Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Cotton growing

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Cotton growing”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Cotton growing"

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Abdullaev, Sh, i Sh Abdullayev. "ABOUT COTTON GROWING METHODS". American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology 02, nr 04 (1.04.2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume02issue04-02.

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The article discusses methods of sowing cotton in horizontal and vertical planes. The most effective method of seeding – square-nesting-is justified and recommendations are given for the wide use of this method. To obtain a square-nesting cotton crop, it is planned to create a new mechanism in the design of the seeder.
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Rakhimova, D. "GROWING ORGANIC COTTON WITH BOMS". American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 4, nr 6 (1.06.2024): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-05.

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It is scientifically proven that when Bomsorganic preparation was applied to the soil at the rate of 300-600 kg/ha before sowing and when cotton was cultivated for without mineral fertilizers, 40.7-41.8 c/ha of cotton can be grown
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Jagannath, Patil Sanjaykumar, i Dr Pandit Yashwant Mali. "Is Cotton a Real Cash Crop ? Cotton Growing Frmer’s Perspectives". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, nr 1 (1.06.2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2013/46.

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Berni, R. J., P. E. Sasser, L. N. Domelsmith, H. H. Perkins i W. R. Goynes. "Chemical and Microscopical Analyses of Rained-on Cotton". Textile Research Journal 58, nr 9 (wrzesień 1988): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800904.

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Late season rains on the 1984 crop in the Mississippi Delta cotton-growing areas prompted increased research of this weathered cotton. Cotton Incorporated and USDA quickly noted the detrimental effects on quality caused by the heavy rains after boll opening in the fields. The cooperative research efforts reported here deal with the chemical and microscopical changes that occurred in these cottons, and analyses of selected ginned cotton are included.
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Khudoyarov, Berdirassul, i Chori Rasulov. "NEW TECHNOLOGY OF COTTON GROWING". JOURNAL OF AGRO PROCESSING 6, nr 2 (30.06.2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9904-2020-6-7.

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This article provides information on the number of tillages, the passage of aggregates, the disturbance of soil structure and soil layer,the maintenance of soil fertility, the prevention of water and wind erosion, and the reduction of the cost of cotton production
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Rashidova, Disbar Rashidova S. "Application of chitosan Bombyxmori and its derivatives in cotton-growing". Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 4, nr 7 (lipiec 2016): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/sajb.2016.4.7.6.

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Normamatovich, Abdurahimov Nurali, i Normamatova Mohinur. "Resource saving technologies in cotton growing". ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, nr 10 (2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01216.1.

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Ochildiev, Fayzulla. "Cotton Production Development In Bukhara Emirate During The Late XIX – Early XX Centuries". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, nr 02 (27.02.2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue02-19.

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This article highlights such problems as the development of agriculture and cotton growing in the Bukhara Emirate at the end of the XX century; the policy of the Russian Empire of cotton growing after the conquest of the Bukhara Emirate; construction of the first cotton processing plants in the Bukhara emirate, as well as the expansion of land for growing cotton; leasing of a large number of Emirate lands as a result of the increased demand for cotton by the Russian Empire.
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Shamshetova, Dilyara Sarsenovna, i N. Khushmatov. "METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE ECONOMIC DAMAGE OF A COTTON CONDUCTED BY PESTS FOR THE VEGETATION PERIOD". American Journal of Economics and Business Management 2, nr 1 (23.04.2019): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31150/ajebm.vol2.iss1.56.

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The authors in this article set forth their judgments on the assessment of the level of danger of pests for the cotton industry and offer a method of economic assessment of the damage inflicted by a cotton bug in the cotton growing season in cotton-growing zones in Uzbekistan.
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Israilov, M. Zh, G. A. Muratov, S. G. Boboev i A. Muratov. "PRODUCTIVITY OF F1 HYBRID PLANTS OBTAINED BY CROSSING DWARF AND LOW-GROWING LINES AND HIGH-GROWING VARIETIES OF G. HIRSUTUM L." EurasianUnionScientists 6, nr 5(74) (14.06.2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.6.74.765.

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This article presents the results of an analysis of studies on the variability of the trait of plant productivity and its components in cotton F1 hybrids, obtained on the basis of complete diallel crossing of dwarf, low-growing lines with tall cotton varieties of the species G. hirsutum L. It was revealed that in F1hybrids according to the harvest of raw cotton and its constituent elements, it varies differently depending on the genotypes of the parent components and combinations of crosses. Moreover, in F1 hybrids, a sign of the productivity of plants and its components shows dominance and overdomination of the signs of better and worse parents, aswell as an intermediate type of inheritance. It has been established that the indicator of the number of bolls and the yield of raw cotton per plant in tall varieties is controlled mainly by dominant genes, and the raw mass of one box of these varieties is controlled mainly by recessive genes
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Cotton growing"

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McGinley, Susan. "Techniques for Growing Cotton More Efficiently". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622398.

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Delaney, Dennis Patrick Monks C. Dale. "Management of Ultra Narrow Row Cotton". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/DELANEY_DENNIS_10.pdf.

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Brown, P., i B. Russell. "Weather Conditions during the 1991 Growing Season". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208613.

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The 1991 growing season was characterized by a cool, wet spring and a cool, dry summer. Heat unit accumulation for the season was the lowest in 5 years at most locations. Precipitation was concentrated in two periods: early (Jan. - Mar.) and late (Nov. - Dec.). Summer rainfall was well below normal at most locations.
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Brown, P., i B. Russell. "Weather Conditions during the 1992 Growing Season". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209330.

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Abundant rainfall was the most prominent feature of the 1992 growing season. Monthly precipitation totaled above normal during the first five months of the year, and during August and December. Warm temperatures accompanied the wet weather during the spring planting season and helped boost growing season heat unit totals to near record levels in central and western Arizona. Early fall weather was warm and dry which provided excellent conditions for both finishing the crop and preparing the crop for harvest.
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Saffell, Cameron Lee. "Common roots of a new industry the introduction and expansion of cotton farming in the American West /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Shapiro, Erik-Anders 1956. "Cotton in Arizona: A historical geography". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291975.

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This thesis is a historical geography of cotton production in Arizona from the prehistoric Hohokam cotton farms to the large-scale agribusiness operations that dominate modern Arizona agriculture. The purpose is to chart the expansion and distribution of cotton production and identify important cultural, biological, and physical factors that have influenced cotton planting decisions and so contributed to the evolution of Arizona's commercial cotton production region. In a final analysis, the businesses that are backward- and forward-linked to the growers--such as banks, agricultural implement and agricultural chemical dealers, and cotton ginners and cottonseed processors--have more responsibility in the evolution and endurance of Arizona's cotton production region than do the growers.
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Worby, Eric. "Remaking labour, reshaping identity : cotton, commoditization and the culture of modernity in northwestern Zimbabwe". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39433.

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Until the 1960s, the Gokwe region of northwestern Zimbabwe was perceived as the wild, remote, and culturally backward domain of the "Shangwe" tribe. Since the introduction of small-holder cotton production in the 1960s, and the influx of immigrants from the south, it has been represented as a miracle of agrarian transformation, a frontier of commoditization, and more broadly, as an exemplar of the transition to modernity. In this thesis, I explore how alternative narratives of commoditization inform modes of state intervention, representations of ethnic difference, and forms of agrarian labour in Gokwe. Using my own ethnographic journey through Gokwe as a referent, I examine the different ways in which colonial maps, indigenous myths, and ritual exchanges variously locate relations of power, labour and identity in social space. Labour forms and commodity relations are continually remade as farmers, traders, ethnographers and administrators argue over the signs of modernity and its antitheses.
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Jackson, Brian Eugene. "Cotton gin compost as an alternative substrate for horticultural crop production". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/JACKSON_BRIAN_26.pdf.

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Ducamp, Fernando Arriaga Francisco J. "Effect of rye residue on soil properties and nitrogen fertiization of cotton". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1532.

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Ahmed, Sabah Kedar. "Yield, dry matter production, and nitrogen uptake of drip irrigated cotton". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191143.

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The study consisted of two experiments conducted over two growing seasons. Urea ammonium nitrate was used as a source of N at rates of 50, 75, 100 and 150% of levels estimated to be ideal for maximum yield of cotton (Gossvpium hirsutum L.). The nitrogen fertilizer was applied through a drip irrigation system. The yield of seed cotton, flowering pattern, boll set, plant N uptake, and dry matter production were studied in relation to four N fertilizer rates and two plant populations in the 1984 study. Yield of seed cotton, plant N uptake and dry matter production were studied in relation to four N rates, three seeding rates, and three cotton cultivars in the 1985 study. Petiole nitrate patterns were studied both seasons. The effect of N applications on seed cotton yield was dependent upon the initial soil N and the yield possibility. In this study the lower rate of N appeared to be sufficient for the yields obtained. Thinning resulted in reduction of the total number of flowers and significantly decreased yield, but percent boll set was not affected. Nitrogen additions significantly increased plant N uptake and dry matter production as well as petiole NO₃-N levels during the growing season. The N need of cotton under drip irrigation was determined throughout the growing season by using petiole analysis. The levels of petiole NO₃-N for N sufficiency and deficiency which are accepted under furrow irrigation cotton were shown to be applicable for drip irrigated cotton. Yield of DPL-775 and DPL-90 cotton cultivars was significantly higher than that for DPL-41 cotton cultivar in 1985.
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Książki na temat "Cotton growing"

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M, Munro John. Cotton. Wyd. 2. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1987.

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Schaefer, Lola M. Cotton plant to cotton shirt. Pelham, NY: Benchmark Education Co., 2001.

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J, Demol, Drion A, Faculté des sciences agronomiques de l'Etat (Gembloux, Belgium), Institut national pour l'étude et la recherche agronomique (Zaire) i Caisse de stabilisation cotonnière (Congo), red. Le cotonnier au Zaïre. Bruxelles: Administration générale de la coopération au développement, 1992.

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Giuliano, Benedetto, i Emilia J. Vinci. Cotton: Cultivation, varieties and uses. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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G, Kasʹi͡a︡nenko A., i Vserossiĭskiĭ institut rastenievodstva imeni N.I. Vavilova., red. Khlopkovodstvo Rossii: Istorii͡a︡ i perspektivy. Krasnodar: B/I, 1999.

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Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (Portugal), red. Manual do algodoeiro. Lisboa: Ministério da Ciência e da Tecnologia, Instituto de Investigação Cientif́ica Tropical, 1996.

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Sadykov, A. S. Khlopchatnik--chudo-rastenie. Moskva: "Nauka", 1985.

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Raymond, Pierre. Vida y muerte del algodón y los tejidos santandereanos: Historia económica y tecnológica de la desaparición del cultivo y de la industria casera del algodón. Wyd. 2. Bogotá, D.E., Colombia: Ecoe, 1987.

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Gordon, S., i You-lo Hsieh. Cotton: Science and technology. Cambridge: Woodhead, 2007.

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Silva, Paula Luciana da. A produção de algodão em Primavera do Leste e Campo Verde (MT): Uma investigação dos determinantes da eficiência técnica. Cuiabá, MT: EdUFMT, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Cotton growing"

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Lu, Zhao-zhi, Xue-yue Li, Wang-feng Zhang, Ju-yun Zheng, Fei Liang, De-song Yang, Jing-shan Tian, Gui-zhen Gao, June-duo Wang i Abid Ali. "Growing cotton in China." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 80–100. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0005.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the current status of cotton production in China and the genetic improvement and use of Bt transgenic cotton cultivars in the country. Some major insect pests, weeds and diseases of cotton in the country are presented and the efficacy of various methods used in their management are highlighted. Some information on the cultivar selection, cultivation methods, harvesting technologies and fibre quality characteristics of cotton in the country are also discussed.
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Matthews, Graham, i Paul Grundy. "Cotton growing in Australia." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 216–24. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0011.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the crop protection and pest management of cotton crops growing in Australia. It demonstrates how crucial crop protection is in achieving high yield of high quality cotton. It also shows how new technology will bring major changes in how cotton is grown in the future.
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Waghmare, V. N., M. V. Venugopalan, V. S. Nagrare, S. P. Gawande i D. T. Nagrale. "Cotton growing in India." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 30–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0003.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the production and consumption, government support policy, growing methods, water management, weed, insect pest and disease management and harvesting and ginning of cotton in India. Some future prospects to improve cotton production in the country are also discussed.
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Matthews, Graham. "Cotton growing along the Nile." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 113–28. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0007.

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Abstract This chapter provides information on the current status of cotton cultivation in Egypt and Sudan, the various insect pests and pathogens negatively affecting cotton production and the efficacy of some strategies in their management.
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Ochou, Germain Ochou, S. W. Avicor i G. A. Matthews. "Cotton growing in West Africa." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 185–215. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0010.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the cotton growing countries in West Africa, including Cote d' Ivore, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Senegal, Benin, Togo, Francophone West Africa, and Ghana. Crop protection, pest management, and crop production of cotton are discussed.
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Kabissa, Joe, Pius Elobu i Anthony Muriithi. "Cotton growing in East Africa." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 156–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0009.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the current state of, crop protection and pest management of cotton crops in East Africa (Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya). Marketing, increased value addition and job creation, and future outlook of cotton are also discussed.
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Can, Feza, Cafer Mart, Berkant Ödemiş i Yaşar Akişcan. "Cotton growing around the Mediterranean." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 245–63. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0013.

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Ali, Abid, Zeeshan Ahmed i Zheng Guo. "Cotton growing in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 53–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0004.

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Abstract This chapter provides information on the history of the cotton industry in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The various insect pests and disease affecting cotton production in these countries are discussed and the efficacy of some strategies in the management of these pests and diseases are presented.
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Ali, Muhammad Arif, Fariha Ilyas, Subhan Danish, Ghulam Mustafa, Niaz Ahmed, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Arshad i Shakeel Ahmad. "Soil Management and Tillage Practices for Growing Cotton Crop". W Cotton Production and Uses, 9–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1472-2_2.

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Vieira, Simone Silva, i Graham Matthews. "Cotton growing in South America and the Caribbean." W Pest management in cotton: a global perspective, 225–44. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620216.0012.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on crop production, crop protection and pest management of cotton crops in South America (Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador) and Caribbean.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Cotton growing"

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Feng, Zekai, Gaobi Kang, Fanguo Zeng i Xuejun Yue. "Identification of Cotton Growing Stage Based on Faster-RCNN". W 2021 IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipccc51483.2021.9679423.

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Zhao, Tianjie, Lixin Zhang, Rajat Bindlish, Jiancheng Shi, Lingmei Jiang, Yunqing Li, Shaojie Zhao, Tao Zhang i Xinxin Li. "Estimating vegetation water content during a growing season of cotton". W IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049249.

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Matyakubov, Bakhtiyar, Dilmurod Nurov, Makhliyo Radjabova i Shakhzodjon Fozilov. "Application of drip irrigation technology for growing cotton in Bukhara region". W 2021 ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091186.

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Bataeva, Yulya, Damelya Magzanova, Adelia Baimukhambetova, Lilit Grigoryan i Daria Vilkova. "Influence of Bacillus megaterium to promote growing of cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)". W "The Caspian in the Digital Age" within the framework of the International Scientific Forum "Caspian 2021: Ways of Sustainable Development". Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.momz3523.

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The article presents the results of studying the influence of Bacillus megaterium on the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum cotton plant in the field conditions of the Astrakhan Region. In the wild plants have to cope with several adverse environmental conditions, such as water scarcity, high salt concentrations in the soil, extreme temperatures, nutrient deficiencies and pathogen attacks. However, plants can interact with several soil microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which make the plant more resistant to such stresses. Bacillus-based products represent the most important class of microbial products for phytosanitary use available on the market. Field studies and microbiological analysis of the soil were carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Horticulture and Melon Growing (VNIIOB) and Astrakhan State University. To compare the results, in the experiment the chemical mineral fertilizer Amofoska was used in the concentration of the working solution. Distilled water was used as a control substance. The weight of the crop was calculated at the end of the vegetation season. The research revealed that Bacillus megaterium has growth-promoting effect on cotton culture. Germination of seeds treated with bacillus was 96%. Plant biometrics indicate that plants treated with bacillus show the highest values in terms of leaf weight, leaf area and root length relative to the control. Thus, the number of buds and flowers increased by 5.1 and 3.1 pieces in comparison to the control sample and the one treated with mineral fertilizer, respectively. The length of the root also increased by 9.8 and 2.4 cm. The weight of cotton treated with bacillus exceeds the control variant by 46 g. and mineral fertilizer by 48.4 g, respectively. When abundantly poured for the second time, this indicator exceeded the weight of the control sample by 8 g and after treatment with mineral fertilizer - by 32 g.
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Stathakos Theodore i Theofanis Gemtos. "Comparison of Cotton Growing in Flat Field in Ridges and Under Plastic Cover". W 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9693.

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Abdazimov, Anvar, Takhirjan Pulatov i Kholikulov Odiljon. "Conceptual principles for developing a universal energy source for the cotton growing zone". W III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONFERENCE “ACTUAL ISSUES OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS” (ICAIPSS2023). AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0218792.

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Камбаров, Бахтиёр Акбаралиевич, i Сардор Алишерович Абдуллаев. "THE FRONT AXLE PROVIDING THE NECESSARY AGROTECHNICAL CLEARANCE FOR A COTTON-GROWING 4K4 ROW TRACTOR". W Science. Research. Practice (Наука. Исследования. Практика): сборник статей LXX International scientific conference (Санкт-Петербург, Июнь 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230616.2023.24.94.004.

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В статье приведены результаты исследований абрисных характеристик переднего моста портального типа с целью достижения агротехнического просвета, обеспечивающего перспективному четырёхколёсному пропашному трактору удовлетворительные показатели по агротехнической вписываемости в междурядья хлопчатника. The article presents the results of studies of the outline characteristics of the portal-type front axle in order to achieve an agrotechnical clearance that provides a promising four-wheeled tractor with satisfactory indicators of agrotechnical fit into the rows of cotton.
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Ashirbekov, Mukhtar Zh. "NTENSIFICATION AND INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FODDER FIELDS IN THE COTTON-SEEDING REGIONS OF SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN". W Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-203.

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The article indicates the year-round use of an irrigated hectare in the conditions of cotton-growing zones of southern Kazakhstan by sowing complex four-component mixtures of winter catch crops and after them harvesting, again sowing soybeans for grain, which significantly increases the yield of fodder, also increases the protein content and improves the quality of fodder.
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HORSKA, Elena, Alim PULATOV i Khabibullo PIRMATOV. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF VALUE ADDED AGRICULTURE IN UZBEKISTAN". W RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.213.

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The goal of this paper is to analyse socio-economic role of value added agriculture in Uzbekistan. The main agricultural exports are cotton (raw and yarn), fruits, vegetables, leather, wool and fur. There is an opportunity to acquire more social and economic advantages by exporting finished goods, which are made out of primary agricultural commodities. Adding value to agricultural products lead to increasing the share of finished goods in export, supplying import-substituting products, improving infrastructure in rural areas, providing new jobs and growing people’s income. The paper presents the analyse of the agriculture sector in GDP and the production dynamics of the primary agricultural commodities during 2005-2014, as well as comparison the share of cotton, fruits, vegetables and leather in export in 2005 and 2014. Based on the analyses it is recommended to widely use value added agriculture in order to support people, who are living in rural areas in Uzbekistan.
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Murali Krishna, B., i J. M. Mallikarjuna. "Renewable Biodiesel From CSO: A Fuel Option for Diesel Engines". W ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99051.

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The petroleum-based fuels are limited reserve fuels, with our present known reserves and the growing rate of consumption, it is feared that they are not going to last long. These finite resources of petroleum and highly concentrated in certain regions of the world has given rise to frequent disruptions and uncertainties in its supply and as well as price. This situation has created a problem to increase the prices of these oils. The growing dependence on oil has created great scarcities and hardships with serious economic imbalance. A part from the problem of fast vanishing reserves, Petroleum fueled vehicles discharge significant amount of pollutants. In view of these problems attempts must be made to develop the technology of alternate clean burning fuels. The alternative, which satisfies all these requirements, is bio-diesel. Bio-diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat, by converting the triglyceride oils to methyl (or ethyl) esters with a process known as transesterification. Bio-fuels are important now and offer increase in potential for the future. This paper consists two phases. The phase one dealt with preparation of bio-diesel from Cotton Seed Oil (C.S.O), which is available at cheaper price, as it is byproduct from cotton industries. Its properties were determined experimentally and compared with the conventional diesel fuel. The second phase dealt with conduction of experiments on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection Diesel Engine without modifications at constant speed 1500 rpm for various loads using 100% bio-diesel and conventional diesel fuel. It noticed that, the performance of the engine is not severely deviated by the substituted renewable biodiesel inaddition considerable decrease in smoke level. It is concluding that the biodiesel is superior fuel from the environmental and performance point of view, addition to this reducing the import of oil and consequentially improving energy security as a renewable alternate fuel.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Cotton growing"

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Burbano Figueroa, Oscar, Milena Moreno Moran, Lorena Osorio Almanza, Karen Montes Mercado, Enrique Vergara, Maria Del Valle Rodriguez Pinto, Keyra Salazar i Everto Mosquera. Identification of resistance to ramulosis caused by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides in cotton advanced breeding lines and monitoring of ramulosis disease by RGB-image analysis. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.informe.2016.2.

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Identification of resistance to ramulosis caused by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides in cotton advanced breeding lines and monitoring of ramulosis disease by RGB-image analysis Abstract Cotton growing regions in South America are affected by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Cgc). The most severe epidemics provokes considerable yield reductions linked to meristem necrosis, oversprouting, excessive branching and stunting (Figure 1). The Sinu Valley is a major cotton producer in Colombia and is heavily affected by this disease. Rainfall was identified as the main driver of ramulosis development in the Sinu Valley prevailing in crops planted at the beginning of the main rainy season (Figure 2). Fifty five advanced breeding lines (ABLs) were assessed by ramulosis field resistance. Nine ABLs exhibited high levels of partial resistance (< 10% of plants exhibiting oversprouting). With the aim to optimize disease assessing accuracy and breeding efforts for ramulosis resistance, we had evaluated the use of red-green-blue (RGB) based indices for automated assessment of ramulosis disease. Eleven cultivars exhibiting contrasting level of ramulosis resistance were grown and photographed at different phenological stages. RGB indices extracted by Breedpix software from these plot images were compared with visual assessment of plant disease severity. The RGB indices Hue, Saturation, b, and v measured ten weeks after planting (boll opening) were correlated with accumulated disease severity and oversprouting (estimated as the area under the disease progress stairs). Oversprouting exhibited the higher correlation coefficients (r = 0.60,-0.65,-0.65,-0.60 and 0.54, P < 0.001). Additionally, destructive sampling across phenological development showed that green area (GA) has a positive correlation with total fresh biomass, leaf area index, leaf fresh biomass and green cover (GC) (r = 0.65, 0.60, 0.70 and 0.95, P < 0.001). RGB-based indices are appropriate predictors of cotton growth and ramulosis severity and a cost effective tool for cotton phenotyping based on automation of RGB-images assessment and affordable cost of RGB-cameras
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Shtienberg, Dan, William Fry, Amos Dinoor, Thomas Zitter i Uzi Kafkafi. Reduction in Pesticide Use in Plant Disease Control by Integration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Factors. United States Department of Agriculture, maj 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613027.bard.

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The long term goal of this research project was to improve control efficiency of Alternaria diseases while reducing fungicide use, by integration of chemical and non-chemical factors. Non-chemical factors were genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fertilizers. The Specific objectives were: 1) To quantify changes in resistance among genotypes and over time in terms of disease development and specific phases of the disease cycle; 2) To quantify the effects of fertilizers applied to the foliage alone, or in combination with a fungicide, on disease development; 3) To quantify the relative contribution of genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fungicide type to the reduction of disease development; 4) To develop a strategy for integration of chemical and non-chemical factors which will achieve optimal disease suppression. The influence of physiological age of cotton plants and of the individual leaves, on disease incidence and on the rate of lesion expansion of A. macrospora was examined on leaves sampled from the field. Both parameters increased with the physiological age of individual leaves but were not affected by the age of the whole plant. The hypothesis that enrichment of the foliage with nitrogen and potassium may enhance host resistance to Alternaria and thus reduce disease severity, was examined for potato and tomato (A. solani ) and for cotton (A. macrospora ). Under controlled environment conditions, application of urea or KNO3 resulted in some reduction in disease development; however, foliar application of both nutrients (8-10 sprays in total) did not affect Alternaria severity in the field. Systemic fungicides against Alternaria (e.g. , tebuconazole and difenoconazole) are more effective than the commonly used protectant fungicides (e.g. mancozeb and chlorothalonil). Concepts for the integration of genotype resistance, age-related resistances and fungicide for the suppression of Alternaria diseases were developed and evaluated. It was found that reduction in host resistance, with age and among genotypes, can be compensated for by adjusting the intensity of fungicide applications, i.e. by increasing the frequency of sprays and by spraying systemic fungicides towards the end of the season. In, moderately resistant cultivars protection can be achieved by spraying at longer intervals than susceptible cultivars. The concepts for integration were evaluated in field trials for cotton, potatoes and tomatoes. By following these concepts it was possible to save up to five sprays out of 8-10 in a growing season.
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Hunter, Martha S., i Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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MacDonald, James D., Aharon Abeliovich, Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar, David Faiman i John Kabshima. Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568092.bard.

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The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.
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Paterson, Andrew H., Yehoshua Saranga i Dan Yakir. Improving Productivity of Cotton (Gossypsum spp.) in Arid Region Agriculture: An Integrated Physiological/Genetic Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573066.bard.

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Objectives: We seek to establish the basis for improving cotton productivity under arid conditions, by studying the water use efficiency - evaporative cooling interrelationship. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that cotton productivity under arid conditions can be improved by combining high seasonal WUE with efficient evaporative cooling, evaluate whether high WUE and/or evaporative cooling are based on specific physiological factors such as diurnal flexibility in stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status. Genes influencing both WUE and evaporative cooling, as well as other parameters such as economic products (lint yield, quality, harvest index) of cotton will also be mapped, in order to evaluate influences of water relations on these parameters. Approach: Carbon isotope ratio will be used to evaluate WUE, accompanied by additional parameters to elucidate the relationship between WUE, evaporative cooling, and cotton productivity. A detailed RFLP map will be used to determine the number, location, and phenotypic effects of genes underlying genetic variation in WUE between cultivated cottons, as well as test associations of these genes with traits of economic importance such as harvest index, lint yield, and lint quality. Major Conclusions: Productivity and quality of cotton grown under well-watered versus water-limited conditions was shown to be partly accounted for by different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Among a suite of physiological traits often found to differ between genotypes adapted to arid versus well-watered conditions, genetic mapping implicated only reduced plant osmotic potential in improved cotton productivity under arid conditions. Our findings clearly implicate OP as a major component of cotton adaptation to arid conditions. However, testing of further physiological hypotheses is clearly needed to account for additional QTL alleles conferring higher seed-cotton yield under arid conditions, such as three of the five we found. Near-isogenic lines being made for QTLs discovered herein will offer a powerful new tool useful toward identification of the underlying gene(s) by using fine-scale mapping approaches (Paterson et al 1990). Implications: Adaptation to both arid and favorable conditions can be combined into the same genotype. We have identified diagnostic DNA markers that are being applied to creation of such desirable genotypes. Simultaneous improvement of productivity (and/or quality) for both arid and irrigated conditions will require more extensive field testing and the manipulation of larger numbers of genes, reducing the expected rate of genetic gain These difficulties may be at least partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers. Genomic tools and approaches may expedite adaptation of crops to arid cultivation, help to test roles of additional physiological factors, and guide the isolation of the underlying genes that protect crop performance under arid conditions.
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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola i Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.
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Granot, David, Scott Holaday i Randy D. Allen. Enhancing Cotton Fiber Elongation and Cellulose Synthesis by Manipulating Fructokinase Activity. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613878.bard.

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a. Objectives (a) Identification and characterization of the cotton fiber FRKs; (b) Generating transgenic cotton plants overproducing either substrate inhibited tomato FRK or tomato FRK without substrate inhibition; (c) Generating transgenic cotton plants with RNAi suppression of fiber expressed FRKs; (d) Generating Arabidopsis plants that over express FRK1, FRK2, or both genes, as additional means to assess the contribution of FRK to cellulose synthesis and biomass production. b. Background to the topic: Cellulose synthesis and fiber elongation are dependent on sugar metabolism. Previous results suggested that FRKs (fructokinase enzymes that specifically phosphorylate fructose) are major players in sugar metabolism and cellulose synthesis. We therefore hypothesized that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber elongation and cellulose synthesis in cotton plants. Accordinlgy, the objectives of this research were: c. Major conclusions and achievements: Two cotton FRKs expressed in fibers, GhFRK2 and GhFRK3, were cloned and characterized. We found that GhFRK2 enzyme is located in the cytosol and GhFRK3 is located within plastids. Both enzymes enable growth on fructose (but not on glucose) of hexose kinase deficient yeast strain, confirming the fructokinase activity of the cloned genes. RNAi constructs with each gene were prepared and sent to the US collaborator to generate cotton plants with RNAi suppression of these genes. To examine the effect of FRKs using Arabidopsis plants we generated transgenic plants expressing either LeFRK1 or LeFRK2 at high level. No visible phenotype has been observed. Yet, plants expressing both genes simultaneously are being created and will be tested. To test our hypothesis that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber cellulose synthesis, we generated twenty independent transgenic cotton plant lines overexpressing Lycopersicon (Le) FRK1. Transgene expression was high in leaves and moderate in developing fiber, but enhanced FRK activity in fibers was inconsistent between experiments. Some lines exhibited a 9-11% enhancement of fiber length or strength, but only one line tested had consistent improvement in fiber strength that correlated with elevated FRK activity in the fibers. However, in one experiment, seed cotton mass was improved in all transgenic lines and correlated with enhanced FRK activity in fibers. When greenhouse plants were subjected to severe drought during flowering and boll development, no genotypic differences in fiber quality were noted. Seed cotton mass was improved for two transgenic lines but did not correlate with fiber FRK activity. We conclude that LeFRK1 over-expression in fibers has only a small effect on fiber quality, and any positive effects depend on optimum conditions. The improvement in productivity for greenhouse plants may have been due to better structural development of the water-conducting tissue (xylem) of the stem, since stem diameters were larger for some lines and the activity of FRK in the outer xylem greater than observed for wild-type plants. We are testing this idea and developing other transgenic cotton plants to understand the roles of FRK in fiber and xylem development. We see the potential to develop a cotton plant with improved stem strength and productivity under drought for windy, semi-arid regions where cotton is grown. d. Implications, scientific and agricultural: FRKs are probably bottle neck enzymes for biomass and wood synthesis and their increased expression has the potential to enhance wood and biomass production, not only in cotton plants but also in other feed and energy renewable plants.
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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts i Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, marzec 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.

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For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.
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