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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Dementieva, A. G., i M. I. Sokolova. "CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INTERNATIONAL REGULATION". Journal of Law and Administration, nr 4 (30.04.2018): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2017-4-45-47-58.

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Richards, H. W. "Corporate practice and regulation". Veterinary Record 162, nr 1 (5.01.2008): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.162.1.28-a.

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HAIL, LUZI, AHMED TAHOUN i CLARE WANG. "Corporate Scandals and Regulation". Journal of Accounting Research 56, nr 2 (30.03.2018): 617–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-679x.12201.

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Barckow, Andreas. "Regulation in Corporate Disclosure". Schmalenbach Business Review 71, nr 2 (7.12.2018): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41464-018-0058-y.

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Popoola, Ayeni, Aina Adeyemi i Ibitoye Temitope. "GLOBAL ACCOUNTING REGULATION: IMPACT OF IFAC ON FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY". International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, nr 8 (1.02.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i8.2017.76.

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This paper provides an analysis of various dimensions of accounting and corporate governance that have led to the currently troubling state of affairs in the financial reporting environment. Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is a mandatory requirement in today’s corporate world by every stakeholder groups. Failure of giant corporate groups in the last twothree decades strengthens the demand further. And surprisingly, in some of such failures, accounting as a discipline is held liable. The way accounting is practiced or the interpretations that may give different prescriptions in similar situations are some dark areas that may open some scope for the corrupted accountants. The paper covers the concept of corporate governance, its legal framework, its current status and how accounting may be practiced to protect corporates from corruption by establishing governance. The paper analyzes how IFAC is succeeding as an international standard setter with an established place in the global financial infrastructure and it reveals a growing reliance on governance by experts together with a growth in influence of the large, multinational accounting firms. Until corporate boards are truly independent of corporate management and are knowledgeable enough to act as effective shareholder advocates, changes in accounting will be of limited impact.
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Larsson, Paul. "Regulating Corporate Crime: From Punishment to Self-Regulation". Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 13, sup1 (grudzień 2012): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2012.739321.

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MALHOTRA, NEIL, BENOÎT MONIN i MICHAEL TOMZ. "Does Private Regulation Preempt Public Regulation?" American Political Science Review 113, nr 1 (12.11.2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000679.

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Previous research has emphasized corporate lobbying as a pathway through which businesses influence government policy. This article examines a less-studied mode of influence: private regulation, defined as voluntary efforts by firms to restrain their own behavior. We argue that firms can use modest private regulations as a political strategy to preempt more stringent public regulations. To test this hypothesis, we administered experiments to three groups that demand environmental regulations: voters, activists, and government officials. Our experiments revealed how each group responded to voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) by firms. Relatively modest VEPs dissuaded all three groups from seeking more draconian government regulations, a finding with important implications for social welfare. We observed these effects most strongly when all companies within an industry joined the voluntary effort. Our study documents an understudied source of corporate power, while also exposing the limits of private regulation as a strategy for influencing government policy.
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KOZHOKAR, I. P. "Corporate and local legal regulation". Eurasian Law Journal 7, nr 146 (2020): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46320/2073-4506-2020-7-146-205-206.

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Adegbite, Emmanuel. "Corporate governance regulation in Nigeria". Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society 12, nr 2 (6.04.2012): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14720701211214124.

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McKinnon, Jill. "Corporate disclosure regulation in Australia". Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 2, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1061-9518(93)90012-i.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Ferrell, Frank Allen. "Essays in financial regulation and corporate law". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32407.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
In the first essay, we investigate which provisions, among a set of twenty-four governance provisions followed by the Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC), are correlated with firm value and stockholder returns. Based on this analysis, we put forward an entrenchment index based on six provisions - four "constitutional" provisions that prevent a majority of shareholders from having their way and two "takeover readiness" provisions that boards put in place to be ready for a hostile takeover. We find that increases in the level of this index are monotonically associated with economically significant reductions in firm valuation, as measured by Tobin's Q. We present suggestive evidence that the entrenching provisions cause lower firm valuation. We also find that firms with higher level of the entrenchment index were associated with large negative abnormal returns during the 1990-2003 period. Furthermore, we find that the provisions in our entrenchment index fully drive the correlation, identified by prior work, that the IRRC provisions in the aggregate have with reduced firm value and lower stock returns during the 1990s. We find no evidence that the other eighteen IRRC provisions are negatively correlated with either firm value or stock returns during the 1990-2003 period. The second essay investigates the effect the imposition of mandatory disclosure in 1964 on over-the-counter firms had on stock volatility, stock returns and stock synchronicity. This study finds that mandatory disclosure is associated with both a dramatic reduction in the volatility of OTC stock returns and with OTC stocks enjoying positive abnormal returns.
(cont.) The third essay investigates whether the empirical evidence favors state competition for corporate incorporations. The essay concludes that the existing empirical evidence does not favor state competition. Moreover, data on incorporation choices made by firms supports this conclusion. States with wealth-reducing state antitakeover statutes are not penalized in the market for incorporations. The fourth essay addresses whether dispersion of ownership in the United States can be explained by the U.S. having a strong corporate and securities legal regime. The essay concludes that dispersion of ownership cannot be so explained.
by Frank Allen Ferrell.
Ph.D.
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Johnston, Kristine. "Extracting Truths: State Regulation and the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42602.

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Taking the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise (CORE) as its empirical focus, this study engages in a critical analysis of (capitalist) state regulation and corporate social responsibility as it relates to the Canadian extractive industry. Using a theoretical-analytical combination of Marx’s ideology theory and critical discourse analysis, the study explores discourses pertaining to the introduction, creation, and role of the CORE – the Canadian state’s most recent response to corporate harms and crimes within the industry – to uncover the factors that shaped this process. Further informed by critical criminological literature on corporate crime, the study found that dominant neoliberal capitalist narratives prevailed in determinations of which regulatory approach should be adopted by the state. Dominant voices sidetracked counter-hegemonic claims in debates about human rights and international development by prioritizing the economy, leaning on Canada’s “good” global reputation, downplaying the violence of the industry, and redirecting blame. Ideological assumptions about the nature of state regulation, corporations, and capitalist law and politics further influenced which knowledge claims “won out.” Despite the emergence of the CORE as a logical state response to corporate crime and impunity, however, debates about its role are ongoing. This not only reinforces the idea that (capitalist) dominance is never absolute but signals the ever-present nature of resistance and possibility for change.
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Smith, G. "Corporate governance : In search of balance between state regulation and self regulation". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517519.

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Kaka, Imraan. "Corporate self-regulation and environmental protection / Imraan Kaka". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8742.

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Ntongho, Rachael Ajomboh. "The Politics of Corporate Accountability Regulation in Cameroon". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532244.

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Jiang, Liangliang. "Empirical essays in corporate governance, regulation and corruption". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024962.

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Anyakudo, Cosmas Uchechukwu. "Corporate social responsibility in Nigeria : an exploration of the efficacy of legal regulation". Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15680.

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The social responsibility of corporations has become a topical issue. This is particularly so in relation to the ways and means of achieving harmony and congruency with social expectations. With the growing importance that corporations now place on meeting contemporary demands for extra-commercial engagement placed on them by society, regulating corporate activity in this area has come under intense public and legal scrutiny. In what can be described as a departure from the norm, the use of legislation to mandate and govern corporate social responsibility (CSR) is becoming increasingly perceived as an effective regulatory method in emerging economies. India, Mauritius, Indonesia and the Philippines have adopted legislation with regard to CSR. In Nigeria, however, several attempts at legislating on CSR have failed. This study shows that a multiplicity of factors is responsible for this development. This thesis posits that while the adoption of international CSR standards is encouraged through various international activities, only an autochthonous approach which recognises the peculiarities of the Nigerian state can promote the desired legislative objective on mandating CSR. This study explores the prospects of mandating CSR by legislation in Nigeria and suggests reforms deemed necessary for achieving the objective of mandatory CSR.
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Horn, Stefan. "Takeover Regulation in Europe An Emerging Market for Corporate Control? /". St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02607869001/$FILE/02607869001.pdf.

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Li, Li, i 李莉. "Bank regulation, corporate governance and bank performance around the world". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43224088.

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Akintoye, Simisola Imelda. "Corporate governance regulation and control of fraud in Nigerian banks". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11873/.

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The 2009 banking crisis in Nigeria awakened the country on the need for effective corporate governance regulation. In a bid to prevent future banking crisis in the country, this thesis examines control fraud in the 2009 banking crisis using the first five banks involved as a case study. The research addresses three major areas of concern: first, it investigates the fraudulent activities of the banks’ CEOs in the periods leading to the crisis; second, it explores the involvement of other corporate actors in the banking crisis; lastly, it examines how corporate governance regulation can be improved to reduce the likelihood of future control fraud in the banking sector. The research adopts a socio-legal method that links corporate governance regulations pre and post banking crisis to the role of corporate actors including CEO’s, auditors, shareholders and Regulators in corporate governance. The research explores corporate governance as a driver of control fraud in Nigerian banks. The research suggests that prevention of control fraud is not in itself determined by provision of adequate corporate governance regulation but also include a number of enforcement mechanisms and contribution of corporate participants, a totality of which could help prevent future control frauds in Nigerian banks. The research contributes to theory, practice and policy. First, it integrates and enhances appropriate literature and knowledge on corporate governance regulation in Nigerian banks. Also, by using the concept of control fraud to understand the banking crisis of 2009; the research unfolds a relatively new type of fraud perpetrated by CEOs in collaboration with other corporate individuals. This is the first study of its kind in Nigeria and will be useful for future studies to adopt in conducting similar research. The research also influences regulators and policy makers by providing a set of recommendations for each actor in corporate governance which can be incorporated into law in the fight against future control frauds in Nigerian banks.
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Książki na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Lombard, Sulette, Vivienne Brand i Janet Austin, red. Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0.

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Vakkur, Nicholas V., i Zulma J. Herrera. Corporate Governance Regulation. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118645499.

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Klettner, Alice. Corporate Governance Regulation. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315693644.

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Eckert, Sandra. Corporate Power and Regulation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05463-2.

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The regulation of corporate disclosure. Wyd. 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Aspen Law & Business, 1995.

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Brown, J. Robert. The regulation of corporate disclosure. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1989.

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Anand, Anita. Advanced corporate law & securities regulation. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2012.

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Anand, Anita. Advanced corporate law & securities regulation. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2008.

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Johnston, Andrew. EC regulation of corporate governance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Corporate counsel guides: Securities regulation. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Padgett, Carol. "Regulation". W Corporate Governance, 135–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-35711-2_7.

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Hawkins, David E. "Regulation". W Corporate Social Responsibility, 102–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625815_13.

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Lombard, Sulette. "Regulatory Policies and Practices to Optimize Corporate Whistleblowing: A Comparative Analysis". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 3–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_1.

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Brand, Vivienne. "The Ethics of Corporate Whistleblowing Rewards". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 37–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_2.

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Austin, Janet. "To Reward or Not to Reward: A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison of the Reasons Why Securities Regulators Have Adopted or Rejected Policies to Pay Whistleblowers". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 65–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_3.

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Jull, Ken. "Paid Whistleblowers and Paid Compliance Programs: Opposite Sides of the Same Coin". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 99–112. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_4.

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Lombard, Sulette, i Vivienne Brand. "External Regulation and Internal Whistleblowing Frameworks: An Australian Perspective". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 113–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_5.

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Langford, Rosemary Teele. "Directors’ Duties and Whistleblowing". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 133–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_6.

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Hurson, Daniel J. "The United States Securities and Exchange Commission Whistleblower Program: A Long and Winding Road". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 159–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_7.

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Golding, Greg. "Directors Dealing with Whistleblowing". W Corporate Whistleblowing Regulation, 185–216. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0259-0_8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Salzillo, Gianmarco, Emilio Farina i Caterina Cantone. "The effects of regulation on social and environmental reporting". W Corporate governance: Theory and practice. Virtus Interpress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgtapp11.

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Arnardottir, Audur Arna, Throstur Olaf Sigurjonsson i Patricia Gabaldon. "Regulation on gender quotas: Gauging the impact on corporate board". W Corporate governance: An interdisciplinary outlook. Virtus Interpress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgaiop4.

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This research explores how increased gender diversity on corporate boards in Iceland, driven by applying a “hard” public policy, i.e., board gender quota legislation, has affected post-quota board directors’ perceptions of board functioning
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Stolyarchuk, E. A., N. E. Vodopyanova, G. S. Nikiforov i N. O. Zaruchnikova. "For corporate culture depending on self-regulation and values". W INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.645.659.

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The article presents the results of a study of corporate culture preferences depending on self-regulation and values of specialists working in project organizations for the development of complex technical systems (STS). As the methodological basis of the research, we selected R. Barrett’s concept of the levels of personal and organizational consciousness, the compatibility of personal and organizational values as factors that determine the development and effectiveness of companies in the modern business space (Barret, 1997). The purpose of the study: to determine the dependence of the preferred corporate culture of scientific and production associations by specialists of complex technical systems (STS) on their value orientations and self-regulation styles. Research methods: diagnostics of types of real and preferred corporate culture (Cameron, 2001), questionnaire «style of self-regulation of behavior» (Morosanova, 1988), author’s questionnaire of values based on the R. Barrett model (personal and corporate values), questionnaire «life goals and values» (Klyueva, 1997). Sample: 96 specialists of the STS Research and production Association (56 men and 40 women aged 28 to 55 years, with experience in the organization from 2 to 15 years. Conclusions. STS specialists assess the real corporate culture as bureaucratic and market-oriented. They want a clannish corporate culture or an adhocracy one. With a high level of self-regulation, professionals prefer clan and adhocracy cultures. STS specialists with a low level of self-regulation prefer a bureaucratic corporate culture. STS specialists have the predominant values of life, health and personal growth, and religion and fame are the least Their corporate values belong to the third level of consciousness (self-esteem, self-discipline, confidence, friendliness, influence and power, the effectiveness of the organization in business processes and management system). STS specialists have a high level of self-regulation with a predominance of styles for evaluating results, programming and modeling. Styles of self-regulation of planning, programming, and regulatory-personal properties of flexibility have a medium level, and independence-a low level, which is a consequence of the bureaucratic corporate culture. The obtained results served as a justification for the development of an algorithm for changing the corporate culture of an organization.
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Marinho, Leonardo De Souza, Cristiano Pamphili Alo, Sebastiao De Andrade Loureiro, Thiago Judson Lima De Oliveira i Andre Leibsohn Martins. "Corporate Strategy to Tackle Offshore Drilling Discharge Regulation". W Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/29785-ms.

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"AMENDMENTS TO REGULATION ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN UZBEKISTAN". W Advanced Studies in Science: Theory and Practice. Global Partnership on Development of Scientific Cooperation LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17809/14(2015)-05.

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Ma, Heng, i Jun Zhang. "Impact of environmental regulation on corporate environmental investment". W The 2016 International Conference on Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics (ICAEMM 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813146587_0028.

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Mantovani, Guido Max, Alexander Kostyuk i Dmytro Govorun. "Corporate governance: Next stop?" W Corporate governance: Theory and practice. Virtus Interpress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgtaped.

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“Corporate Governance: Theory and Practice”, the annual conference by Virtus Interpress, is always a cornerstone to depict the state of the art on this critical topic. The 2022 edition makes no exception: the width and deepness of the topics as investigated by the accepted papers are proof, as these proceedings demonstrate. Nevertheless, there are some “fils rouge” that cross fertilize research and practices on corporate governance. Hereafter we challenge to illustrate them to stimulate forthcoming research, regulation and practices, for the next editions of the conference.
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Ceccobelli, Giacomo, i Alessandro Giosi. "Earnings management practices in the banking industry: The role of bank regulation and supervision". W Corporate Governance: Search for the advanced practices. Virtus Interpress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cpr19p10.

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Liu, Yixuan, i Ming Xiao. "Influence Mechanism of Environmental Regulation on Corporate Green Response". W Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on Economic Development and Education Management (ICEDEM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icedem-18.2018.52.

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Senčur Peček, Darja. "Regulation of Employment Relationships of Directors (Managers) in Companies". W 24th Conference Corporate Entities at the Market and European Dimensions. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-004-2.13.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Corporate regulation"

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Breuer, Matthias, Christian Leuz i Steven Vanhaverbeke. Reporting Regulation and Corporate Innovation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26291.

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Lamoreaux, Naomi. Revisiting American Exceptionalism: Democracy and the Regulation of Corporate Governance in Nineteenth-Century Pennsylvania. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20231.

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Kandel, Eugene, Konstantin Kosenko, Randall Morck i Yishay Yafeh. The Great Pyramids of America: A Revised History of US Business Groups, Corporate Ownership and Regulation, 1930-1950. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19691.

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Colomb, Claire, i Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.

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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Lazonick, William, i Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.

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The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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Sadowski, Dieter. Board-Level Codetermination in Germany - The Importance and Economic Impact of Fiduciary Duties. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4304.

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The empirical accounts of the costs and benefits of quasi-parity codetermined supervisory boards, a very special German institution, have long been inconclusive. A valid economic analysis of a particular legal regulation must take the legal specificities seriously, otherwise it will be easily lost in economic fictions of functional equivalence. At its core the corporate actor “supervisory board” has no a priori objective function to be maximised – the corner stone of the theory of the firm – but its objective function will only be brought about a posteriori – should negotiations result in an agreement (E. Fraenkel). With this understanding,the paper presents six recent quasi-experimental studies on the economic (dis) advantageousness of the German codetermination laws that try to follow the rules of causal inference despite the lack of random variation. By and large they refute the hold-up model of codetermination by showing positive or nonnegative effects even on shareholder wealth – and a far-reaching improvement of the well-being of the core workforce. In conclusion, indications are offered that the shareholder primacy movement has only weakened, but not dissolved the “Deutschland AG”.
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Placke, Manja, i Hela Mehrtens, red. CDRmare Data Policy. CDRmare Research Mission, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.01.

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The corporate CDRmare Data Policy regulates the handling of data within the Research Mission CDRmare. It is based on the DAM Research Data Guidelines and the regulations mentioned in the tender of the Research Mission. This Data Policy will be implemented in each consortium of CDRmare.
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Collington, Rosie, i William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.

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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher i James E. Kinder. Regulation of LH Secretion in the Periovulatory Period as a Strategy to Enhance Ovarian Function and Fertility in Dairy and Beef Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586458.bard.

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The general research objective was to increase herd pregnancy rates by enhancing corpus luteum (CL) function and optimizing follicle development, in order to increase conception rate and embryo survival. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of the duration of the preovulatory LH surge on CL function; to determine the function of LH during the postovulatory period on CL development; to optimize CL differentiation and follicle development by means of a biodegradable GnRH implant; to test whether optimization of CL development and follicle dynamics in timed- insemination protocols would improve fertility in high-yielding dairy cows. Low fertility in cattle results in losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in the USA and Israel. Two major causes of low fertility are formation of a functionally impaired CL, and subsequent enhanced ovarian follicle development. A functionally impaired CL may result from suboptimal LH secretion. The two major causes of low fertility in dairy cattle in US and Israel are negative energy status and summer heat stress; in both situations, low fertility is associated with reductions in LH secretion and impaired development of the ovulatory follicle and of the CL. In Florida, the use of 450-mg deslorelin (GnRH analogue) implants to induce ovulation, under the Ovsynch protocol resulted in a higher pregnancy rates than use of 750-mg implants, and pregnancy losses tended to decrease compared to controls, due probably to decrease in follicular development and estradiol secretion at the time of conceptus signaling to maintain the CL. An alternative strategy to enhance progesterone concentrations involved induction of an accessory CL by injection of hCG on day 5 after the cows were inseminated. Treatment with hCG resulted in 86% of the cows having two CLs, compared with 23% of the control cows. Conception rates were higher among the hCG-treated cows than among the controls. Another approach was to replace the second injection of GnRH analogue, in a timed-insemination protocol, with estradiol cypionate (ECP) injected 24 h after the injection of PGF₂ₐ Pregnancy rates were comparable with those obtained under the regular Ovsynch (timed- AI) program. Use of ECP induced estrus, and cows inseminated at detected estrus are indeed more fertile than those not in estrus at the time of insemination. Collectively, the BARD-supported programs at the University of Florida have improved timed insemination programs. In Ohio, the importance of the frequency of LH episodes during the early stages of the estrous cycle of cattle, when the corpus luteum is developing, was studied in an in vivo experiment in which cows were subjected to various episodic exposures to exogenous bovine LH. Results indicate that the frequent LH episodes immediately following the time of ovulation are important in development of the corpus luteum, from the points of view of both size and functionality. In another study, rates of cell proliferation and numbers of endothelial cells were examined in vitro in CLs collected from cows that received post-ovulation pulsatile LH treatment at various frequencies. The results indicate that the corpora lutea growth that results from luteal cell proliferation is enhanced by the episodes of LH release that occur immediately after the time of ovulation in cattle. The results also show that luteal endothelial cell numbers did not differ among cows treated with different LH doses. In Israel. a longer duration of the preovulatory LH surge stimulated the steroidogenic capacity of granulosa-derived luteal cells, and might, thereby, contribute to a higher progesterone output from the bovine corpus luteum. In an in vivo study, a subgroup of high-yielding dairy cows with extended estrus to ovulation interval was identified. Associated with this extended interval were: low plasma progesterone and estradiol concentrations and a low preovulatory LH surge prior to ovulation, as well as low post- ovulation progesterone concentration. In experiments based on the above results, we found that injection of GnRH at the onset of estrus increased the LHpeak, prevented late ovulation, decreased the variability between cows and elicited high and uniform progesterone levels after ovulation. GnRH at estrus onset increased conception rates, especially in the summer, and among primiparous cows and those with low body condition. Another study compared ovarian functions in multiparous lactating cows with those in nulliparous non-lactating heifers. The results revealed differences in ovarian follicular dynamics, and in plasma concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins that may account for the differences in fertility between heifers and cows.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
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