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Sjögren, David. "Kärleksfullt tilltal, kvarsittning eller kroppsaga: En modellgenererande undersökning om korrektionsmedel i 1800-talets folkskolereglementen". Nordic Journal of Educational History 5, nr 2 (17.12.2018): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v5i2.117.
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Compassionate Corrections, Detention or Corporal Punishment: A Model-Generating Study on Correctional Methods in Nineteenth Century Comprehensive School BylawsThis article aims to develop a systematising model to analyse correction and punishment in the nineteenth century elementary school in Sweden. The model is used to identify and compare the different forms of correction, to systematise mutual relationships between milder corrections and more harsh punishments, and to find patterns between faults and correction. The model is also used to systematically identify how expressions about correction and punishment change over time. The model is developed on the basis of normative material, which regulated how to maintain order in classrooms.
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Carrasquillo, Pedro. "Correcting, Corrections". JCSCORE 8, nr 1 (6.06.2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2642-2387.2022.8.1.15-19.
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Everything I am writing is from personal experiences, watching the news, and hearing staff at numerous facilities. I was not able to do any research at the facility library or through assistance from the education program/school due to the short staff. I had to write something. Hopefully, it can be for some use, all I want is to provide some info to try to help my fellow inmates because things are becoming worst in prison and in society.
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DeMichele, Matthew. "Studying the community corrections field: Applying neo-institutional theories to a hidden element of mass social control". Theoretical Criminology 18, nr 4 (18.03.2014): 546–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480614526276.
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The growth in US incarcerated populations has produced unintended negative consequences for other justice system agencies. The community corrections field is faced with two related problems stemming from prison growth: (1) significant growth in populations under supervision and (2) populations with higher needs for service. I apply a theoretical framework adapted from organizational sociological research to address change and stasis as isomorphic processes. Criminologists rarely situate the community corrections field within broader theoretical perspectives. Instead, correctional researchers have studied the emergence, adjustment, and use of prisons in modern society, with community supervision considered a part of institutional corrections. I argue that contemporary explanations for correction policies need to be refined to account for specific trends within the community corrections field.
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Hisaki, Yukiharu. "Sea Surface Wind Correction Using HF Ocean Radar and Its Impact on Coastal Wave Prediction". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, nr 9 (wrzesień 2017): 2001–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0249.1.
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AbstractBoth wind speeds and wind directions are important for predicting wave heights near complex coastal areas, such as small islands, because the fetch is sensitive to the wind direction. High-frequency (HF) radar can be used to estimate sea surface wind directions from first-order scattering. A simple method is proposed to correct sea surface wind vectors from reanalysis data using the wind directions estimated from HF radar. The constraints for wind speed corrections are that the corrections are small and that the corrections of horizontal divergences are small. A simple algorithm for solving the solution that minimizes the weighted sum of the constraints is developed. Another simple method is proposed to correct sea surface wind vectors. The constraints of the method are that corrections of wind vectors and horizontal divergences from the reanalysis wind vectors are small and that the projection of the corrected wind vectors to the direction orthogonal to the HF radar–estimated wind direction is small. The impact of wind correction on wave parameter prediction is large in the area in which the fetch is sensitive to wind direction. The accuracy of the wave prediction is improved by correcting the wind in that area, where correction of wind direction is more important than correction of wind speeds for the improvement. This method could be used for near-real-time wave monitoring by correcting forecast winds using HF radar data.
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Малолеткина, Наталья Сергеевна. "COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS IN THE LIST OF THE MAIN CORRECTIONAL MEANS FOR CONVICTS: SOME ASPECTS". Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, nr 3(44) (11.10.2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.44.3.008.
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В статье рассматривается ряд теоретических проблем общественного воздействия как средства исправления осужденных (его содержание, субъекты осуществления, соотношение с другими средствами исправления и пр.) и недостатков правовой основы данного института. Приводятся практические примеры осуществления общественного воздействия в отношении осужденных к лишению свободы. Делается вывод, что общественное воздействие при ненадлежащем законодательном регулировании представляет собой важнейшее средство исправления осужденных (наряду с режимом), которое с учетом разносторонности субъектов его осуществления имеет многообразное содержание и фактически отчасти дублирует другие средства исправления. The article examines a number of theoretical problems of community corrections as a means of correcting convicts (its content, subjects of implementation, correlation with other means of correction, etc.) and the shortcomings of the legal basis of this institution. Practical examples of the community corrections implementation in relation to persons sentenced to imprisonment are given. It is concluded that community corrections with improper legislative regulation is the most important means of correcting convicts (along with the regime), which, taking into account the versatility of the subjects of its implementation, has a diverse content and in fact partially duplicates other means of correction.
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Kubota, Mariko. "Spelling correction strategies employed by learners of Japanese". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 28, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.28.1.05kub.
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Abstract This article analyzes the self-correction of spelling by learners of intermediate Japanese. Participants in this study consisted of 20 students with kanji (Chinese characters) background and 43 without. This study investigates (1) types of spelling errors made; (2) the success rate of corrections made when codes for types of errors (error-codes) were given; (3) strategies used for correcting spelling errors; (4) reasons for a failure to correct errors; and (5) measures for further improvement in correction rates. Three methods, including ‘think-aloud’, observation notes, and the writing of an essay before and after corrections, were used as research tools. The findings show a high rate of success in the self-correction strategies. The errors made by the students may be attributed to a number of different causes. On the basis of the findings, this article puts forth the following suggestions, among others: the provision of increased time for corrections, of more detailed instruction in kanji, and of correct pronunciation instruction; increased practice in the use of dictionaries; and improved codes to indicate types of errors.
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Heyman, Tom, i Anne-Sofie Maerten. "Correction notices in psychology: impactful or inconsequential?" Royal Society Open Science 7, nr 10 (październik 2020): 200834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200834.
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Science is self-correcting, or so the adage goes, but to what extent is that indeed the case? Answering this question requires careful consideration of the various approaches to achieve the collective goal of self-correction. One of the most straightforward mechanisms is individual self-correction: researchers rectifying their own mistakes by publishing a correction notice. Although it offers an efficient route to correcting the scientific record, it has received little to no attention from a metascientific point of view. We aim to fill this void by analysing the content of correction notices published from 2010 until 2018 in the three psychology journals featuring the highest number of corrections over that timespan based on the Scopus database (i.e. Psychological Science with N = 58, Frontiers in Psychology with N = 99 and Journal of Affective Disorders with N = 57). More concretely, we examined which aspects of the original papers were affected (e.g. hypotheses, data-analyses, metadata such as author order, affiliations, funding information etc.) as well as the perceived implications for the papers’ main findings. Our exploratory analyses showed that many corrections involved inconsequential errors. Furthermore, authors rarely revised their conclusions, even though several corrections concerned changes to the results. We conclude with a discussion of current policies, and suggest ways to improve upon the present situation by (i) preventing mistakes, and (ii) transparently rectifying those mistakes that do find their way into the literature.
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Tucker, William H. "Correcting the Corrections". Psychological Reports 84, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.457.
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This article is a comment on recent statements that the work of early IQ testers and other scientists has been distorted. It also argues that the Pioneer Fund, a major source of support for studies of racial differences, should release the full record of its grants to support statements made about the fund's purpose and history.
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Berg, Axel, i Michael R. Smith. "Correcting Cuneo's ‘Corrections’". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 21, nr 1 (14.07.2008): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1984.tb01285.x.
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Allerup, P., i H. Madsen. "On the Correction of Liquid Precipitation". Hydrology Research 17, nr 4-5 (1.08.1986): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0016.
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The paper discusses a bi-linear statistical model for correcting aerodynamic errors, earlier presented by Allerup and Madsen, 1980. Further data from Finland, USA and Australia testing the model will be presented. A simplification of the bi-linear model in order to cover different gauge types and varying measuring levels will be demonstrated. The simplification will extend the applicability of the correction model when implemented into automatic correction systems. The paper will discuss the problems of fit by the simplified model and attention will be given to physical interpretation of the mathematical structure in the model. Besides aerodynamic errors, wetting losses influence the correction values. It will be demonstrated how these effects cause too large corrections for small amounts of precipitation and too small corrections for large amounts.
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Schultz, Craig A., Stephen C. Myers, James Hipp i Christopher J. Young. "Nonstationary Bayesian kriging: A predictive technique to generate spatial corrections for seismic detection, location, and identification". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, nr 5 (1.10.1998): 1275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880051275.
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Abstract Seismic characterization works to improve the detection, location, and identification of seismic events by correcting for inaccuracies in geophysical models. These inaccuracies are caused by inherent averaging in the model, and, as a result, exact data values cannot be directly recovered at a point in the model. Seismic characterization involves cataloging reference events so that inaccuracies in the model can be mapped at these points and true data values can be retained through a correction. Application of these corrections to a new event requires the accurate prediction of the correction value at a point that is near but not necessarily coincident with the reference events. Given that these reference events can be sparsely distributed geographically, both interpolation and extrapolation of corrections to the new point are required. In this study, we develop a closed-form representation of Bayesian kriging (linear prediction) that incorporates variable spatial damping. The result is a robust nonstationary algorithm for spatially interpolating geophysical corrections. This algorithm extends local trends when data coverage is good and allows for damping (blending) to an a priori background mean when data coverage is poor. Benchmark tests show that the technique gives reliable predictions of the correction value along with an appropriate uncertainty estimate. Tests with travel-time residual data demonstrate that combining variable damping with an azimuthal coverage criterion reduces the large errors that occur with more classical linear prediction techniques, especially when values are extrapolated in poor coverage regions. In the travel-time correction case, this technique generates both seismic corrections along with uncertainties and can properly incorporate model error in the final location estimate. Results favor the applicability of this nonstationary algorithm to other types of seismic corrections such as amplitude and attenuation measures.
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DinparastDjadid, Azadeh, John D. Lee, Chris Schwarz, Timothy L. Brown i Pujitha Gunaratne. "Understanding Drivers’ Steering Behavior: Chain And One-Time Corrections". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, nr 1 (wrzesień 2018): 1858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621423.
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Drivers’ steering adjustments can be categorized into one-time and chain corrections. One-time corrections lead to no further steering corrections for a minimum of one second, while chain corrections have at least two consecutive steering actions. Chain corrections represent a novel indicator of steering instability. Evolving vehicle dynamics along with drivers’ state and situational factors can cause these different correction types. In a driving simulator study, drivers’ experienced different roadway widths with and without distraction. The results show that higher steering wheel angle values at the beginning or end of a correction lead to chain corrections and the duration of these corrections tends to be shorter than adjustments not leading to chain corrections. Exploring the underlying causes of different corrections can guide efforts to model drivers’ control actions in recovering from distractions and in taking over control during automation failures.
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Shabbott, Britne A., i Robert L. Sainburg. "Differentiating Between Two Models of Motor Lateralization". Journal of Neurophysiology 100, nr 2 (sierpień 2008): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90349.2008.
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This study was designed to differentiate between two models of motor lateralization: “feedback corrections” and dynamic dominance. Whereas the feedback correction hypothesis suggests that handedness reflects a dominant hemisphere advantage for visual-mediated correction processes, dynamic dominance proposes that each hemisphere has become specialized for distinct aspects of control. This model suggests that the dominant hemisphere is specialized for controlling task dynamics, as required for coordinating efficient trajectories, and the nondominant hemisphere is specialized for controlling limb impedance, as required for maintaining stable postures. To differentiate between these two models, we examined whether visuomotor corrections are mediated differently for the nondominant and dominant arms. Participants performed targeted reaches in a virtual reality environment in which visuomotor rotations occurred in two directions that elicited corrections with different coordination requirements. The feedback correction model predicts a dominant arm advantage for the timing and accuracy of corrections in both directions. Dynamic dominance predicts that correction timing and accuracy will be similar for both arms, but that interlimb differences in the quality of corrections will depend on the coordination requirements, and thus, direction of corrections. Our results indicated that correction time and accuracy did not depend on arm. However, correction quality, as reflected by trajectory curvature, depended on both arm and rotation direction. Nondominant trajectories were systematically more curvilinear than dominant trajectories for corrections with the highest coordination requirement. These results support the dynamic dominance hypothesis.
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Dupont, Jean-Charles, Martial Haeffelin, Jordi Badosa, Gaelle Clain, Christophe Raux i Damien Vignelles. "Characterization and Corrections of Relative Humidity Measurement from Meteomodem M10 Radiosondes at Midlatitude Stations". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, nr 5 (maj 2020): 857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0205.1.
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AbstractMeasurement of water vapor or humidity in the atmosphere is fundamental for many applications. Relative humidity measurements with a capacitive sensor in radiosondes are affected by several factors that need to be assessed and corrected. This work aims to address corrections for the main effects for the Meteomodem M10 radiosonde as a step to meet the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) requirements. The considered corrections are 1) the calibration correction; 2) a slow regime due to the slow diffusion of molecules through the sensor, especially at very high and very low relative humidity conditions; 3) the relative humidity sensor dependence on the gradient of temperature; and 4) the time lag at cold temperatures, which affects measurements in regions of strong relative humidity gradients. These corrections were tested for 26 nighttime and 25 daytime radiosondes in two midlatitude locations for which both Meteomodem M10 and Vaisala RS92 measurements were available. The results show that, after correcting for the four effects, M10 relative humidity measurements are, on average, consistent with the Vaisala RS92 relative humidity values within 2% RH at all altitudes for the nighttime launches (against 6% RH before the correction) and within 5% RH at all altitudes for the daytime launches (against 9% RH before the correction).
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Sevy, Bruce A. "The Concurrent Validity of the Correctional Officers' Interest Blank". Public Personnel Management 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 1988): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608801700204.
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The fairness and criterion-related validity of the Correctional Officers' Interest Blank as a predictor of rated job performance was investigated for three county-level corrections-related jobs: correction officers, juvenile counselors, and probation officers. Validity for corrections officers was considerably below that reported in the test manual (Gough, 1982). Criterion unreliability and range restriction in COIB scores were ruled out as explanations of the lower validity. Combining all available data yields an estimated validity of .27 for the COIB as a predictor of the job performance of corrections officers. The COIB is only weakly related to the job performance of juvenile counselors and has no relationship to the performance of probation officers. Analyses based upon the Cleary model (1968) indicate that the COIB fairly predicts the performance of minority and majority corrections officers and juvenile counselors. Further analyses indicate, however, that to avoid adverse impact the passing score for the COIB has to be set so low as to seriously reduce its effectiveness as a selection tool.
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Cogbill, Allen H. "Gravity terrain corrections calculated using digital elevation models". GEOPHYSICS 55, nr 1 (styczeń 1990): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442762.
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Corrections for terrain effects are required for virtually all gravity measurements acquired in mountainous areas, as well as for high‐precision surveys, even in areas of low relief. Terrain corrections are normally divided into two parts, one part being the correction for terrain relatively close to the gravity station (the “inner‐zone” correction) and the other part being the correction for more distant, say, >2 km, terrain. The latter correction is normally calculated using a machine procedure that accesses a digital‐terrain data set. The corrections for terrain very close to the gravity station are done manually using Hammer’s (1939) procedures or a similar method, are guessed in the field, or simply are neglected. Occasionally, special correction procedures are used for the inner‐zone terrain corrections (e.g., LaFehr et al., 1988); but such instances are uncommon.
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Mathioudakis, K. "Gas Turbine Test Parameters Corrections Including Operation With Water Injection". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, nr 2 (1.04.2004): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691443.
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Methods for correcting data from gas turbine acceptance testing are discussed, focusing on matters which are not sufficiently covered by existing standards. First a brief outline is presented of the reasoning on which correction curves are based. Typical performance correction curves are shown together with the method of calculating mass flow rate and turbine inlet temperature from test data. A procedure for verifying guarantee data at a specific operating point is then given. Operation with water injection is then considered. Ways of correcting performance data are proposed, and the reasoning of following such a procedure is discussed. Corrections for water amount as well as power and efficiency are discussed. Data from actual gas turbine testing are used to demonstrate how the proposed procedure can be applied in actual cases of acceptance testing.
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Danforth, Christopher M., Eugenia Kalnay i Takemasa Miyoshi. "Estimating and Correcting Global Weather Model Error". Monthly Weather Review 135, nr 2 (1.02.2007): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3289.1.
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Abstract The purpose of the present study is to explore the feasibility of estimating and correcting systematic model errors using a simple and efficient procedure, inspired by papers by Leith as well as DelSole and Hou, that could be applied operationally, and to compare the impact of correcting the model integration with statistical corrections performed a posteriori. An elementary data assimilation scheme (Newtonian relaxation) is used to compare two simple but realistic global models, one quasigeostrophic and one based on the primitive equations, to the NCEP reanalysis (approximating the real atmosphere). The 6-h analysis corrections are separated into the model bias (obtained by time averaging the errors over several years), the periodic (seasonal and diurnal) component of the errors, and the nonperiodic errors. An estimate of the systematic component of the nonperiodic errors linearly dependent on the anomalous state is generated. Forecasts corrected during model integration with a seasonally dependent estimate of the bias remain useful longer than forecasts corrected a posteriori. The diurnal correction (based on the leading EOFs of the analysis corrections) is also successful. State-dependent corrections using the full-dimensional Leith scheme and several years of training actually make the forecasts worse due to sampling errors in the estimation of the covariance. A sparse approximation of the Leith covariance is derived using univariate and spatially localized covariances. The sparse Leith covariance results in small regional improvements, but is still computationally prohibitive. Finally, singular value decomposition is used to obtain the coupled components of the correction and forecast anomalies during the training period. The corresponding heterogeneous correlation maps are used to estimate and correct by regression the state-dependent errors during the model integration. Although the global impact of this computationally efficient method is small, it succeeds in reducing state-dependent model systematic errors in regions where they are large. The method requires only a time series of analysis corrections to estimate the error covariance and uses negligible additional computation during a forecast. As a result, it should be suitable for operational use at relatively small computational expense.
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Levonian, Raluca-Mihaela. "What does ‘emergency’ mean?" Language and Dialogue 7, nr 2 (16.10.2017): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.7.2.04lev.
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Abstract This article analyzes political interviews, focusing on the corrections made by the interviewees in their answers, from a comparative perspective. The data included both Romanian and Italian language interviews, published in print and online media. Two criteria for the classification of corrections have been identified, one regarding the target of the correction and one regarding the form in which the correction is made. The results show that content-oriented corrections are the most frequent type in both corpora, while mitigated corrections appeared more often in the Italian corpus than in the Romanian one. The politicians interviewed use corrections in order to reject the interviewer’s stance and to demonstrate a better understanding or knowledge of the topic discussed.
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Suzuki, Hirofumi, Hiroaki Iwashita, Takuya Takagi, Keisuke Goto, Yuta Fujishige i Satoshi Hara. "Explainable and Local Correction of Classification Models Using Decision Trees". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, nr 8 (28.06.2022): 8404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i8.20816.
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In practical machine learning, models are frequently updated, or corrected, to adapt to new datasets. In this study, we pose two challenges to model correction. First, the effects of corrections to the end-users need to be described explicitly, similar to standard software where the corrections are described as release notes. Second, the amount of corrections need to be small so that the corrected models perform similarly to the old models. In this study, we propose the first model correction method for classification models that resolves these two challenges. Our idea is to use an additional decision tree to correct the output of the old models. Thanks to the explainability of decision trees, the corrections are describable to the end-users, which resolves the first challenge. We resolve the second challenge by incorporating the amount of corrections when training the additional decision tree so that the effects of corrections to be small. Experiments on real data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to existing correction methods.
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Hoang, Tuan G., Peter Behrenbruch i Phil Do Huu. "Correction of laboratory gas permeability measurements using Klinkenberg-type correction models". APPEA Journal 57, nr 1 (2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16064.
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Routine laboratory permeability measurements require both overburden correction and in the case of lower permeability gas measurements also Klinkenberg-type correction, accounting for slippage of gas when flowing through a porous medium. These corrections are necessary for obtaining representative permeability values for dynamic simulation. The objective of this paper is to determine the most suitable technique for determining representative, equivalent reservoir permeability. Laboratory permeability is routinely measured using different types of gases, most often helium and air, less often liquid. Single phase permeability measurements should be independent of the measuring fluid. However, laboratory permeability measurements using gas tend to overestimate sample permeability due to gas slippage. This effect was first reported by Klinkenberg (1941). Influencing factors are type of gas, mean experimental pressure and rock properties. The so called ‘Square-root model’ (Florence et al. 2007) accounts for all of these factors and is an extension of Klinkenberg’s original equation. The applicability of the Square-root model and earlier Klinkenberg-type models of Jones and Owens (1979) and Sampath and Keighin (1981) for correcting single-point laboratory gas permeability measurements are investigated on a comparative basis. Furthermore, Klinkenberg-type corrections are best made after overburden correction. The study presented involves a parametric approach of the gas slippage influencing factors, in addition to a comparison of alternative formulations. In comparing various Klinkenberg-type corrections, it is shown that the Square-root model compares most favourably and is most suitable for correcting laboratory data in the absence of specific measurements, as validated by comparison with laboratory deduced measurements. Datasets from the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere are used to exemplify the methodology.
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Pearson, Gordon W., i Minze Stuiver. "High-Precision Bidecadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, 500–2500 BC". Radiocarbon 35, nr 1 (1993): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013795.
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The sole purpose of this paper is to present a previously published 14C data set to which minor corrections have been applied. All basic information previously given is still applicable (Pearson & Stuiver 1986). The corrections are needed because 14C count-rate influences (radon decay in Seattle, a re-evaluation of the corrections applied for efficiency variation with time previously unrecognized in Belfast) had to be accounted for in more detail. Information on the radon correction is given in Stuiver and Becker (1993). The Belfast corrections were necessary because the original correction for efficiency variations with time was calculated using two suspect standards (these were shown to be suspect by recent observations) that overweighted the correction. A re-evaluation (Pearson & Qua 1993) now shows it to be almost insignificant, and the corrected dates (using the new correction) became older by about 16 years.
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Tabti, Lahouaria, Salem Kahlouche, Belkacem Benadda i Bilal Beldjilali. "Improvement of Single-Frequency GPS Positioning Performance Based on EGNOS Corrections in Algeria". Journal of Navigation 73, nr 4 (17.01.2020): 846–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331900095x.
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The main objective of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) is to improve the positioning accuracy by correcting several error sources affecting the Global Positioning System (GPS) and to provide integrity information to GPS signals for users in real time. This research presents analysis used to investigate improvement in the performance of single-frequency GPS positioning using EGNOS corrections in Algeria. In this study, we performed position measurements with two calculation approaches, the first based on GPS single-point positioning and the second using EGNOS differential corrections. Positioning accuracy was determined by comparison with the known precise coordinates of the sites; and then the improved ionospheric correction using EGNOS was investigated. The results revealed that GPS + EGNOS performance was significantly improved compared with GPS alone, when measurements of horizontal and vertical accuracy were taken into account, and that the EGNOS corrections improved east and north components slightly, and the up component significantly.
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Oppenheimer, Charles. "Sampling effects on background noise corrections". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 269, nr 2 (14.07.2024): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2024_0022.
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Background noise corrections are used to estimate true source levels from measured source levels. Use of a background correction involves determining the background noise from measured samples. Previous work explored the effect of sampling on the statistical background noise correction through the steadiness parameter. In this paper the effect of sampling on the statistical and legacy background noise corrections through the steadiness and source-background level difference parameters is investigated. Samples of background noise are drawn from a chi-square distribution, which has been shown to describe background noise arising from multi-path or multi-mode processes. Background mean and variance are determined from a specified number of background noise samples, and statistical distributions and confidence bands are formed. The distributions and confidence bands of the statistical and legacy background noise corrections are compared and are used to identify parameter ranges that promote accuracy of source levels obtained with background noise corrections. Specific limits on these parameters are recommended for the statistical background noise correction. The benefits and advantages of the statistical background noise correction are identified, and a path towards standardizing the statistical background noise correction is proposed.
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Zhou, X., B. Zhong i X. Li. "Gravimetric terrain corrections by triangular‐element method". GEOPHYSICS 55, nr 2 (luty 1990): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442831.
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Terrain corrections for gravity data are a critical concern in rugged topography, because the magnitude of the corrections may be large relative to the anomalies of interest. The terrain‐correction process, however, is very tedious. At present, rectangular prism and fan‐shaped prism methods are commonly used for the corrections; but these methods assume elements have horizontal tops, an assumption which does not reflect true topography, especially near the station. A triangular‐element method which allows dipping surfaces has been developed using a Gaussian formulation to improve the correction process. This method involves a simple formula employing a surface rather than a volume integral for computing the terrain corrections with high accuracy.
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Vraga, Emily K., Sojung Claire Kim, John Cook i Leticia Bode. "Testing the Effectiveness of Correction Placement and Type on Instagram". International Journal of Press/Politics 25, nr 4 (26.05.2020): 632–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220919082.
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Despite concerns about misinformation across social media platforms, little attention has been paid to how to correct misinformation on visual platforms like Instagram. This study uses an experimental design on a national sample to test two features of user-based correction strategies on Instagram for a divisive issue on which misinformation abounds: the issue of climate change. First, we unite the inoculation and correction literature to test the efficacy of prebunking corrections that come before exposure to the misinformation versus debunking strategies that occur after exposure. Second, we compare fact-focused corrections that provide accurate information to rebut the misinformation against logic-focused corrections that highlight the rhetorical flaw underpinning the misinformation. Our findings suggest that these strategies intersect to reduce misperceptions. Logic-focused corrections effectively reduce misperceptions regardless of their placement before or after the misinformation, and appear to function in part by reducing perceptions of the credibility of the misinformation post. Fact-focused corrections only reduce misperceptions when they occur after the misinformation, but are seen as more credible than logic-focused corrections. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the theoretical mechanism by which correction can occur and the practical guidelines to best correct misinformation in visual social media spaces.
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Sproson, D. A. J., I. M. Brooks i S. J. Norris. "The effect of hygroscopicity on eddy covariance estimates of sea-spray aerosol fluxes: a comparison of high-rate and bulk correction methods". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, nr 2 (13.02.2013): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-323-2013.
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Abstract. The eddy covariance technique is the most direct of the methods that have been used to measure the flux of sea-spray aerosol between the ocean and atmosphere, but has been applied in only a handful of studies. However, unless the aerosol is dried before the eddy covariance measurements are made, the hygroscopic nature of sea-spray may combine with a relative humidity flux to result in a bias in the calculated aerosol flux. "Bulk" methods have been presented to account for this bias, however, they rely on assumptions of the shape of the aerosol spectra which may not be valid for near-surface measurements of sea-spray. Here we describe a method of correcting aerosol spectra for relative humidity induced size variations at the high frequency (10 Hz) measurement timescale, where counting statistics are poor and the spectral shape cannot be well represented by a simple power law. Such a correction allows the effects of hygroscopicity and relative humidity flux on the aerosol flux to be explicitly evaluated and compared to the bulk corrections, both in their original form and once reformulated to better represent the measured mean aerosol spectra. In general, the bulk corrections – particularly when reformulated for the measured mean aerosol spectra – perform relatively well, producing flux corrections of the right sign and approximate magnitude. However, there are times when the bulk methods either significantly over- or underestimate the required flux correction. We conclude that, where possible, relative humidity corrections should be made at the measurement frequency.
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Sproson, D. A. J., I. M. Brooks i S. J. Norris. "The effect of hygroscopicity on sea-spray aerosol fluxes: a comparison of high-rate and bulk correction methods". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, nr 5 (3.09.2012): 6285–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-6285-2012.
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Abstract. The eddy covariance technique is the most direct of the methods that have been used to measure the flux of sea-spray aerosol between the ocean and atmosphere, but has been applied in only a handful of studies. However, unless the aerosol is dried before the eddy covariance measurements are made, the hygroscopic nature of sea-spray may combine with a relative humidity flux to result in a bias in the calculated aerosol flux. "Bulk" methods have been presented to account for this bias, however they rely on assumptions of the shape of the aerosol spectra which may not be valid for near-surface measurements of sea-spray. Here we describe a method of correcting aerosol spectra for relative humidity induced size variations at the high frequency (10 Hz) measurement timescale, where counting statistics are poor and the spectral shape cannot be well represented by a simple power law. Such a correction allows the effects of hygroscopicity and relative humidity flux on the aerosol flux to be explicitly evaluated and compared to the bulk corrections, both in their original form and once reformulated to better represent the measured mean aerosol spectra. In general, the bulk corrections – particularly when reformulated for the measured mean aerosol spectra – perform relatively well, producing flux corrections of the right sign and approximate magnitude. However, there are times when the bulk methods either significantly over- or underestimate the required flux correction. We thus conclude that, where possible, relative humidity corrections should be made at the measurement frequency.
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van Giersbergen, Noud P. A. "BARTLETT CORRECTION IN THE STABLE AR(1) MODEL WITH INTERCEPT AND TREND". Econometric Theory 25, nr 3 (czerwiec 2009): 857–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466609090690.
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Bartlett corrections are derived for testing hypotheses about the autoregressive parameter ρ in the stable (a) AR(1) model, (b) AR(1) model with intercept, (c) AR(1) model with intercept and linear trend. The correction is found explicitly as a function of ρ. In the models with deterministic terms, the correction factor is asymmetric in ρ. Furthermore, the Bartlett correction is monotonically increasing in ρ and tends to infinity when ρ approaches the stability boundary of + 1. Simulation results indicate that the Bartlett corrections are useful in controlling the size of the likelihood ratio statistic in small samples, although these corrections are not the ultimate panacea.
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Nie, Zhixi, Peiyuan Zhou, Fei Liu, Zhenjie Wang i Yang Gao. "Evaluation of Orbit, Clock and Ionospheric Corrections from Five Currently Available SBAS L1 Services: Methodology and Analysis". Remote Sensing 11, nr 4 (17.02.2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040411.
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To meet the demands of civil aviation and other precise navigation applications, several satellite-based augmentation systems (SBASs) have been developed around the world, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for North America, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) for Europe, the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) for Japan, the GPS (Global Positioning System) Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) for India, and the System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM) for Russia. The SBASs broadcast messages to correct satellite orbit, clock, and ionosphere errors to augment the GPS positioning performance. In this paper, SBAS orbit, clock and ionospheric corrections are evaluated. Specifically, the orbit, clock and ionospheric corrections derived from SBAS messages are comprehensively evaluated using data collected from the above mentioned systems over 181 consective days. The evaluation indicates that the EGNOS outperforms other systems with signal-in-space range error (SISRE) at 0.645 m and ionospheric correction accuracy at 0.491 m, respectively. Meanwhile, the accuracy of SDCM is comparable to EGNOS with SISRE of 0.650 m and ionospheric correction accuracy of 0.523 m. For WAAS, the SISRE is 0.954 m and the accuracy of ionospheric correction is 0.505 m. The accuracies of the SBAS corrections from the MSAS and GAGAN systems, however, are significantly worse than those of others. The SISREs are 1.931 and 1.325 m and the accuracies of ionospheric corrections are 0.795 and 0.858 m, for MSAS and GAGAN, respectively. At the same time, GPS broadcast orbit, clock and ionospheric corrections are also evaluated. The results show that there are no significant improvements in the SISRE of the broadcast navigation data by applying SBAS corrections. On the other hand, the accuracy of SBAS ionospheric corrections is still much better than GPS broadcast ionospheric corrections, which could still be beneficial for single-frequency users.
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Kato, Chihiro, Wataru Kihara, Yukino Ko, Akira Kadokura, Ryuho Kataoka, Paul Evenson, Satoru Uchida i in. "Erratum to: New cosmic ray observations at Syowa Station in the Antarctic for space weather study". Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 11 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021028.
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Durrant, Tom H., Diana J. M. Greenslade, Ian Simmonds i Frank Woodcock. "Correcting Marine Surface Winds Simulated in Atmospheric Models Using Spatially and Temporally Varying Linear Regression". Weather and Forecasting 29, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00101.1.
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Abstract This study examines the application of three different variations of linear-regression corrections to the surface marine winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s recently implemented operational atmospheric model. A simple correction over the entire domain is found to inadequately account for geographical variation in the wind bias. This is addressed by considering corrections that vary in space. Further, these spatially varying corrections are extended to vary in time. In an operational environment, the error characteristics of the wind forcing can be expected to change over time with the evolution of the atmospheric model. This in turn requires any applied correction to be monitored and maintained. Motivated by a desire to avoid this manual maintenance, a self-learning correction method is proposed whereby spatially and temporally varying corrections are calculated in real time from a moving window of historical comparisons between observations and preceding forecasts. This technique is shown to effectively remove both global and regionally varying wind speed biases.
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Forman-Dolan, Justice, Claire Caggiano, Isabelle Anillo i Tom Dean Kennedy. "Burnout among Professionals Working in Corrections: A Two Stage Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 16 (12.08.2022): 9954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169954.
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Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion often caused by excessive and prolonged stress. Given the emotionally and often physically demanding nature of the work of correctional professionals, they are at substantial risk of suffering the adverse consequences of burnout. We systematically reviewed (Stage 1) the influence of burnout amongst forensic psychologists, psychiatrists, case workers, nurses, and correction officers. Interventions were then reviewed (Stage 2) at the individual and collective level to examine the effectiveness or efficacy of treatments for burnout among professionals working in corrections.
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Adán, Antonio, Víctor Pérez, Amanda Ramón i Francisco J. Castilla. "Correction of Temperature from Infrared Cameras for More Precise As-Is 3D Thermal Models of Buildings". Applied Sciences 13, nr 11 (2.06.2023): 6779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116779.
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This paper studies how to create precise 3D thermal maps of building interiors by correcting the raw apparent temperature values yielded by the thermal cameras. This matter has not, to date, been dealt with in the literature, which leads us to conclude that the current methodologies that obtain thermal point clouds are incomplete and imprecise. Without a suitable correction, any further energy parameter calculation obtained from the thermal point cloud is incorrect. This paper presents a method that deals with important aspects to be corrected, such as the repeatability of thermal cameras, the use of the true emissivity of the materials sensed, and the inclusion of the reflected radiant energy caused by the environment. The method has been successfully tested in several indoor scenes using a thermal scanning platform. The results show that significant corrections of up to 8% of the raw temperature values must be carried out in the final thermal model, thus justifying the need for the correction. As an application of the method, an empirical calculation and a comparison of transmittances with and without temperature corrections are presented at the end of the paper. In this case, the relative errors with respect to the average nominal U-value decrease from 94% to 11%. The general conclusion is that precise calculations of energy parameters in which infrared cameras are involved must take these corrections to temperature into account.
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Brautović, Mato. "Corrections Practice in the Croatian Online Media: Between Legislation and Tradition". Drustvena istrazivanja 30, nr 4 (27.12.2021): 785–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.30.4.07.
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Economic, technological and societal trends have switched the model of (online) journalism so that it is focused on the immediacy and volume that has resulted in a lower level of accuracy. To retain a critical function in a democracy, that model needs a corresponding error correction practice. In this study, we used content analysis to investigate how the Croatian online media correct errors, and how their correction practices differ according to the types of online media. The results demonstrate that errors in action or meaning (N = 217) were 67.8% of all errors, that the most common way of correcting errors was by posting an independent note about an error that was linked to the article (59%, N = 188), and that the correction notes were linked to uncorrected articles in 85.1% (N = 159) of cases. The findings showed that the only statistically significant difference between traditional and online media were the correction labelling practice and the location of the corrections.
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Henley, David C. "Interferometric application of static corrections". GEOPHYSICS 77, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): Q1—Q13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0082.1.
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Correcting reflection seismic data for the effects of near-surface irregularities is a persistent problem usually addressed at least partly by static corrections applied to traces. However, there are areas where static corrections are ineffective because basic assumptions are violated. The assumptions which fail most often are surface consistency and stationarity, which are central to the concept of static corrections. To address this failure, I mapped raw seismic traces into the radial trace domain and gathered the radial traces by common surface angle. Then I imposed a more general constraint, raypath consistency, which simultaneously introduces nonstationarity. Conventional static correction also assumes implicitly that reflection events consist of single discrete arrivals. This is not true, however, in regions where near-surface multipathing and scattering complicate reflection event waveforms. Borrowing from recent work in seismic inferometry, I removed the single-arrival assumption by using trace crosscorrelations to estimate and deconvolve surface functions from traces, rather than applying time shifts. The entire crosscorrelation function is used in every case, so both timing and waveform variations are removed by the deconvolution. The operation is applied in the common-angle domain, so it is raypath consistent and nonstationary. The method, dubbed “raypath interferometry,” was applied successfully to a set of 2D Arctic field data with serious surface consistency and multipath problems, and to a set of 3C 2D land data with very large S-wave receiver statics. Although intended primarily for use on seismic data for which conventional statics corrections fail, raypath interferometry can be used on any seismic data; its assumptions include single-arrival events and surface consistency as special cases.
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Bailey, S. C. C., M. Hultmark, J. P. Monty, P. H. Alfredsson, M. S. Chong, R. D. Duncan, J. H. M. Fransson i in. "Obtaining accurate mean velocity measurements in high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers using Pitot tubes". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 715 (9.01.2013): 642–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.538.
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AbstractThis article reports on one component of a larger study on measurement of the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent flat plate boundary layer, in which a detailed investigation was conducted of the suite of corrections required for mean velocity measurements performed using Pitot tubes. In particular, the corrections for velocity shear across the tube and for blockage effects which occur when the tube is in close proximity to the wall were investigated using measurements from Pitot tubes of five different diameters, in two different facilities, and at five different Reynolds numbers ranging from ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 11\hspace{0.167em} 100$ to 67 000. Only small differences were found amongst commonly used corrections for velocity shear, but improvements were found for existing near-wall proximity corrections. Corrections for the nonlinear averaging of the velocity fluctuations were also investigated, and the results compared to hot-wire data taken as part of the same measurement campaign. The streamwise turbulence-intensity correction was found to be of comparable magnitude to that of the shear correction, and found to bring the hot-wire and Pitot results into closer agreement when applied to the data, along with the other corrections discussed and refined here.
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Kao, Chian-Wen. "A preliminary investigation into student writers’ perception of corrective feedback focus". Feedback Research in Second Language 1 (grudzień 2023): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/frsl.2023.01.13.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate whether second language student writers’ perception or lack of perception of targeted error type influences corrective feedback effectiveness. The targeted linguistic error type in this study involved subject-verb agreement errors. Thirty-six college students from northern Taiwan were assigned into one control group without receiving error correction, one experimental group receiving error correction without perceiving the targeted error type, and another experimental group receiving error correction and perceiving the targeted error type. The results showed that when student writers received corrections and perceived the subject-verb agreement errors as the targeted error type, they made more improvements than those who received corrections but did not perceive the targeted error type in immediate posttests. Furthermore, the learning benefit of student writers’ perception of corrective feedback focus was retained in delayed posttests. Student writers who received the corrections and perceived the targeted error type of subject-verb agreement errors significantly outperformed not only those who received corrections but did not perceive the targeted error type but also those who did not receive corrections in terms of learning gains in delayed posttests. Implications for the present study for the written corrective feedback research community were discussed.
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Al-Attas, Syed Haziq Muhammad, Amir Sharifuddin Ab Latip, Ami Hassan Md Din i Syed Idrus Al-Attas. "Comparison of MyRTKnet Performance with Various Real-Time Corrections Based on Different Time". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1240, nr 1 (1.09.2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1240/1/012005.
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Abstract Virtual Reference Station (VRS), Master-Auxiliary Corrections (MAX), Individualised Master-Auxiliary Corrections (IMAX), Nearest Base, and Network D-GNSS are among the Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) techniques supported by the Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) in providing network-based solutions to users. However, different network corrections have different limits due to different characters, thus offering a variety of position accuracy. Therefore, this study evaluated the accuracy of real-time corrections, VRS, MAX, IMAX, D-GNSS, and Nearest Base, for the coordinates at two different times, morning and evening. The study was conducted at two different times to make it easier for users to choose a suitable and quality time to conduct observations. This research was implemented on the pillars at the calibration site of Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS) in Kuantan, Pahang. The coordinates in the pillar become a benchmark to differentiate with real-time correction coordinates. The result of that difference can be used to analyse the level of accuracy for real-time corrections. The study’s findings show that the real-time correction accuracy of the VRS type is the most stable and has the highest accuracy. Nearest Base and MAX corrections also give relatively good accuracy and can be improved by increasing observation time and depending on the area. IMAX produces inconsistent results with relatively low accuracy, but some techniques can be applied to obtain good accuracy. D-GNSS type corrections give inconsistent results and low position accuracy as it utilises code measurement only. The research concludes that the best correction is VRS. The Nearest Base and MAX produce acceptable accuracy and can be safely chosen over IMAX and D-GNSS.
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Flegal, Katherine M., Barry I. Graubard, David F. Williamson i Mitchell H. Gail. "Correcting Bias, or Biased Corrections?" Obesity 16, nr 2 (luty 2008): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.41.
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Cejnar, Jan, i Iveta Kameníková. "Temperature Effect to Altitude Corrections and Operational Application". MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 8, nr 1 (29.03.2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2020.01.02.
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The thesis is focused to familiarize the reader with air mass behaviour, legislative requirements and methods of altitude corrections. The goal of the thesis is evaluation of the presently used operational procedures applied to the altitude corrections according to the change of air parameters. The final part of the thesis determines altitudes necessary for corrections and represents the proposal of optimized altitude correction method.
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Wahyuni, Sri. "Peer Correction On Writing Quality Of College Students Having Different Cognitive Styles". INFERENSI: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 12, nr 2 (31.01.2019): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/infsl3.v12i2.259-282.
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Correction in writing process is beneficial to improve students’ writing quality. However, different kinds of correction may affect students’ writing quality differently. Furthermore, depending on their cognitive style, students may receive correction differently. This research aims at investigating the effect of peer correction on writing quality of college students’ having different cognitive styles. Two groups of students participated in this study. In the treatment, one group conducted peer correction, and the other group conducted self correction on their writings. To collect the data on students’ cognitive styles, Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) was used. To collect the data on students’ writing quality before and after the treatment, writing tests were used. To test the hypotheses, an analysis of covariate (ANCOVA) was used. The results shows that both types of corrections, peer and self corrections, and students’ cognitive styles, field dependent and field independent, significantly affects the students’ writing quality. However, it seems to be no significant interaction between types of corrections and students’ cognitive styles. The types of correction and cognitive styles do not affect students’ writing quality at the same time.
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Minenko, R., i P. Minenko. "Inverse problems with iterative high-order corrections in gravity measurements and magnetometry". Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, nr 1 (64) (2014): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.64.14.78-82.
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The purpose of the paper is to develop iterative methods of solving inverse problems concerning gravity and magnetic fields with high-order corrections to obtain an accurate geological data interpretation of physical fields. The iterative method has been previously used to solve linear inverse problems for gravity and magnetic fields on the basis of combining several types of parameter corrections. However, gravity and magnetometry inverse problems give inaccurate geological data, with different optimization criteria yielding various solutions. Quite often they show essential differences in some of the areas of the geometrical model. There have been developed methods for solving gravity and magnetometry linear inverse problems under Gaussian error distribution, which is connected with structural problems of detecting ore and hydrocarbon deposits. Other methods have been developed for obtaining the solution of gravity and magnetometry linear inverse problems, using iterative corrections which contain a complete set of divergences between the measured physical data and the theoretical calculations. However, the non-Gaussian errors, together with the shortcomings of the existing methods, show a low level of convergence of the iterative process and the true solution of the inverse problem. Moreover, they cause difficulties in reaching an ultimate solution, thus reducing the geological value of the inverse problem solution. New methods are suggested to raise the geological value of the inverse problem solutions with the help of high-order corrections to enhance the well-known iterative formulae and the formulae of optimization criteria. We differentiate between two types of corrections: field misfit ones and those concerning the geological medium density models. Each correction to a field misfit generates one order higher clarifying correction as to the density correction, and vice versa. Either of these corrections, though, can be used either independently in any iterative formula or together with other corrections of the same type. The most accurate field modeling is ensured by using an iterative formula with three corrections (of the same type) of the first, second and third order and a formula with three separate corrections of the other type. Each optimization criterion for such a formula has a complete set of two orders higher corrections.
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Brown, R. James. "Elimination of near-source ellipticity corrections to body-wave travel times by use of equidistant latitudes". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, nr 6 (1.12.1985): 1713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750061713.
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Abstract The use of equidistant latitudes has been proposed by the author to eliminate discrepancies between angular and kilometric epicentral distances. This is done in combination with a path-length correction which depends on the inclination of the great ellipse containing the epicenter-receiver path. If there were a one-to-one correspondence between source-receiver surface arc length (in kilometers) and, say, P-wave travel time (for constant focal depth) for a standard spheroidal Earth, the ellipticity (time) correction could then be replaced by the distance correction described. However, one would only expect this to be approximately valid for small epicentral distances Δ. In this paper, the travel-time corrections made by using equidistant latitudes (and the great-ellipse correction) are compared with the “true” ellipticity corrections due to Dziewonski and Gilbert. It is seen that the present equidistant-latitude method gives P-wave correction values that, for example, are always within 0.05 sec of the “true” values for Δ ≦ 14° and normal focal depth (h ≦ 40 km). For large Δ(⪞ 45°) and/or great focal depth (h⪞ 475 km), these values may differ by more than 0.2 sec. This equidistant-latitude method of correcting body-wave travel times is thus not recommended for routine use, but it could be used to advantage in special studies involving smaller Δ and h.
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Kaupužs, J., R. V. N. Melnik i J. Rimšāns. "Corrections to finite-size scaling in the φ4 model on square lattices". International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, nr 09 (sierpień 2016): 1650108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116501084.
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Corrections to scaling in the two-dimensional (2D) scalar [Formula: see text] model are studied based on nonperturbative analytical arguments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data for different lattice sizes L ([Formula: see text]) and different values of the [Formula: see text] coupling constant [Formula: see text], i.e. [Formula: see text], 1, 10. According to our analysis, amplitudes of the nontrivial correction terms with the correction–to–scaling exponents [Formula: see text] become small when approaching the Ising limit ([Formula: see text]), but such corrections generally exist in the 2D [Formula: see text] model. Analytical arguments show the existence of corrections with the exponent [Formula: see text]. The numerical analysis suggests that there exist also corrections with the exponent [Formula: see text] and, perhaps, also with the exponent about [Formula: see text], which are detectable at [Formula: see text]. The numerical tests provide an evidence that the structure of corrections to scaling in the 2D [Formula: see text] model differs from the usually expected one in the 2D Ising model.
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Anderson, Richard I. "Relativistic corrections for measuring Hubble’s constant to 1% using stellar standard candles". Astronomy & Astrophysics 658 (luty 2022): A148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141644.
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We have estimated relativistic corrections for cosmic distance estimates based on stellar standard candles such as classical Cepheids and stars near the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB stars) with the goal of enabling a future unbiased 1% measurement of Hubble’s constant, H0. We considered four effects: K corrections, time dilation, the apparent change of host dust extinction due to non-comoving reference frames, and the change of observed color due to redshift. Using stellar model atmospheres, we computed extinction-dependent K corrections for a wide range of effective temperatures, between 3500 and 6000 K, iron abundances between [Fe/H] = −2.0 and 0.5, surface gravity between log g = 2.0 and 0.0, and host reddening (up to E(B − V)host = 0.5) for a range of redshifts corresponding to distances of ∼20−120 Mpc (z between 0.005 and 0.03) in several HST, JWST, and 2MASS filters. The optical-near-infrared (NIR) Wesenheit function applied by the Cepheid distance ladder is particularly useful for limiting the magnitude of K corrections and for mitigating complications arising from host dust extinction. Missing host extinction corrections related to the circumgalactic medium and circumstellar environments arising from stellar mass loss are discussed as potential systematics of TRGB distance measurements. However, their effect is estimated to be insufficient to explain differences in H0 values based on Cepheids or TRGB supernova calibrations. All stellar standard candle observations require relativistic corrections in order to achieve an unbiased 1% H0 measurement in the future. Applying the K correction, the redshift-Leavitt bias correction, and a correction for the Wesenheit slope redshift dependence, the Cepheid-based H0 measurement increases by 0.45 ± 0.05 km s−1 Mpc−1 to H0SH0ES = 73.65 ± 1.30 km s−1 Mpc−1, raising the tension with the early-Universe value reported by the Planck Collaboration from 4.2σ to 4.4σ. For TRGB-based H0 measurements, we estimate a ∼0.5% upward correction for the methodology employed by Freedman et al. (H0CCHP = 70.2 ± 1.7 km s−1 Mpc−1) and an even smaller −0.15% downward correction for the methodology employed by Anand et al. (H0EDD = 71.4 ± 1.8 km s−1 Mpc−1). The opposite sign of these corrections is related to different reddening systematics and reduces the difference between the studies by ∼0.46 km s−1 Mpc−1. The optical-NIR Wesenheit function is particularly attractive for accurate distance measurements because it advantageously combines measurements in filters where K corrections have opposite signs. The JWST/NIRCAM F277W filter is of particular interest for TRGB stars thanks to its insensitivity to (weak) host reddening and K corrections below the level of 1% at Coma cluster distances.
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Byron, Ray, i Mercedes C. Rosalsky. "Hypothesis Testing in Demand Systems: Some Examples of Size Corrections Using Edgeworth Approximations". Econometric Theory 1, nr 3 (grudzień 1985): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600011282.
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A size correction to adjust the critical values of asymptotic χ2 tests in a SUR context has been developed by Rothenberg and verified by Phillips. The adjustment centers the distribution of the observed test statistic so that it coincides more closely with its hypothetical distribution. The correction itself is an approximation to O(T−1), and while the adjustment should be superior to the asymptotic test (no adjustment) in small-sample situations, its performance can be expected to deteriorate as the sample size decreases. The Edgeworth corrections, using formulas provided by Phillips, are calculated for the Wald, likelihood ratio, and Lagrange multiplier tests in the context of symmetry testing in demand analysis using the Laitinen–Meisner simulated data set. The sample consists of 31 observations and the corrections were “adequate to useful” in the context of 5, 8, and 11 equations. However, in the extreme case of 14 equations the corrections typically only took up 60% of the adjustment required. The computational cost of calculating the Edgeworth correction for large SUR systems with a large number of restrictions also turns out to be quite heavy. The conclusion reached is that while Edgeworth corrections are not totally satisfactory, they are easy to include in a program and provide a useful critical value correction.
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Pearson, Gordon W., i Florence Qua. "High-Precision 14C Measurement of Irish Oaks to Show the Natural 14C Variations from AD 1840–5000 BC: A Correction". Radiocarbon 35, nr 1 (1993): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013850.
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We present here 14C data representing previously published material (Pearson et al. 1986) with minor corrections. All corrections used for calculations published in Pearson et al. (1986) have been re-evaluated, and only one was found to be significantly different. This correction, namely, ‘the variation of efficiency with time', being additional to all other corrections for changes in efficiency, was more subjective; the others could be checked and accounted for by experimentation.
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Montes, Andrea N. "Ethical Concerns About Private (and Public) Corrections: Extending the Focus Beyond Profit- Making and the Delegation of Punishment". Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, nr 4 (24.08.2019): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419870851.
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Common criticisms of privatized corrections are that tying punishment to profits is unethical and that the administration of punishment should not be delegated to private entities. Such criticisms are important to consider but other ethical concerns also arise when privatizing corrections. For example, do private correctional entities protect individuals’ rights? The focus on profit-making also overlooks ethical considerations that arise with public corrections. Indeed, focusing only on the ethics of financially incentivizing punishment or the delegation of punishment obscures important nuances about the ethics of privatization and corrections generally. To these ends, a framework is presented that highlights that a range of ethical considerations attend to private corrections as well as to public corrections. It also reveals that a focus on ethics, while a good unto itself, could improve the effectiveness and efficiency of private and public corrections.
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McShane, Marilyn D., i Frank P. Williams. "Running on Empty: Creativity and the Correctional Agenda". Crime & Delinquency 35, nr 4 (październik 1989): 562–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128789035004004.
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This article presents a critique of contemporary correctional theories and practices, alleging that a paucity of creative ideas characterizes the field of corrections. It takes note of correctional conservatism, financial strains, and the lack of clear, well-articulated, and shared goals plaguing contemporary corrections. The article considers a number of forces that have contributed to this state of affairs. Finally, it offers some suggestions for regenerating the “correctional imagination.”