted in relevant government agencies viz. policy making institutions; regulators and enforcement agencies; and, garages, salvage companies, and insurance firms. A Likert scale (1-5), with 1 being totally unaware and 5 highly aware was used to gauge the level of awareness. The mean level of awareness was 3.87 and most respondents were above this level of knowledge about social impacts such as degradation of the aesthetic values associated with poorly managed premature ELVs. However, another majority was below the average awareness level of 3.87 on awareness of the environmental and public health impacts associated with poor management of the premature ELVs. The results of this study indicate the need for enhanced awareness programs and development of policy and legal frameworks for effective management of premature ELVs in Kenya. Keywords: Premature end-of-life vehicle; Awareness level; ELV management; Nairobi City County; sustainable development

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Oniang'o, Ruth. "Drought in the United States of America: How does it affect Africa". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, nr 5 (3.08.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.53.ed046.

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Those of us who have spent time in the USA either going to school, visiting or living there have been aware of the special attribute of this country of being able to feed its citizens. Something else we know is that America is very generous with their food and Americans are always ready to invite you to their home for a generous meal. America is the biggest contributor to emergency food aid worldwide and Africa, including my own county of Kenya, is a major beneficiary of this food aid. I have spent the better part of my life concerned about hunger and malnutrition issues in Africa, and whenever I get a chance, I appeal to African governments to prioritize agriculture and food security and nutrition concerns. As I have said before, governance and food security go hand in hand. We need to get our priorities right. As I write this editorial, I am in the USA, and have experienced heat in Washington DC above 100 degrees Celcius, that I have not felt anywhere in a long time. Food prices have not yet been affected, not yet, but as the drought continues to be felt across the country, there is no doubt negative impact will result in hiked food prices.

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Iyawe, Osama Ose, i Ifuero Osad Osamwonyi. "Financial Development and Life Insurance Demand in Sub-Sahara Africa". International Journal of Financial Research 8, nr 2 (28.02.2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n2p163.

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This study examines the relationship between financial development and life insurance demand in Sub-Saharan Africa with a sample of fifteen countries. These countries are Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Togo, Benin, Senegal, Cape Verde and Zambia. The specific objectives are to determine the relative effect of financial depth, as well as major macroeconomic factors, preferences and life insurance demand in the sampled countries. It is argued in this study that the traditional textbook and theoretical factors driving demand for life insurance may not be extensively dominant in the case of Sub-Sahara Africa where low formal financial patronage are rife. Using annual data covering the period 1990 – 2011 (22 years), the study applies the panel data estimation, which allows for endogenization of individual country characteristics in the analysis. The model adopted in this study categorises all the necessary macroeconomic factors in the study that seek to explain both insurance penetration and insurance density for the sampled countries. The results of the study show that financial development in African countries drives life insurance demand than major macroeconomic factors.

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Simiyu, Khisa A., Dr Juma Injendi i Dr Philip Mukonyi. "TVET Trainers Involvement in Attaining Kenya Vision 2030: Issues and Challenges". International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, nr VIII (2023): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.12810.

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The Kenya vision 2030 is the country’s new development blueprint for the period 200 to 2030.it aims at transforming Kenya into a newly industrializing middle income country providing social development and a high quality of life to its citizens. the vision has 3three pillars: economic, political and social. The social pillar identifies education and training as key in investing in the Kenyans and thus need to improve quality of training. the government’s agenda aims at improving quality of education and training without improving on teacher education and addressing key teacher training aspects for effective curriculum implementation. This paper sought to investigate the issues and challenges TVET trainers are facing in implementing curriculum for attaining Kenya vision 2030. The target populations TVET trainers in Western region, Kakamega, Vihiga, Bungoma and Busia Technical Training Instituions. They were purposely sampled through non-probability sampling. The philosophical paradigm used was constructivism. it adopted qualitative research design where data was collected through semi open questionnaire, document analysis of government policy documents, and commissions were transcribed, theme development observed and interpreted. Content and construct validity was observed. Data analysis was done through thematic coding; content, narrative, discourse and framework analysis. The following were recommendations for policy makers: TVET teacher training in Kenya to embrace both pedagogical and andragogical training approach in preparing trainers who shall embrace the critical elements for the world of work, TVET trainer to be frequently exposed to machines and equipment in industry towards skill empowerment for effective delivery during training, government and stakeholder’s collaboration in TVET funding and provision of attachment opportunities. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on the challenges and issues TVET trainers face in curriculum implementation towards realizing the social pillar of the Kenya vision 2030

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Agandi, Victor, i Godfrey Makau. "Strategic Determinants of Solar Energy Innovation Uptake in Nairobi City County, Kenya". European Journal of Business and Strategic Management 8, nr 1 (12.04.2023): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ejbsm.1931.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the strategic determinants of solar energy innovation uptake in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. The entire population of the study therefore, comprised the 521 solar energy dealers registered with Electrical and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA) as at May 2021 categorised as (technicians (214) and contractors (307) solar energy dealers from which 156 dealers sample size was taken through mixed methods before self-administered survey questionnaires were given for collecting the primary data. Secondary data was also reviewed from county government, EPRA and others sources publishing on solar energy regulations and market trends. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was also used to aid in analysis. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyze the data that had been obtained. The data was presented in form of tables. Findings: The study established that in terms of ranking, technological factors are strongest in explain solar innovations uptake in Kenya followed by the solar innovation product/service quality factors and organizational factors with environmental factors emerging least critical. It therefore recommends various administrative, legislative and further academic research actions to promote green marketing strategy as a best practice continuous improvement strategic management practice, encourage consumption of eco-friendly solar products and mitigate over adverse effects of solar energy technology equipment after their end of life and more research to understand why environmental factors emerged to have least influence and hence unpack some complexities that this study was unable to establish. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on institutional theory. The study recommended that a similar national level studies be undertaken and with more stakeholders involved. In so doing, opinions of more Kenyans regarding the future of solar innovations adoption and utilization could be explored within the green marketing strategy concept. Generally, the study provides the necessary information for the Government of Kenya and other stakeholders in determining the future of solar PV energy uptake strategic determinants and green marketing strategy ramifications in the country.

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Peter Njeru NJUE i Marylyn MUSYIMI. "Building Information Modelling in Urbanising Kenya". International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 13, nr 1 (28.02.2023): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.13.1.18.

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With the largest economy is East and Central Africa, Kenya serves as a regional centre for banking, technology and infrastructure. In the last ten years Kenya has experienced strong growth and development, largely anchored in the Country’s Vision 2030. Vision 2030 is a long term view of Kenya’s development intended to transform Kenya into a middle income country with a high quality of life by 2030. The vision is anchored on 3 pillars; economic, social and political. For ease of implementation the vision is entrenched in the 2010 constitution and has been divided into 5-year mid-term plans (MTP’s) coinciding with the electoral calendar. The current MTP was adopted in 2013 and includes a strong focus on digital transformation. This because, technology is increasingly playing a valuable role in communities, but also a highly disruptive role. Our communities are changing as a result of technology. Increased technological possibilities are resulting in faster and cheaper production of goods and services; the advent of technology has seen a shift in the needs of our communities, from requiring basic provision of infrastructure to needing more advanced technology appropriate infrastructure; technology has changed how information is communicated and received in our communities, and finally technology and its rapid speed of change has meant that we now question the viability of our existing buildings and infrastructure, and a step further, the viability even of the plans we have for future development. However, it is not all doom and gloom. It is possible through specific and deliberate strategies to harness the benefits of technology. To do this, communities and built industry professionals need to have a clear strategy that identifies where the biggest difference can be made with technology, and then align infrastructure and building provision goals and technology requirements with choices that are guided by a community-centred approach. To think, how will implementing this technology affect the community in which it is implemented? Since 2011, The World Bank, through the Kenya Investment Climate Program in partnership with the Architectural Association of Kenya and four County Governments of Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Kiambu have developed and are now successfully running automation of all approval and administrative processes associated with Construction Permits. This integration of technology to construction permitting has had numerous benefits: reduced time and costs for regulators and investors, has encouraged best practice among professionals and raised the level of safety in construction projects. In advocating for the integration of BIM to construction e-permit systems in urbanising Kenya, this paper demonstrates how technology can be harnessed to steer urbanisation while working for the good of the community. The ubiquity of technology is transforming how professional services are procured and offered. Full service models are being replaced by a new service framework, with either self or automated services, or, custom services becoming predominant. This necessitates a re-thinking of how we engage our communities in our quest to offer professional services against the backdrop of urbanisation. The novelty of BIM use is the possibility to integrate various aspects of infrastructure and building provision from site surveys through to community feedback and local authority approval on one platform. This paper will explore best practice in BIM use around the world as a catalyst for harnessing technology to address the challenge of rapid change in urbanising communities. In advocating for BIM institutionalisation and integration with the existing e-permitting systems in Kenya, this paper will suggest ways in which these best practices can appropriately be applied to the unique community that is rapidly urbanising Kenya.

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Namisango, Eve, Katherine Bristowe, Fliss EM Murtagh, Julia Downing, Richard A. Powell, Melanie Abas, Lynne Lohfeld i in. "Towards person-centred quality care for children with life-limiting and life-threatening illness: Self-reported symptoms, concerns and priority outcomes from a multi-country qualitative study". Palliative Medicine 34, nr 3 (21.02.2020): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216319900137.

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Background: Paediatric life-limiting and life-threatening conditions (life-limiting conditions) place significant strain on children, families and health systems. Given high service use among this population, it is essential that care addresses their main symptoms and concerns. Aim: This study aimed to identify the symptoms, concerns and other outcomes that matter to children with life-limiting conditions and their families in sub-Saharan Africa. Setting and participants: Cross-sectional qualitative study in Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Uganda. Children/caregivers of children aged 0–17 years with life-limiting conditions were purposively sampled by age, sex and diagnosis. Children aged 7 and above self-reported; caregiver proxies reported for children below 7 and those aged 7 and above unable to self-report. Results: A total of 120 interviews were conducted with children with life-limiting conditions ( n = 61; age range: 7–17 years), and where self-report was not possible, caregivers ( n = 59) of children (age range: 0–17) were included. Conditions included advanced HIV (22%), cancer (19%), heart disease (16%) endocrine, blood and immune disorders (13%), neurological conditions (12%), sickle cell anaemia (10%) and renal disease (8%). Outcomes identified included physical concerns – pain and symptom distress; psycho-social concerns – family and social relationships, ability to engage with age-appropriate activities (e.g. play, school attendance); existential concerns – worry about death, and loss of ambitions; health care quality – child- and adolescent-friendly services. Priority psycho-social concerns and health service factors varied by age. Conclusion: This study bridges an important knowledge gap regarding symptoms, concerns and outcomes that matter to children living with life-limiting conditions and their families and informs service development and evaluation.

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Were, Charles Michael. "Technology Training and Empowerment for the Visually Impaired: Kenya Perspective". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, nr 12 (13.01.2021): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.712.8188.

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A key goal of education for any country is to make sure that every pupil has a chance to excel, both in school and life. Increasingly, a child’s success in school will determine his success as an adult; will determine whether he/she goes to college, what profession that he/she enters and how much they are paid. Kenya’s education system has laid emphasis on a cluster of science subjects that must be passed for one to be placed in a meaningful course at tertiary level, university and finally employment. The Visually impaired child has been disadvantaged and this study therefore tried to investigate why there are more street beggars who are Visually impaired as compared to other persons with disabilities in the Kenyan major towns. The study was conducted in the three towns within Kenya, namely: Kisumu, Nakuru and Nairobi. The study population was 145, and a purposive sampling was used to select the 60 respondents. The study found that the Visually impaired persons who were beggars on the street had basic education at primary level and some had form four certificate, however they had failed to gain any meaningful employment due to the growing need of technology in the work place and the increasing interest in the role of information and communication technologies for one to be employed. The study also found that as much as there is an increasing effort by the Government to have computer studies for all schools in Kenya. The Jaw’s programme is lacking in those computers and therefore the visually impaired learners have not had an access to computer education and hence the mass influx of beggars. The study recommends that of the schools where the Visually impaired learners are in inclusive education, there should be at least two computers with a Jaw programme to help the Visually impaired have an access in computer literacy and hence employment opportunity. The study also recommends that the street beggars with form four educations should be given vocational training with information technology so as to empower them with the current basic skills to compete favourable with other job seekers.

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Christensen, Kaare. "BIODEMOGRAPHY OF AGING, CELEBRATING JAMES W. VAUPEL, PHD". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1.12.2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0195.

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Abstract James W. Vaupel, PhD (1945 – 2022), was an international leader in demography and aging research and a pioneer in the field of biodemography. He was a highly creative researcher and very entrepreneurial in the development of new interdisciplinary research environments. This symposium highlights a few of the biodemographic research areas that Dr. Vaupel has been a catalyst for. Denmark was Dr. Vaupel’s home country during the last third of his life, and Dr. Christensen reports on findings from Danish nationwide genetic-epidemiological studies on twins and the oldest old: familial influence on aging phenotypes, cohort differences in health among the oldest old, associations of early life events with late life health, as well as tongue-in-cheek research on perceived age and teeth. Dr. Alberts discusses the ‘invariant rate of aging’ hypothesis that was developed by Vaupel and others. She presents comparative analyses from multiple nonhuman primate populations showing that, while life expectancy can continue to improve, we probably can’t slow the demographic rate of aging. Dr. Campos presents evidence from a wild baboon population in Kenya that glucocorticoid levels—biological markers of stress responses—are strong prognostic indicators of survival and may be key explanations of life span disparities. Dr. Carey presents key discoveries from large-scale studies involving the Mediterranean fruit fly. These include the slowing of mortality at older ages, context-specific sex mortality differentials, a behavioral biomarker for morbidity, dietary conditions for maximizing lifespan versus reproduction and a stationary population identity whereby life lived equals life left.

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Ouma, Paul O., Lucas Malla, Benjamin W. Wachira, Hellen Kiarie, Jeremiah Mumo, Robert W. Snow, Mike English i Emelda A. Okiro. "Geospatial mapping of timely access to inpatient neonatal care and its relationship to neonatal mortality in Kenya". PLOS Global Public Health 2, nr 6 (30.06.2022): e0000216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000216.

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Globally, 2.4 million newborns die in the first month of life, with neonatal mortality rates (NMR) per 1,000 livebirths being highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving access to inpatient newborn care is necessary for reduction of neonatal deaths in the region. We explore the relationship between distance to inpatient hospital newborn care and neonatal mortality in Kenya. Data on service availability from numerous sources were used to map hospitals that care for newborns with very low birth weight (VLBW). Estimates of livebirths needing VLBW services were mapped from population census data at 100 m spatial resolution using a random forest algorithm and adjustments using a systematic review of livebirths needing these services. A cost distance algorithm that adjusted for proximity to roads, road speeds, land use and protected areas was used to define geographic access to hospitals offering VLBW services. County-level access metrics were then regressed against estimates of NMR to assess the contribution of geographic access to VLBW services on newborn deaths while controlling for wealth, maternal education and health workforce. 228 VLBW hospitals were mapped, with 29,729 births predicted as requiring VLBW services in 2019. Approximately 80.3% of these births were within 2 hours of the nearest VLBW hospital. Geographic access to these hospitals, ranged from less than 30% in Wajir and Turkana to as high as 80% in six counties. Regression analysis showed that a one percent increase in population within 2 hours of a VLBW hospital was associated with a reduction of NMR by 0.24. Despite access in the country being above the 80% threshold, 17/47 counties do not achieve this benchmark. To reduce inequities in NMR in Kenya, policies to improve care must reduce geographic barriers to access and progressively improve facilities’ capacity to provide quality care for VLBW newborns.

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Odunitan-Wayas, Feyisayo A., Pamela Wadende, Ebele R. I. Mogo, Anna Brugulat-Panés, Lisa K. Micklesfield, Ishtar Govia, Clarisse Mapa-Tassou i in. "Adolescent Levers for a Diet and Physical Activity Intervention Across Socioecological Levels in Kenya, South Africa, Cameroon, and Jamaica: Mixed Methods Study Protocol". JMIR Research Protocols 10, nr 7 (13.07.2021): e26739. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26739.

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Background The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases that are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is largely attributed to modifiable behavioral risk factors such as unhealthy diets and insufficient physical activity (PA). The adolescent stage, defined as 10 to 24 years of age, is an important formative phase of life and offers an opportunity to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases across the life course and for future generations. Objective The aim of this paper is to describe a protocol for a study using a convergent mixed methods design to explore exposures in the household, neighborhood, school, and the journey from home to school that may influence diet and PA behaviors in adolescents from LMICs. Methods Male and female adolescents (n≥150) aged between 13 and 24 years will be recruited from selected high schools or households in project site countries to ensure the socioeconomic diversity of perspectives and experiences at the individual, home, and neighborhood levels. The project will be conducted at 5 sites in 4 countries: Kenya, Cameroon, Jamaica, and South Africa (Cape Town and Johannesburg). Data on anthropometric measures, food intake, and PA knowledge and behavior will be collected using self-report questionnaires. In addition, a small number of learners (n=30-45) from each site will be selected as citizen scientists to capture data (photographs, audio notes, text, and geolocations) on their lived experiences in relation to food and PA in their homes, the journey to and from school, and the school and neighborhood environments using a mobile app, and for objective PA measurements. In-depth interviews will be conducted with the citizen scientists and their caregivers to explore household experiences and determinants of food intake and foodways, as well as the PA of household members. Results The study described in this protocol paper was primarily funded through a UK National Institute for Health Research grant in 2017 and approved by the relevant institutional ethics review boards in the country sites (South Africa, Cameroun, and Jamaica in 2019, and Kenya in 2020). As of December 23, 2020, we had completed data collection from adolescents (n≥150) in all the country sites, except Kenya, and data collection for the subgroup (n=30-45) is ongoing. Data analysis is ongoing and the output of findings from the study described in this protocol is expected to be published by 2022. Conclusions This project protocol contributes to research that focuses on adolescents and the socioecological determinants of food intake and PA in LMIC settings. It includes innovative methodologies to interrogate and map the contexts of these determinants and will generate much-needed data to understand the multilevel system of factors that can be leveraged through upstream and downstream strategies and interventions to improve health outcomes. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/26739

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Dzombo, Gift Kimonge, James M. Kilika i James Maingi. "The Effect of Branchless Banking Strategy on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya". International Journal of Financial Research 8, nr 4 (14.09.2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n4p167.

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The Banking sector acts as the life blood of modern trade and economic development. Commercial banks influence, facilitate and integrate the economic activities like resources mobilization, poverty elimination, production, and distribution of public finance. The financial performance of commercial banks has great implications in the financial sector and in the country at large, and will still remain an important subject of concern by all the stakeholders in the banking industry. In the last two decades, a lot of banking innovation has taken place in order to improve commercial banks financial performance. Branchless banking which involves the use of agency banking and electronic banking channels in the distribution of banking products and services is one such innovation. This study purpose was to evaluate the effect of branchless banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze the individual effects of agency banking and electronic banking channels on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and the combined effect of both agency and electronic banking on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted an exploratory research design. A survey of all the 42 licensed commercial banks in Kenya was done. Both primary and secondary data on branchless banking and financial performance of banks was obtained from the individual commercial banks, Central Bank of Kenya banking annual supervision reports respectively. Return on Assets (ROA) was used as the main indicator of commercial banks financial performance. The amount of investment in agency and electronic banking was used as indicator for agency and electronic banking. Data analysis was done using SPSS and STATA statistical softwares. Descriptive statistics, diagnostic tests and tests of hypothesis were done. Data was presented using tables and charts. Study findings indicated that when used in isolation; both agency and electronic banking had a significant negative effect on the financial performance of commercial banks at 5 percent significance level. However, when agency and electronic banking channels were used together as a multichannel strategy, they had a significant positive effect on bank’s financial performance at 5 percent significance level. The study recommends that for positive returns, commercial banks should invest in both agency and electronic banking as a multichannel strategy since these channels are complimentary to each other.

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Njagi, Catherine Wambui. "Vision 2030 and the Gender Question in Kenya". Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS) 1, nr 1 (12.12.2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35544/jjeoshs.v1i1.8.

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The article sets out to demonstrate the question of gender violence as a critical concern as Kenya seeks to implement her ambitious vision 2030. In other words, how can gender based violence affect the Implementation of Kenya vision 2030? Can it hinder Kenya’s ambitious enterprises in the 21st century? Certainly, Kenya’s Vision 2030 is a long term development blue print that seeks to transform Kenya into a newly industrializing middle income country. In so doing, it aims at providing a high quality life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment. The plan is anchored on three pillars, economic, social and political governance. The economic pillar aims to achieve an economic growth rate of 10% per annum; and sustaining the same till 2030 in order to generate more resources that will eventually address Kenya’s development goals. In turn, the social pillar seeks to create just, cohesive and equitable social development in a clean and secure environment; and the political pillar seeks to realize an issue based, people centered, result oriented and accountable democratic system. In view of this, Gender Based Violence is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and which is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between men and women. Gender-based Violence (GBV) describes the specific type of violence that is linked to the gendered identity of being a woman or man. Gender based Violence traumatizes men, women and children. It destroys careers, and hurts the national economies among other negative effects. The main objective of this article is to show the link between Gender Based Violence and Kenya vision 2030. Methodologically, it starts by summarizing the vision 2030 highlighting its major strategies like education and training, health sector, Equity and poverty reduction, environment management, tourism, water and sanitation, electoral and political processes, democracy and public service, gender and youth among others and major flagship projects like Konza Techno city, expansion of port of Mombasa, the building of standard gauge railway, modernization of Jomo Kenyatta airport, expansion of Lamu port among others. Using the society of International development report and other organizations who have constantly audited the implementation of the vision 2030 since it began in 2008, the article will show how gender based violence will slow the achievement of the vision 2030. It will also show how reducing gender based violence would help in its achievement. The materials in this article have been methodologically gathered through participant observation, reading of relevant literature, field research conducted in 2015 and sampling the city of Nairobi which largely speaks for Kenya and the larger East Africa.

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Puri, Adeep, Andrew J. Pollard, Catherine Schmidt-Mutter, Fabrice Lainé, George PrayGod, Hannah Kibuuka, Houreratou Barry i in. "Long-Term Clinical Safety of the Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo Ebola Vaccines: A Prospective, Multi-Country, Observational Study". Vaccines 12, nr 2 (17.02.2024): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020210.

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In this prospective, observational study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02661464), long-term safety information was collected from participants previously exposed to the Ebola vaccines Ad26.ZEBOV and/or MVA-BN-Filo while enrolled in phase 1, 2, or 3 clinical studies. The study was conducted at 15 sites in seven countries (Burkina Faso, France, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Adult participants and offspring from vaccinated female participants who became pregnant (estimated conception ≤28 days after vaccination with MVA-BN-Filo or ≤3 months after vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV) were enrolled. Adults were followed for 60 months after their first vaccination, and children born to female participants were followed for 60 months after birth. In the full analysis set (n = 614 adults; median age [range]: 32.0 [18–65] years), 49 (8.0%) had ≥1 serious adverse event (SAE); the incidence rate of any SAE was 27.4 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 21.0, 35.2). The unrelated SAEs of malaria were reported in the two infants in the full analysis set, aged 11 and 18 months; both episodes were resolved. No deaths or life-threatening SAEs occurred during the study. Overall, no major safety issues were identified; one related SAE was reported. These findings support the long-term clinical safety of the Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo vaccines.

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Odhiambo, Edwin, i Jane Wanjira. "Strategic Positioning and Competitive Advantage of Commercial Banks in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya". International Journal of Current Aspects 3, nr II (24.04.2019): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iii.8.

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Strategic positioning has been identified as an important weapon to manage the competition in the business environment. However, despite the use of strategic positions, many banks in the country are facing challenges from the competition destabilizing the position they hold. Thus, the sole reason of the project was to establish how strategic positioning affects competitive advantage of banks in Uasin Gishu County Kenya. The specific objectives were; to examine the effects of mono-segment positioning, multi-segment positioning, standby positioning, adaptive positioning and defensive positioning on competitive advantage of commercial banks in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was guided by Resource-Based-View, The Game Theory, Market Based View Theory and Open Systems Theory. Explanatory research design was used in this study. The unit of analysis was commercial banks in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya and the unit of observation was 748 employees in 25 banks. A stratified random sample was used as a significant blend of categorization and randomization. A sample of 173 employees was selected. Questionnaires were used in collection of data. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse data. The study established a positive and significant relationship between mono-segment positioning, multi-segment positioning, standby positioning, adaptive positioning and defensive positioning on organizational competitive advantage. The study concludes that through mono-segment Commercial banks are free to devote all of their resources to attracting a single, narrowly defined type of customer with a specific need it can fulfill better than other companies. Through multi segment Commercial banks can analyze various customer groups and targeting specific products to meet their demands. Through standby positioning, commercial banks can base their strategy completely on a new segment which increases its focus and profitability. Through adaptive the brand loyalty of commercial banks definitely increases and also market segmentation increases competitiveness of a firm from a holistic view and defensive positioning leads to customer retention throughout customer life cycle. The study recommends that commercial banks in Uasin Gishu County implementing mono segment should concentrate all their efforts in a single segment with a single marketing mix so as to avoid confrontation with financial institutions. On multi segment, commercial banks should categorize their customers along demographic, geographic, behavioral, or psychographic lines or a combination of them. This will enable them offer products and services effectively by understanding distinctive needs of the groups. On standby positioning strategy, commercial banks should only opt execute a mono-segment positioning strategy only during unavoidable situations. To minimize response time, the banks should prepares a standby plan that specify the product(s) and their attributes as well as details of the marketing program(s) that would be used to position the new product. On adaptive positioning, commercial banks should aim at changing or reforming a bank’s marketing mix to suit to the particular geography in which the bank is operating. This will enable the banks to effectively tailor their products and service in rapid and unparalleled ways to meet their customers’ interests and needs. On defensive positioning, commercial banks should resort to position defense to ensure a new bank’s market entry does not impact or weaken their brand. They may also opt to preempt competitive strategies by introducing an additional brand in a similar position for the same segment. This is an open-access article published and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of United States unless otherwise stated. Access, citation and distribution of this article is allowed with full recognition of the authors and the source.

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Shileche, Emma Anyika. "Risk based Intervention Capabilities of Health challenges in Kenya a Case of Chikungunya and Dengu fever". International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical invention 7, nr 11 (8.11.2020): 5095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i11.06.

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The Basic definition of risk is that it is a measure or a postulation of how variables deviate from the normal. Several phenomenon experience risks but many of them do not have a great effect on the human life. Health risks are those that would affect the health of human life directly and in particular they are hazardous since a lot of them tend to spread through large populations within a short period of time and are costly to eliminate thus the need to determine them early and mitigate them before they occur and have both a negative social and economic impact on the society The development of a country is hinged on its human resource. A healthy and vibrant human population will favor high productivity and efficient service provision since they perform their duties and responsibility at full capacity. Indeed a region ravaged by disease has its populous fatigued by diseases or taking care of the infected. The World Health Organization (WHO) in its report of March 2016 estimated that 12.6 million people died in 2012 as a result of living or working near unhealthy places nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths, according to new estimates from W.H.O. Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. Health risk assessment (HRA) usually includes checking blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure as well as weight status and waist circumference to help individuals to understand their risk for Cardio vascular Diseases (CVD). It is extremely important to know these crucial numbers because some of them are considered “silent killers” such as high blood pressure and cholesterol, where there are rarely any symptoms to warn you that it is high. All adults should therefore have this health check done once a year or more often if recommended by a doctor.

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Amadalo, Musasia Maurice, i Geofrey Musera. "DISPARITIES IN THE PHYSICS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN WESTERN PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGY RENEWAL". Problems of Education in the 21st Century 31, nr 1 (5.07.2011): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.31.18.

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The topic of unequal outcomes for men and women in math and science has been in the public domain for some time now. This study however had special interest in physics because it is an optional science subject in most schools and taken by those confident enough to take on a third science subject. It is a key science subject expected to drive Kenya’s vision 2030 initiative which aims at making the country a newly industrializing middle income country providing high quality life for all its citizens. The realization of this vision calls for the harnessing of the science and technological ability of both men and women in the country; it is a collective responsibility of both genders. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. This paper presents the findings of the study on disparities in achievement and enrolment in physics in Kenya with a focus in Western Province. This study was conducted in 40 secondary schools in Western Province. Out of the selected 40 schools, responses were obtained from 32 schools giving a response rate of 80%. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Data on enrolment and performance on physics was obtained from the respective Heads of Departments. The study revealed that there are disparities in enrolment and achievement among the different school categories and gender disparities as well. Boys’ schools have had a steady lead in the enrolment and achievement on physics during the five years. The findings indicate that there is need to have a change in strategies in order to improve performance and enrolment in girls’ and co-education schools. Key words: disparities, gender, harnessing, industrializing, technological and unequal outcomes.

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Bolouki, Shawn, i Peter Lewa. "An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Top Leadership on Effectiveness of Privatization of Hospitals Through Mergers and Acquisitions in Kenya". Journal of Management and Strategy 9, nr 3 (20.06.2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v9n3p54.

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This paper examines the privatization of hospitals through mergers and acquisitions (M&A) using Kenya as the country of focus. It shows that M&A activities are increasing in Africa and there is a history of privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) / parastatals in Africa and Kenya in particular, which started in the 1990s. With the changing dynamics, increasing pressure to achieve universal health and looking at the history of mergers and acquisitions there is no doubt that this is going to become an important phenomenon in Kenya in the near future.Privatization of hospitals, including public and not-for-profit (NFP), has been popular since 1980s in North America (U.S., Canada) and Europe (Germany, England). Privatization and M&A activities of hospitals in other countries such as India, China, Saudi Arabia, Africa and Kenya have also increased. The reasons for these trends are industrialization of developing countries, changing lifestyles, aging populations, longer life expectancy, technological advancement, growth of the middle class, increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and inefficiency of public health systems. With the changing dynamics, it would appear there is a need for African countries to expand their private sectors, and privatization of healthcare is an attractive area for private equity firms and private hospital chains. Due to growth of the economy and the middle class, higher demand for healthcare services and particularly expansion of NHIF (National Hospital Insurance Fund) coverage, privatization of hospitals makes economic sense in Kenya.Knowledge of M&A among top leadership is crucial in determining its success or failure. Therefore, the literature review focused on property right, transaction cost, and institutional theory. Relevant M&A theories such as process, synergy, efficiency and disturbance theory were also reviewed.The research philosophy, methodology and design of this study was based on exploratory, post-positivism, deduction and utilized mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) with focus on verifying the hypothesis. The population of this research included Level 4, 5 and 6 hospitals in Kenya, totaling 268 hospitals with at least 50 beds; the sample size was 158 hospitals. Proportionate stratified random sampling methodology was used to determine the sample size of each hospital level (Level 4, 137 hospitals; Level 5, 14 hospitals; and Level 6, 7 hospitals).The hypothesis that there is no relationship between top leadership (X) and the effectiveness of privatization of hospitals (Y) through M&A was tested and there was a strong and positive relationship between the dependent and independent variables (r=0.821), and the regression model was found to be reliable. The null hypothesis was rejected because of the results of the T-test (β1=0.925, t=9.757, p<0.005).It is recommended that similar studies be conducted in East and South Africa to enable researchers to perform comparative analyses in order to improve the body of knowledge.

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Mwangi, Waweru B., Ann Kariuki i Edward Mburu. "Influence Of Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement On Industrial Harmony In The Devolved Public Health Sector In Kenya". Management and Economics Research Journal 9, nr 2 (1.07.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2023.9900079.

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The health sector in any country is the greatest pillar of wealth generation. The life of citizens and by extension the economy depends largely on an effective and efficient health care system. A harmonious workplace that guarantees satisfaction of workers and employers aspirations is essential for enhanced services provision in the public health sector. Industrial harmony comprises of industrial democracy, employee loyalty, and shared vision. Since devolution of healthcare services in 2013, the Kenyan devolved public health sector has been affected by frequent short and often localized health workers’ industrial actions. The dilemma of the right of employees to industrial action and the citizens’ right to health care are two delicate and conflicting constitutional provisions that continue to elude policy and legislative environment. Industrial action is a protected right that every employee enjoys, however, there is need for a balance between the protection of these rights and the need to guarantee essential public services in order to safeguard citizens and their well-being. This study sought to determine the influence of collaborative stakeholder engagement on industrial harmony in the devolved public health sector in Kenya. The study used pragmatic research paradigm. The study research design was mixed methods research methodology. The study population was 3,355 medical workers in level 5 county referral hospitals, in the Central Economic Regional Bloc (CEREB). The study selected 351 respondents using stratified random sampling. In addition, 10 medical superintendents, 10 secretary generals from KMPDU and 10 from KNUN respectively were selected for participation in the study through purposive sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative data collected through interview guide was analyzed using content analysis technique. Quantitative data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics comprised means and standard deviation while inferential statistics comprised simple linear regression to depict the relationship between the study independent variables and the dependent variable. The study established that collaborative stakeholder engagement had a positive and significant influence on industrial harmony (=.925, p-value=.000). The study concluded that collaborative stakeholder engagement enhances industrial harmony. The study recommends the expansion of communication/information sharing system so that workers can channel their issues without being victimized as well as establishment of effective internal dispute resolution mechanisms. The devolved healthcare facilities also need to build trust among healthcare workers by being considerate of their work welfare as well as involving them in policy formulation exercises.

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Ireri, Maggie. "Teachers' and Parents' Preparedness to Support Virtual Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya". African Journal of Empirical Research 2, nr 1 (13.03.2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.17.

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The COVID-19 pandemic led to the abrupt closing of schools all over the world. As a result, virtual learning became an alternative to classroom teaching. Administering virtual learning has become a challenge for both parents and teachers who must ensure their children's education continuity. This study aimed to look into the experiences of virtual learning during COVID-19. A descriptive qualitative study was designed to investigate teachers' and parents' preparedness to support remote learning to gain insight into real-life experiences. A purposeful sampling technique was used to obtain data from target respondents. The findings indicate their sentiments were on virtual learning. The results show that both teachers and parents were not well prepared to support virtual learning during the COVID-19 lockdown. This issue affects all schools: public 8-4-4 schools, private 8-4-4 schools, international schools, and private schools. The results point to a weak support system for virtual education in Kenyan schools during COVID-19 outbreak affecting virtual learning delivery in the country. There is thus a need to enhance the capacity of teachers to offer virtual learning. It is also recommended that the teacher's college curriculum encompasses virtual learning courses for upcoming teachers. Parents should also be encouraged to support virtual learning by procuring computers and other communication devices for their children. Parents without the requisite skills in virtual learning should be encouraged to seek training to offer direct support and supervision of their children as they study at home. Development actors such as not-for-profit organizations should be encouraged to implement projects to strengthen access to virtual learning in schools.

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MutwiriKaritu, Patrick, i Joram Ngugi Kamau. "Influence of Online Apps in Fostering Agri-Enterprise Development along the Agricultural Value Chain in Kenya". Journal of Advanced Agriculture & Horticulture Research 1, nr 1 (15.10.2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/jahr.v1i1.118.

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This paper analyzed how the sampled farmers use online applications to exploit the opportunities along the agricultural value chain. More specifically, the study considered how access to digital credit, online market platforms, youtube tutorials and the social economic characteristics of the sampled farmers influence their agri-enterprise development at the various stages of the agricultural supply chain. Multinomial logistic regression was employed as the regress and was a categorical variable consisting of three mutually exclusive choices. The study identified gender, online tutorials and household income as the key variables towards the development of different agricultural enterprises along the agricultural supply chain. With agricultural processing reporting the highest audience in the online tutorials, value addition of agricultural produces would be a milestone in agricultural industrialization. While the multiplier effect of value addition cannot be underestimated, the direct impact of this is a catalyst towards a turnaround investment in agriculture and agricultural technological innovations. Introduction According to Okello (2017), agricultural enterprises (agri-enterprise) are businesses which derive most of their revenue from agricultural based activities either directly or indirectly and they include; farmers, individual traders, shops and kiosks, brokers, processors, marketers and input firms among others. With the advancement in technology and intelligence based production techniques, the survival of agriculture in Kenya relies on how actors will integrate modern technologies in the entire value chain. Agribusiness innovations in Kenya are emerging albeit marred by various challenges. Like any other enterprises, entrepreneurs in the agricultural value chain find challenges in accessing capital to venture into marketing and value addition of agricultural commodities. A study by Okirigiti and Raffey (2015) on entrepreneurship challenges in Kenya found that one of the major challenges towards innovations is the start-up capital. Such capital would be expected to come in the form of a loan. Mwangi and Ouma (2012) notes that to qualify for a loan in a commercial bank in Kenya, one needs collateral or a pay slip from a reputable organization where one needs to have worked for a minimum of six months. In the adoption of digital credit, the perceived ease by borrowers in accessing credit as opposed to traditional methods has increased the rate of borrowing. The time involved before getting a loan from a commercial bank has also acted as a catalyst to drive thousands away. Banks in Kenya often require the borrower to offer them security and have a sound financial record as an assurance that they will be able to service the loan if granted (Gichukiet al., 2014). For agri-enterprise development in the country, startup capital is a prerequisite. Accessing this has been revised through digital credit where no collaterals and securities are required. The obstacles towards accessing loans have been minimized through digital lending and therefore providing lucrative opportunities for the youths who previously had been disadvantaged when accessing loans due to lack of collaterals and other securities. Social media and online platforms have captured the youths by blast where millions engage without realizing the potential of this blossoming sector. Facebook, twitter,whatsup, youtube and other online platforms provides an easy market for both raw and final agricultural products. A study by Kibet et al., (2018) indicates that over 2 million youths Kenya have access to online platforms at the palm of their hand on a daily base. This study conceptualized agri-enterprise development at two stages in the agricultural value chain; marketing/broker and value addition/processing. Marketing in this study was conceptualized as the process in which the individuals link the producers with the final consumers of agricultural products. In other words, these stakeholders are deemed to create a career from buying the raw produces from the farmers and selling the same product to the final consumer in the value chain. Processing was conceptualized as any action that increases the value and the shelf life of raw agricultural products . Conceptual Framework This describes how credit access, online marketing, YouTube tutorials, and the social economic characteristics of the youths influence enterprise development along the agricultural value chain. Figure 1: Authors’ Conceptualization Materials and Methods To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary data were used to answer the research questions. Primary data collection was done using questionnaires as this is an efficient and convenient way of gathering the data within the resources and time constraints. Questionnaires consisting of structured and non-structured questions were used to collect data from the farmers and actors along the agricultural value chain in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Structured questions were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 357 farmers. A multinomial logistic regression (MNL) was used to predict the impact of mobile online applications (independent variables) on agri-enterprise development (dependent variable). The choice of MNL was as a result of dealing with dependent variable that is categorical or dichotomous in nature as adopted from Wooldridge (2015). The primary question that this model answers is how the chooser’s characteristics affected their choosing of a particular alternative in the given sets of alternatives in the dependent variable. The MNL model was expressed as follows: P(y=j/x) = (x / [1+ (x ], j=1, 2…J Where, y denotes a random variable taking on the values (1, 2…, J) for a positive integer J and x denote a set of conditioning variables. X is a 1xK vector with first element unity and βj is a K×1 vector with j = 2…, J. In this study, y represents the agri-enterprise options and x represents the online application options used and the social economic characteristics of the sampled farmers. The response probabilities P(y = j/x), j = 1, 2 …, J was therefore determined by the change in online application options and the farmers characteristics. However, since the probabilities must sum to unit, P(y = j/x) will be determined once the probabilities for j = 1, 2 …, J are known. Results and DiscussionsDescriptive statisticsGender The subject of gender is considered fundamental in this study largely because it could help the researcher get Figure 2: Gender composition of the sampled farmers The findings imply that the views expressed in these findings are gender sensitive and can be taken as representative of the opinions of both genders. Usage of YouTube tutorials The sampled farmers were asked to indicate how they use YouTube videos to advance their knowledge in farming with three choices given. From the reported results in table 1 below, 25.8% of the farmers indicated that they use online platforms to learn how to maximize the storage of their outputs. This has a great implication to food security in the country as literature suggests that farmers report over 33% of post-harvest losses due to lack of knowledge of the best storage practices. Processing knowledge acquisition by the farmers constituted 44.6% indicating that many farmers in the country are willing to add value on their raw agricultural products. Branding presented 29.7% indicating the desire to increase the output value of their outputs along the agricultural supply chain. Figure 3: Online knowledge acquisition Regression Analysis In the study, the second category of the dependent variable, “Broker,” was taken as the baseline category, while the first category of the independent variables was taken as the baseline category and the results were interpreted accordingly. As the validity of the multinomial logistic regression model was examined with the Odds Ratio Test, the model was found to be significant for ?2=57.23 and (?< 0.0000) values. For each category of the models, it is seen that ? coefficients take different values and hence the odds ratios of the variables for each category varies. The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable in the multinomial logistic regression model is different from each other for each category. In the multinomial logistic regression model, the categories that include significant coefficients can be interpreted in terms of the how much they increase or decrease the odds ratios with respect to the second category, which was taken as the baseline category. The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis are given in Table 1 Table 1: Multinomial Login Results A positive coefficient of a regressor suggests increased odds for marketer over broker, holding all other regressors constant. Thus, from table 1 above, we observe that if the income level increases, the odds of engaging in marketing increases by 0.99 compared to being a broker, holding all other variables constant. Similarly, the significant gender variable implies that the odds in favor of being a male are greater than that of being a female when engaging in different agri-enteprise choices,again holding all other variables constant. In the second choice, the odds in favor of YouTube tutorials and household income are higher in processing option compared to being a broker in the agricultural supply chain. These findings have a great implication in exploiting the opportunities along the agricultural supply chain. Specifically, if farmers can have access to internet, there is high marginal propensity towards self-learning on how to increase the value of the agricultural products as well as mediating between producers and the final consumers of agricultural products. Conclusions Agriculture in Kenya has been viewed for a long time as something that one does when he or she has nothing else left to However, technological innovations have modernized agriculture along the value chain from production to Consumption. With high unemployment rate among the youths in Kenya, enterprise development in marketing and value addition can ease in pulling the unemployed and hence contributing to decreasing the alarming rate of unemployment among the youths in the country. Aligning agricultural management practices with emerging issues like ICT and Artificial Intelligence based production techniques is the next sustainable frontier in Kenyan agriculture. However, as the study indicates, one of the significant variables that complement online apps in fostering the development of agri-enterprises is the level of income. If farmers can be empowered financially, there is a possibility of exploiting the infinite opportunities along the agricultural supply chain. References Gichuki, J. A. W.; Njeru, A.; Tirimba, O. I. Challenges facing micro and small enterprises in accessing credit facilities in Kangemi Harambee market in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2014, 4(12), 1-25. Kibet, Amos.; Stephen Ward."Socially networked heterogeneity: the influence of WhatsApp as a social networking site on polarisation in Kenya." African Journalism Studies. 2018, 39(4), 42-66. Wooldridge, J. M. Control function methods in applied econometrics. Journal of Human Resources. 2015, 50(2), 420-445. Kisumu Ndogo Slums in Eldoret Municipality Kenya. European Open Business & Management Journal. 2015, 1 (1), Mwangi, I. W., & Ouma, S. A. Social capital and access to credit in Kenya. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences. 2012, 3(1), 8-16. Okello, D. O. Effect of ICT use on performance of Agri-enterprises.A case of smallholder pineapple farmers in Kiambu County, Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University). 2017. Okirigiti, C.A. and Rafey, M.A. Challenges Facing Youth Entrepreneurs in Slums in Kenya: A Case. 2015, 1-10.

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Salim Omambia Matagi i Satoshi Kaneko. "Challenges and opportunities on data protection and privacy in healthcare". International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 5, nr 1 (30.01.2023): 023–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2023.5.1.0001.

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The envisage is the next big thing globally is information. It is the wellspring of literally everything and thus the saying ‘’INFORMATION IS POWER’’ Any continent, country, or organization that is considered a superpower is arguably among the best if not the best in handling information. Healthcare is no exclusion on information demands. The best hospitals in the world have practices and a culture of nurturing data/information. Healthcare data is the impetus to improve patient outcomes, predict outbreaks of epidemics, gain valuable insights, avoid preventable diseases, reduce the cost of healthcare delivery and improve the quality of life in general. In Kenya and many developing countries majority of families are a stone’s throw away from poverty if a family member develops. People who do not have access to healthcare are stuck in a vicious circle of poverty and poor health, which can also lead to social instability and migration consequently, health is a prerequisite to prosperity. No country is considered developed without a good health system and the antithetic applies to developing countries. Health management problems are increasing with the growing population, especially with the increasingly larger aging population. Sometimes no response from the hospital for emergencies creates social issues. Similarly, the medical staff in rural areas do not have sufficient resources for treatment and do not have the expertise to diagnose complex diseases. Due to these reasons, people in rural areas focus on big hospitals for proper medical attention, increasing the load on hospitals. The late detection of diseases and severe health problems of older people also complicates the diagnosis process. Therefore, there is a need to provide better medical facilities using an optimized healthcare system that includes body sensors and medical devices to remotely monitor and diagnose medical problems. A country may or may not have a law for user data protection, but the healthcare system should follow the laws of the country to which the user belongs.

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Nakaya, Hideo. "Faunal turnover of the Miocene mammalian faunas of Sub-Saharan Africa and the middle Miocene paleoenvironmental change". Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007784.

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In evolutionary paleontology of terrestrial biotas, the Miocene is the most important age especially for evolution of hominids and mammalian faunas. The modern mammalian fauna appeared from the end of this age in Eurasia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the assemblage of the late Miocene mammalian faunas was very poor, and these faunas were represented by only few faunas. Therefore, this incompleteness of the late Miocene East African faunas, it is very difficult to analyze faunal turnover of Sub-Saharan mammalian faunas and compare with Eurasian and Sub-Saharan faunas of this age.The paleontological contribution of the Japan and Kenya joint expedition to the Samburu Hills, northern Kenya covered this gap of mammalian evolution in Sub-Saharan Africa.In this work, the Miocene mammalian faunas in Sub-Saharan Africa is examined the half-life (Kurtén 1959, 1972, 1988) of each faunal assemblages (sets).Assemblage of the mammalian faunas from early Miocene was comparatively stable and had long half life in Sub-Saharan Africa on the basis of the results of this work.However, mammalian assemblage changed drastically at the middle Miocene (Astaracian) in Sub-Saharan Africa.A great number of early to middle Miocene mammalian taxa were extinct and the modern mammalian taxa appeared in this period. The half life of middle and late Miocene mammalian faunas is shortened compared with the early Miocene faunas in the East Africa. This geological event of faunal turnover occurred by the immigration and divergence of open land taxa.It is evident that the rise of open land taxa is related to the environmental change for the plateau phonolite and basalt volcanism in the middle Miocene East Africa (Pickford 1981) and the worldwide warm and arid event (savannitisation) of continental temperate zone in the middle to late Miocene (Liu 1988). In the middle Miocene (16 Ma) Pacific region, it has been proposed that the tropical event is recognized from shallow marine faunas of the Southwestern Japan (Tsuchi 1986). African and Eurasian land connection was also established before the middle Miocene (16 Ma±) (Bernor et al. 1987).The Astaracian faunal turnover in Sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be caused by immigration and diversity of open country mammalian taxa and that was related to the worldwide middle Miocene warm event and the plateau volcanism in middle Miocene East Africa. Furthermore, the Pleistocene and modern taxa and their direct ancestors of Sub-Saharan Africa appeared from the late Miocene faunas of East Africa. It has been made clear that the Namurungule Fauna is the forerunner of the modern Sub-Saharan mammalian fauna of savanna environments.As mentioned before, the Hominid Fossil was found from the Namurungule Formation (late Miocene) of northern Kenya. The savannitisation in the Sub-Saharan Africa began in middle Miocene. The origin of hominid bipedalism seems to be closely related to the environmental change from forest to open land (Foley 1984). Human evolution in East Africa is accelerated by the savannitisation of Sub-Saharan Africa which commenced earlier than that of Eurasia and continued throughout the Neogene.

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Beshir, Abdo, Abdulfetah Endris, Sisay Tessema i Melaku Tefera. "Exploring Routes and Consequences of Small Arms and Light Weapons Trafficking in Selected Areas of Ethiopia". Journal of African Development Studies 10, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56302/jads.v10i1.8781.

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Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) trafficking become a great threat to the peace and security of Ethiopia. Throughout the whole year of 2020, in all parts of the country, the seizure of illicit firearm is the agenda of many Medias, security organs, and the people. Thus, this study aims to examine the routes, and consequences of illicit firearms trafficking. It covered purposively selected areas parts of Ethiopia. The study used qualitative research approach and exploratory design. The study samples were 19 inmates detained due to the firearm trafficking, 32 police officers, 9 militias, and 9 community leaders who were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through interview and FGD, and then thematically analyzed. The finding of the study showed that the major routes of firearm trafficking linked to and followed the course from border areas to the central areas of Ethiopia, specifically from neighbor countries like Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Somalia to Addis Ababa. The traffickers or brokers used central areas like Addis Ababa and its surrounding cities as depository spaces to recirculate illicit SALW to areas where there are high needs in the country. Study also revealed that illicit SALW trafficking leads to increment of armed groups and number of conflicts to broke out. As a result, many people were injured, and loss life and millions were displaced from their homes. It also triggered the impediment of peace and security; psychological impact and threat; socioeconomic obstruct; political instability and fueled the commission of firearms supported crimes like homicide, robbery and kidnapping in the study populations. Therefore, the study recommends that the security sectors should aware and updated of modus operandi used by illicit SALW traffickers through continues trainings; porous and wide border of the country should subject to regular control and inspections through advanced technology products; there should be regulation that governs antisocial behaviors (i.e. harmful networks and corruptions) of law enforcement organs used to permit inflow of illicit SALW to the country; and creating awareness to all concerned law enforcement agents and stakeholders on the consequences of illicit SALW trafficking to the country.

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